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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Liang （梁書）

Published: 05 January 2025

Created: 05 January 2025

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Zhang Mian, whose courtesy name was Yuanchang, was the son of General Zhang Hongce. When he was young, his maternal grandfather Liu Zhongde felt he was special and once said, "This child will definitely have an extraordinary future; he is the treasure of the Zhang family!" In the late years of the Yongyuan period of the Southern Qi Dynasty, a rebel army emerged, and Zhang Hongce went to battle with the emperor, leaving his ten-year-old son Zhang Mian in Xiangyang. Whenever he heard news of the outcome of battles, Zhang Mian would show his emotions, making it clear that he cared deeply for his father.

In the first year of Tianjian, Zhang Hongce was appointed as the Minister of Defense, but unfortunately was killed by traitors. Zhang Mian mourned his father's tragic death, and the funeral was conducted with even greater pomp than the regulations required. The emperor even sent people to console him. After the mourning period, Zhang Mian inherited the title of Marquis of Taoyang County and was summoned to the imperial academy. He was first appointed as a secretary and later as the Governor of Huainan at the young age of eighteen. The emperor was concerned about his young age and lack of experience in handling government affairs, so he had all the county records brought to him to review. It was found that Zhang Mian's handling suggestions were very appropriate, and the emperor held him in high regard. Later, Zhang Mian was promoted to the Prince's Attendant and a military officer in the Yunhui Army.

Zhang Mian was hardworking and eager to learn from a young age, creating his own study schedule and mastering various classics from the Later Han and Jin dynasties. When guests came to seek advice from him, he could answer almost all questions without difficulty. Once, when the position of Palace Attendant was vacant, the emperor told Xu Mian, "This position has always been held by someone with literary cultivation and high status, so we must choose the right person carefully." Xu Mian then recommended Zhang Mian. Shortly after, Zhang Mian was appointed as the Governor of Wuling and later returned to the court as the Prince's Groom and an official. Zhang Mian's mother, Mrs. Liu, lived in poverty after her husband's death, resulting in a simple funeral. She never lived in the main house or followed her son to the government office.

Zhang Mian did not dare to use the salary he received as an official in the county; he even couldn't bear to buy his wife new clothes. When he returned to the capital, he used all the money to support his mother and help his relatives. Despite saving for many years, it was quickly depleted, and Zhang Mian's family always lived simply like a poor family. He was later promoted to be a military adviser to the North Central Army, then the Chief of Ningyuan Command, and later appointed as the Intendant of Yuzhang. Zhang Mian placed a strong emphasis on benevolence in his governance, never setting strict rules and regulations. Both officials and the people were influenced by his moral character and did not dare to deceive or cheat, so the local people all said, "We've not seen a good official like this in decades!" In the first year of the Daming era, the court summoned him to be the Left Chief Historian, but he declined due to illness. He was then appointed as a Tutor to the Crown Prince, concurrently serving as the Commander of the Imperial Guards. Not long after, he was promoted to be the Deputy Director of the Imperial Secretariat. Due to his handling of a case involving a foreign envoy getting into a fight, he was demoted to be an Attendant of the Yellow Gate while retaining his previous position, and he was soon reinstated to his original position.

During his time working in the Imperial Censorate, he upheld justice, was impartial, and was known as a person of integrity. The Emperor even had a painter specially hang his portrait in the court to inspire other officials. In the third year of the Datong era, he was promoted to the position of Palace Attendant, but passed away before he could take office, at the age of forty-two. The court posthumously honored him as Palace Attendant and awarded him the title of General Zhenwei, along with fifty thousand coins and fifty bolts of silk. The Emperor personally mourned for him, and the Crown Prince also went to offer condolences, writing a letter to his younger brother saying: "Our virtuous brother was knowledgeable and astute, akin to a master of classical literature and history, well-versed in poetry and literature, ancient and modern, with no one able to surpass him. Since he entered the court nearly twenty years ago, he treated his colleagues like brothers and his friends like family. We always shared joy and exchanged thoughts at various banquets and academic events in the court. Now, he has suddenly passed away, and we can no longer meet! He was in the prime of his life, with his talents about to flourish, but he tragically passed away early, truly a cause for sorrow! Thinking about our deep brotherly bond, now separated by fate, how can I bear this blow! Overwhelmed with grief, I find it hard to express my sorrow."

He had a great love for books during his lifetime, collecting over ten thousand volumes. He personally transcribed the "Book of the Later Han" and the "Book of Jin," comparing and studying different versions, and eventually completed the "Records of the Later Han" in forty volumes and the "Jiangnan Collection" in thirty volumes. He also transcribed the "Jiangnan Collection," but he did not manage to complete it. His collected works spanned five volumes. His son was named Fu Si.

Zhang Zuan, also known as Bo Xu, was the younger brother of Zhang Mian and later lived with his brother Zhang Hongji. Zhang Hongji was the uncle of Gaozu and was posthumously honored with the title of Minister of Justice in the early years of the Liang Dynasty. When Zhang Zuan was eleven years old, he married the fourth daughter of Gaozu, Princess Fuyang, and was granted the title of Marquis of Li Ting. He was then summoned to study at the National University, where he initially served as a secretary at the age of seventeen. Standing seven feet four inches tall, he had a handsome appearance and a spirited demeanor. Gaozu admired him and remarked, "Zhang Zhuangwu once said, 'Among my descendants in the next eight generations, there will be someone who carries on my aspirations.' He must have been referring to Zhang Zuan." Zhang Zuan loved to study, and his brother Zhang Mian owned over ten thousand books, which he read day and night without putting them down. There were only four positions for secretaries, and since the Song and Qi dynasties, it had been the choice for children of noble families. Generally, one would be promoted after several tens or hundreds of days in this position. However, Zhang Zuan chose not to be transferred, wanting to finish reading all the books in the cabinet. After a few years, he was promoted to the Prince's Attendant, and later to the Chamberlain for Law Enforcement, responsible for document management. Zhang Zuan was well-known in the same league as Prince Xiqi of Langye. In the early years of Puyang's reign, the Wei Kingdom sent Liu Shanming from Pengcheng to the capital to seek peace and requested to meet Zhang Zuan. At the time, Zhang Zuan was twenty-three years old, and Liu Shanming greatly admired him upon meeting him. Zhang Zuan was later promoted to Military Advisor of the Grand Commandant, the Minister of Personnel, and soon after as the Chief Historian and concurrently the Palace Attendant, with many considering his rapid promotions impressive. The people of Hedong, including Pei Ziye, said, "Zhang, as the Minister of Personnel, has taken on important responsibilities, but we feel that he came late." Pei Ziye, known for his open-mindedness, remarked, "After turning thirty, I stopped visiting others actively." Though he had never met Zhang Zuan, he praised him humbly, and the two became close friends despite their age gap.

In the first year of Datong, Zhang Zuan was appointed as the Chief Historian of Ningyuan Huarong, responsible for the affairs of Langye County and Pengcheng County. The following year, he was promoted to the Chief Historian of Beizhonglang and the Governor of Nanlanling, and was appointed as General Zhenwei, overseeing the affairs of Fuzhou. In the third year, he returned to the court as the Minister of Revenue. After his mother's death, he resigned from his official position to fulfill his mourning duties. After the mourning period, he was appointed as the Governor of Wuxing. Zhang Zuan governed Wuxing County, simplifying the cumbersome and harsh regulations, focusing on integrity and simplicity, and both the people and officials supported him. In the second year of Datong, he was summoned to serve as the Minister of Personnel. Zhang Zuan was in charge of selecting officials and promoted those from humble backgrounds, never compromising his principles for the powerful, and was praised by the people. In the fifth year, Emperor Gaozu personally issued an edict saying, "Having inherited the illustrious reputation of his family, he is a leader in the court, surpassing the officials of Fanyang starting from his position as Sikong. He can now serve as the Supervisor of the Masters of Writing." Initially, Li Zuan did not have a good relationship with the official in charge, He Jingrong, who wielded considerable power and had many followers. When people sought to visit Li Zuan, he consistently declined, saying, "I cannot allow He Jingrong's associates to think I am neglecting him." When Li Zuan was promoted, he submitted a statement saying, "Since I took on the important role of assisting the emperor and entered the core of the court, I am now free to speak my mind. However, before that, due to being misled by some people, I was unable to discern the significance of matters, whether good or bad. In addition, I am straightforward, not one for flattery, and working alongside them makes me uneasy." In this statement, he was indirectly referring to He Jingrong. After Li Zuan took office, he suggested that during the Southern Suburb sacrifices, the emperor should ride a white horse in a plain carriage, in line with both ancient and modern rites; he also suggested that officials should wear both the seal and the insignia of authority in their official attire, all of which were adopted at that time.

At the age of nine, Li Zuan was appointed as General Xuanhui and Prefect of Danyang, but before he could take office, he was reassigned as Commissioner, Commander of Military Affairs for the three provinces of Xiang, Gui, and Dongning, and Governor of Xiangzhou. On his way to take up his post, he wrote a piece called "Southern Expedition." In the poem, he wrote:

... (original poem text retained) ...

In the Juzi era, in midsummer, I went to see the emperor and then prepared to take up my post in South Chu. As I reached the middle of the river, I couldn't help but look back, thinking of my hometown, reluctant to leave for a long while. The endless journey made my longing for home overwhelming. I reined in my horse, sighed, and said: Living in this universe feels as insignificant as snails fighting or flies clinging to birds! The uncertainties of life, getting lost in vanity, and worrying endlessly over fleeting time. Those who can forget the worldly troubles and immerse themselves in nature are truly wise! What value do those rare treasures and the glory of emperors hold for me?

Looking back on my unremarkable life, I have been fortunate to have lived in a prosperous era, receiving the emperor's grace and the love of nobles. I once worked on the classics in the Shiqu Pavilion, editing the Six Arts texts; I also served the emperor in the Chenghua Hall and received the emperor's favor. Sometimes I drank and had fun with the ministers, and sometimes I traveled by boat, sharing the journey. I once lived day and night in the magnificent palace of the imperial palace, the emperor's kindness still echoing in my ears, as if it happened yesterday. In the blink of an eye, twenty years have gone by, but I feel the sorrow of leaving my hometown lingers like a constant shadow. My life has been unremarkable; I only want to retire to the countryside, but I am ashamed of my own inaction, failing to live up to the expectations of the people of my hometown thousands of miles away. I feel like a tattered raincoat and a warped wheel, ashamed before upright officials like Zhou Ren, unable to contribute to the country as they do.

Now I have encountered a great opportunity, finding myself in a time of peace and prosperity, and I am filled with gratitude for the emperor's favor, but I have never been able to repay it. I hold an important position, ranking as a high official, respected by subordinates, yet I feel as unstable as a short rope in a deep well, like a high wall without a foundation. I am acutely aware of my limited abilities, afraid that I may not be able to handle it. Having been ordered to go to Nanchu, my heart is full of doubts and unease. I stay overnight, depart during the day, preparing to bid farewell to the capital. The carriage slowly heads south, but my heart is constantly burdened by thoughts of my hometown, filled with sorrow.

It is said that in the past, he crossed the Cowherd Star and gazed forward at the mountains ahead, glancing back at the clouds behind. He followed the Jin family's great territorial expansion, restoring the rule of the Central Plains. He made the land of Sanchuan full of lush grass, and the land of the two capitals nourished by morning dew. Therefore, the yellow flags and purple canopies, the country's prosperity is aligned with the direction of the Zhen Gua; the auspicious signs of Jinling have indeed confirmed the auspicious omen. Later, he submitted to King Wu, offering jade bi and the imperial seal; ushering in a wise monarch of revival, allowing the dynasty's glory to continue for ten generations. Look at him, recruiting talents internally, defending against external enemies; laying the groundwork for the nation in the early days of Jiangnan, establishing the foundation of the country. He not only promoted virtue, enabling the Jin state to receive sacrifices, but "Yunhan" composed poetry, and "Sigang" praised his merits! His legacy has been passed down, enduring for four generations; after many years, spanning over two hundred years. He delineated the borders between Huaxia and the Rongdi, saving the people of the world; ensuring the people were not disheveled or improperly dressed, it was precisely his virtuous leadership that earned him such rewards.

Later, he came to the mountains of Cangzhou, in search of Uncle Bao's old tomb; drawing upon the brilliance of pearls and jade, inheriting the legacy of brocade. With lofty ambitions, he would not waver in his original intentions due to joy or anger. Although his soul was buried underground for a hundred years, it still shines brightly in the underworld. Passing by the Buddhist temple, he saw people in high spirits; setting forth from the heart of the four seas, he pacified rebellions and punished the cruel and tyrannical. As the Azure Dragon star was about to fall, he rooted out evil and eradicated calamity; employing scorpions for punishment and fierce beasts for entertainment. He welcomed the High Pheasant Star with a clever smile and awaited the Long Star's appearance with joyful laughter. Oh, those poor common people, how they long for stability and support! The heavens heard the people's wishes, hence the appearance of a wise and enlightened monarch.

I, the emperor, have inherited the grand rule, intelligent and wise, brave and mighty, seizing the opportune moment, I swept through the entire Chu region. Conquering enemies through benevolence and righteousness, surely leading to victory; the situation resembled a bursting flood, unstoppable and incredibly swift. Thus, he exterminated the wild boars of Sanglin, shot down the great winds of Qingqiu, laid down his weapons to demonstrate virtue, and used the "Shi Xia" to celebrate his victory. He let the music of the Zheng and Wei regions resound and kept the alluring women of the harem at a distance; how could his achievements be compared to those of the Shang and Zhou dynasties? He established the prosperous era of Changping, lasting through four ages; the six barbarian tribes submitted, while the eight barbarian tribes surrendered. He enlightened the people and upheld justice; the Three Lights shone upon them, and the Five Spirits blessed them. His achievements surpassed those of all past emperors, truly beyond description.

I walked along the swift banks of the Jinniu River and saw the majestic sight of Ling Mountain. This is truly a relic of Jiangnan, towering into the clouds with an extraordinary presence! The mountain peaks soar into the sky, with white walls, green cliffs, red tiles, massive boulders, rushing streams, and steep cliffs battered by raging waves, flowing into a huge abyss, blocking out the sky, with swirling winds and mist. The cliffs reflect the river water, sparkling and shimmering, as unpredictable as frost and snow, with surging waves. The downstream waters rush swiftly and perilously, while the upstream mountain peaks tower high, as if they might come crashing down. I had a premonition that something unfortunate was about to happen, so I walked against the wind and dared not linger.

I visited those strange and bizarre skeletons, with dark clouds swirling and fierce winds howling, as if they would swallow everything whole. Later, I saw fishermen fishing, as their bait sank into the unfathomable depths of the river. I followed the path of Zhong Wuhou, riding in a four-horse carriage, galloping away. I didn't delve into those supernatural occurrences, merely keeping them in my thoughts. I revisited the old site of Gusu, exploring the remnants of Xuanwu; I harbored the ambitious aspirations of Zhou Yu while serving the king. I emulated the wise rulers of the past dynasties, but I still failed to earn the king's favor; my influence was enough to topple Mount Tai and shake the realm. Though my achievements were significant, my ambitions fell short; how could I possibly endure in the court for long?

I worry about following in Wenjing's footsteps, repeating old mistakes, and I am concerned about the tragic fate of wise ministers; even if they thrive like trees, they will ultimately be uprooted, and their families will perish. Mountains of amassed wealth offer no guarantees of safety, let alone the nation's great treasures, which are being secretly pilfered. I approached the palace gates, handing documents to the guards at Yiluo and Hewei. I didn't pretend to be hospitable to win over guests, nor did I lower myself to curry favor with the powerful. I dutifully followed the king's laws, exercising caution and not daring to be even a bit careless. Hangu Pass serves as the nation's gateway, and the armory is filled with elite troops. I gathered ancient ballads and heard the tiger's roar from Ningcheng County. In today's world, it's straightforward; one just needs to call out treachery. I disdain Wen Zhong's dereliction of duty and look down on officials who profit from extorting the people's wealth.

I approached the ochre mountain peak, and in the distance was the Magpie Bank, the islands appeared hazy, and the wind and clouds were unpredictable. At this moment after the rain, the sky cleared up, and I saw the rivers surge, vast and mighty; the water was calm and clear, reflecting the dark evening, the mountains rose and fell, with the dawn light clearly visible. Suddenly, I looked towards my hometown, only to see the river meeting the horizon, boundless; flowing upstream, with obstacles on the right, I walked along the long riverbank to the left. I stood against the wind alone, feeling a sense of peace, picking wildflowers from the fragrant fields, but no one shared this beautiful scenery with me. I anchored the boat at Tongshan and visited the spirit tablet of Mr. Shuwen; his name still remained, the tomb overgrown with weeds, thorns everywhere. I remembered my husband's teachings; his reputation had already spread far in ancient times; he saved the declining career in Bashu Hanzhong, and his name was celebrated alongside the virtuous men of Zou and Lu. He identified the mountain gods to resolve disputes and offered sacrifices to the stars in the ancestral hall to appease the spirits. Whenever I recall these past events, I miss him; if I hadn’t studied diligently, how could I understand all this? Considering Jia Meigen, the filial daughter whose status was not as elevated as those who married the powerful; thinking of the Wu people's resettlement, I worry that the harsh laws would bring disaster to them. Those hidden melons symbolically celebrated righteous deeds, using the sea waves to agree on time; those floating shoes elucidated noble integrity; what is there to hesitate about in the face of danger? I was profoundly moved by these touching stories, my heart was heavy with sorrow and regret; I recited and imagined silently, feeling that my literary talent was far inferior to those trying to walk in Handan. I looked towards Nanling, my gaze filled with admiration for the loyalty of the guards at Yamen Pass; facing the sweeping Jin army, couldn't the city walls provide protection? I led the elderly, the weak, women, and children in the dilapidated city, still doing my meager part. Even if it was just a small act of kindness, like offering a cup of wine, it was recognized by the nobleman. This reflects the principle of how to interact with others.

I entered the long waters of the Thunder Pool, longing for the legacy of the two sages, Gong and Dai; upon reaching the Fish Official, I stopped eating, treading on the cold reeds and pulling up bamboo shoots. There are also those deities who lived noble lives and became revered spirits after death. Some donated their family property to serve the country, joining hands to worship their parents; some sacrificed themselves for justice, inspiring the entire city. Therefore, their families are celebrated for their filial piety, and the country praises them as able ministers. Their noble virtues are recorded in history, standing shoulder to shoulder with famous figures from different eras. I embarked from the sandy shore at dawn, against the wind, feeling the difficulty of navigating the treacherous waters of the Wu region. The boat came to a halt on the sunlit riverbank, the water raced swiftly, churning up sand and stones. The sky was overcast, about to rain; raindrops fell one after another; I felt compassion for the weary travelers, often lifting the tent flap, standing and watching. I followed the branches of the river, gazing towards the ferry crossing at Peng Hui; before reaching Jiang County, over ten days had already passed.

Wow, what a spectacular sight! Countless rivers converge, and mountains undulate, the scenery is diverse; the river's reflection seems to hang high in the sky, as if the Milky Way is pouring down, magnificent! The clear river water washes the riverbed, the calm lake surface is open and comfortable; under the sunlight, the water surface sparkles, the river water appears and disappears, gently swaying. The distant Minshan and Baozhong mountains appear ancient and quiet; the Qingpen River and the Red Bank control the ebb and flow of the tide. Look at the dense returning clouds, the leisurely drifting breeze; the waterfall formed by the rushing water cascades between the emerald cliffs; a beautiful rainbow arches across the sky.

If you look carefully at the overgrown riverbank and the layers of water pools, those water realms are where the fish play and frolic, and where they sing happily. You can see the whirling sand and tumbling rocks, covering the low grassy banks; a variety of peculiar fish and shrimp with beautiful scales and feathers. Occasionally, you can hear the call of a solitary crane, and the lonely goose calling for its mate; for those who are far from home, they will always miss their homeland, feeling sad and lonely when alone. This place has treacherous terrain that is easy to defend yet hard to assault, so we must fully leverage this treacherous terrain to strengthen defense. Not only do we need to strengthen defense, but we also need to focus on our own moral development. The south opens up to Zhuya and Yelang, the west leads to Yujin and Huamo; these regions ensure internal stability and external peace, protecting the capital like a fortress, everything is in order, and the world is peaceful.

I stand on Kuangling, hesitating, contemplating a fairyland of cloud-like splendor. It seems like Chang'e's light song and the prince's elegant music are echoing in my ears. If I could shine like a night pearl, why would I be afraid of the allure of wealth and prestige? I long to acquire that elixir of immortality, hoping to receive a pill of immortality.

I walk along the road of Ezhu, tracing the legacy of the Sun clan's power; they stockpile resources, train their troops, and defend against foes ten times their number. Talented individuals will be given due recognition; they prefer sincerity over deceit; they govern by law, strive to strengthen and enrich the country, and spend day and night with loyal ministers.

I recognized the former residence of Xu Shu by the river, the site of the old Yun Diao Terrace; during a time of turmoil, they still feasted calmly and were extremely happy. I admire Wu Zixu's loyalty and wisdom in assisting the State of Wu, and I also admire Sun Zhongmou's humility. There’s a reason why the harmonious relationship between the ruler and his subjects led to great achievements.

Lord Wen's fame is truly that of a great man of his era; Ni Heng was sincerely impressed while studying, his virtue as noble as his reputation. They emerged in response to the times, using their talents to benefit the world; their fame grew, and people's appreciation for them deepened. Even those who had only heard their names felt a connection.

Unfortunately, Yan Xian failed to support the king, which allowed the Han capital to be restored; why did heaven's mandate not favor them, leaving their ambitions unfulfilled and their lives cut short? I drifted on a boat in Luzhou, standing for a long time, thinking of Wu Yuan's crossing of the river; he carried precious jewels, escaping a death sentence, and upon his return, he gifted gold to express his gratitude.

He did not seek a salary of ten thousand piculs, only enjoying singing and rowing; I lament that such noble ideals went unrecognized by the world, and in the end, he died to express his ideals. Sadly, all that's left are regrets, and it's too late to change the past; I can only pay tribute to him during the rituals; when the army returns to Zheng, I will pray for blessings for future generations.

Entering Yingdu, I lament that the steep natural defenses are hard to see; they divided Jing and Chu into fiefs, formulating good policies that benefit future generations. Jia Yi's talent is as substantial as a finger, while Ying Hou is like a tree stripped of its bark. Thus, it's crucial to focus on the fundamentals, bolster the strong, and diminish the weak; this is a timeless principle of governance, which does not change regardless of prosperity or decline, isn't that so? This is the deep wisdom for governing and stabilizing a nation!

In Yingdu, I heeded wise counsel, and thus earned a lasting reputation; I forgot my age, only thinking about national affairs, filled with anxiety. I followed the noble example of King Zhuang, establishing fame in Xiazhou; I abhorred the wrongful punishment of Qitian, embracing Shen Shu's brilliant strategy. I learned loyalty from the counsel of Wu Chen, referring to "The Book of Zhou" to understand its principles; how could I possibly devise so many radical ideas myself, insisting on going to such a distant place like Sangzhong? Just as Bo Shen executed Dan, he truly helped the monarch accomplish great feats; there is a difference between two ministers, as well as between two rulers. Standing atop Chiyao, brimming with anger and ambition, I displayed my aspirations before Emperor Wu of Wei; seizing the moment, unstoppable in my quest to annex Wu and unify Chu. Leading elite soldiers from eight states, directly targeting Gusu, preparing to triumph there; the timing was impeccable, like water flowing from a jug, without any hesitation. Sun Quan's army was formidable, bolstered by exceptional ministers; dividing the world into three, this was indeed a pivotal strike!

Alas, with the ambition to restore the old capital, I think of Liu Bei's heroism; he gathered talents like Wolong, on par with Guan Zhong, truly a wise ruler. He collected scattered soldiers, allied with other states, sustaining the prosperity of five dynasties for four centuries. Gazing at Mount Baqiu, I am filled with mixed emotions; along Dongting Lake, feeling relaxed, sailing freely without anchoring, feeling so carefree! As I gaze at Junshan and Bianshan, standing in the breeze, my longing deepens; lifting my cup for a toast, I take a sip and depart alone on a colorful cloud.

Goodness, this place is adjacent to Hengshan and Huoshan in the south; to the north, it's not far from Jushui and Zhangshui. Yuanshui and Lishui are included as well, and the waters of Xiaoshui and Xiangshui flow in as well. Look at this water flowing rapidly, winding and twisting like a giant dragon, shimmering and sparkling in the sunlight. The emerald green pool water surrounds the small island; at a glance, the tens of thousands of acres of water are crystal clear. Beautiful orchids dance in the breeze, and the white sand beaches resemble a blanket of snow. The clouds stretch and curl, and the river islands appear and disappear; the morning sun shines on the river, and a strong wind blows, scattering the clouds. I arrived at this ancient riverbed, gazing at the Miluo River, reflecting on Qu Yuan's tragic fate. Is it because he carried treasure yet lost his country that he met such a tragic end? Or was it his unwavering loyalty that led to his misfortune?

This place is rich in beauty and steeped in history; it is not meant for those who indulge in flattery. It embodies the grievances found in "Xiao Ya" and the noble aspirations of "Guo Feng." Like brushing dust off a hat and shaking mud from one's clothes, I strive to distance myself from the mundane; choosing to sacrifice oneself for righteousness rather than hide one’s talents and boast. Oh, how lamentable for Mr. Unfortunate, facing jealousy akin to that of pepper and orchids; having a steed capable of a thousand miles but no one to ride it, how can one expect it to race a thousand miles? Being here makes me long for old friends, lingering as if I can't bear to leave.

I offer sacrifices with simple offerings, sincerely praying to the rivers; arriving at Huangling, I express my respect, placing offerings by the river. Surrounded by the fragrance of orchids, I worship with a devout heart. I invite the descendants of Emperor Ku, and also invite gods such as Kui Long. Using the sacred chariot driven by the river god, I hoist the flag of Taiyi. Accompanied by soothing songs and dances, the rhythm is gentle and melodious. As the sun sets in the west, I stand in silence, my heart heavy with emotion. I abhor the tours of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, which led to the slaughter of this land; I cannot comprehend why the heavens are so unforgiving, and I can only pray devoutly, praying for the blessings of the heavens. Because of the people's resentment and the wrath of the gods, we have witnessed flash floods and earthquakes; I speculate that this is a punishment from the heavens, so I carve inscriptions into the stone to express my repentance.

As soon as I step out of the car, I report to the department and start work, carefully handling various matters, striving to overcome the complacent work culture, and being cautious every day. I often visit the elderly to show compassion for the struggles of the people, trying my best to convey the court's grace, and reduce the people's labor and taxes. This is truly a remarkable occasion, and it is an ancient tradition of this land. Think about it, Yu Shun inspected the four directions until the end of his life; Emperor Yu opened up the territory and dredged the rivers; Tai Bo abdicated to his younger brother and retired to Taihu Lake; and those honest and upright officials, they are all so clean and upright. These are the legacies of wise rulers and the ideals of sages!

Let's talk about those scholars and poets, such as Qu Yuan's "Huai Sha," Jia Yi's "Elegy for Qu Yuan," Sima Qian's elegies, Yang Xiong's "Anti-Sao," etc. These poetic and literary works full of elegance have always been admired and pursued by literati of all ages. There are also the Zhongning and Xiande family, who served as officials in the court for three generations, upholding their family legacy. From ancient Liu Xiang and Liu Xin, father and son, to Jiang Wan, Huan Fan, Deng Zhi, and Gu Lang, they were all talented and made great contributions to the country, like the finest peaks of Sichuan and Yue; outstanding figures have emerged in every generation, never ceasing.

As for those hermits in the mountains, those wise officials in the court, some of them attained immortality, while others lived in seclusion in the mountains, like the legendary immortals, able to summon the wind and rain, possessing extraordinary powers. For example, those who can climb the heavenly ladder and regain their youth, those who can practice by the spring while leaning on a cane, those who can ride dragons and those who can journey with deer, and those who accompany goddesses and meet fairies. Though these tales may sound fantastical, we often hear similar legends.

I visited various levels of government offices, walked through the streets and alleys, looked at the mountains and rivers from afar, observed the cities and towns up close, and understood them one by one. I ceded the Qianzhong area and appointed a military commander to show loyalty, as Zou Yan described it, "returning by boat," which benefited King Chu. I surveyed the high mountains and appointed Wu Wen as the local governor; the eight kings not of the Liu clan contributed to the nation's downfall and met their own demise. I enacted laws in Changsha that have remained unchanged for five generations; I believe that Heaven favors the humble over fleeting accomplishments. I visited the former residence of the Grand Tutor, where I am now building a house to pursue my studies in peace; the city has not changed, the old well is still there, and the clear spring water still flows. I long for the governance of Yi Yin and Guan Zhong, yet I faced incompetent officials and was demoted; ultimately, I gained the appreciation of the current emperor, lamenting that the Han Dynasty royal family could attract talented individuals. I accepted the distant commission from King Qi; how could I refuse and save myself? I grieved for Prince Huai's lack of wisdom, and ultimately died with regrets. I constructed a sacrificial site in Beiguo, overlooking the woods, in a tranquil and beautiful setting; I hope not to disappoint the fragrant offerings, offering sacrifices with Qiong grass, and serving as the wine bearer. Jing Thirteen founded the country; only kings can achieve great things; by the scorching noon, this fief relies on my support. I looked around at the undulating mountains, climbed a little higher to look into the distance; carefully observed the appearance of the mountains and rivers, planning to name this mountain Heng Lu. Fresh mist permeated the mountain below, the mountain soared into the clouds, with ridges and peaks; the wind rustled through the pine trees, while water echoed in the valley. The low trees are like umbrellas, the tall trees towering into the clouds like building blocks. I hope to escape the hustle and bustle and find rest among the mountain rocks. Letting go of worldly concerns, I yearn for a divine realm. It is the cool end of autumn, with ripe fruits on the trees, the clear and distant Hua Chi, and the flying pavilion appearing desolate yet bright. I cherish the warm climate of the south and the fragrant scent of autumn orchids. I plant citrus under the curved corridor and pick chrysanthemums on the high city walls. Pavilions and towers stand side by side, with dense bamboo forests covering the mountains. Watching the birds return to their nests in the evening, I bid farewell to the geese flying far in the early morning. Sadly leaving my hometown, I now live as a guest in a foreign land, seeking solace among the mountains and rivers, finding joy in my solitude.

Only the imperial court's carriages and horses can gain passage, but in reality, it is the Eagle-Soaring Army that is in charge; sometimes officials are dismissed to assert authority, and sometimes they are promoted to show favor. I abide by the emperor's grace and punishments, blessed by the generosity of heaven and earth. The Jiuli River nourishes this land, benefiting the people and the nation. While the smaller paths are navigable, I do not fear these minor obstacles; I long to gallop on the wide roads, fearing disaster as a result. I have learned that relying on unstable foundations is unwise, and I have taken this lesson to heart; I am ashamed of myself, like those incompetent people in Shouling County, learning the walking posture of the people of Handan, but stumbling instead.

Upon arriving in the province, he first halted the condolence visits to ten counties. Elderly and frail officials, as well as those long on duty at checkpoints, markets, and border stations, were all dismissed. In the counties governed by Lingling and Hengyang, there are some Mo Yao tribesmen who live in the mountains and are difficult to subdue by any official; they are gradually becoming more integrated. In Yiyang County, someone planted two acres of land, where each acre of rice yields an identical harvest—truly miraculous! Yang Suan served for four years, and many exiles returned, increasing the population by over a hundred thousand, and the entire state became stable.

In the year 505 AD, I was appointed as the General-in-Chief, and shortly after, I was promoted, with numerous official titles, including imperial commissioner, commander of Yongzhou, Liangzhou, Beiqinzhou, Dongyizhou, Jingling in Yizhou, and Suijun in Sizhou, as well as General for Pacifying the North and Colonel for Pacifying the Barbarians. At first, I heard that Prince Shanling Lun would replace me as the governor of Xiangzhou, but later it was decided to be Prince Yuyu of Hedong. I have little respect for those young princes, so the provincial officials were rather dismissive in their welcome and hospitality. Prince Yuyu of Hedong was clearly displeased.

After arriving in Xiangzhou, he feigned illness to avoid seeing me, even checking the accounts himself and keeping me from leaving. At that time, I heard that Hou Jing was attacking the capital city, so Yu dressed up beautifully and prepared to go support. At the same time, the Governor of Jingzhou, Prince of Xiangdong, also went to support, and the army arrived at Wucheng in Yingzhou. I quickly sent someone to deliver a message saying, "Prince of Hedong has set sail, preparing to attack Jingzhou!" Prince of Xiangdong believed it and immediately returned to defend, which caused a rift between Jingzhou and Xiangzhou.

Later, I ultimately abandoned the army and fled to Jiangling alone by boat. Prince of Xiangdong sent someone to reprimand Prince of Hedong and demanded the return of my subordinates. After arriving in Jiangling, he sent me to Xiangyang. The former Governor of Xiangyang, Prince of Yueyang, had not yet vacated his position, but only permitted me to stay at the White Horse Temple located west of the city. At this time, I heard that the capital city had been breached by the enemy, and Prince of Yueyang refused to relinquish his position.

There was an official in Xiangyang named Du An, who discreetly advised me, "I’m certain Prince of Yueyang won't let you off easily. You have a good relationship with the common people usually. Why don't you escape to the West Mountain, recruit volunteers, people from all directions will come to join you, and your subordinates will also come one after another. If you follow this plan, you are bound to succeed!" I believed his words, formed an alliance with him, and secretly escaped into the mountains at night.

However, Du An betrayed me outright, leading soldiers to chase after me. My followers spotted Du An's troops and rejoiced, believing they had come to join us. As a result, Du An's soldiers captured me, along with my subordinates, and took us away. They initially imprisoned me, then compelled me to take monastic vows.

That year, Prince of Yueyang launched an attack on Jiangling and always had me by his side. After the army was defeated and reached the south of Jianshui, the guards, fearing the pursuers were close, killed me and discarded my body in the wilderness. I was fifty-one at the time. Later, Emperor Yuan posthumously appointed me as a courtier, General of the Guards, and bestowed upon me the title of Duke Jianxian.

Jian Xian was a person of great insight who sincerely pledged his loyalty to Emperor Yuan by visiting him. After Yuan became emperor, he remembered Jian Xian's loyalty and even wrote a poem to commemorate him, stating in the preface: "Jian Xian is a person who does not curry favor with high officials and nobles, is talented and has a strong character. When he saw me, he couldn't stop talking, filled with loyalty in his heart; how could I ever forget him?" Jian Xian wrote a hundred volumes of "Hong Bao" and twenty volumes of "Wen Ji."

His son Xi, styled Ziyan, gained fame at a young age and married Princess Haiyan, the ninth daughter of Emperor Taizong. During the Chengsheng period, he held the position of Gentleman of the Yellow Gate.

His younger brother Wan, styled Xiaoqing, was Jian Xian's fourth son. Initially, he was a scholar at the Imperial Academy and performed very well in the archery and military strategy examinations. He was promoted to Head of the Household and Secretary, and later advanced to Taizi Sheren, Xima, and Zhong Sheren, all of which involved managing official documents. He was later promoted to Director of the Central Secretariat and Doctor of the Imperial Academy. He was then assigned as the Changshi of Xuan City in the Central Army and the Governor of Lanling, and upon returning, he was appointed as a cavalry attendant to the court. At that time, the Governor of Danyang, Marquis Xiao Yuanzhao of Xichang, was unable to take office due to prolonged illness, so the court allowed Wan to temporarily oversee the affairs of Danyang. He was later promoted to Changshi of Xuan City in the Central Army and soon transferred to the position of Deputy Censor-in-Chief. Emperor Gaozu sent his brother, Xuan, a Secretary of the Central Secretariat, to convey the edict: "The most important priority for the state is to enforce the law justly and strictly, and in terms of personnel, promotions and demotions should not be restricted. During the Jin and Song dynasties, Zhou Min and Cai Kuo both served as Imperial Attendants; do not think of this as a demotion." At that time, the royal family of Xuan City held significant power, which is why such an edict was issued. On New Year's Day of the fourth year of Datong, according to the old system, the seats of the Pushe and the Deputy Censor-in-Chief were on the east and west sides. At that time, Wan's brother Zuan was the Pushe. After all the officials lined up properly, the two brothers led their attendants and walked towards the steps on either side, which had never happened before, and people at the time regarded it as a great honor. More than a year later, Wan was assigned to Yuzhang as the Neishi.

When Wan was an official in Yuzhang, he explained the principles of "The Rites of the Regulations and Rites," and hundreds of well-dressed scholars would come to listen each time. Eight years later, Liu Jinggong from Ancheng County started a cult, gathered a group of people to attack Yuzhang County, and the Interior Minister, Xiao Tuo, abandoned the city and fled. The bandits then went on to attack Nankang and Luling, massacring the people, breaking through the cities, with numbers reaching tens of thousands, before attacking Xingan County in Yuzhang. The south had not seen a battle in a long time, and officials and people were all in a panic, fleeing in all directions. Some advised Wan to steer clear of the bandits, but he refused, insisting on repairing the city walls, preparing for defense, and recruiting over 10,000 willing fighters. The Governor of Xiangdong, Wang, sent Sima Wang Sengbian to lead the troops to suppress the bandits under Wan's leadership, and in less than a month, the bandits were pacified.

Ten years later, he became the Deputy Imperial Censor and was also appointed as a Supervisor of the Imperial Guards. This time he once again held an important position as a magistrate, impeaching and exposing wrongdoers without hesitation, causing all the high-ranking officials to fear him. At that time, a Shilin Pavilion was established in the west of the city, drawing many scholars, where he took turns explaining the meanings of "The Rites of the Regulations," "The Book of Rites," and "The Doctrine of the Mean" with General Zhu Yi and Minister He Chen.

In the second year of Taiqing, he was promoted to the position of General of the Left Guard. Just as Hou Jing rebelled and attacked, he went to guard the East Yamen Gate. Three years later, he was promoted to the position of Minister of Personnel. When the palace was breached, he had to flee to Jiangling. At that time, the Prince of Xiangdong was in power and appointed him as the Palace Attendant, General of the Left Guard, and Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister. He retained his position as Palace Attendant. He was later appointed as Commissioner, General of the Cloud Banner, and Interior Minister of Xiangdong. In the second year of Chengsheng, the court summoned him back to the capital, where he became the Right Deputy Minister of Personnel, and shortly after, he was appointed as a Palace Attendant as well. The following year, Jiangling City also fell, and the court officials were captured and taken north, but he was spared because he was ill. He later passed away in Jiangling at the age of sixty-three.

His second son, named Jiao, style name Shaoyou, was very interested in literature and married Princess Anyang, the eleventh daughter of Emperor Taizong. In the second year of Chengsheng, he served as the Crown Prince's Imperial Stableman and Chief Secretary, in charge of the management of documents and archives in the Eastern Palace.

Yao Cha, Minister of Personnel of the Chen Dynasty, said: During the Taiqing period, the country was in chaos, and relatives and friends had turned against each other. He couldn't uphold his integrity like the He Shi Bi did, didn't show the loyalty and integrity of figures like Wen and Tao, but instead held personal grudges and caused trouble in Xiangdong, ultimately bringing disaster upon himself. This isn't how a loyal and righteous person should act; the root of the disaster of Jiangling's fall actually lies here. His character ultimately became the spark that led to the downfall of the Liang Dynasty, which is truly unfortunate!

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Liang （梁書）

Published: 05 January 2025

Created: 05 January 2025

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Wang Sengru, courtesy name Sengru, hailed from Tan County in Shandong and was the eighth-generation descendant of Wei State General Wang Su. His great-grandfather, Wang Ya, was the Left Minister of Rites and a high-ranking official in the Jin Dynasty; his grandfather, Wang Zhun, was the Minister of Works Left Changshi of the Song Dynasty. What a prestigious family background!

Wang Sengru started studying the "Book of Filial Piety" at the age of five. When he asked his teacher what the book was about, the teacher replied, "It talks about loyalty and filial piety." Little Wang Sengru said, "That's great, I've always wanted to read this book." He was already writing essays by the age of six, and as he grew up, he loved learning even more. Despite being poor, he often copied books for others to help support his mother, and he could recite them after copying them. His ability to learn was truly remarkable!

He served as an official in Southern Qi, initially as the Left Attendant in the royal court and Imperial Tutor. The Minister of Works, Wang Yan, greatly admired him. When Wang Yan was the Intendant of Danyang, he called Wang Sengru to serve as the County Clerk and even had him write the "New Records of the Eastern Palace." Later, he was promoted to Attendant to the Grand Marshal of the Prince of Yuzhang and also served as an Imperial Tutor. The Prince of Jingling, a son of the Sui Dynasty, recruited scholars at the West Pavilion, and Wang Sengru also participated. When Crown Prince Wen Hui learned of his reputation, he summoned him to the Eastern Palace to serve in the Chongming Hall, with hopes of appointing him as a court official. Unfortunately, Crown Prince Wen Hui passed away, and this opportunity was lost. What a lost opportunity!

Later, Wang Yan's son Wang Deyuan was appointed as the Prefect of Jin'an County, recommending Wang Sengru as the County Deputy, and later appointed him as the Magistrate of Houguan County. During the Jianwu period, the court issued a decree to recommend talents, and the Governor of Yangzhou, Wang Yaoguang, recommended the Secretariat official Wang Jian and Wang Sengru, and wrote an exceptionally glowing letter of recommendation, saying: "Former Magistrate of Houguan County, Donghai native Wang Sengru, 35 years old this year, is upright and frugal, quick-witted and insightful in thinking, while farming, reading, supporting his family, copying books, and studying. He is diligent and studious, a true example of studying by the light of a wall and reading by the reflection of snow; he is well-versed in ancient texts, historical figures, stories, as well as court etiquette and historical allusions, and he can articulate them clearly and recall them at will; his debating skills are sharp, his memory is outstanding, never making mistakes, and he can answer anything fluently." This letter of recommendation praised Wang Sengru to the highest degree! Then, Wang Sengru was promoted to the position of Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, and later promoted to Imperial Clerk, and finally appointed as the Magistrate of Qiantang County.

Initially, Shen Yue and Ren Fang met at Prince Jingling's residence because of their shared interest in literature. Later, before Ren Fang was transferred to be a county magistrate, he composed a poem for Shen Yue. The essence of the poem is: "Only you understand me, and only I understand you. Observing your actions and words, you are always consistent. I respect you, as noble as orchids and sweet-smelling herbs. Your actions follow you like a shadow, consistent in the past and present. The foremost principle is to conduct oneself in society, which you have achieved. What does it matter what others think? Your good reputation has been established, so why should you fear old age? Who will drive your chariot? Allow me to drive it for you! Like the encouraging words of Liu Xiang's 'Bielu,' Ban Gu's 'Yi Wen Zhi' in the Book of Han, Yu Xi's 'Zhi Lin,' and Xun Yue's 'Han Ji,' ancient scholars exchanged words of encouragement. You study diligently, never feeling weary, and your noble character is duly appreciated. I commend you for lighting your lamp early to study diligently, while I lament that my lamp has burned out late at night." It is evident that Shen Yue was highly respected in the scholarly community at that time.

In the early years of the Tianjian era, Shen Yue was appointed as a military officer in the army of Princess Linchuan and served as an official in the Wende Province. Shortly after, he was transferred to be the Governor of Nanhai. The Nanhai Prefecture had frequent trade with the native inhabitants of Gaoliang and overseas merchant ships, with several batches coming every year for trade. Previously, local officials would purchase goods at half price and then promptly resell them at a higher price, reaping profits several times over, and all previous governors did the same. However, Shen Yue sighed, "In the past, there was a chief historian in Shu, who never obtained a special product from Shu in his lifetime. I wish to leave a legacy for future generations, not to exploit the common people." Thus, he refrained from taking anything. He only stayed as the Governor of Nanhai for a month before receiving a summons from the court to return. More than six hundred individuals from Nanhai, including both officials and commoners, went to the court together to petition for him to remain, but the court did not agree.

After returning to the court, Shen Yue was appointed as Junior Secretary of the Central Secretariat and concurrently serving as a writer, again under the direct jurisdiction of Wen De Province, responsible for writing the Book of Central Records and the Chronicles of Daily Activities. He was later promoted to the Left Assistant Minister of Personnel, still concurrently serving as a writer. Soon after, he was promoted to the position of General of the Cavalry, concurrently serving as the Deputy Censor. When Shen Yue was a child, his family was poor; his mother earned a living by selling gauze and once took him to the market, where they encountered the ceremonial procession of the Deputy Censor and were driven into a ditch. Now that he had become the Deputy Censor, he ordered his subordinates to clear the way when he went out, and thinking back to those past events, he was overcome with sadness and nostalgia. Not long after, due to official duties, he was demoted to General of Cloud Riders, still concurrently holding his original position, and soon thereafter he officially took office. At that time, Emperor Gaozu composed a 500-character poem titled "Spring Scene Bright Will," ordering all officials from Shen Yue downwards to compose a similar piece. Emperor Gaozu believed that Shen Yue's poetry was the best. After that, Shen Yue was promoted to the Minister of Finance and then sent out to oversee Wu County. Upon returning to court, he was appointed as the Minister of Personnel, participating in the major selection process, but due to his refusal to show favoritism, few people approached him. I was appointed Chief Clerk to the King of Nankang, responsible for handling affairs of the royal palace, the provincial government, and national matters. The king's chief clerk, Tang Dao Min, had a very close relationship with the prince and held significant power within the royal court. I constantly sought ways to undermine him, but ultimately he falsely accused me and reported me to the Southern Bureau.

In my letter of resignation, I wrote: "I shouldn't have been hiding away in a secluded spot, but I ended up making mistakes right under people's noses. Not only did I lose face and suffer humiliation, but I also face severe punishment. I remove my official robe, put away my hairpin, and prepare to revert to civilian life. I am like Dong Zhongshu, gifted yet forced to rely on my lord; like Jia Yi, talented but relegated to a remote place. As a young man, I was entrusted with significant responsibilities and enjoyed your favor, soaring like a bird in the Western Court and rising step by step in the Eastern Pavilion. I feel ashamed in my luxurious official robes, dragging their long hems. You let me sit by your side, like a stunning step in a painting, with only me as the head of the subordinates. You treated me generously and kindly, your kindness surpasses that of Shen Baoxu and Bai Qi, my reputation comparable to Ying Hou and King Xuyan. Your great virtue is rare, while villains easily sow discord. I thought I could never repay your kindness, yet now I must leave due to the scheming of villains. I feel like a small bird caught in a giant net, or a small grass blown down by a strong wind, instantly falling. Resigning from my post feels like departing from vast fields, as if far from the imperial palace. Even if the heavens overlook me, I can still rely on the emperor's grace, but where can I place my body and mind? Who can I turn to with my grievances? I will struggle to survive at the bottom of society, like a fish caught in turbulent waters or a snake winding through thorns; how can I still listen to your teachings and admire your elegance? The thought of leaving you fills my heart with sorrow, like hailstones falling; thinking of bidding farewell to your high seat, my tears wrap around me like ropes."

Because of this incident, I was dismissed from my position and I haven't been appointed to a new position for quite some time. My friend, He Jiong from Lujiang, is still working as a secretary in the Wang's mansion, so I wrote him a letter to share my thoughts. In the letter, I wrote:

After parting ways and watching the changes of the four seasons, I have always been concerned about you and cannot let go of you. In the past, Mr. Li went to Qin and Mr. Liang went to Yue, both leaving regrets and occasionally expressing their feelings through poetry; not to mention that we are now separated at a crossroads, about to leave this harsh environment, the farewell words can't fully convey the sadness, and the future burdens are hard to predict. Look, drawing lines in the dirt and carving words into wood were things the ancients despised, and now we are troubled by these difficulties; how can we hear news from each other? That's why we exchanged a reluctant handshake and said our goodbyes, reminding each other to take care. The bond between brothers is as deep as that of Zou Ji and his brother; I find it hard to say goodbye to you; my eyes are puffy from crying, but I still endure the separation from you, feeling ashamed to cry like a woman.

Now it's autumn, the weather is getting cooler; I hope you're doing well and keeping a regular routine. I've received your letter and Yuan Yu's too, which makes me very happy. Also, I hope your eyes get better and your headaches heal. That's great, that's great!

Although I do not have the talent of the ancients, I have acquired their ailments; dizziness and blurred vision often occur, and diabetes is getting worse. I've resigned myself to fate, so I’ve stopped seeing doctors or taking medicine. I only regret not being able to escape this great shame, instead violating the law, clearly innocent but unable to prove it, feeling depressed but having no one to confide in. The things I built up in my youth have now gone to waste, only to have fame and position, taking up public resources and titles, but unable to contribute to the country, nor repay the kindness of my parents in raising me, so I’m left feeling sorrowful, beating my chest, crying dry tears, and even shedding blood.

Alas, I am a person with no talent, neither in literary talent nor in morals, mainly because I am poor, worrying day in and day out about basic needs. I can only rely on farming for a living, and my greatest wish is to have enough to eat and wear. For many years, I have held insignificant official posts, dressed in coarse linen garments, and carrying a black official seal. I possess no remarkable talents or knowledge, nor any grand strategies or plans. I lack the ability to rectify social customs with just a few words, and a suggestion cannot strengthen and revitalize the country. Like the great deeds of Lin Xiangru returning the jade to Zhao, Jing Ke's assassination of Qin to save Yan, Lord Xinling stealing the seal to save Zhao, and Qu Yuan being loyal but unfulfilled. Working day and night, exhausting my heart and soul, leading a hundred thousand troops across the land, leading five thousand elite soldiers deep into enemy territory, ultimately receiving rewards, leaving a mark in history, wearing fine clothes and enjoying a rich and honored life. This is the ambition of a true man, which I cannot achieve at all.

I possess only trivial skills, only able to write articles, recite poems, pay my respects at the banquets of officials and nobles, and do trivial things like sewing and buying groceries. How can I expect to rise in rank, gain wealth, and achieve a prominent position? Moreover, I am solitary in nature, not good at networking, unable to visit officials and nobles like other scholars and make connections with the powerful. I can only bow my head and guess their intentions. So over the years, I have been unknown, not promoted for ten years. Can I really blame my lack of ability for this?

Until the recent personnel changes, with the new official taking office, I finally had a chance. With enthusiasm, I worked diligently, handling various affairs, but I was instead assigned to a remote mountainous area as a low-ranking official, a thousand miles away from the capital, with no opportunity to serve alongside the emperor, attend important court meetings, let alone be involved in national affairs. After resigning and returning home, the emperor surprisingly took notice of me, promoted me and even summoned me. The first time we met, the emperor regarded me differently, and the second time we met, he even spoke to me warmly. This wasn’t due to any special background or support from influential figures, but because the emperor noticed my hard work and dedication. Suddenly, I found myself entrusted with significant responsibilities, participating in court affairs, just like those in ancient times who were promoted outside of the usual examination processes. But for someone like me to rise so quickly, the speed of my rise is truly unprecedented!

The foundation is weak, the wall is built too high, like painting a wall that's out of reach; it’s bound to fall apart sooner or later. But as luck would have it, disaster soon follows. People point and curse at me, even the ghosts laugh at me, like a cup that's about to overflow. I should have heeded the warnings and changed my ways. Therefore, the officials are relentless, determined to catch me, like livestock in the kitchen or a wounded bird, about to be thrown into the pot to feed the hawks. Although the situation isn’t as severe as "piercing the skin" or "cutting to the bone," and the article does not expose privacy, because of my mouth, I wrote these words. The worst I could face is exile to the north; a slightly better outcome would be a demotion to the left school, and then becoming a laborer, chopping wood and gathering firewood. Fortunately, the emperor showed mercy, like setting free a trapped bird. Stepping down from the carriage and confessing my guilt, I pity myself for all the grievances, shaking with fear. The emperor, like a chef, adds seasoning to rotten meat, watering the dead trees, stopping the chopping of wood and gathering of firewood, saving me from being turned to ashes. It's like being resurrected from the dead, crawling back from hell to the land of the living, only to be dismissed in the end, returning to my hometown to live a commoner's life. This is the emperor's gift to me, fifty years later!

Both wood and stone can sense the changes of Yin and Yang; dogs and horses can tell right from wrong. With their round heads and square feet, who doesn't look up at the sky? Yet, I can’t shake this sadness, because scholars, regardless of their talent or foolishness, will face envy in the court; women, no matter their beauty, will be envied as soon as they enter the palace. Being poor at home, with no money to curry favor with the powerful, disdained by my fellow villagers and looked down upon by my relatives and friends, how can I connect with others, how can I win them over? There are no friends outside to help, and no relatives at home to rely on. So those ruffians from the marketplace come to gloat, adding insult to injury. When the day comes that I'm cast aside to appease those who harbor resentment towards me, oh, how tragic it is!

Ah, how unpredictable life is. Once I was noble, now I am humble; once I was wealthy, now I am poor. Just like Jilun's sad sighs, and Yongmen joining him in a mournful song. With the added chill of autumn, everything seems desolate and bleak, long nights of sleeplessness, a flood of worries fills my mind. Look, frost and snow wash away the colors of the grass and trees, the cold wind shakes the shadows of the trees, the cold insects lament in the night, autumn leaves fall, various colors mixed together, tumbling one after another. Spiders weave webs, fireflies fly around, everything is quiet around, no sound of carriages and horses can be heard, let alone the crowing of chickens and barking of dogs. I bow my head every day to serve my wife and children, raise my hand to thank guests, be neighbors with birds and beasts, spending my days among weeds, living in obscurity. Ah, reflecting on my long life makes me suddenly feel the weight of existence! I don't even have an acre of land, but I have to feed several mouths. Am I to be like a useless bottle gourd, fit for nothing but servitude, barely making ends meet, eventually dying in a ditch, becoming food for ants? Too tragic! Will I ever get to enjoy the closeness of sitting knee to knee with friends, talking and laughing shoulder to shoulder, reciting beautiful articles, discussing profound morals? Only the fortunate, like Wu Feng with Xia Fu or Fan Yu with Kong Song, can escape this misery, right? Ah, if you don't mind my poverty, please write me a letter from time to time; then even if I feel as lowly as a dog, I can still feel as noble as a pine! Farewell, may you live well! I write this letter as if to say goodbye, with tears blurring my vision.

After a long time, he was appointed as the military officer of the Anxi'an Chengwang, later promoted to the positions of the Zhenyou Shixingwang Zhongjishi and the Beizhonglang Nankangwang Ziyijun, and was assigned to the Western Province, responsible for writing genealogical records. In the third year of the Putong era (522 AD), he passed away at the age of fifty-eight.

Mr. Sengru, known for his love of books, boasted a collection of over ten thousand volumes, many of which were precious editions comparable to those of Shen Yue and Ren Fang. From a young age, he displayed a strong will and abundant energy, with a wide range of reading interests. His writing was elegant and graceful, often employing unique themes previously unseen by others, which earned him widespread admiration for the richness and variety of his works. He authored the "Eighteen States Records" in seven hundred and ten volumes, "Hundred Families Records Collection" in fifteen volumes, "Southeast Records Collection Extracts" in ten volumes, "Collected Works" in thirty volumes, "Two Tai'an Affairs" in five volumes (not included in the collected works), and "New Records of the Eastern Palace," all of which have been passed down through the ages.

Zhang Shuai, whose courtesy name was Shijian, was from Wuxian, a county in Wu. His grandfather, Zhang Yong, served as the Right Guanglu Grand Master of the Song Dynasty. His father, Zhang Gui, was prominent during the Qi Dynasty but later returned to his hometown to retire. During the early years of the Tianjian era, Zhang Gui was appointed as the Right Guanglu Grand Master and also served as an assistant. Zhang Shuai began writing essays at the age of twelve, setting a daily goal of writing a poem. He later started writing fu and songs, and by the age of sixteen, he had already written over two thousand poems. When Xiao Yaoguang, the Shian Prince of the Qi Dynasty, was serving in Yangzhou, he wanted to invite Zhang Shuai to be his chief secretary, but he politely declined. He later began his career as a writing assistant. In the third year of Jianwu, he successfully participated in the imperial examination and was awarded the title of xiucai, appointed as a companion to the Crown Prince's court. He had a close friendship with his fellow townsman Lu Li since childhood, often visiting General Shen Yue of the Left Guard together. Once, Ren Fang was also there, and Shen Yue said to Ren Fang, "These two young men are destined to be outstanding talents; both are remarkable talents from the south, you should be friends with them." From then on, Zhang Shuai and Ren Fang became good friends. Zhang Shuai eventually rose to the position of Palace Attendant.

Afterwards, he was dispatched to serve as a clerk under the King of Nankang in the office of the Western Zhonglang General, but he was unable to take up the position due to illness. After some time, he was appointed as the Prince's horse groom. After the hegemony established by Gaozu, he was summoned to serve as the Chief Clerk to the Prime Minister. In the early years of Tianjian, the court appointed officials for friendship and learning in the territories of various kings below the King of Linchuan. Zhang Shuai was appointed as a friend to the King of Poyang, and later promoted to become an aide to Minister Xie Fu. He also served as an official in the Wende Daizhao province. He was tasked with transcribing books from the Yi category and wrote over twenty articles on women's affairs, which he compiled into a hundred volumes. He had the calligraphers Langya Wang Shen, Fan Huaiyue from Wu County, and Chu Xun transcribe them for use in the imperial harem. Zhang Shuai also composed a poem titled "Daizhao Fu," which received high praise. Emperor Gao personally responded in a letter, stating, "Your poem is really good! Sima Xiangru's writing is good but slow, Mei Gao writes quickly but not accurately; you have combined the strengths of these two famous writers!" Later, at a banquet in the palace, Zhang Shuai composed a poem, and Emperor Gao specially granted him a poem in return: "In the southeast, there is a talented man, able to serve the government. Though I feel ashamed of the past, having someone like you now is truly a blessing." Zhang Shuai was ordered to write several more poems in response. That year, he was promoted to Deputy Secretary and was called to the Yuheng Hall. Emperor Gao said, "The Deputy Secretary role is known for its integrity; no one from the prominent families in the southeast has ever held this position. Now that you have taken it, it will surely make you famous across the realm!" Emperor Gao's high regard for him was evident. In the third month of the fourth year, a libation ceremony was held in the Huaguang Hall. That day, Henan Province presented dancing horses as tribute, and the Emperor ordered Zhang Shuai to compose a poem praising these dancing horses, which read:

It is said that there is an ancient saying, "Heaven uses none other than dragons, Earth uses none other than horses." Look, the "Book of Rites" records the black mare, and the "Book of Songs" also praises the Lüluo. These are all beautiful legends left by our ancestors, which we, as descendants, often hear. And our country of the Daliang Kingdom, with vast territory, prosperous fortunes, and far-reaching national prestige, attracts contributions of rare treasures from all directions. Especially the steeds that come from far away, famed for their speed, like flying arrows, and those fine steeds said to rival dragons in legend.

Just now, Henan has presented a red dragon steed, with a unique appearance and astonishing speed, and it even knows how to bow and dance! The emperor found this horse extraordinary, so he asked me to write an article praising it. This is the fourth year since I was appointed as emperor in the Liang Kingdom, with the Yuanfu reign title already issued, the various systems of rituals and music were perfected, education in schools fully developed, and the emperor no longer used ordinary vehicles but now traveled in magnificent carriages for touring all around!

The emperor carefully studied historical books, understood the governing principles of previous dynasties, and surveyed maps, observing the geography of mountains and rivers, and sighed: governing a country must prioritize virtue and righteousness; only a wise and virtuous ruler can accomplish great things. Look, the Han Dynasty saw the auspicious omen of the River Chart Dragon, the Tang Dynasty witnessed the auspicious sign of the Celestial Horse, and the appearance of this red dragon steed not only fulfills the heavenly mandate but also aligns with the emperor's virtues, contributing to the prosperity of the country.

Today, our country's flourishing scene is even more prosperous than that of previous emperors. The emperor shines light in all directions, promotes justice, spreads blessings across the land, working tirelessly for the country day and night without slackening. Officials from all regions fulfill their duties and respond actively to the call. This red dragon steed, hailing from the distant borderlands, is a rare treasure bestowed upon us by the heavens. Its whole body is red, with bright fur like flames, symbolizing good fortune.

This horse is not only a symbol of the descendants of the Yellow Emperor and the Flame Emperor but also a divine gift. It boasts a noble lineage that includes the esteemed bloodlines of the Northern Tang and Western Wan dynasties, possessing extraordinary talents and unique charm. It can run freely in the summer and move swiftly through the snow in the winter, surpassing the best horses of the Zhou and Han dynasties in speed. It is robust in physique, with a shiny coat, and whether fat or thin, it looks particularly majestic. It is not merely a decorative horse but a fine steed that can gallop on the battlefield. As for its specific features, such as body proportions, coat color, and quantity, I won’t go into detail about them, as they are already detailed in previous literature.

Upon careful observation, I found that it has a remarkable presence and possesses extraordinary grace, surpassing ordinary wild horses and even rivaling the best of steeds. Compared to common inferior horses, it truly stands apart. I believe no one can match it, so what reason is there to nitpick its flaws? It can reach places never before explored by predecessors, achieving accomplishments that outshine those of Emperor Yu and Yi. I can't even begin to count how far it has traveled, let alone have time to restrain it. If it wanders and forgets to return, that’s not what my emperor wants to see. It is committed to enriching the cultural heritage of past generations, diligently researching and accumulating wisdom.

Later, with some spare time in government affairs and his youth still intact, the beautiful scenery of the Shangsi Festival unfolded before us. We followed the ancient customs of drinking in the capital and upheld the traditional banquet etiquette of Luoyang. We cleared the waters of the Yi River, diverted water to irrigate the ponds, and gathered outstanding talents from all over the country, like a thriving royal lineage. Everyone wore splendid tall hats and flowing robes, with jade ornaments chiming softly, walking shoulder to shoulder in the procession. The royal carriage glided slowly along the path in Shanglin Park, coming to a halt before the resplendent platform. We admired the flowers blooming among the green leaves, awaiting the purple flowers to release their fragrance. Listening to the harmonious chimes accompanying performances of pieces like "Shao" and "Xia," as the six ensemble pieces concluded, so too did the nine variations. The procession was as orderly as that of the Tang Dynasty's grand parades, and the dancers moved with the elegance reminiscent of the Yu Shun era. We reflected on the splendor of the nine emperors of the Xia Dynasty, envisioning the regal stature of the Chen King's purple steed. Therefore, I commanded the palace attendants to emulate the stance of a fine steed, traversing the lands of Zhou and Wei, and arriving at the Gouchen Palace.

He came from the right, choosing to be steadfastly simple before moving forward. He tilted his head to the rhythm of the music and took gentle steps in time with the drums. He lifted his head like a dragon, twirled his body like a deer, glanced at the two mirrors, and furrowed his brow at the two ducks' feathers. He gracefully bowed at the center of the arena, then moved forward slowly in sync with the music. He was agile yet dignified, exuding calmness in the fast-paced beats, and even more remarkable amid the thunderous drumming. The steeds galloped, the tigers leaped, the birds gathered, and the wild ducks flew. His posture was graceful, like the sinuous Seven Plateau Mountains, and powerful like the Nine Swords. He didn't need ornate sleeves to embellish himself, nor external objects to display his nobility. He gracefully bent down, gratefully accepting praise. Sweat soaked his clothes, and mud stained his face. Then, he returned to the spiritual platform, tended to with care during the harvest season. With ambitions as bold as thunder, he yearned to race freely across the southern plains.

If those auspicious omens were enough to make me successful and famous, those high-ranking officials and nobles would of course hope to share in my success. But the emperor, being far-sighted, did not summon me. Why is that? Because I declined promotion, isn't that the emperor's true intent? Now the four guards are stationed outside to establish fiefs, within the Five Mountains setting up counties; the system of abdication should be widely implemented, strengthening the education of the vassals, abandoning the bustling capital, traveling day and night, pointing to the outskirts, conducting profound inspections. To shake off the dust and halt the wheels of progress, rush like a flying bird, command the Three Forces, drive all things, follow the rules of the Five Elements, surpass everything, decorate the canopy with fine clouds, adorn the carriage with gentle winds, not riding in a luxurious jade carriage, not riding in a beautiful golden carriage, repair the roads leading to Mount Zhongyue, build the site of the former high place, extend great favor to both mortals and deities, benefit the people extensively, allow the brilliance of this prosperous era to shine on future generations, bring countless blessings to the present. I, as an upright minister, harboring grand ambitions of military service, must now begin to realize my grand plans and collaborate with renowned chefs to create exquisite dishes. I lament the posthumous works of Sima Xiangru and regret the lingering resentment of Zhou Nan.

At that time, I, along with Dao Qia and Zhou Xingsi, were ordered to compose poetry; Gaozu thought that I and Zhou Xingsi wrote the best. That year, my father passed on, and I resigned from my official position and returned home to observe mourning. Before my father died, he served dozens of singing girls, one of whom had a beautiful voice and appearance. The county official, Gu Wan, sought to marry her, but she declined and chose to become a nun. Once, she presided over a fasting ceremony, and Gu Wan quickly wrote a letter accusing me of having an affair with her, and Nansi escalated this matter to the court. Gaozu valued talent greatly and suppressed the memorial, but this incident sparked considerable gossip in society.

After my mourning period ended, I did not hold any official positions for a long time. Seven years later, the emperor summoned me and appointed me as a clerk in the office of the Prince of Jian'an, participating in inquiries without a set term. Shortly after, I was ordered to Shouguang Province to oversee the copying of official documents. Eight years later, I was appointed as a clerk in the office of the Prince of Jin'an stationed at Shitoucheng. When the Prince of Jin'an moved to Nanyanzhou, I was promoted to the position of military advisor and also took on the role of magistrate of Jiangling. After the Prince of Jin'an returned to the capital city, I was appointed as Deputy Minister of the Imperial Secretariat. Thirteen years later, when the Prince of Jin'an was appointed as the Governor of Jingzhou, I was appointed as a military advisor and also served as the magistrate of Jiangling. When the Prince of Jin'an moved to Jiangzhou, I continued my role as an advisor and clerk, and later became the magistrate of Yuzhang and Linchuan counties. I spent ten years at the Prince of Jin'an's residence, receiving great favor and treatment. Upon returning to the court, I was appointed as an attendant to the Crown Prince, and later promoted to General of Zhaoyuan, Chief Historian of the Ministry of Works, and Prefect of Yangzhou.

Old Zhang, although he held many official positions, never took his duties seriously and just enjoyed his time. When he became the Chief Historian, he was required to report to the emperor, but when the emperor asked him about the situation after reviewing the reports, he was unable to provide any answers and simply said, "Everything is in the reports." The emperor was not pleased at that time.

Soon after, he was promoted to the position of steward of the Crown Prince's residence, where he, along with Lu Cui and Liu Xiaochuo, managed the documents and archives of the Eastern Palace. He later became Minister of the Yellow Gate. After being appointed as the Prefect of Xin'an, when his term ended and he was returning to the capital, he learned that his mother had passed away before he could reach home. In the first year of Datong, he passed away at the age of fifty-three, before the end of his mourning period. Crown Prince Zhaoming even sent a funeral stipend and wrote to the Prince of Jin'an, saying, "Zhang Xin'an has passed away. He was a gifted individual, and it's truly a shame. Having spent so much time with him and his brother at court, we are deeply saddened. Seeing people around us pass away one by one is truly heartbreaking, and hearing this news now is even more upsetting."

Old Zhang loves to drink and is very easygoing at work, never bothers with family matters. When he was the governor of Xinan, he had the servants haul three thousand stones of rice back to his hometown in Wu, but when he got home, he found that over half the rice was gone. Old Zhang burst out laughing and said, "Wow, those rats and sparrows are something else!" He just let it go. He enjoyed writing when he was young, and many of the poems and essays from "Seven Briefs" and "Yiwenzhi" have been lost, so he rewrote what he could. He authored a fifteen-volume work titled "Wenheng" and a thirty-volume collection of essays, which have been handed down through the ages. His son, Chang Gong, took over his title.

Liu Xiaochuo, courtesy name Xiaochuo, was from Pengcheng and was originally surnamed Ran. His grandfather, Ran Yan, was the Minister of Works during the Song Dynasty, which is like today's Vice Premier of the State Council, and was posthumously honored as Duke Zhongzhao. His father, Ran Hui, was a mid-level official in the Qi Dynasty's Grand Marshal's office, similar to a senior advisor. Liu Xiaochuo was smart and sharp from a young age, could write by the time he was seven. His uncle, Wang Rong, was a secretary during the Qi Dynasty and greatly admired him, often taking him along to visit family and friends, where they called him a "child prodigy." Wang Rong would often say, "If I don't have the best writings around, it must be thanks to A Shi." "A Shi" was Liu Xiaochuo's nickname. His dad, Ran Hui, was in charge of drafting edicts and announcements for the Qi Dynasty. Even before Liu Xiaochuo officially started school, his dad often had him help out with writing. His dad's friends, like Shen Yue, Ren Fang, and Fan Yun, all knew of his reputation and came to visit him personally; Ren Fang was especially impressed by him. Fan Yun was more than ten years older than his dad, and his son, Fan Xiaocai, was about the same age as Liu Xiaochuo, around fourteen or fifteen. When Fan Yun met Liu Xiaochuo, he followed the old customs and had Fan Xiaocai bow to Liu Xiaochuo.

During the Tianjian period, Liu Xiaochuo was appointed as the Assistant to the Minister of Works, equivalent to a civil servant today. He wrote a poem "Return to the Bath" to give to Ren Fang, who replied with a long article praising him, saying, "You are like the talented young people in Luoyang City, giving me this work full of autumnal feelings. How can you bring comfort to this old man in his twilight years? It will only find a deep place in my heart. You can speak candidly about history, praise and criticize appropriately, manage the office, and be dedicated to fighting injustice. You have many good qualities, which are no ordinary gifts. You must continue to hone your talents, work hard like spring plowing, and you will reap a full harvest in autumn." It is evident how much the literati valued him at that time.

Later, Liu Xiaochuo was promoted to be a Prince's Attendant, and shortly after also served as a Minister of Water in the Ministry of Personnel, equivalent to an official in charge of water resources. He expressed his gratitude in a memorial, and the Emperor personally replied to him, saying, "Such good silk cannot be made into clothes immediately, and you should also take your time to learn about court affairs." Not long after, he officially took up the role. Emperor Wu of Liang, Xiao Yan, had a fondness for Insect Script and Seal Script, often inviting Shen Yue, Ren Fang, and others to improvise poetry at banquets, with Liu Xiaochuo frequently invited to participate. Once at a palace banquet, he spontaneously composed seven poems. After Emperor Wu of Liang read them, he praised each poem, and from then on, both the court and the public held him in high regard.

It is said that there was a man named Xiaochuo. He was first appointed as the governor of Qingzhou, North Xuzhou, and South Xuzhou, and later became the Prince's secretary of Pingnan Ancheng, accompanying the prince to various places. Shortly afterwards, he was promoted to be the Prince's horse master, and then promoted to Deputy Minister of Finance. He later returned to his position as the Prince's horse master, in charge of managing documents and archives in the Eastern Palace. He was then sent to serve as the magistrate of Shangyu County, and later promoted to Deputy Secretary. Emperor Gaozu once said to his attendant Zhou She, "The most important official positions must be filled with the most outstanding talents," so he appointed Xiaochuo to this position. He was dismissed for official reasons. Shortly afterwards, he was reappointed as Deputy Secretary, and then appointed as an advisor to Prince Zhen Nan Ancheng, but was dismissed later due to an incident. He was then appointed as the secretary of Anxi, and gradually rose to become a military advisor to the Anxi Cavalry, and was authorized to serve as the Chief Historian under the Minister of Works. He was then promoted to be the Minister of Imperial Household Affairs and the Prince's Attendant, once again in charge of managing documents and archives in the Eastern Palace. At that time, Crown Prince Zhaoming enjoyed recruiting talent and had a passion for literature. Xiaochuo, along with Yin Yun from Chen County, Lu Li from Wu County, Wang Jun from Langye, and Dao Qia from Pengcheng, all were favored by the Crown Prince. The Crown Prince built a Hall of Virtuous Talent and had an artist paint a portrait of Xiaochuo first. The Crown Prince wrote many articles, and many wanted to help him compile and edit them, but the Crown Prince only permitted Xiaochuo to do this, and even asked Xiaochuo to write the preface. Later, Xiaochuo was promoted to Cavalier Attendant, concurrently serving as the Minister of Justice, and shortly thereafter officially became the Minister of Justice.

Xiaochuo and Daoqia had a good relationship and often played together in the Eastern Palace. Xiaochuo believed he was more talented than Daoqia, and every time they gathered in the Eastern Palace, he would mock Daoqia's writing, which Daoqia held a grudge about. When Xiaochuo became the Chief Justice, he moved his concubine into the official residence, while his mother stayed in their private home. Daoqia later became the Chief Imperial Censor and sent people to investigate Xiaochuo's actions, then accused Xiaochuo of "living with a young woman in the government office while neglecting his elderly mother at home." Emperor Gaozu, to cover up the scandal, changed "sister" to "young woman." As a result, Xiaochuo was dismissed over this incident. Xiaochuo's younger brothers were in the vassal states of Jingzhou and Yongzhou at the time, so Xiaochuo wrote to them, listing ten of Daoqia's faults, filled with disdain for him. He also wrote a copy to present to the Eastern Palace, but Crown Prince Zhaoming ordered the letter burned without even reading it.

The newly appointed Governor of Jingzhou has just written a letter to Xiaochuo, saying: "You have plenty of free time at home now, so you can dive into studying the classics and composing poetry. Your talent can already stand shoulder to shoulder with ancient luminaries, and that’s truly remarkable! Great literary figures such as Yu Qing and Sima Qian have all accumulated their skills this way. We're both living in an exciting time now, as paper prices are skyrocketing in Luoyang and distinguished scholars are gathering in the capital; it is truly thrilling! When I first arrived in Jingzhou, I had more leisure time and wrote some articles. Although I didn't write any travelogues, I did pen some poems reminiscing about old friends. But lately, I've been swamped with too many tasks, and I'm caught up with all sorts of mundane official duties. As someone of low rank, I'm concerned about ruffling feathers in Lujiang County, and I'm also afraid of offending those corrupt officials. Now I just don’t have the time to write—how could I possibly find the leisure for creativity? Still, I've always had writing on my mind, eagerly awaiting your outstanding works, like dreaming of acquiring a smooth piece of jade, like thirsting for precious pearls. Though I may not have the treasure-spotting skills of Bian He or Sui Hou, my passion for literary creation remains unchanged. I've also penned a few pieces recently, hoping you can take a quick look. Please don’t hesitate—take a quick look at my works! Since the distance is great, I can't visit you in person, so I’m sending my thoughts through this letter. I’ll be heading back soon and will write to you again when I do."

Xiao Chuo replied, "I heard that you have resigned from the palace and assumed office in Jingzhou. Before I could congratulate you, I learned that you are busy with government affairs and have made significant achievements. Although I have only seen a small part of your work before, I can already feel your immense talent. In the past, the poetry and essays in Linzi were all given to Yang Xiu, and I have yet to fully showcase my talents. I truly feel ashamed compared to the ancients! In Jingzhou, officials are all very busy, as Li Gu recommended two talented individuals to the court, and Xu Qiu recommended talented individuals from seven counties to the court, all for the sake of the country's grand plan, which leaves little time for writing. I would rather my achievements be remembered for generations than rely on writing for my legacy. While my abilities are modest, I occasionally earn the Emperor's recognition. Since I retired, I have been living a simple, reclusive life, like Yang Lun and Zhang Zhi. When Zhao Qing was in dire straits, he had the courage to speak out and offer advice; the officials of the Han Dynasty harbored great ambitions and widely discussed the rise and fall of dynasties. Our situation now cannot be compared to theirs at all. I often wonder why people like Wen Bao should be punished for writing. Discussing these matters makes it even more complicated. Thus, I have immersed myself in study for many years, never putting down my pen. Although I have not written outstanding poems like "Zi You Nan Shan Ge," or brilliant essays like "Tong Wei Shui Fu," I still wish to express my respect and gratitude to you. However, my abilities are limited, and I struggle to write anything profound or insightful. Things are different from the previous agreement, and I am worried about making mistakes like Zhu Hai. I reflect on myself, overwhelmed with anxiety. Thinking of you in Hanzhong feels like you're at the ends of the earth; my heart yearns for you day and night. Your thoughtfulness in the palace and for sending someone to visit me has deeply touched me. I will forever cherish this friendship in my heart."

After Xiaochuo was dismissed, the emperor sent the Imperial Envoy, Xu Mian, several times to comfort him. Every time at the court banquet, the emperor would call him over. When the emperor wrote the "Jiti Shi," he even let Xu Mian show it to Xiaochuo first. At that time, there were dozens of people ordered to write poems, and the emperor felt that Xiaochuo wrote the best. That day, he ordered his reinstatement as the Counselor to the King of Xiangdong.

Xiaochuo thanked and said, "I have limited abilities and cannot avoid calamities like dodging pearls, or protect my feet like falling branches. Because of my straightforward personality, I have offended many people. I also encountered friends who talked behind my back, which resulted in my becoming the Prefect, becoming embroiled in controversies and attracting numerous rumors. In time, the truth emerged, and the emperor saw through it all. Whenever I handle cases, I am always reminded of Jiang Ji's wrongful accusation; when I see those burnt hairs, I think of Chen Zheng's defense. In the end, I escaped severe punishment, returned to my hometown, and lived with my fellow villagers. Life and death, honor and disgrace, how can it compare to the emperor's favor? I am truly foolish; how dare I not be grateful? I originally wanted to stay away from officialdom and live in seclusion in the countryside, but I did not expect the emperor to summon me again and even comfort me with an imperial edict. For someone as insignificant as me, it is truly a great honor. Moreover, like a withering leaf suddenly touching dew; like a person who has been demoted returning to the court. But I am just a rotten wood, unworthy of such appreciation; like grasping at shadows in the wind, I am forever unable to repay the emperor's kindness."

He wrote to Prince Xie again, saying, "I have heard that the wise man once said, 'If everyone hates someone, they should be looked into; if everyone loves someone, they should be looked into too.' Doesn't that imply that if someone is alone and unsupported, they'll be slandered by others? And if there are many supporters, can the praise be trusted? To tell right from wrong, you need good judgment. Therefore, Yan Ying served as the chief minister twice, first being slandered, and then being praised. The praise later came from flattery, while the earlier slander stemmed from his integrity. Just like when a dog bites you, even the finest wine can taste sour; like shaking a tree with your hand, a good tree will wither. Zou Yang also said that regardless of whether a scholar is wise or foolish, they will be envied when they enter the court. Examples abound throughout history, such as Zang Wenzhong being marginalized by Zhan Ji, Jin Shang being framed by Ling Jun, Jianghou being marginalized by Jia Yi, and Zhufu Yan being framed. My knowledge is limited, and I can only scratch the surface, often writing these things with gritted teeth. Your Highness is wise, talented, eager to learn, and can see right from wrong. I used to serve you closely, listening to your teachings, and the slanderous words were like shells and silk scattered by the wind. Your Majesty's kindness to me is immense, and I am deeply grateful. I am dull-witted and upright, unable to guard against subtle dangers, and soon encountered disasters. Even if I repent, there are still people gossiping about me in the court; and strict laws will definitely be used by villains to harm others. I ignored my friends' safety, focusing solely on helping Your Majesty, and if not for divine protection, I would have been imprisoned long ago. Your Majesty not only took away my official post but also let me attend court meetings. As a petty man who doesn’t really weigh the pros and cons, I originally wanted to stay away from the court, but unexpectedly, Your Majesty summoned me back. Your Majesty’s kindness is immense, and I feel so ashamed. But I will not forget Your Majesty's grace; I will forever be loyal to you, and those who slander me are just causing trouble. Like a plant about to wither, I’ve been blessed by Your Majesty, and I have nothing to repay it with."

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He later became the Prince's Attendant, but he resigned from his post after the death of his mother. After the mourning period, he was appointed as a military advisor to King Linhe of Xingwei, then promoted to the Yellow Gate Attendant, and further promoted to the Ministry of Personnel. Unfortunately, for accepting a gift of silk from someone, he was reported by the accuser and subsequently demoted to Chief Minister to King Linhe of Xingwei. Not long after, he was promoted to the Secretary of the Secretariat. In the fifth year of Datong, he passed away while in office at the age of fifty-nine.

Xiaochuo was famous when he was young, but he was arrogant, often looking down on others and harshly criticizing anything that did not align with his views. The esteemed military leaders Zang Dun and Minister of Works Shen Senggao were all despised by Xiaochuo. Every time he attended a court meeting, he refused to engage with his colleagues, but instead inquired about the road from the grooms and coachmen, which led to him offending many.

Xiaochuo's writing style became a benchmark for future generations, and his essays were highly regarded by the public. Every time he wrote an article, it would be circulated to various places by the evening, and those who liked his articles would eagerly copy and spread them, even to remote areas. His collected works amount to hundreds of thousands of words, passed down through the ages.

Xiaochuo's brothers, numerous relatives, and nephews, totaling more than seventy people at the time, were all able to write articles, a rarity in ancient times. His three sisters married the King of Langya, the King of Wu County, and the King of Donghai respectively, and they were all very talented; especially Xu Fei's wife, who was particularly talented in writing. Xu Fei was the son of Minister Xu Mian, who had served as the Governor of Jin'an County. After his death, when his remains were returned to the capital, the elegy she wrote for him was deeply poignant and moving. Xu Mian originally wanted to write an elegy himself, but after seeing his wife's elegy, he set down his pen.

Xiaoliang, whose courtesy name was Qiuxin, was a dutiful son. He was studious and talented from a young age, especially knowledgeable about the history of the Jin Dynasty. He was referred to as "the Jin Book of Pili" by the people at that time. He held various positions such as Assistant to the Minister of Works, Attendant to the Crown Prince, Chief Clerk of the Prince's Palace, Historiographer of the Bureau of Merits, and Military Officer of the King's Records Office.

Wang Jun, with the courtesy name Yuanli and another courtesy name Derou, was from Linyi in Langye, Qingzhou. His ancestor was Wang Sengqian, Duke Jianmu of the Qi Kingdom, and his father was Wang Ji, who served as Grand Master of the Palace. Wang Jun was exceptionally intelligent from a young age and was already writing essays by the age of seven. At the age of sixteen, he wrote a remarkable piece titled "The Peony Fu." As he grew older, he was known for his calm demeanor and insatiable thirst for knowledge, and he was renowned alongside his cousin Wang Tai. The Xie brothers, Xie Lan and Xie Ju from Chen County, were also well-known, and people would say, "The Xie family has Lanju, and the Wang family has Yangju." "Ju" was Wang Tai's nickname, and "Yang" was Wang Jun's nickname.

Wang Jun first served in the Central Army, then was promoted to Attendant to the Crown Prince, and finally became the Supervisor in the Imperial Library. Since the Wang family crossed the river, no one from their family had ever served in a government position. Some urged him to take his time and not rush into the role. However, Wang Jun said, "Lu Ji is the most outstanding talent in the southeast, and Wang Dao is a unique figure in Jiangdong. If I can measure up to them, what regrets could I possibly have?" So he happily accepted the appointment.

Grand Minister of the Books Shen Yue was the leader of the literary world at that time. Every time he saw Wang Jun's articles, he would praise him endlessly, even feeling that his own talent was inferior to Wang Jun's. One time, Shen Yue said to Wang Jun: "In the past, Cai Yong saw Wang Can and said, 'This is Wang Gong's grandson, the books in my house should all be shared with him.' Though my talent may be modest, I also want to borrow this sentence. Since the passing of talented individuals like Xie Tiao, my passion for poetry and literature has nearly faded away. I never thought that in my old age and frailty, I could still encounter a talent like you." Shen Yue constructed a study and an attic in his residence in the outskirts. Wang Jun composed ten poems about flora for him, which he inscribed on the walls without individual titles. Shen Yue remarked to others: "These poems vividly depict the scenery; they don't even need titles."

Shen Yue wrote "The Ode to Suburban Living," and after contemplating for a long time without finishing it, he asked Wang Jun to take a look at his draft. When Wang Jun read the line "雌霓连蜷" (the female rainbow curls), Shen Yue clapped and exclaimed, "I've always worried that others might think my use of '霓' is inappropriate!" When Wang Jun read lines such as "坠石磓星" (falling stones grind the stars) and "冰悬坎而带坻" (ice hangs over the cliff and carries the islet), he praised them repeatedly. Shen Yue said, "There are far too few who truly know how to appreciate, and even fewer true kindred spirits. The reason I wanted you to come see them is precisely these lines!" Wang Jun had also written poetry for Shen Yue, who replied, "I’ve read the poems you sent, and they’re truly magnificent, elegant, harmonious, and brilliant. Even the music of Kuixing and Long pales in comparison; the flight of the peacock and emerald bird cannot compare. I’m old and my eyesight isn’t what it used to be, and I have always longed to see new and extraordinary works. Your poems have just fulfilled my wish, and they are truly outstanding! Your literary talent is remarkable, and your works have reached a state of perfection that I cannot compare to. I loved poetry and literature in my youth, but now I’m old and frail, and I cannot compare to you young talents. This isn’t just about me; your talent and achievements are truly deserved. In my free time, I can meet with you and enjoy your wonderful works."

Wang Jun can master various challenging rhymes, and every time he attends an official banquet, his writing is always stunning and exquisite. Shen Yue often remarked to Emperor Gaozu, "Among today’s younger literary talents, only Wang Jun truly stands out."

He was promoted all the way, first serving as the crown prince's horse groom, then later becoming a court official, in charge of the documents and archives of the Eastern Palace. Crown Prince Zhaoming particularly liked talented officials and often went out to enjoy banquets and outings with Xie Jun, Liu Xiaochuo, Lu Cui, Dao Qia, and Yin Yun in the Xuan Garden. One time, the Crown Prince even specifically grabbed Xie Jun's sleeve, patted Hongya's shoulder, saying, "It's like holding Fu Qiu's sleeve on the left and patting Hongya's shoulder on the right!" This shows how much the Crown Prince valued Xie Jun. Xie Jun and Yin Yun also respected each other due to their shared interests.

Later, Xie Jun was appointed as the magistrate of Danyang, then promoted to be an advisor in the Northern Middle Guard, and later appointed as an official in the Imperial Library. He was ordered to write the inscription for the Great Master Monument of the Kaishan Temple, which was elegantly composed and widely praised. He was also tasked with compiling the "Imperial Memorials and Reports" in thirty volumes, as well as his previous poems and praises, all gathered into a book. Not long after, he also served as the chief historian for Prince Ningyuan of Xiangdong, responsible for affairs at the prefecture, state, and county levels. He was later appointed as the steward of the Crown Prince's household, once again responsible for managing the documents and archives.

In the first year of the Puyuan era, Xie Jun resigned from his official position following his mother's death. He was a filial son, and during the mourning period, he became excessively grief-stricken and emaciated, exceeding the norms of etiquette. After the mourning period ended, he lingered in poor health for an extended period due to his earlier overwhelming sorrow. Six years later, he was appointed as the Minister of Personnel in the Ministry of Personnel, then promoted to be the Privy Officer to the Crown Prince, in charge of the Imperial Guards, later changing to manage the infantry. In the second year of the Zhongdatong period, he was promoted to be the Left Chief Historian of the Ministry of Works. In the third year, Crown Prince Zhaoming passed away, and he was ordered to write a eulogy, once again earning accolades. Shortly after, he was transferred to a local post, as General Zhenwei and Prefect of Linhai. During his tenure, he became embroiled in a lawsuit that dragged on unresolved for several years.

In the early years of the Dàtóng era, he was appointed by the court to serve as the Chief Minister of Yúnhuī Yùzhāng, later promoted to Secretary of State for Military Affairs. Five years later, he was appointed as the Minister of the Imperial Court. The following year, he was promoted to Minister of Revenue. In the first year of the Dàtóng era, he was appointed as General of Mingwèi and Prefect of Yǒngjiā, but due to illness, he resolutely resigned and was appointed as a Court Official, shortly after being promoted to General of Yúnqí and Left Chief of Staff. In the second year of Tàiqīng, Hóu Jǐng's rebellion drew near to Jiànkāng, and Xiè Jūn did not enter the city at that time. The next year, Tàizōng ascended the throne, and Xiè Jūn was appointed as Advisor to the Crown Prince.

Xiè Jūn's previous residence was burned down by the rebels, so he took refuge in the home of Xiāo Zǐyún, the Libationer of the National University. One night, thieves suddenly attacked Xiāo Zǐyún's home, and in a panic, Xiè Jūn fell into a well and drowned at the age of sixty-nine. Over ten of his family members were also killed.

Wang Jun is small in stature, standing under six feet. But he has a generous personality, never proud or complacent despite his talents outshining those of others. He was quite famous in his youth, much like Liu Xiaochuo, and received attention from people at that time. In his own preface, he said, "I have loved reading since I was young, and I became even more obsessed with it as I grew older. Even if I just catch a glimpse, I will immediately jot it down and then read it repeatedly. Reading has become a habit for me, and I unconsciously keep writing. From around thirteen or fourteen, from the second year of Ziji in Qijianwu to the sixth year of Liang Datong, a full forty years! When I was young, I read the Five Classics, each one seventy or eighty times. Zuo Zhuan is my favorite; I often recite and chant it, repeatedly studying and copying it more than three times. I copied other classics such as Zhouguan, Yili, Guoyu, Erya, Shanhaijing, and Bencao twice. I’ve read all the other historical texts at least once. These books were all copied by me personally, without asking for help from others, totaling more than a hundred volumes. I’m not trying to brag; I just want to avoid forgetting." He also wrote letters to his children, discussing our family history, saying, "Historical records state that the Cui family from Anping and the Ying family from Runan have produced literary talents for generations, so Fan Weizong said that the Cui family 'excels in carving dragons for generations.' But they’ve only had two or three generations of fathers and sons, unlike our family, which has had a prominent reputation and moral standing over seven generations, with each member having their own collection of writings. Shen Yue once said, 'I have loved reading all kinds of books since I was young. Four generations of my family are historiographers. Since the beginning of time, no family has been as prosperous as our Wang family, with titles and literary talents being passed down from generation to generation.' You should really think about this and study hard!" Wang Jun compiled his writings into collections based on the official positions he held, from Xima, Zhongshu Sheren, Zhongshuzi, Libu Lang, Zuosilang, Linhai Prefect, and Taifu Qing. Each collection for his official positions consists of ten volumes, with the Shangshu comprising thirty volumes, totaling one hundred volumes, handed down through the generations.

Historian Chen Yaocha said: Wang Jun is knowledgeable, and Liu Xiaochuo's literary talent is remarkable. Their talents were certainly recognized and put to use, so there was no obstacle for them to achieve high office and riches. However, Liu Xiaochuo was lacking attention to detail and ultimately tarnished his reputation, spending his life feeling unfulfilled and regretful, not due to a lack of good opportunities.

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Liang （梁書）

Published: 05 January 2025

Created: 05 January 2025

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Chen Qingzhi, style name Ziyun, was from Yixing, Jiangsu. He followed his ancestor (Xiao Yan) since childhood. His ancestor particularly enjoyed playing chess, often playing chess from dusk till dawn without pause. Everyone else was too tired and fell asleep, but only Chen Qingzhi stayed awake, responding immediately when called, which earned him high regard from his ancestor.

After following his ancestor south to pacify Jianye, Chen Qingzhi gradually rose in rank and became the chief scribe. He spent money to associate with talented individuals, always thinking about making contributions and achieving success. Later, he was appointed as an official in the court. During the ordinary years, the Northern Wei's Xu Province governor Yuan Faseng attempted to surrender to the Southern Dynasty in Pengcheng, prompting the court to appoint Chen Qingzhi as General Wuwei, leading troops with Hu Longya and Cheng Jingjun to welcome him. After completing the mission, Chen Qingzhi was promoted to General Xuanmeng and Commander of Civil and Military Affairs, and he also led two thousand soldiers to escort Prince Yuzhang, Xiao Zong, to Xu Province for his appointment.

The Northern Wei dispatched Prince Anfeng Yuan Yanming and Prince Linhuai Yuan Yu to lead twenty thousand troops to block his advance, encamping at Zhi (a place name, near present-day Suzhou, Anhui Province). Yuan Yanming first sent his subordinate Qiu Daqian to build fortifications at Xunliang to observe the Southern Dynasty's army. Chen Qingzhi approached their camp with his troops and, with a swift charge, defeated them. Later, Prince Yuzhang fled in the face of battle and defected to the Northern Wei, resulting in the collapse of the Southern Dynasty's army, leaving the other generals unable to regain control. Chen Qingzhi hurriedly opened the city gates and retreated under the cover of darkness, thus saving the entire army.

In the seventh year of the ordinary era, General Anxi Yuan Shu set out to conquer Shouchun, and the court appointed Chen Qingzhi as an acting envoy and overall military commander. The Northern Wei's Yuzhou governor Li Xian sent his son Li Changjun to construct two additional fortifications for defense. Chen Qingzhi attacked them, and Li Xian could not withstand the assault, ultimately surrendering, allowing Chen Qingzhi to capture his cities. Subsequently, Chen Qingzhi was promoted to the Eastern Palace’s Direct Pavilion and was granted the title of Marquis of Guanzhong (a title of nobility in the Guanzhong region).

In the first year of the Da Tong era, our commander, Cao Zhongzong, attacked Guoyang. The Wei Kingdom sent General Yuan Zhao, the King of Changshan, with 150,000 cavalry and infantry to provide assistance. Their vanguard reached Tuojian, 40 miles away from Guoyang. Qingzhi wanted to take the initiative and engage the enemy, but Wei Fang said, "The enemy's vanguard is likely to be lightly armed and highly skilled. Even if we win, there won't be much credit. If we lose, it could hurt our troops' morale. The art of war teaches us to 'wait for the enemy to tire.' It's better not to fight." Qingzhi replied, "The Wei army has come from afar and must be tired. They are far from us and won't suspect us. While they are not fully assembled, we should first dampen their spirits and catch them off guard. We will definitely win! Besides, I heard that the Wei army's camp is surrounded by many trees, so they won't come out at night. If anyone still doubts, I, Qingzhi, am willing to lead a small force to test their strength." So, Qingzhi led 200 cavalry to charge, defeated the Wei army's vanguard, and sent them into a panic. Qingzhi then returned to camp with other generals, occupied Guoyang, and faced off against the Wei army.

From spring to winter, after many battles, our army was exhausted. The Wei Kingdom's reinforcements were planning to fortify their position behind our camp, and Zhongzong and others were worried about being attacked from both sides and wanted to retreat. Qingzhi stood at the camp gate with a command baton and said, "We have been here for a year, consuming a lot of food and weapons. Everyone has lost their fighting spirit and wants to retreat. This isn't about glory; it's about survival! I heard that only by putting the army in a desperate situation can we survive. Wait until the enemy is fully assembled, then we will fight them. If anyone really wants to retreat, I have a secret order from the emperor. Today, whoever disobeys the order will face the consequences!" Zhongzong was intimidated by his momentum and followed his advice.

The Wei army constructed thirteen fortifications around Guoyang. Qingzhi ordered the soldiers to steel themselves, quietly set off at night, successfully breached four fortifications, and Wang Wei, the lord of Guoyang, surrendered. The remaining nine fortifications remained well-defended, so Qingzhi displayed the spoils of war, sounded the drums, and rallied the troops for an attack. The Wei army was thrown into disarray, with many killed or captured; nearly the entire force was annihilated, and the Guo River ran red with blood. More than thirty thousand men, women, and children laid down their arms. The emperor ordered the establishment of West Xuzhou in the Guoyang region. The army pressed their advantage and seized Chengfu. Emperor Gaozu was greatly pleased and took the time to personally write a letter commending Qingzhi, writing, "You are not born into a noble family, nor are you wealthy. With your courage and strategy, you have achieved this remarkable success. I hope you continue to think carefully and finish what you have started. You may open your doors wide to welcome guests, and your name will be etched in history. You are truly a great man!"

During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Yuan Hao, the Prince of Beihai, witnessing the chaos in the court, voluntarily surrendered to us, aspiring to become the emperor of the Wei Kingdom. Emperor Gaozu consented and sent Qingzhi to bestow upon him a nominal title of General of the Brave and Valiant, and sent Yuan Hao back to the north to be emperor. Yuan Hao proclaimed himself emperor immediately upon reaching the Huan River and then promoted Qingzhi to General of the Armies, Commander-in-Chief of the North, Protector of the Army, and Commander of the Vanguard. He led his troops from Zhi County to launch an assault on Xingcheng, before advancing to Suiyang.

General Qiu Daqian of Wei, commanding an army of seventy thousand soldiers, had also constructed nine cities for mutual defense. When Qingzhi launched his attack, he broke through three fortresses from morning until afternoon. Qiu Daqian realized the situation was hopeless and surrendered immediately. At that moment, the Wei Kingdom's Eastern General, Prince Yuan Huiye of Jiyin, led twenty thousand elite troops to their rescue, stationed at Kaocheng. Kaocheng was surrounded by water on all sides and had very tight defenses. Qingzhi devised a plan to construct fortifications on the water and subsequently breached Kaocheng, capturing Yuan Huiye and confiscating seven thousand eight hundred military vehicles. Next, Qingzhi marched directly on Daliang, and seeing the situation, Daliang surrendered without hesitation. To reward Qingzhi's achievements, Yuan Hao promoted him to Guard General, Governor of Xuzhou, and Duke of Wudu. Qingzhi then continued his westward campaign.

Yang Yu, Yuan Qing, and Yuan Xian led seventy thousand Imperial Guards, defending Xingyang City against the Wei army. This army was formidable, and Xingyang City's defenses were robust, with Yuan Qing failing to breach it multiple times.

As a result, General Yuan Tianmu of Wei led a large army to attack again. First, Erzhu Tumuer was dispatched to lead five thousand cavalry, while Lu'an brought nine thousand infantry and cavalry to support Yang Yu. Erzhu Shilong and Wang Pi led ten thousand cavalry to occupy Hulao Pass. When Yuan Tianmu and Erzhu Tumuer arrived one after the other, the flags of the two armies were aligned, allowing them to see each other. At that time, Xingyang City had not yet fallen, and everyone was frightened. Yuan Qing ordered the soldiers to rest and feed the horses, then said to everyone, "From fighting until now, we have killed many people, attacked cities, and seized land. You have killed the enemy's parents, siblings, and taken their children, and done many bad things. Now, Yuan Tianmu's large army has arrived, all of them are our enemies. We only have seven thousand troops, while the enemy boasts over three hundred thousand. We never intended to survive this battle. We cannot beat the enemy's cavalry on the plains. While they are not fully assembled, let's first defend the city walls! Don’t hesitate, or you’ll be waiting to be killed!" After speaking, he gave the order, and everyone charged up the city walls together. Song Jingxiu and Yu Tianmin, two fierce generals, even climbed over the walls and fought into the enemy camp, ultimately winning the battle.

Soon, the Wei army flanked from the outside, and Yuan Qing led three thousand cavalry to counterattack with their backs against the city walls, achieving a great victory. Lu'an surrendered on the battlefield, while Yuan Tianmu and Erzhu Tumuer escaped with only a few horses. Yuan Qing confiscated the supplies in Xingyang, with countless cattle, horses, grain, and cloth. Next, he attacked Hulao Pass, where Erzhu Shilong abandoned the city and fled. Wei Xiaoming Emperor Yuanzi You was afraid and fled to Bingzhou. Yuan Yu and Yuan Yanming, along with court officials, sealed off the treasury, prepared the emperor's regalia to welcome Gao Huan into the Luoyang Palace. Gao Huan ascended the throne in the Taiji Hall, changing the era name and granting amnesty to the world. Gao Huan appointed Yuan Qing as the Palace Attendant, Chariot and Cavalry General, and Left Guanglu Doctor, while also increasing his fiefdom.

General Yuan Tianmu, Wang Laosheng, and Li Shuren led forty thousand troops to attack Daliang City. Wang Laosheng and Feimu were stationed at Hulao Pass with twenty thousand troops. Diao Xuan and Diao Shuang attacked Liangzhou and Songzhou, while Yuan Qing launched attacks in various locations, all of which surrendered. Yuan Tianmu escaped across the Yellow River with a dozen cavalrymen. Gaozu personally wrote a letter praising Yuan Qing. Yuan Qing's army wore white robes and was invincible. A nursery rhyme circulated in Luoyang that went, "Don't fall for the famous generals; steer clear of the white-robed troops with their thousands of soldiers." Yuan Qing set out from Zhixian to Luoyang and took fourteen days to pacify thirty-two cities, winning forty-seven battles, all of which were victorious.

At the beginning, Yuan Ziyu fled alone on horseback. The palace staff, including concubines and guards, carried on with their duties as usual. After becoming emperor, Hao spent his days indulging in pleasure and neglecting state affairs. He conspired with Anfeng and Linhuai to betray the court and stop paying tribute. They claimed that due to the unstable situation, they needed to rely on the power of Chen Qingzhi, but in reality, they harbored ulterior motives, speaking with caution and sharpness. Chen Qingzhi grasped their intentions and quietly devised countermeasures.

Chen Qingzhi advised Hao, "We have come a long way and have not fully stabilized yet. If others find out about our strengths and weaknesses, they may revolt again. We need to be prepared. We should request reinforcements from the emperor and order all provinces to register and properly settle any defectors from the south." Hao wanted to listen to him, but Yuan Yanming advised him, "Chen Qingzhi's forces are already difficult to control with only a few thousand troops. If we boost his forces now, will he still follow our orders? Once power shifts, everything will be at the mercy of others, and the future of Wei will be at stake!" Hao grew suspicious and slowly distanced himself from Chen Qingzhi.

He was worried that Chen Qingzhi would secretly report to the court, so he submitted a memorial to Gaozu, saying, "The regions of Hebei and Henan have already been pacified; only Erzhu Rong dares to be arrogant and overbearing. Chen Qingzhi and I can completely take him down. Now that the various states and counties have just surrendered, we need to reassure the people and avoid increasing troop numbers to prevent disturbing their peace." Gaozu then ordered all troops to halt their advance and remain stationed at the border. There were less than ten thousand people from the south of Luoyang, while the Qiang and Yi tribes had ten times as many. General Ma Fonian warned Chen Qingzhi, "Great accomplishments can easily lead to suspicion; angering the emperor may endanger your life. You find yourself in both situations; shouldn't the general be worried? Very few have ended well after deposing a foolish ruler, supporting a wise ruler, and saving from danger. Now the general's prestige is reverberating through the Central Plains and his name is spreading in the Hebei region. If you can capture Hao, it is a rare opportunity!" Chen Qingzhi did not adopt his advice.

Before that, Hao appointed Chen Qingzhi as the governor of Xuzhou, and Chen Qingzhi had also requested many times for him to be stationed in Xuzhou. Hao was wary of him and had never agreed. Hao also said, "The emperor has entrusted such an important area as Luoyang to you, but you suddenly want to leave here to meet the emperor, and you also want to go to Pengcheng. This is a reckless pursuit of wealth and status without regard for the country! The emperor has issued decrees urging you many times, fearing that you will be punished for this." Chen Qingzhi dared not mention this matter again.

General Wei Tianzhu Erzhu Rong, along with Erzhu Shilong, Yuan Tianmu, Erzhu Tumuer, and other big shots, as well as Gao Huan and a large group of Xianbei soldiers, totaling a million troops, held Emperor Wei Xiaozhuang's son Yuanyou hostage to attack Hou Jing. Hou Jing defended Luoyang for sixty-five days, and the cities he occupied all rebelled in the blink of an eye. As for Wang Qingzhi, he fled to the north bank of the river to defend Beizhonglang City, engaging in eleven battles over three days, causing heavy casualties to the enemy.

Er Zhu Rong was preparing to retreat when a man named Liu Zhu, who understood astronomy, said to him, "In less than ten days, the Henan region will be stabilized." Er Zhu Rong then had people lash logs together to make rafts and crossed the Yellow River at Xia Shi. He fought a battle with Hou Jing at the river crossing, where Hou Jing was defeated and fled to Lingying, only to be captured by bandits on the way, leading to the fall of Luoyang. Wang Qingzhi, with several thousand cavalry and infantry, arranged his troops and retreated eastward, while Er Zhu Rong personally led his troops in pursuit. They encountered a flood at Hao Gao Mountain, resulting in heavy casualties and the army's rout. Wang Qingzhi shaved his beard and hair, disguised himself as a monk, and stealthily fled to Yuzhou, where local leaders, such as Cheng Daoyong, secretly sent him to Ruyin. After arriving in the capital and having distinguished himself, he was appointed as the Right Guard General, granted the title of Marquis of Yongxing County, with an estate of 1,500 households.

Later, Wang Qingzhi was dispatched to serve as a military commissioner, commander of the military affairs along the Huai River, General of Valor, and Governor of North Yanzhou. At that time, there was a bandit, a monk who claimed to be an emperor, and a local tyrant named Cai Bolong who also rebelled. This monk had some tricks up his sleeve, fooling many into joining him, and his forces grew to thirty thousand, capturing North Xuzhou. The governor of Jiyin, Yang Qiwen, fled, and the governor of Zhongli, Shan Xibao, was killed. The court subsequently dispatched Wang Qingzhi to suppress the rebellion. The emperor personally bid him farewell at Baixia and said to Wang Qingzhi, "The troops in the Jianghuai region are formidable, and their offensive capabilities are strong. You must find a way to manage them and avoid a direct clash." Wang Qingzhi accepted the order and set off. Before long, he killed Cai Bolong and the monk, sending their heads to the court.

In the second year of the Zhongdatong era, the emperor appointed him military governor of the four provinces of Nansi, Beisi, Xiyu, and Yuzhou, while concurrently serving as the inspector of Nansi and Beisi, with his other official positions unchanged. Upon taking office, he besieged Xuanhu City. He defeated the Wei state's Yingzhou inspector, Lou Qi, and the Yangzhou inspector, Shi Yunbao, at Qingshui, and also defeated the Wei state's Xingtai, Sun Teng, the grand commander, Hou Jin, Yuzhou inspector Yao Xiong, and Liangzhou inspector Sima Gong at Chucheng. He also disbanded the troops at Yiyang Town, halted both water and land transport, allowing the counties in the Jianghuai region to recover. He cultivated six thousand mu of land, and two years later, the granaries were stocked full. The emperor always praised him and awarded him multiple times. He also petitioned the court to abolish Nansi and restore Anlu Prefecture, establishing Shangming County.

In the second year of the Datong era, the Wei state sent General Hou Jing to lead seventy thousand troops to attack Chuzhou, where the Chuzhou inspector, Huan He, was defeated and captured. Hou Jing continued to advance towards the Huai River, writing to Qingzhi, urging him to surrender. The emperor then ordered Xiangtan Hou Tui, Right Guard General Xiahou Kui, and others to go for rescue. When the army reached Lijiang, Qingzhi had already defeated Hou Jing. It was a heavy snow day, and Hou Jing abandoned his supplies and fled, allowing Qingzhi to recover all of them. The emperor then promoted him to Renwei General. That year, Yuzhou experienced a famine, and Qingzhi opened the granaries to provide relief to the disaster victims, saving many people. Eight hundred commoners from Yuzhou, including a man named Li Sheng, requested to erect a monument in his honor, which the emperor approved. In October of the fifth year, he passed away at the age of fifty-six. The emperor posthumously conferred upon him the titles of Sanqi Changshi and Left Guard General, and granted him a ceremonial escort of musicians and banners. His posthumous title was "Wu." The emperor also ordered Yixing County to send five hundred laborers to handle his funeral.

He was prudent and unpretentious, never donning extravagant clothing, with little interest in singing and dancing, and was not skilled in archery or horseback riding, but he excelled at comforting the soldiers, earning their unwavering support. His eldest son was called Zhao Si.

The fifth son, Xin, also known by his style name Junzhang, was pretty impressive, right? At the age of seven, he could ride horses and shoot arrows! When he was twelve years old, he accompanied his father to Luoyang but fell ill along the way and had to turn back to the capital. Later, he visited the Minister of War Zhu Yi, who asked about the situation in the north. Xin grabbed a handful of soil from the ground, gestured, and detailed the northern situation to Zhu Yi. Zhu Yi was taken aback, thinking this kid was something else!

In the fourth year of the Daming era, he was appointed as the Assistant to Prince Shaoling, the Wende Chief General, and the Commander of the Right Guard. The emperor also sent him to Yiyang to help with defense. At that time, the Governor of Weiyu Province, Yao Xiong, was a renowned general from the north, and his nephew Baole was known for his bravery. During the siege of Qingzhou, Yao Xiong went to provide support, and Baole even wanted to fight one-on-one! Xin didn't hesitate; he rode towards Baole, resulting in a decisive defeat for Yao Xiong's army, and Xin even captured Zhen City. In the sixth year, he was promoted to General Weiyuan and the Lord of Xiaoxian City, but later he was dismissed from his position due to issues at work.

Ten years later, a bandit called Wang Qinzong started a rebellion in Bashan County, so the emperor appointed Xin as General Xuanmeng, leading troops to suppress the rebellion. After pacifying Wang Qinzong's rebellion, he was appointed as the Lord of Yinling Garrison and the Governor of North Qiao, but unfortunately, he was unable to assume the position because of illness. Later, he was appointed Commander of the Cavalry, and shortly after, he became the Governor of Linyuan. In the second year of the Taiqing era, Hou Jing besieged Liyang, so the emperor called Xin back. However, Xin said, "We urgently need heavy troops on the other side of Caishi Ji; Wang Zhi's navy is too weak, I'm afraid they won't be able to hold on!" The emperor appointed him General Yunqi, replacing Wang Zhi. Before they even reached Xiazhu, Hou Jing had already crossed the Yangtze River, so the emperor ordered him to patrol outside the city with his troops rather than defend it.

Xin wanted to escape to Jingkou, but was captured by Hou Jing. Hou Jing saw potential in Xin and invited him to drink, saying, "I've got you this time; no one else can match that!" Hou Jing intended to use him for his own purposes, but Xin refused. Hou Jing then assigned his subordinate, Fan Taobang, to keep a close watch on Xin. Xin persuaded Fan Taobang to surrender with his troops, even suggesting killing Wang Wei and Song Zixian as a show of good faith. Fan Taobang agreed, and the two sides swore an oath of loyalty. Xin shot an arrow with a message to the city, then secretly sneaked into the city at night. Gaozu was overjoyed when he heard about it and immediately ordered the acceptance of the surrender, but Taizong hesitated for several days before making a decision. Word of this spread outside, but Xin remained unaware and continued to follow his plan. When Hou Jing found out, he forced Xin to shoot another message into the city, saying, "Fan Taobang and a few dozen people will go in first." Hou Jing himself also wanted to follow in armor. Xin refused to write the letter, demonstrating his willingness to die rather than surrender, and was finally killed by Hou Jing. He was only thirty-three years old that year.

Lan Qin, styled Xiuming, hailed from Zhongchang in Wei State. He and his father, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Southern Liang Dynasty, achieved high ranks as General of the Cloud Banners and Governor of Jizhou through military success. Lan Qin was resolute and brave from a young age, far more agile than most. He followed his father in battles to the north and was later appointed to the position of East Palace Guard (equivalent to the emperor's personal guard).

In the first year of the Datong era, Lan Qin attacked and captured Xiao City in the Wei Kingdom. He then defeated Wei's general Jiao Zhong, attacked Nishan City, and defeated the 200,000-strong army commanded by Liu Shu, the Grand Commander of Wei. After capturing Longcheng, he seized over a thousand warhorses. Lan Qin also defeated the Wei general Chai Ji, along with Xiangcheng Prefect Gao Xuan and generals Fan Sinian and Zheng Chengzong. He then attacked Juegu, Zhanglong, and Zicheng, but was unable to capture them. At this time, Wei's Pengcheng defender Yang Mu sent his son Yang Xiaoyong with light troops to provide aid, but Lan Qin engaged them and drove them off. He also defeated Qiaozhou Governor Liu Haiyou, then took Juegu City and captured all the people inside. Yang Mu then dispatched General Fan Sinian and General Cao Longya, leading tens of thousands of troops, to provide aid, but Lan Qin fought them and killed Cao Longya on the battlefield, sending his head to the capital.

He was appointed Grand Commander, leading the army of three counties in Hengzhou to quell the barbarian rebellions in Guiyang, Yangshan, and Shixing. He quickly quelled the rebellion and was granted the title of Lord of Anhuai County, with a fief of five hundred households. He then defeated the leader Wan Shide of the Tianqi barbarians.

At this time, Hengzhou Governor Yuan Qing and others were besieged by the people of Guiyang, and they sent a request for help. Lan Qin immediately went to their rescue, defeated Yan Rong in Loxi, and the barbarians hiding in various caves in Changle surrendered en masse. The Emperor secretly commanded him to proceed to Weixing, and on the way, passing through Nanzheng, he heard that Wei's general Tobasong was attacking Xiangyang, so the Emperor instructed him to provide support.

He was appointed as the Imperial Envoy, the commander of the military affairs of the Southern Liang, Southern Qin, Northern Qin, and Sha provinces, the General of Glorious Valor, the Colonel of Pacifying the West, and the governors of Liang and Southern Qin provinces. He was also awarded an additional five hundred households and his title was elevated to Marquis. He defeated Tong Sheng, captured the Prime Minister Yuan Zili, the great general Xue Jun, and Zhang Pusa. The governor of Liangzhou in the Wei Kingdom, Yuan Luo, also surrendered, and the Liangzhou and Hanzhong regions were brought under control. The emperor then promoted him to the General of Wisdom and Valor and awarded him an additional two thousand households.

Not long after, he was appointed as the Imperial Envoy, the commander of the military affairs of the Heng and Gui provinces, and the governor of Hengzhou. Before he could assume his post, the Wei Kingdom sent commanders Dong Shao and Zhang Xian to attack Nanzheng, and the governor of Liangzhou, Du Huaiyao, requested reinforcements. He led his troops to support and defeated Dong Shao and Zhang Xian at Gaoqiao City, killing more than three thousand enemy troops. Dong Shao and Zhang Xian fled, and he pursued them to Xiegu, almost wiping them out. The Prime Minister of Western Wei, Yuwen Heitai, sent two thousand horses and requested to establish friendly relations. The emperor then appointed him as the Royal Attendant, promoted him to the Generous and Mighty General, awarded him an additional five hundred households, and instructed him to report on his duties.

Passing through Guangzhou, he defeated the leaders of the Li tribe, Chen Wencheng and his brothers, and captured them. Upon reaching Hengzhou, he was promoted to the Pacifying South General, enfeoffed as the Duke of Qujiang County, and granted an additional five hundred households. He enforced benevolent governance in Hengzhou, and both the people and officials petitioned the emperor to erect a stele praising his merits, which the emperor graciously approved. Later, he was summoned to be the Royal Attendant, the General of the Left Guard, and shortly after, he was appointed as the Royal Attendant, the Peaceful South General, and the governor of Guangzhou.

Upon taking office in Guangzhou, the former governor, the Marquis of Nan'an, secretly had poison placed in his food, leading to his death at the age of forty-two. The emperor posthumously appointed him as the Palace Attendant, the General of the Central Guard, and granted him a set of drums.

His son, Xia Li, intercepted Hou Jing's army when they attacked Liyang and met his end in battle.

Historical records state that Generals Chen Qingzhi and Lan Qin both had exceptional military skills, were formidable in battle, and won many victories. They could stand alongside renowned ancient generals like Wei Qing and Huo Qubing! Chen Qingzhi was sharp and astute, having joined Emperor Gaozu early on, which helped him gain favor. Due to his cautious nature, he rose to high ranks, dressed in fine robes and elegant hats, and truly lived a life of luxury.

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Liang （梁書）

Published: 05 January 2025

Created: 05 January 2025

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Yuan Ang, courtesy name Qianli, hails from Shouxian County, Anhui Province. His grandfather, Yuan Xun, served as a general in the Song Dynasty and the Prefect of Wu County; his father, Yuan Yi, served as a champion general in the Jin Dynasty and the Governor of Yongzhou. During the Taishi period of the Jin Dynasty, his father Yuan Yi raised troops to support Prince Sima Xun of Jin'an, but he failed and was executed. At that time, Yuan Ang was only five years old, and his wet nurse carried him to hide in Lushan. When the imperial court issued a general amnesty, they came down from the mountain and moved to Jin'an. It was not until the Yuanhui period that Yuan Ang returned to his hometown at the age of fifteen. After his father's defeat, his severed head was sent to the capital city and hidden in the armory until it was returned at this time. Yuan Ang held his father's severed head and wept inconsolably, weeping so hard that he vomited blood, fainted, and then woke up again. His brother Yuan Tuan constantly comforted and supported him, and Yuan Ang gradually calmed down, living in a small shed next to his father's grave. Later, he and his brother went to see their great-uncle, Situ Yuan Can, who said to Yuan Tuan, "This child lost his parents at a young age, but can do this, suggesting that he is destined for greatness."

During the early establishment of the Qi Dynasty, Yuan Ang was first appointed as the aide to the champion Prince Ancheng (Xiao Xiu), then promoted to Chief Clerk to the General of Conquering Barbarians, Prince's Attendant, and finally became the Historiographer of Wang Jian's Military Government Office. At that time, Wang Jian was the Intendant of Jingzhao, and one day he met Yuan Ang alone in the back hall, pointing towards the north hall and stating, "You will definitely live here in the future." Yuan Ang was later promoted to Secretary Cheng and Chamberlain of the Yellow Gates. Originally named Qianli, during the Yongming period of the Qi Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Qi said to him, "'The horse gallops a thousand li,' this line of poetry suits you perfectly; now change your name to Ang, and 'Qianli' will be your courtesy name." Following that, he was appointed Chief Clerk to the Prince of Annan and aide to the Duke of Xunyang. Upon returning to the capital city, he also served as Middle Privy Secretary to the Crown Prince and Chief Historiographer of the Prince of Wuling.

Alas, my father passed away, and I am overwhelmed with grief. I have gone beyond the mourning period prescribed by custom. Before the mourning period ended, my brother Tuanyi has also passed away. I lost both my parents at a young age, and it was my brother Tuanyi who raised me. Therefore, I have decided to observe mourning in accordance with the customs for my brother. Some people find this strange and ask why, so I wrote a letter explaining, "I heard that mourning customs are determined by the ties of affection, not rigid rules. Therefore, even distant relatives, if there is a deep bond of gratitude, can mourn according to the customs for closer relatives; those who share a roof, even if they aren't direct relatives, can wear mourning clothes made of coarse cloth. This is all clearly documented in the classics. I've had a tough life since I was young, losing the protection of my parents early, unable to care for my parents properly, and unable to serve them regularly. I have been kept away from the world since childhood. It was my brother who raised me, taught me how to conduct myself, always looked out for me, helped me establish my place in the world, and ensured my well-being. He built a spacious and comfortable house for me, shared his property with me, and cared for me as if I were his own son, never wavering. He even helped my sisters and nephews, his deep affection and friendship never changed until his death. This bond of gratitude, this love and care, I cannot repay even in death. My feelings for him were just like those for a real brother, and according to customs, I should observe mourning as I would for any other brother, but I can't accept this in my heart, and I can't stay calm. In the past, Ma Leng lived with his brother Yi, and when his brother passed away, Ma Leng observed mourning for three years. Due to their deep bond, he extended the mourning period. Although I am not as knowledgeable as the ancients, my heart is filled with gratitude and longing, and I have always hoped to extend the mourning period like those filial sons of ancient times to express my grief. I did not expect misfortune to befall my family, one tragedy after another. I've just gone through the pain of losing my father, and now I am faced with the pain of losing my brother, overwhelmed with grief. Now, with what little strength I have left, I want to fulfill this wish, to express my infinite sorrow, and to slightly convey my uncontrollable sadness. While there may not be strict rules in etiquette, there are precedents to consider, and I would rather break convention to do this. If you ask whether this is in accordance with etiquette, I've explained this honestly to you. As I write this, I'm at a loss for words, tears streaming down, and my words seem confused and chaotic.

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After the mourning period, I was appointed Chief of Staff for the Right Army under King Shaoling, and soon promoted to Deputy Chief Justice. At that time, Wang Xu, Wang Yan's brother, was serving as the Governor of Guangzhou and was corrupt and took bribes. I impeached him on the grounds of evidence, fearless in the face of power, and people praised my integrity. Later, I was sent to Yuzhang as the Prefect, and after my mother passed away, I resigned from my position and returned home to grieve. On the way home, the river was raging, and I even tied my clothes to her coffin, vowing to drown with her. When the storm subsided, all the other boats sank, and only the boat I was on was the only one to survive. People said my filial piety had touched the heavens. After her burial, I was appointed General Jianwu and Governor of Wuxing.

At the end of the Yongyuan period, the rebel army reached the capital. The governors of various provinces and counties all surrendered quickly, except for one person, Ang, who refused to surrender. Gaozu personally wrote a letter to persuade him to surrender, saying, "There is no fixed path for fortune and misfortune; rise and fall have their own destiny. Heaven has abandoned him—who can possibly help him now? Opportunities do not come twice; you should really think this through. I heard that you are hesitating and want to wait and see the situation, but I have not fully understood your thoughts, so let me first explain mine. The current dictator is so tyrannical and has become increasingly cruel; we have never seen anything like this before. He is getting more powerful by the day. Heaven has not abandoned the Qi state; the rule of the wise is about to begin, and the common people are counting on us to bring them a better life. I bear the heavy responsibility of the vanguard—to clear the capital, restore order, punish the wicked, and appease the people. Since I set out, I've faced no obstacles. Our army has already surrounded Jiankang City; people and horses from all directions have gathered here, both men and gods are rising up together. We have tens of thousands of elite soldiers and strong generals, and tens of thousands of war horses. With this kind of force, what can’t we take down? Moreover, Jiankang City is isolated; the people in the city are losing heart, surrendering one after another—it's only a matter of time before the city falls. Furthermore, the planet Venus has appeared at the main gate, and the planet Jupiter has entered the Dipper constellation. The celestial signs indicate the will of heaven, and human affairs also conform to the celestial signs; this isn't just coincidence—it's the right time for action. Fan Xu and Shen Zhou have long recommended you to me, and they have each brought their troops to assist. Shen Fayu, Sun Yi, and Zhu Duan have already pacified the Wu Hui area. You think you can hold off our powerful army with just the forces of one county? Your foundation has crumbled—what can the branches and leaves possibly hold onto? Even a child knows this is impossible. You should think about it carefully; do you really not understand what I'm saying? Now, this isn’t loyalty. Your family will be wiped out, and that’s not filial piety either. You're neither loyal nor filial—what do you expect to gain from this? It's better to change your mind quickly and secure a better outcome for yourself. If you surrender, you can save your life; if you refuse to surrender, you might still keep your position. Think about it carefully. If you persist in your stubbornness and continue to resist, when our army arrives, we will wipe out your entire family. You’ll regret it when it’s too late! I've said all this to help you understand where I'm coming from."

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Ang replied, "It is truly an honor for you to come in person, Commandant. I have heard many people say that I should be loyal to the king, and even criticize me for not surrendering. Your stern command feels like I'm standing at the edge of a precipice. The southern region is hardly a place for military action, especially since I'm just from a small, remote county; what can I possibly do? I was recently ordered to come here because the situation is more complex, so I came to calm the people's fears. Since your army arrived, everyone has surrendered without a fight; I was the only one who dared to come late, mainly because of my limited abilities. I'm neither skilled in literature nor in martial arts; I'm just a small figure from the eastern region. Even if I want to offer my loyalty, it will not increase your courage; even if I remain silent, it will not affect your military might. I hope, General, that you can be generous and let me surrender calmly. My meager salary nearly cost me my life, let alone I received the court's salary but I forgot my loyalty. This isn't just about public opinion; I'm afraid you might look down on me too, so I have been hesitant and have not dared to surrender. You value me so much, giving me such great grace, leaving me both fearful and touched, feeling lost. I've thought carefully about your advice, but I still fear your authority." After the fall of Jiankang City, Ang personally went to the capital to surrender, and Gaozu forgave him and didn’t hold him accountable.

In the year 503 AD, I was appointed as the military counselor to the King of Linchuan. I wrote a letter expressing my gratitude, saying: "Your grace has come at just the right time, allowing me to see hope in my moment of despair; this warmth is something I have yearned for after feeling so desolate for so long! This kindness is simply indescribable, like ashes rekindled or a withered tree coming to life in spring. I am at a loss for words to express my overwhelming gratitude. I have reviewed numerous texts, carefully studied various legal provisions, examined the standards for rewards and punishments, and scrutinized the life-and-death laws, discovering that all of these reflect the enlightened ruler's rigorous enforcement of laws in the court, emulating the sages in governing the world. For instance, at the Tushan alliance, the Fangfeng clan was executed; as soon as Fengyi was established, the Chónghóu clan was punished. Throughout history, no one who has committed a capital offense has ever been pardoned, let alone someone like me. I have rescued a life from the gates of hell! The emperor's grace towards me is so great that I am overwhelmed with gratitude, and I dare to present my thoughts to you. I am originally a humble person from Dongjun, with average knowledge and character; I am neither as noble as the wild goose nor as upright as a straight tree. Therefore, I have never had the opportunity to wear an official cap, having risen from farming to an official position solely through your favor. In the past few years, I have been negligent in my duties, guarding the eastern border, and it is thanks to your grace that I escaped a calamity. At that time, there were countless people coming to present treasures and seek official positions, while I was foolish and incompetent, betraying your trust, only concerned with my own survival, forgetting the responsibilities among colleagues. However, the Sanwu region is strategically important, with numerous lakes, and rebellions frequently occur. I constantly feared meeting a misfortune like Yin Tong, yet I failed to protect my territory and my people, unlike Jun Yu, nor did I fulfill my duties like Shi Juan. When those who came after me were executed, I would willingly accept death. Publicly executing punishments to serve as a warning to others is only just. Fortunately, the court has been magnanimous and pardoned me; although my official position has been lowered, I am already content.

I feel like someone rising from the grave, returning to the ranks of the common people. I have washed away the stains of my past, like a traveler from Chu visiting Chen, having weathered many trials, and now I have received your forgiveness. The ancients said, 'Death is not terrible; what is terrible is facing death.' The grace I have received is seldom seen in history; as for where my end will come, I cannot say."

The Emperor Gaozu said, "I lost the arrow hook; you do not need to blame yourself for it." After speaking, he immediately promoted him to be the Attendant of the Yellow Gate. That year, he was promoted to be the Chamberlain. The following year, he was sent to be the Prefect of Xunyang, also in charge of affairs in Jiangzhou. Six years later, the court summoned him back to the capital, appointing him as the Minister of Personnel Affairs, but he repeatedly declined in memorials, and was finally appointed as the Minister of the Left while concurrently serving as Minister of the Right. In the seventh year, he was appointed as the Imperial Scholar, maintaining his position as Minister of the Right, and also concurrently serving as the Grand Inspector of Yuzhou. In the eighth year, he was sent out again, serving as General Renwei and Prefect of Wu County. In the eleventh year, he returned to the court, serving as the Minister of Military Affairs, once again concurrently serving as Minister of the Right; before he could officially take office, he received an imperial decree mandating him to assume his duties at once. Not long after, he was also appointed as the Minister of Works, and was further honored with the title of Palace Attendant.

In the fourteenth year, Ma Xianjun defeated the Wei army in Qushan. The emperor ordered him to temporarily act as Ang and comfort the army. In the fifteenth year, he was promoted to Left Minister, and soon after became the Minister of Rites and General Xuanhui. In the third year of Putong, he was appointed as the Director of the Imperial Secretariat and Governor of Danyang. In the same year, he was promoted to General of the Imperial Guard, again serving as the Minister of Rites, and was also granted the title of General of the Household, along with a ceremonial music band. Before he could take up the position, he also took on the role of the Grand Scholar. In the first year of Datong, his official position was further raised to Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and he was granted thirty trusted followers. Shortly after, he submitted a memorial to resign from the position of Grand Scholar, and was promoted to Grand General of Pacification, and appointed as Minister of Construction, Chamberlain, and Prefect of the Masters of Writing, with his trusted followers and music band still retained. Five years later, he was further promoted to Special Honorary, Left Grandee, with his trusted followers increased to eighty. In the sixth year of Datong, he passed away at the age of eighty.

The emperor issued a decree, stating: "The Chamberlain, Special Honorary, Left Grandee, Minister of Construction, Ang, has unfortunately passed away, causing immense grief in our hearts. He was a man of integrity, noble character, and unwavering loyalty, making many contributions to the court. In order to honor his achievements, this decree is issued: posthumously restore his original official position, grant a set of ceremonial music band, a set of Eastern Garden secret treasures, a set of court attire, a set of garments, two hundred thousand coins, one hundred pieces of silk, two hundred jin of wax, and conduct a mourning ceremony in his honor today."

Initially, Ang left his final words, not to be awarded a posthumous title. He instructed his sons not to report his life story and aspirations to the court, and to cease reporting anything requiring court approval. He also said, "I began my career as a commoner, never thought of getting rich, only hoped that my official position would not be wrong, my clothing and food could be sustained, and I knew honor and disgrace. In this way, closing my eyes and departing this world, I can face my hometown elders. When I served as an official in Wuxing, it was a time when the court was transitioning between incompetence and clarity. I could not see the path ahead clearly, did not comprehend the emperor's intentions, was unaware of my fate, and was willing to accept responsibility. I was fortunate to receive the emperor's special grace, which saved my whole family. I acknowledge my guilt to the court; my official position and reputation have been irrevocably lost, and it is a blessing to have preserved my life. I never expected to receive the emperor's grace again and reach my current position. I have always wished to repay the court wholeheartedly, to express my loyalty, so every time the court sent troops to the north, I requested to go to war and made vows; this is certainly not an empty promise. However, I am mediocre and have accomplished little; all requests have not been approved. Although I wished to sacrifice myself for the country, my requests were not accepted. Today, I close my eyes and depart this world with regret. If my soul is aware, I hope to repay the emperor's grace in my next life." The court followed ancient customs, knowing his conduct; perhaps there would be a posthumous award, but this was the customary practice of the state, which is unnecessary for me. If a posthumous official title is indeed conferred, do not accept it. His sons made repeated petitions, but the court did not grant approval. Ultimately, the court posthumously conferred upon him the title of Mu Zhengong.

His son Junzheng, handsome in appearance and elegant in demeanor, earned a good reputation as a young nobleman. Soon, he became an official in the Ministry of Personnel, but resigned due to his mother's death. After completing the mourning period, he served as a close associate of Prince Shaoling, Chief Historian of the Northern Zhonglang, and Prefect of Dongyang. Later, he was recalled to the capital, where over three hundred people from Dongyang County, including Xu Tianyou, went to the capital to ask the court for permission to let him stay another year. However, the court denied the request and appointed him as the Interior Minister of Yuzhang, and soon after promoted him to Prefect of Wu County. During the rebellion of Hou Jing, he led hundreds of people to assist Prince Shaoling in the rescue effort, but after the fall of the capital, he returned to his home county.

Junzheng was highly respected in his official duties, but he accumulated a lot of wealth, dressed in luxurious attire. The rebel Yu Ziyue launched an attack against him, and Dai Senyi, the garrison commander of Xincheng, urged him to resist. The officials in Wu County, including Lu Yinggong, worried they wouldn't be able to withstand the rebels and advised him to give up his property, saying, "The rebels' attack is fierce and difficult to resist; if we resist now, the people may not support us." Junzheng, being timid and weak, sent rice, meat, and wine to welcome Yu Ziyue outside the city. After Yu Ziyue arrived, he looted his wealth and children, which led to Junzheng's anxiety and eventual death from illness.

Historical accounts state: With Heaven above and Earth below, the positions of ruler and subject are determined; like pine trees and bamboo, they embody the spirit of resilience. Yuan Qianli faced the impending collapse of the nation and reached his old age; despite the emperor's incompetence, he remained steadfastly loyal. Later, he submitted a memorial to Emperor Gaozu without wavering in his loyalty and integrity, truly embodying the noble character of Yi Shu and Bo Yi! To ultimately become a pillar of the Liang Dynasty court is truly remarkable!

To put it simply, it's essentially saying that the sky is above and the earth is below; this principle defines the relationship between the emperor and his subjects. Pine and bamboo endure the harshest winters, symbolizing unwavering loyalty. Yuan Qianli stepped in when the country was in peril; he was growing old himself, but even if the emperor was a tyrant, he remained steadfast in his loyalty. He continued to write to the emperor, reaffirming his loyalty, just like the ancient loyalists Boyi and Shuqi! Ultimately, he became a celebrated hero of the Liang Dynasty, which is truly remarkable!