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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 07 January 2025

Created: 07 January 2025

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We humbly submit: In the past, Sima Qian was an extraordinary talent, and Ban Gu was also a prominent literary figure of his era. They both inherited the legacy of their predecessors and compiled historical texts, expressing their aspirations in the biographical style of history writing. We can see their writing philosophies and the legacies they left behind. Shu Jun compiled the historical records following the Eastern Han and continued to write the history of Shu Han. The structure of the Ten Volumes is derived from Sima Qian and Ban Gu, but their historical records also have shortcomings. The historical materials of the Cao Wei dynasty are almost entirely incomplete; the histories from the Wei and Jin dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties are also significantly lacking. Even some scattered records largely consist of folk tales and unofficial histories, which differ greatly from the official historical accounts. Since the Yongjia Rebellion, the Central Plains region has endured ongoing warfare, and those biased and inaccurate unofficial histories offer little reference value. The Wei dynasty unified the nation, inherited the historical texts of the previous dynasty, and completed them well. Your Majesty is wise, benevolent, humble, and respectful, overseeing the emperors of all ages and controlling the vast empire for generations. You deeply cherish the prosperity of the Wei dynasty and care for the welfare of the people of our great land. We obey Your Majesty's orders to compile the history of the Wei dynasty, following the biographical style to fulfill Your will. We believe that the purpose of this historical text is to gather previously overlooked historical materials. The biographical style is sufficient on its own and does not require additional content. Important events must be clear, and significant figures must be portrayed prominently. We have thoroughly gathered historical materials, summarized the rise and fall of the Wei dynasty, and included this content at the end of each chapter to fully present the history of the Wei dynasty. Therefore, we have spent considerable time and faced numerous challenges, referring to old historical materials while supplementing new content, and we have finally completed it. As times have changed, so too has our approach to reasoning; now the focus of historical writing has shifted from that of the past. Previously, attention was given to trivial details; now, it is on grand historical narratives. In the past, one could refer to the historical texts of previous dynasties; now, there is a pressing need for a comprehensive history of the Wei dynasty. We have set aside the former in favor of the latter, all based on actual circumstances. We have finally completed the Ten Volumes, consisting of twenty scrolls; we kindly request that it be placed behind the official history, bringing the total to one hundred thirty-one scrolls. As officials, we have taken up our pens to write this book, and truly have no better approach. We humbly apologize for any presumption in disturbing you, and for this, we accept any punishment! This is our humble submission.

In November, Wei Shou, the commissioner of Liangzhou and commander of military affairs, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Governor of Liangzhou, former Chief Librarian, and founding minister of Fuping County, began compiling the "Book of Wei." The "Book of Wei" consists of 12 volumes, 92 biographies, and 10 treatises, totaling 114 sections, originally divided into 130 scrolls, as recorded in earlier classifications, compiled by Wei Shou, the former Right Deputy of the Imperial Secretariat of Northern Qi.

Initially, Wei's historiographers, Deng Yuan, Cui Hao, and Gao Yun, all wrote chronicles, but many significant events were omitted, with only about three out of every ten events recorded. During the Taihe period, Li Biao and Cui Guang began categorizing historical records into chronicles, biographies, tables, and treatises. During the reign of Emperor Xuanwu, Xing Luan wrote the "Annals of Gaozu," followed by Cui Hong and Wang Zunye, who continued their work until the reign of Emperor Ming. Afterwards, Wen Zisheng wrote three volumes of "Chronicles of Emperor Zhuang," and Ji Yinwang Huiye wrote thirty volumes of "Records of the Imperial Lineage." Towards the end of the Wei Dynasty, Shan Wei, along with Yuan Tianmu, Erzhu Shilong, and Qi Jun, gained control over the court's historical records. Over two decades, the historical records of the Wei Dynasty were nearly obliterated, with recording even one out of a hundred thousand events considered a fortunate occurrence.

In the second year of Emperor Wenxuan's Tianbao era in Northern Qi, he ordered Wei Shou to compile the history of the Wei dynasty. Wei Shou extensively collected various genealogies and materials, searching for missing historical records, and wrote the history of the Wei dynasty from beginning to end, with considerable detail. The historians Wei Shou selected were not as skilled as he was, so figures like Fang Yanyou, Xin Yuanzhi, Sui Zhongrang, Diao Rou, Pei Angzhi, and Gao Xiaogan were not adept at writing history books. Wei Shou himself wrote all thirty-five biographies, twenty-five prefaces, ninety-four essays, two memorials, and one memorial to the throne. Five years later, Wei Shou submitted the book and burned the old history books previously written by Cui, Li, and others. Being from Qi, Wei Shou's writing of Wei's history was quite subjective, and many people at the time felt it was unfair. Emperor Wenxuan ordered Wei Shou to face the families of over a hundred Wei dynasty officials and let them comment on the history he wrote. Initially, Wei Shou could defend himself, but eventually he could not hold up. Lu Fei from Fanyang, Li Shu from Dunqiu, and Wang Songnian from Taiyuan were punished with caning and exiled to Jiafang for criticizing Wei Shou's historical accounts, and some were even beaten to death. Wei Shou's history faced widespread resentment and was derisively dubbed "The Filthy History." At that time, the powerful officials Yang Yin and Gao Dezhen were in charge, and Wei Shou wrote biographies for them. These two also strongly supported Wei Shou, suppressing opposing voices and preventing further discussion; thus, Wei Shou's history was never officially released. During Emperor Xiaozhao's Jianzhong era, he ordered Wei Shou to re-examine the history book. Wei Shou then said he would write two copies, one to submit to the court and one to keep in Ye City, available for anyone who wished to read it. This prompted court officials to accuse Wei Shou of mistakes. Emperor Wucheng again ordered Wei Shou to revise the history book. Wei Shou had offended many people by writing the history of Wei, and the year the Qi dynasty collapsed, his grave was robbed, and his remains were left outside.

Emperor Wen of Sui felt that the content of the "Book of Wei" written by Wei Shou was not credible and poorly structured, so he commissioned Wei Dan, Yan Zhitui, and Xin Deyuan to rewrite it, resulting in a total of ninety-two volumes, regarding Western Wei as the legitimate dynasty and Eastern Wei as a usurper. This newly written version was succinct and straightforward, thoroughly correcting Wei Shou's errors, which pleased Emperor Wen. Later, Emperor Yang of Sui deemed Wei Dan's version still inadequate, so he had Yang Su, Pan Hui, Zhu Liang, and Ouyang Xun revise the "Book of Wei" again. Unfortunately, Yang Su passed away before he could finish it. In the fifth year of the Wude era under Emperor Gaozu of Tang, he ordered Shizhong Chen Shuda and seventeen others to write the history of the Later Wei, Northern Qi, Zhou, Sui, Liang, and Chen dynasties, but this endeavor dragged on for many years without completion. Upon Emperor Taizong of Tang's ascension, he adopted the suggestion of the Secretariat to abandon the revision of the "Book of Wei" and instead focused solely on writing the history of the Five Dynasties. During Emperor Gaozong of Tang's reign, Wei Dan's grandson, Wei Keji, who was the governor of Zhongzhou, continued to add ten more volumes, incorporating the content originally written by Wei Dan. The "Book of Tang: Arts and Literature" also mentions Zhang Dasu's "Book of Later Wei," which comprises one hundred volumes and Pei Anshi's "Book of Yuan Wei" in thirty volumes, but these texts have since been lost. Thus, the history of the Wei dynasty that we reference today is largely founded on Wei Shou's "Book of Wei."

Confucius said: "When substance outweighs style, it becomes crude; when style outweighs substance, it becomes mere history." During the Three Dynasties period, the Zhou Dynasty was the peak of literary creation. By the time of the Eastern Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties, despite experiencing wars and turmoil, the fine traditions and exceptional talents from ancient times did not fade away entirely. The achievements and virtues of wise monarchs and loyal ministers were remarkable. The talented literati, with their articles, discussions, admonitions, debates, and good strategies, were enough to astonish, shape societal norms, and serve as examples for future generations. Outstanding historians such as Zuo Qiuming, Sima Qian, and Ban Gu were knowledgeable and skilled storytellers, who neither exaggerated nor concealed the truth, so their works have been passed down to this day, remaining unforgotten even after more than a thousand years.

In the Eastern Han, Wei, and Jin periods, the gap from the era of sages widened, and the talent of historiographers declined. In the Yongxing period, political corruption ran rampant, and the Rongdi invasion devastated the favorable conditions established by earlier kings.

The Tuoba clan seized the opportunity presented by Later Yan's weakness to gradually annex Bingzhou and Jizhou. After over thirty years of warfare, they finally achieved a rough unification of the Central Plains. Initially, both court and local officials were former tribal leaders, though they also included some old aristocrats from the Zhao and Wei states, and they often killed each other out of suspicion. Official positions existed, but salaries were low, so most officials resorted to corruption and bribery; the laws were harsh, leading the common people to turn against one another; with little regard for propriety, righteousness, integrity, and honor, scholars lost their moral compass; resulting in a corrupt social atmosphere where plundering became commonplace.

After the capital was moved to Luoyang, the rituals and institutions of the Xia Dynasty were gradually adopted. Emperor Xuanwu had a weak character, and Emperor Xiaoming was young, leading to a laxity in state affairs and laws, as the social climate worsened. There was widespread deceit between the elite and common people, and national discipline completely collapsed. The Empress Dowager stirred up trouble in the palace, while many bandits created chaos outside, with the unrest beginning in the Six Towns, ultimately resulting in national division and destruction at the hands of Er Zhu Rong. Despite ruling for over a century, their laws and customs were akin to those of earlier leaders like Liu Yuan, Shi Le, the Murong clan, Fu Jian, and Yao Chang. Emperor Daowu and Emperor Taiwu of the Tuoba clan were even more brutal than Cao Cao and Sima Yan; the strength of Emperor Xiaowen barely compared to Fu Jian. Their contributions to literature and Confucianism barely merit mention, and the achievements of strategists, orators, and generals paled in comparison to those of earlier dynasties. Furthermore, historians used crude language, made poor choices, wrote badly, and presented inaccurate facts. The books they wrote were lengthy, filled with names of official positions and localities, along with many trivial and tedious matters, making them dull to read and easily forgotten. Scholars found them tedious and were reluctant to engage with them, leading to the loss or damage of many historical texts over the centuries, likely around thirty volumes. We have now compiled the table of contents for each work. However, the history of the Northern Wei, bridging the Wei and Jin dynasties and leading to the Zhou, Qi, Sui, and Tang dynasties, spans one hundred sixty years of rise and fall and cannot be omitted. We, ministers Pan, Shu, Tao, and Zu Yu, humbly submit this table of contents, risking our lives in the process.

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 07 January 2025

Created: 07 January 2025

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We respectfully submit: Sima Qian was a remarkable literary genius, and Ban Gu was a highly esteemed historian of his time. They inherited the rich traditions of their predecessors, wrote historical texts, and expressed their ambitions in biographical historical texts. We can also glean insights into their writing philosophies and methods. Shu Jun compiled historical materials after the Eastern Han Dynasty and continued the writing of historical texts in the Western Jin Dynasty; the structure of the "Shi Zhi" follows the models of Sima Qian and Ban Gu, though it has its shortcomings. The historical materials from the Wei Dynasty period are largely incomplete and lacking in detail; the historical records from the Two Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties periods are also often incomplete. Even if some scattered records have been passed down, most are unofficial histories with peculiar content, which differ significantly from official historical accounts and are thus unreliable. Since the chaos of the Yongjia Rebellion, the Central Plains have been thrown into turmoil, and those scattered and unreliable minor historical texts have almost no reference value. After the Wei Dynasty unified the country, it inherited the historical book tradition of the previous dynasty and was able to start and finish well after the conclusion of the wars. Your Majesty is wise and humble, governing with a far-reaching vision. You have consistently worked to uphold and advance the governance philosophy of the Wei Dynasty, and you never forget the welfare of the people of our great land. Following your decree, we have compiled the historical texts of the Wei Dynasty, written in the format of biographical history, to fulfill your vision. We believe that the purpose of historical texts is to gather and organize fragmented historical materials, but the straightforward biographical format alone cannot encompass all aspects. To present a clearer picture of events, it is more important to emphasize significant events. Therefore, we have conducted extensive research, summarized the rise and fall of the Wei Dynasty, and included this content following the biographical accounts to provide a comprehensive history of the Wei Dynasty. This encapsulates our approach. We have diligently gathered and organized materials over time, facing numerous challenges, referring to existing historical materials, adding new content, and finally completing it. As times change, so too do circumstances, so we must not be bound by the practices of our predecessors. In the process of compilation, our writing approaches and styles have evolved. We appreciate the essence of earlier historical texts while considering the focus of current historical text compilation, referring to the experience of past historical texts, and addressing the pressing need to compile the history of the Wei Dynasty by distilling its essence and discarding the extraneous. We are pleased to announce the completion of the "Shi Zhi" in twenty volumes; we kindly request that it be placed following the biographical accounts and organize the entire work according to the previous table of contents, bringing the total to one hundred and thirty-one volumes.

We officials, while writing history books, often struggle to gather all the information. We risk offending others and are doing our best to get this done, and it's no easy task!

In November, Wei Shou, who served as the envoy and military governor of Liangzhou, General of Cavalry, Governor of Liangzhou, former Gentleman of the Imperial Archives, and a nobleman of Fuping County, submitted a memorial.

"The Book of Wei," consisting of twelve volumes of annals, ninety-two biographies, and ten treatises, totaling one hundred fourteen articles, was originally divided into one hundred thirty volumes, compiled by Wei Shou, the Right Minister of the Northern Qi.

At the beginning, the Wei dynasty's historians, such as Deng Yuan, Cui Hao, and Gao Yun, had all written chronologies, but the records were incomplete; it was fortunate if three out of ten events were recorded. Only during the Taihe period did Li Biao and Cui Guang begin to categorize the historical texts into annals, biographies, tables, and treatises. During the reign of Emperor Xuanwu, Xing Luan wrote the "Memoirs of Emperor Gao," with Cui Hong and Wang Zunye continuing the work, continuing through the reign of Emperor Ming. Later, Wen Zisheng wrote a three-volume "Memoirs of Emperor Zhuang," and Prince Jiyin Huiye wrote a thirty-volume "Records of the Distinction of the Royal Lineage." Towards the end of the Wei dynasty, a fellow named Shan Wei, to win favor with powerful figures like Yuan Tianmu and Er Zhu Shilong, collaborated with Qi Jun to write the national history. After more than twenty years, the accounts in the historical texts were a complete mess; it was fortunate if one out of ten events was documented.

In the second year of the Tianbao era of Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi, a decree was issued ordering Wei Shou to compile the history of the Wei dynasty. Wei Shou extensively gathered various materials and consulted various remaining historical documents, which he wrote into a relatively detailed history of the Wei dynasty from start to finish. The historians Wei Shou selected were, in fact, not as skilled as he was, so figures like Fang Yanyou, Xin Yuanzhi, Sui Zhongrang, Diao Rou, Pei Angzhi, and Gao Xiaogan lacked the skills to write historical texts. All thirty-five biographies, twenty-five prefaces, ninety-four commentaries, two memorials, and one petition were written by Wei Shou himself. After five years, Wei Shou submitted the book and subsequently burned the old historical texts written by Cui and Li. Because Wei Shou was from Qi, his assessment of the Wei dynasty was somewhat biased, leading many to feel that his writing was unjust. Emperor Wenxuan had Wei Shou face the descendants of over a hundred Wei dynasty officials to critique his historical writings. At first, Wei Shou was able to defend himself, but eventually, he could not. Lu Fei from Fanyang, Li Shu from Dunqiu, and Wang Songnian from Taiyuan were punished for criticizing Wei Shou's history, receiving lashes and being exiled to Jiafang, with some even dying as a consequence. At that time, public discontent was widespread, and people referred to Wei Shou's history as the "Filthy History."

At that time, the powerful ministers Yang Yin and Gao Dezhen were in power. Wei Shou wrote biographies for them, and these two also strongly supported Wei Shou, suppressing opposing voices and preventing further discussion on the matter. The historical works written by Wei Shou were not officially released. During the reign of Emperor Xiaozhao, the emperor ordered Wei Shou to review the historical works. Wei Shou proposed to write two versions, one to be submitted to the court and the other to be kept in Ye City for public viewing. However, the officials once again criticized Wei Shou's historical works, saying that they were poorly composed. Emperor Wu Cheng ordered Wei Shou to revise the historical works. Wei Shou made many enemies by documenting the history of Wei, and in the year of the fall of the Qi dynasty, his tomb was looted and his bones were abandoned outside.

Emperor Wen of Sui deemed the content of Wei Shou's "Book of Wei" unreliable and the narrative illogical, so he instructed Wei Dan, Yan Zhitui, and Xin Deyuan to rewrite a new version totaling ninety-two volumes. They considered Western Wei as legitimate and Eastern Wei as a pseudo-dynasty, writing with clarity and conciseness, completely correcting Wei Shou's mistakes. Emperor Wen of Sui was very satisfied with the result. Later, Emperor Yang of Sui felt that the version written by Wei Dan was still lacking, so he instructed Yang Su, Pan Hui, Chu Liang, and Ouyang Xun to revise the "Book of Wei" again. However, Yang Su died before completing the task.

In the fifth year of the Wude era of Emperor Gaozu of Tang, he ordered Chen Shuda and seventeen others to write the history of the Later Wei, Northern Qi, Zhou, Sui, Liang, and Chen dynasties together, but many years later, it remained unfinished. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, based on the recommendation of the Secretariat, they decided to abandon the effort to revise the "Book of Wei" and only write the history of the Five Dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang, Wei Dan's grandson, Wei Keji, the governor of Tongzhou Prefecture, continued to write ten volumes, incorporating Wei Dan's original "Book of Wei." The "Tang Book of Arts and Literature" also recorded Zhang Dasu's "Book of Later Wei" in one hundred volumes and Pei Anshi's "Book of Yuan Wei" in thirty volumes, but these works are no longer available. Therefore, when we talk about the history of the Wei dynasty now, we primarily refer to Wei Shou's "Book of Wei."

Confucius said: "Substance over form leads to rusticity; form over substance leads to pedantry." The literary achievements of the three ancient dynasties were most prosperous during the Zhou Dynasty. By the time of the Eastern Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties, although they experienced wars and turmoil, the excellent traditions and legacy of ancient times were not entirely lost. The wise monarchs, loyal ministers, and talented literati of that era were distinguished by their remarkable careers and virtues. Their writings, discussions, admonitions, debates, and various brilliant strategies were refreshing and influential, setting examples for future generations. Outstanding historians such as Zuo Qiuming, Sima Qian, and Ban Gu were knowledgeable and talented, skilled in narration, not glossing over peace nor hiding evil, which is why their works have endured for millennia.

By the time of the Eastern Han, Wei, and Jin Dynasties, the age of sages was fading further away, and the talent of court historians was declining. During the Yongxing period, political corruption was rampant, the northern tribes invaded the Central Plains, and the benefits bestowed by former kings had vanished completely.

Taking advantage of the weakening of Later Yan, the Tuoba clan gradually annexed Bingzhou and Jizhou, after more than thirty years of conflict, they finally unified the Central Plains. Initially, the court ministers and local officials were all former tribal leaders. Although some nobles from the Zhao and Wei states were also promoted, mutual suspicion led to frequent violence. Official positions existed, but salaries were low, leading to corruption among officials; the laws were strict, resulting in widespread harm among the populace; etiquette was not valued, resulting in a lack of integrity among scholars; bribery was rampant, creating a corrupt social climate.

After the capital was moved to Luoyang, the rituals and ceremonial practices of the Xia Dynasty gradually began to be adopted. Emperor Xuanwu had a weak character, and Emperor Xiaoming was still young, resulting in a loosening of political and legal structures, which further eroded social morals. There was widespread deceit among the populace, and national discipline completely collapsed. The Empress Dowager caused chaos in the palace, while outside there were bandits causing disturbances. The turmoil originated in the Six Towns and ultimately led to the division and eventual collapse of the state, largely instigated by Er Zhu Rong. Although the Tuoba Wei dynasty lasted for over a hundred years, its laws, institutional frameworks, and customs bore a strong resemblance to those of earlier dynasties such as Liu Yuan, Shi Le, the Murong clan, Fu Jian, and Yao Chang. The brutality of Emperors Daowu and Taiwu even surpassed that of Cao Cao and Sima Yan; the achievements of Emperor Xiaowen paled in comparison to those of Fu Jian.

Their literature and Confucian scholarship had little of note to record, and the achievements of strategists, debaters, and generals could not compare with those of previous generations. Moreover, the historians' language was crude, their selections were arbitrary, their writings were poor, and the records were inaccurate. The entire volume was vast, filled with names of official positions and provinces, interspersed with numerous trivial and tedious details, rendering it tiresome to read and easily forgettable. Scholars also found it dull and were unwilling to study, leading to the loss and destruction of numerous historical texts over the centuries, totaling around thirty volumes. Now we have compiled the table of contents for each historical text.

However, the history of Tuoba Wei connects the Wei and Jin Dynasties and had a lasting impact on the Zhou, Qi, Sui, and Tang Dynasties, and the overall narrative of rise and fall over the course of one hundred sixty years must not be overlooked. We, Chen Pan, Chen Shu, Chen Tao, and Chen Zuyu, respectfully organized the table of contents and risked our lives to humbly present it to Your Majesty.

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 07 January 2025

Created: 07 January 2025

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The common people cannot manage themselves; therefore, a monarch is needed to govern them. However, the monarch cannot rule by themselves, so ministers are appointed to assist him. Thus, effective governance and stability cannot be achieved by one person alone. The records of past events are incomplete, making it difficult to explain clearly. By the time of Fuxi, Xuanyuan, Di Ku, and Di Zhi, the responsibilities of the dragon, fire, bird, and human could still be somewhat understood. During the times of Tang Yao and Yu Shun, there was a sixty-year cycle, while the Xia and Shang dynasties lasted twice as long. The Zhou dynasty lasted over three hundred years, which is regarded as a relatively complete system. The Qin, Han, Wei, and Jin dynasties all experienced changes in their systems, rise and fall, and prosperity or decline based on the actual circumstances at the time. Furthermore, each country has different systems, and each family has different customs. The appointment of officials is not fixed, and the governance styles of emperors and kings, along with their systems of rituals and music, vary. The reasons behind these differences are deeply rooted in history.

Xuanshuo, the monarch of the Wei Kingdom, had various officials in charge of political affairs, each with their own ranks and titles among his officials in the remote border areas. After establishing friendly relations with the Southern Xia, there were some adjustments made. After King Zhaocheng ascended the throne, he appointed Yan Feng as the Right Chief Historian and Xu Qian as the Director of the Palace. Most other official positions and titles resembled those of the Jin dynasty. In the second year of the founding of the country, positions of close attendants were established, with no set limit, occasionally numbering in the hundreds, serving in the palace and conveying the emperor's orders. These individuals were selected from officials and prominent families based on their demeanor, intelligence, and competence. Four internal attendants were also appointed to advise, correct mistakes, and answer the emperor's questions, similar to contemporary attendants and cavaliers. Those miscellaneous people who came from various places seeking asylum were collectively known as the "Wuwan." Based on their numbers, chiefs and sub-chiefs were appointed, divided into northern and southern parts, each managed by a northern and southern chief. At that time, the emperor's brother oversaw the northern region, and his son managed the southern part, dividing their governance, akin to the ancient dual lords.

In the first year of the founding emperor's reign, the previous system was maintained, and the northern and southern departments were still managed by high officials. This year, a Commander-in-Chief was also established, along with positions such as Banner Generals and officials in the Outer Court. The Commander-in-Chief led the troops within the palace to protect the royal residence; there were six Banner Generals responsible for the Three Young Guards stationed in the palace; all officials from the Chamberlain down to the Junior Secretary were under their jurisdiction; there were no fixed quotas for the officials in the Outer Court, who were responsible for carrying out the emperor's orders, entering and leaving the palace, and participating in major national funerals or sacrificial ceremonies, arranged according to specific circumstances.

In the first year of the Emperor's reign, the Cao province was established, various official positions were set up, and five ranks of nobility were conferred; for official positions in other regions, such as Inspectors, Governors, and County Magistrates, some positions had not yet been fully established, and they were gradually set up.

In November of the first year of Tianxing, the emperor appointed Minister of Personnel Deng Yuan to oversee the official system and establish ranks of nobility.

In December, the court appointed officials for the eight departments, the Court Attendants, and the Waiting Guards. These eight officials were arranged one for each of the four cardinal directions in the imperial city, symbolizing the eight directions, which is why they were referred to as "Eight Nations." The Court Attendants and Waiting Guards served at the emperor's side, responsible for conveying imperial edicts and entering and leaving the palace.

In March of the second year, the court divided the thirty-six departments of the Ministry of Personnel and some other external agencies into a total of three hundred sixty departments, each managed by a high official. These officials had subordinates responsible for document recording, directly reporting their work to the departments, aimed at streamlining the review and rejection processes. Initially, it was also stipulated that various texts, including the "Five Classics," would each have a scholar assigned, and the number of students in the Imperial Academy increased to thirty.

In the tenth month of the third year, four official positions were established: Officer of Benefaction, Officer of Nurturing, Officer of Long Virtue, and Officer of Scholar Instruction. The Officer of Benefaction's rank is equivalent to that of a Special Merit Scholar, without a fixed establishment, created only when necessary, and typically held by royal relatives or respected individuals. The Officer of Nurturing's rank is equivalent to that of a Grand Minister, also without a fixed establishment, primarily selecting diligent and honest retired officials. The Officer of Long Virtue's rank is equivalent to that of a Junior Grand Minister, similarly without a fixed establishment. The Officer of Scholar Instruction's rank is equivalent to that of an Advisory Minister, primarily responsible for advising the emperor and court officials, correcting their mistakes. Additionally, the position of Doctor of Immortality was established, responsible for researching and refining various medicines.

In the seventh month of the fourth year, the position of General of the Xiongnu Tribes was abolished, and all military guards from various departments were placed under the jurisdiction of the General's Office.

In September, the position of External Censor of the Lan Tai was abolished, and they were all placed under the management of the Internal Ministry.

In December, thirty-six departments within the Ministry of Personnel were restored, each equipped with one Deputy Historian for Orders, one Historian for Translations, and two Document Historians.

In the first year of Tian Ci, in the eighth month, the court established six Envoy Officers, based on the ancient Six Ministers, holding a fifth-grade rank. Below the six Envoy Officers are the Grandee, of sixth grade; below the Grandee are the Original Scholars, of seventh grade; below the Original Scholars are the Chief Officer, of eighth grade; and below the Chief Officer are the Deputy Chief, of ninth grade.

In September, the emperor changed the original five ranks into four ranks, namely king, duke, marquess, and viscount, eliminating the titles of count and baron. Princes and those who had made great contributions were granted the title of king, while royal relatives and previous kings were demoted to dukes, dukes were further demoted to marquesses, and viscounts were also demoted accordingly. In total, ten kings, twenty-two dukes, seventy-nine marquesses, and one hundred and three viscounts were granted titles. Kings were granted titles in larger jurisdictions, dukes in smaller jurisdictions, marquesses in larger districts, and viscounts in smaller districts. Kings were of the first rank, dukes of the second rank, marquesses of the third rank, and viscounts of the fourth rank. The emperor also established five ranks of non-hereditary officials: fifth-rank non-hereditary officials were equivalent to third-rank captains, sixth-rank non-hereditary officials were equivalent to district officers, seventh-rank non-hereditary officials were equivalent to grand masters, middle-ranking officials, and counselors, eighth-rank non-hereditary officials were equivalent to supervisors, and ninth-rank non-hereditary officials were equivalent to attendants. Officials of the fifth rank and below, as well as those with special talents, were ranked accordingly, divided into five ranks; military officers of the fifth rank and below, those who could serve as commanders, were also ranked into five ranks. If any official position became vacant, individuals from these ranks could be promoted to fill the vacancy.

Initially, the emperor wanted to emulate the simplicity of ancient traditions, so when establishing the names of official positions, many names did not follow the conventions of the Zhou and Han dynasties; some were inspired by people's names, some were taken from objects, and some were derived from local customs, all imitating the names of birds and beasts from ancient myths. For example, the lower-ranking officials who ran errands were referred to as "teal ducks," because teal ducks are known for their speed; officials in charge of reconnaissance were called egrets, because egrets have long necks and can see far. Other official titles carried similar meanings, all with corresponding metaphors. The emperor also mandated that each state appoint captains to lead the army.

In November, due to the large population and complex blood relations of the eight countries, the state appointed senior and junior masters to be responsible for clarifying the clan relationships of these individuals and recommending talented individuals. In places outside the eight countries, each district set up similar institutions, with functions equivalent to those established by the eight countries, akin to today’s local officials. The royal family also appointed clan masters, with a system similar to that of the states and counties as well as the eight countries.

In December, the emperor began to grant official positions to those holding titles such as kings, dukes, marquises, and viscounts, as well as their subordinate officials. The kings of the larger districts had two hundred subordinates, the kings of the medium districts and the dukes of the higher districts each had one hundred subordinates, the dukes of the medium districts had fifty subordinates, the marquises had twenty-five subordinates, and the viscounts had twelve subordinates. They all had official stewards, whose duties were similar to those of a household manager, responsible for managing their subordinates.

In February of the following year, the emperor abolished the thirty-six departments of the Ministry of Personnel and established two new official positions: Wu Gui (similar to a senior official) and Xiu Qin (similar to a secretary), each responsible for handling government affairs.

In the first month of the following year, the emperor established twenty inner officials, equivalent to Shizhong and Changshi, who would take turns on duty. They also established three regional inspectors for each state, with the inspector's position ranked at the sixth grade, one of whom was a royal relative, while the other two were from outside families, corresponding to the ancient three great officials—Upper Great Official, Middle Great Official, and Lower Great Official. Each district had three magistrates, all of whom were seventh-grade officials; each county had three county magistrates, all of whom were eighth-grade officials. The inspectors and county magistrates managed the states and counties respectively, while the magistrates were above the inspectors and below the county magistrates. Although these official positions were established, they had not yet begun to actually govern the common people. Those meritorious generals who served as state officials were all recalled to the capital and returned to their residences based on their titles, and were then assigned less demanding positions such as scattered cavalry, hunting cavalry, and various provincial clerks.

After four years, in May, the position of court attendant was increased, serving beside the emperor and responsible for conveying imperial edicts. These attendants were selected from the sons of good families from the eight countries, along with respected elders from the counties of Dai, Shanggu, Guangning, and Yanmen.

In the eleventh month of the first year of Yongxing, forty Qilin officials were appointed to be on duty in the palace and government departments, with a status similar to that of the regular attendants and attendants. In the spring of the first year of Shenrui, eight senior officials were appointed, each with three subordinate officials responsible for handling national affairs; hence they were later referred to as the "Eight Lords." In the summer of the second year of Taichang, six senior officials were appointed for the six departments: the Department of Heaven, the Department of Earth, the Department of East, the Department of West, the Department of South, and the Department of North, with these positions held by senior court officials, each with three subordinate officials. In the first month of the first year of Shiguang, the position of Right Minister of the People was established. In the third month of the first year of Shenwei, Left and Right Protectors and Left and Right Ministers, as well as several departmental ministers, were established, each residing in different government offices. In July, the emperor ordered that all generals serving on the battlefield could establish their own staff organizations based on their official ranks, equipped with corresponding assistants. In the third month of the first year of Yanhe, the title of Daiyin was renamed to Wannianyin, and the title of Dailing was changed to Wannianling, but later changed back. In the first month of the fifth year of Zhenjun, the Shizhong, Zhongshu Jian, Prince Yidu Mu Shou, Situ, Duke of Dongjun Cui Hao, Shizhong, Guangping Gong Zhang Li assisted in governance efforts, and four communication officials were established. At the same time, some outstanding officials from various departments were selected to work in the East Palace. In the seventh month of the first year of Zhengping, because there were too many officials in various departments, some personnel were cut. In the first month of the second year of Xing'an, the positions of Minister of the Chariot Department and Right Minister were created. In the fifth month of the third year of Tai'an, all departmental military guards were appointed as governors. In the fifth month of the second year of Yanxing, the emperor issued a decree that said: "Without merit, one cannot receive a title; without talent, one cannot receive a salary. All officials transferred from outside must report according to this standard, requesting appointment or temporary borrowing of official ranks. Those who have achievements during their tenure can be promoted based on their merits; if there are no significant achievements, they will be demoted. According to previous regulations, generals and governors can temporarily borrow up to five ranks, and those who have contributed cannot pass on their temporary ranks to their descendants." In the second month of the fourth year, the position of the Foreign Affairs Minister was established. In the ninth month of the fifth year, the Office of Supervision was established.

In May of the year 583 AD, the court reduced the number of candidate officials by 400, mainly targeting those officials who violated regulations. Four years later, two internal departments were streamlined, specifically concerning their military leaders. In August of the year 588 AD, the court added 100 ceremonial officials and 200 court officials (both idle positions). In July of the year 591 AD, the position of Ceremonial Officer was established (responsible for ceremonies). In December of the same year, the court added the following positions:

- Four Privy Councilors

- Four Gentlemen of the Yellow Gate

- Four Scattered Cavalry Commanders

- Four Ministers

- Six Direct Scattered Cavalry Commanders

- Six Deputy Ministers

- Six External Scattered Cavalry Commanders

- Six Deputy Ministers

In addition, positions such as Minister of Works, Chief Guest, Grand Treasurer, Minister of the Imperial Clan, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Music, Minister of Justice, Master of the Palace Carriages, and Assistant Minister of Education were also added. At the same time, positions such as Glorious Chalice, Valiant Cavalry, Five Schools, Middle Official, and Scattered Officer were added, along with 120 attendants. The court also reorganized institutions such as the Imperial Guard and the Tiger Guard.

Previously, those who were granted titles due to their achievements could pass down military posts to their descendants. By the year 592 AD, the court reformed this system, reducing hereditary military posts to five ranks and ultimately abolishing hereditary military posts, allowing only hereditary titles.

Previously, border regions were governed by Grand Commandants, who commanded the military, were responsible for defense, and held a position equivalent to a Governor. The Grand Commandants managed cities and warehouses but were not involved in day-to-day operations, so their power was greater than that of Governors. (This assertion is debatable.)

From the founding Emperor to the early reign of Emperor Gaozu, the court made multiple adjustments to the ranks of internal and external officials based on specific circumstances at the time, rather than following regular practices, such as the positions of Ten Thousand Cavalry, Flying Swans, Loyal Generals, and Straightforward Generals. Due to the loss of previous rules and regulations, there was no basis to follow. During the Taihe period, Emperor Gaozu ordered the ministers to discuss and determine the appointment of officials, which were subsequently codified into law. Now I will list these official positions below, excluding ranks and lower-level positions:

Grand Tutor, Grand Commandant, General of the Guards; Grand Protector, Minister of War, Commander-in-Chief of all military forces; Grand Preceptor, Minister of Works, Specially Advanced; Right Three Divisions, Right Three Dukes.

The following are the official titles and ranks within the court hierarchy.

Grand Marshal Zhu Kaifu

General of the Cavalry

General of Chariots (the two generals ranked higher are above the Three Departments.)

Guard General (those with higher ranks follow the Deputy of the Three Departments.)

Right Third General

Right First Rank Upper, Middle, and Lower

Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince, Four Expeditions (those with higher ranks follow the Guard General) and Four Towns (those with higher ranks follow the Minister of Personnel.)

Grand Mentor to the Crown Prince, Left and Right Grand Court Officials, Minister of Personnel

Grand Protector to the Crown Prince, Left Deputy Minister of Personnel, Grand Minister

Right Three Masters of the Eastern Palace, Right Deputy Minister of Personnel, Grand Court Official

Minister of Personnel, Director of the Central Secretariat, Guard Commander

Governor of the Capital and Military Affairs of Various Provinces, Right Three Officials

General of the Central Army

General of the Garrison

General of the Pacification

The positions listed above are numerous and densely packed, making it dizzying to read. Let’s go through them one by one, starting from the highest position. You see, the highest is "Right Third General," which is a high-ranking official, below the Four Expeditions General. Next is "Golden Purple Grand Court Official," which sounds impressive! Below that, there are Right First Rank Upper, Middle, Lower, Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince, various Ministers, and the Four An Generals, among others. The Four An General is also a high official, below the Three Lesser Generals.

Next are the Grand Mentor to the Crown Prince, Minister of the Central Secretariat, and various generals; any general ranked Third or above and Fifth or below must have their ranks elevated. The Grand Protector to the Crown Prince, General of the Leading Army, and Left and Right Grand Attendants to the Crown Prince are all important positions. There are also Right Three Young Officials of the Eastern Palace and Guard Generals; if court attendants hold both positions concurrently, their ranks will be elevated even further. The positions of Regular Attendant, Central Attendant, Governor of the Province, and Commander of Military Affairs in Three Provinces are also significant. Below that are the Grand Minister of Agriculture, Grand Minister of Justice, Grand Minister of Ceremonies, Grand Minister of the Clan, Grand Minister of Finance, and Grand Minister of the Imperial Household; these six are collectively known as the "Right Six Officials," all of whom lead important departments in the court.

There are commanding generals and protective generals; these two types of generals cannot exist simultaneously. Then there are Right Second Rank Generals: Upper, Middle, and Lower, Front, Rear, Left, Right Generals, Secretary Supervisor, Martial Guard General, Four Equal Generals (of a rank below the Guardian General), Guanglu Dafu (Silver and Azure), Provincial Military Commander, Grand Chancellor of the Autumn Court, Grand Architect, Left Guard General and Right Guard General. Right Second Rank Upper, Middle, Lower, Son-in-law, Yellow Door Attendant, Supervisor of the Palace Attendants, all these official positions hold significant importance. Prince's Tutor, Prince's Chief Scholar, City Gate Captain, Prince's Left and Right Guard Commanders, South, North, East, West Household Generals, General of the Imperial Guards, Chief of Imperial Police, General of the Household for the Qiang, Rong, Yi, Man, and Yue, Grand Master of the Palace, Chief Attendant, Guard against Qiang, Rong, Yi, Man, Yue Commandant, General of Barbarian Suppression, General of State Support, General of Dragon Cavalry, Supervisor of the Imperial Guards, Chief Minister, Junior Minister, Bright Minister, Deputy Minister. Next in rank, there are Right Third Rank Upper, Middle, Lower, Cavalry Officer, Middle Supervisor, General of Distant Defense, Valiant Cavalry General, Chief of Archers, Pacifying Distant General, Prince's Steward, Cavalry Commandant, Establishing Distant General, Prince's Chief of Staff, Cavalry Commandant, Establishing Central General, Prince's Attendant, Infantry Commandant, Establishing Honorable General, Prince's Chief Scholar, Long River Commandant, Upright Righteous General, Middle Supervisor, Military Supervisor, Upright Loyal General, Front, Rear, Left, Right Army Generals, Upright Honorable General, Senior Officer, Restoring Martial General, Chief Secretary, Brave Martial General, Supervisor, Radiant Martial General, Shining Martial General, Eminent Martial General, Director of the Imperial Library, Right Third Rank Upper, Middle, Lower. This is essentially a comprehensive list of official positions!

Speaking of ancient official positions, there were truly numerous and varied. Let's start with the high-ranking officials, such as the Grand Sacrificial Official of the National Academy, the Public Office Commander, and the Grand Councillor. Just hearing their titles exudes power and authority, each one a respected minister of the court. Then there are the Lower Ministers, the Deputy Secretary of State, and the Deputy Marshal, all holding high positions of authority. Moving further down the list, there are the Chief Historian of the Public Office, the General of Military Establishment, the Deputy Left Secretary, the Prince's Chamberlain, and the General of Military Resurgence. These official positions are also not simple, each one a pillar of the court. The Prince's Three Inspectors, the Chief of the Central Yellow Gates, the Valiant General, the Cavalry Officer, the Chief, the Raised General, the Deputy of the Central Secretariat, the Director of the Inner Office, the General of the Broad Army, the Chief Envoy, the Capital Water Envoy, the Broad Martial General, the Central Envoy, and the Standard Officer, although these positions may sound a bit complicated, each one is a genuine official position. The Central Strong General, the Straight Cavalry Attendant, the Central Medium General, the Established Martial General, the Pacifying Frontier General, the Aroused Martial General, and these generals are even more awe-inspiring, leading thousands of troops.

Then, there are the ranks of Upper Right Fourth Rank, Middle Right Fourth Rank, Lower Right Fourth Rank, as well as Yuan Scholar, various District Commanders, various Wangyou, advisors in the court, officials in the provincial Military Affairs Bureau, various long historians in the court, officers in the Five Bureaus, and senior officials at the Prince's Gate, officials in the Ministry of Personnel, Ministry of War, and Ministry of Rites, officers overseeing the Prince's stables, various bureau captains, Tiger Ben generals, officers in the cavalry, generals with strong crossbows, Feather Forest officers, and various other positions. Some of these titles sound familiar, while others may sound quite strange, but they all represent different powers and statuses. The ranks of Right Assistant Fourth Rank Upper, Right Assistant Fourth Rank Middle, and Right Assistant Fourth Rank Lower also hold a place in the court system.

Lastly, there are long historians of the Central, Garrison, and Pacification Armies, officials in the Central Secretariat, scholars from the Imperial Clan, Eagle Generals, various officials in the court’s advisory army, Marquis of Righteous Return, generals of the Zhezhong, officials in the court's archives, Marquis of Shunyi, generals of the Yanglie, the Zheng of Yanyuan, supervisors, evaluators, and Marquis of Court Dress, various officials in the court’s advisory army, attendants of the Prince, officials in the Ministry of Religion, officials in the Ministry of Books, and supervisors of the Central Yellow Gate, officials in the court of light vehicles, officials in the Central Yellow Gate, Weiyuan Generals, attendants in the Central Court, generals of Tiger Might, officers in the Central Army, Garrison Army, and Pacification Army Sima, various officials in the court’s advisory army, and generals in the palace, officials in the Ministry of Personnel, and supervisors of scattered ministers, generals of Fubo, and officials in charge of the Prince's granaries, generals of Lingjiang, generals of Pingmo, and so on. These official positions are responsible for military affairs, civil affairs, and palace matters. In short, there is a wide variety of roles and responsibilities, forming a vast and complex bureaucratic system. Ancient officialdom is indeed quite complex!

His Royal Highness has many positions by his side! First is the Culinary Officer for the Crown Prince in charge of his meals, then the Crown Prince's Bodyguard in charge of his safety. Then, in order of rank from highest to lowest, there are Upper Fifth Rank, Middle Fifth Rank, Lower Fifth Rank, with corresponding positions such as Secretary, Gentleman Secretary, Attached General of Yi, Doctor of the National Academy, Various Offices Supervisor, Ritual Official of the Imperial Academy, Official of the Imperial Secretariat, Tiger Ben General, Imperial Attendant, Tiger Ben Sergeant Major, Tiger Ben General, Deputy Superintendent of Animal Husbandry, Tiger Ben General of the High Chariot, Chief of the Fangleang Bureau, Water Regulation Commandant, Guard Commander, Superintendent of Salt, Tiger Ben General, Chamberlain of the Palace, Bamboo Superintendent, Tiger Ben General, Superintendent of Guests, Superintendent of Empty Titles, Supervisor of Medicines, Supervisor of Ceremonies, Deputy Minister, Middle Envoy, Assistant Minister of the Palace Gate, Chief Priest, Deputy Minister of Justice, Palace Gate Sergeant, Grand Priest, Various Imperial Secretaries, Envoy, Chief Scribe of the Various Departments, General of the External Generals, Distinguished Gentleman, Imperial Chancellor, Grand Priest of Music, Superintendent of Granary Sacrifices, Recorder of the Imperial Household, Palace Supervisor, Attendant to the Carriage, Winged Charioteer, Feathered Forest Gentleman of the High Chariot, Observer of the Court, Fangleang Official.

Continuing down, the official ranks include Right Fifth Rank Upper, Right Fifth Rank Middle, Right Fifth Rank Lower. Positions include Military Attendant at the Public Office, Imperial Academy Scholar, Cavalry Commander, General of Martial Valor, Imperial Historiographer, Court Gentleman Attendant, General Who Displays Bright Martial Spirit, Legal Scholar, General of Martial Valor, General Who Supports Military Virtue, General Who Exemplifies Valor, Supervisor of the Court's Scribes, General Who Displays Martial Courage, Imperial Guard Attendant, General Who Oversees Music, Central Army, Pacification Army, Chief Military Officer of the Central Forces, General Who Commands Respect, Envoy to the River Dikes, Chief of the Imperial Secretariat, General Who Defends Against Invaders, Minister of the Bureau of Military Affairs, General Who Pacifies the Borders, Chief of the Imperial Secretariat, Secretary of the Ministry of Justice, Administrator of the Provincial Government, Deputy Administrator of the Provincial Government, Chief Clerk of the County of Daijun.

Finally, the official ranks include Right Sixth Rank Upper, Right Sixth Rank Middle, Right Sixth Rank Lower. Positions include Military Attendant at Various Provincial Governor Offices, Commander of the Huai and Hai River Defenses, Commander of the Tiger and Leopard Armored Soldiers, Dispersed Soldier, Adjutant of Various Offices, Recruiter of Tiger and Leopard Armored Soldiers, Secretary of the Central Secretariat, Court Dancer, Commander of the High Chariot Tiger and Leopard Armored Soldiers. In short, the staff around the Crown Prince—covering everything from his daily needs to security, document handling, and ceremonial music—are all meticulously arranged, reflecting his high status.

Wow, that’s quite a long list! Let's take a look at them one by one and see what kind of officials they are.

First of all, there are some palace officials: the chief of the guards, the head of the guards, the servants at the palace gates, the ceremonial officials, the secretary overseeing the palace treasury, the prison warden, the chief scribe of the Grand Secretariat, the chief scribe of the Sima office, the chief copyist, the supervisor of a thousand men, military officers and regional commanders, guard officers, the five official officers, mid-ranking officers, the commanders of the guards, the tiger guards by the prince's side, the attendants of the prince, the monks in the temple, the gatekeepers, the seal keepers of the prince, the prince's residence steward, the clothing steward, the banquet steward, palace scribes, the copyists, the secretaries, and the supervisors of timekeeping.

These official positions also vary in rank, such as sixth rank officials in public office, students of the Imperial Academy, officials in the Secretariat, the chief scribes in the prince's palace, as well as generals with names like "Conqueror" and "Subduer," which indicate their military roles. In addition, there are officials in charge of the capital, the chief scribes, the officials in the prince's palace, and officials overseeing state records.

Next are the seventh rank officials in public offices, including seventh rank officials, priests, supervisors of various departments, chief scribes, officials in charge of the temple, prison officials, royal guards, scholars in the Imperial Academy, chief scribes, princess's officials, royal historians, historians, doctors, and temple officials.

Finally, there are the official positions at the Upper, Middle, and Lower Right Eighth Ranks, as well as the direct officer of historical records, the clerks of the Ministry of Personnel, the clerks of various temples, the military officers of the imperial guard, the attendants for receptions, and the historical record clerks of various departments. This really encompasses a wide variety of offices!

Everyone here is an official of the court, from grassroots clerks to high-ranking generals, with the ranks clearly defined. For example, those clerks who run errands and deliver messages in various departments, the clerks responsible for military documents, the clerks working in public offices, and the messengers tasked with conveying information, have ranks ranging from Upper Eighth Rank to Lower Eighth Rank. There are also clerks working in the government offices, officials in charge of sacrifices, officials in white robes, officers tasked with palace guard duty, officials in charge of receiving guests, and so forth, as well as clerks in various departments, assistants to the imperial physician, and assistants to the grand historian; all of these positions also have clear ranks.

Furthermore, there are positions like book supervisor, chief book supervisor, and chief bookkeeper, as well as military generals such as General Guangye, General Hengye, General Pian, and General Bi, with ranks ranging from Upper Ninth Rank to Lower Ninth Rank. There are also positions like the historical supervisor, chief post doctor, eight clerks, lieutenant, and royal clerks, with ranks fluctuating around the Ninth Rank. In December of the eighteenth year of the Taihe era, the emperor decreed that the salaries for the positions of Chariots and Cavalry General, Palace Attendant, and Yellow Gate Attendant should be executed according to the old regulations of the Wei and Jin dynasties. In August of the nineteenth year, new positions were created for the direct officers of the imperial guards on both sides. In the twenty-third year, Emperor Gaozu issued another decree to standardize the official position system, and it wasn't until after the emperor's passing that Emperor Shizong officially continued this system, establishing it as a permanent system.

The highest-ranking officials are naturally the Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Guardian, the three Dukes, as well as the Grand Marshal, Great General, Grand Commandant, Minister of Works, and Minister of War, who are all high-ranking officials of the first rank. Below them are the first-rank officials such as those with the title equivalent to the Three Ministers, the founding County Dukes, the Governor General of both internal and external affairs, the officials of the Open Office, and the various Dukes. Positions such as the Crown Prince's Grand Preceptor, Crown Prince's Grand Tutor, Crown Prince's Grand Guardian, Specially Appointed Official, Minister of Personnel, General of the Cavalry, and General of the Chariots have specific rankings; for instance, if "Great" is prefixed to the General of the Cavalry or the General of the Chariots, their rank falls below that of the Governor General of both internal and external affairs. If the General of the Guard is prefixed with "Great," their rank is above that of the Crown Prince's Grand Preceptor; if the General of the Four Campaigns is prefixed with "Great," their rank is below that of the Grand General of the Guard; similarly, other generals will also have their ranks elevated accordingly with the prefix "Great." There are also the Left and Right Grand Ministers and the founding County Marquis, who are second-rank officials.

If the position of Minister of Personnel is set with both a Left and Right Minister, then the Left Minister's rank is higher than that of the Right Minister. Additionally, there are second-rank officials such as the Director of the Central Secretariat, the Governor of the Province, the Four Generals of Peace (with "Great" prefixed, they rank below the General of the Guard), the General of the Central Army, the General of the Town Army, and the General of the Pacification Army. The Golden Purple Grand Minister and various Dukes are officials below the second rank. The Minister of Personnel, the Four Generals of Peace, the Central Commander, and the Central Protector, if the Central Commander and Central Protector are prefixed with "General," then the "Central" is omitted, and their rank falls below that of the General of the Pacification Army. The three ministers: the Grand Minister, the Grand Official, and the Guard Minister, as well as the Crown Prince’s Junior Preceptor, Junior Tutor, Junior Guardian, Minister of the Central Secretariat, Crown Prince’s Grand Master, Chamberlain, various Ministers, the Four Generals of Peace, Grand Official, Minister of the Court, Grand Herald, Clan Minister, Grand Minister of Agriculture, and Grand Minister of Finance, all have ranks that are clearly defined.

Speaking of official positions, the ranks are clearly defined. First, let's mention the highest ones, which are held by powerful figures: the Governor of Henan, the Inspector of Shangzhou, the Grand Secretary, the Royal Tutors, the Generals of the Left and Right Wings, as well as the Front, Left, Right, and Rear Generals, and the Grand Minister of Rites (those wearing silver-blue official robes). Adding a Marquis of a founding county, these are all prominent characters.

Next is the Right Third Rank, which also has significant positions: the Cavalry Commandant, the Generals of the Four Directions, the Protector of the Xiongnu, Qiang, Rong, Yi, Man, and Yue, the Central General, the Grand Sacrificial Official, the Deputy Censor-in-Chief, the Grand Minister of Long Autumn, the Chief Craftsman, the General of Conquest, and two Grand Ministers of Agriculture and two Grand Ministers of Education (if the Minister of Education has two Chief Secretaries, the Left Chief Secretary's rank is below the Cavalry Commandant, and the Right Chief Secretary is below the Central Gentleman). The Crown Prince's Chief Attendant, the General of the Imperial Guard, the Champion General, the Protector of the Qiang, Rong, Yi, Man, and Yue, the Colonel, the Grand Minister of the Central Court, the General of Dragon's Might, and the Scatter Marquis—these positions are also quite significant.

Then there is the Right Third Junior Rank, which is slightly lower but still notable: two Grand Ministers of Agriculture, two Grand Ministers of Education, and the positions of Grand Minister of Ceremonies, Grand Minister of Rites, and the General of the Imperial Guard, which sound impressive just by their names.

Further down is the Right Three Junior Ministers, considered mid-level leadership: the Minister of Personnel, the Deputy Minister of the Yellow Gate, the Crown Prince's Central Gentleman, the Minister of Agriculture, the Chief Secretary to the Prince, the Grand Minister of the Stable, the Grand Minister of the Court, the Minister of Ancestral Rights, the Grand Minister of Agriculture, and the Grand Minister of the Treasury.

Finally, there is the Right Six Junior Ministers, which has an even lower rank: the Central Attendant, the Central Governor, the City Gate Colonel, the Minister of Agriculture, the Prince's Chief Secretary, the First-Rank General, the Chief Secretary of the Office, the Guerrilla General, and the General of Valiant Cavalry.

Let's talk about the positions that could be promoted to higher ranks in the past: General of Town Defense, General of Peacekeeping, General of Stability, Jianyi General, Jianzhong General, Jianjie General, Liyi General, Lizhong General, Lijie General, Huiwu General, Yongwu General, Yaowu General, Zhaowu General, Xianwu General, as well as the Marshal of the First Rank, Imperial Attendant, Consultant to the Minister of Works, Gentleman of the Palace Attendant, Provincial Inspector, Prefect of Upper Commandery, Historiographer, and Marquis of the founding county.

Lastly, the Right Fourth Rank positions, which are relatively lower in rank: Central Stalwart General, Central Valiant General, Deputy Secretary of the Left, two Grand Ministers of Works, two Grand Consultants to the Minister of Works, Historiographer of the Provincial Governor's Office, Second Rank General, Chief Clerk of the Prince of Shifan, Chief Steward of the Crown Prince's Household, Chief Equerry of the Crown Prince, Crown Prince's Attendant, Crown Prince's Tutor, General of the Second Rank, Marshal of the Prince of Shifan, Front, Left, Right, Rear Army General. Similarly, there were also positions that could be promoted to higher ranks in the past.

Oh, these are all official positions listed above, ranging from the First Rank to the Fifth Rank, which can be quite overwhelming. Let's start with those First Rank Grand Generals, Ning Shuo, Jianwei, Zhenwei, Fenwei, Yangwei, Guangwei Generals, each of them sounds really impressive! There are also Councillors, Deputy Secretary of the Right, Minister of Works, and these civil officials, as well as the Prince's Consultant to the Minister of Works, Provincial Governor's Office Historiographer, and even Left, Right, Central Army Generals, Jianwu, Zhenwu, Fenwu, Yangwu, Guangwu Generals, and the First Rank Marshal's Consultant to the Minister of Works, very high-ranking positions! Lastly, there is the designation 'Sanzi,' probably referring to the Emperor's sons or similar, suggesting a highly esteemed status. Then there is the Right Fourth Rank, a slightly lower rank, Ningyuan General, Yingyang General, Zhechong General, Yanglie General, as well as the Chief Clerk of the Second Prince, two Grand Officials, two Grand Attendants, Secretariat Attendant, Prince's Companion, Imperial Academy Scholar, Palace Attendant, Crown Prince's Aide, and Assistant Cavalryman of the Crown Prince, all at this level.

Looking further down, the previous high-ranking official positions included the Shooting Sound Cavalry Commander, the Yue Cavalry Commander, the Tun Cavalry Commander, the Infantry Commander, the Long Water Commander, as well as the Minister of State, the Prince's Chief Clerk, the Second-Rank Generals, the Advisors to the King of the First Tribes, the Chief Clerk under the Minister of State, the Prefects of the Central Commandery, the Interior Minister, and the Chancellor, and even the Marquis of the Founding County; these official titles are quite diverse.

Next is the fifth rank on the right, which includes the Fubo General, the Lingjiang General, the Pinghan General, as well as the Third-Rank Generals, the Chief Clerk to the King of the Three Tribes, the Second-Class and Second-Grade Officials, the Literary Official, the Regular Attendant of the Straight Riding, the Prince's Horse Groom, and also the Second-Rank Generals, the Advisors to the King of the Two Tribes, the Third-Rank Generals, the Military Officer of the Three Tribes, and the Commander of the Chariot. Previously high-ranking official positions included the Prince's Cavalry Commander, the Prince's Infantry Commander, the Prince's Later Army Commander, the Water Envoy, the Minister of State, the Prince's Chief Clerk, the Chief of the Long History, the Military Officer, as well as the Marquis of Returning Righteousness, the Marquis of Leading Righteousness, the Marquis of Following Righteousness, the Marquis of Court Attire, the Light Chariot General, the General of Tiger Might, the Chief Clerk under the Minister of State, the Governor of Luoyang, the Middle Attendant, and also the lesser nobles. There are indeed many types of official positions in this fifth rank on the right! The official titles listed above, from first rank to fifth rank, are simply numerous and dazzling to behold.

Old Zhang, take a look at this pile of official titles; it's so densely packed, it’s giving me a headache! The Xuanwei General, the Mingwei General... from the Third-Rank General's Chief Clerk... a whole bunch, what are they all? The titles listed above are all ancient official positions, each one more impressive than the last, and they all sound quite formidable.

Second Master, Second Princess' Registrar, Second Master, Prince's Chief Attendant, Sikong Zhubu, Sikong, Prince's Registrar of Military Affairs... These official titles sound increasingly prestigious. From the third-grade general Sima, the third-grade general, the consultative positions of the three tribal kings... What are all these official titles? The ancient official system is really complicated! Second Master, Second Princess' Chief Clerk, Jishi, Hucao, Cangcao, Zhongbing Registrar of Military Affairs, Prince's Literature, Zhishu Shiyushi, Yezhe Pushe... Ah, I can't remember any of them! From the first-grade general Kaifu Registrar of Military Affairs, Sikong, Prince's Chief Clerk, Jishi, Hucao, Cangcao, Zhongbing Registrar of Military Affairs, Prince's Chief Clerk Shi... This is simply a jumble of official titles! In the past, these official positions all had to attend court.

County Magistrate of Henan, Commander of the Imperial Guards, Yulin Jian, Rongcong Pushe, Fuma Duwei, Tingwei Zheng, Jian, Ping Shangshu Langzhong, Zhongshu Sheren... Some of these titles sound quite impressive, while others seem rather unfamiliar. From the first-grade general Kaifu Chief Clerk, Jishi, Cangcao, Hucao, Zhongbing Registrar of Military Affairs, Chief Clerk Shi... Xia Jun Taishou, Neishi, Xiang... Shang Xianling, Xiang... The hierarchy of these official ranks is truly dizzying. Sixth Rank... This rank system is truly baffling.

General Xiang Wei, General Li Wei, Second-Rank General, Registrar of the Prince of Shifan, Two Dais and Two Counts' Staff Officers, Imperial Censor, Grand Master of the Prince's Household, Prince's Grand Farmer, Cavalry Captain, Seal Bearer... What kind of official positions are these again? In the past, these positions used to require attendance at court. Starting from the Second-Rank General, Registrar of the Prince of Shifan, Prince's Chief Scribe, Minister of Works, Prince's Staff Officers... These official titles just keep getting longer. Second-Rank General, Assistant to the Prince of Shifan, Secretary, Treasurer, Storekeeper, Military Staff Officer, Assistant Historian... Starting from the First-Rank General's Chief Scribe, Staff Officer... Second-Rank General, Assistant to the Prince of Shifan, Secretary, Treasurer, Storekeeper, Military Staff Officer, Assistant Historian... Prince's Attendant, Attendant to the Three Ministers... Ranked sixth in the hierarchy... These ancient official positions are truly dazzling! General Weilie, General Weikou, General Weilu, General Weirong, General Weiwu... Fourth-Rank Chief of General Staff... These are all generals with the character "Wei," which sounds quite imposing! Two Dais, Two Counts' Libationers, Third-Rank General, Assistant to the Three Princes, Minister of Works' Libationer to the Prince... Martial General Wulie, General Wuyi, General Wufen... King, Count, Chief Commandant of the Nation, Accumulated Crossbow General, Accumulated Archery General, Attendant Cavalry Officer, Prince's Lieutenant, Two Dais, Two Counts' Staff Officers, Two Dais, Two Counts' Staff Officers, Libationer... There are so many official positions, I can’t keep track of any! These positions used to require attendance at court.

First, he served as a military officer to the Minister of Works and the Prince. Then, he became a military officer to the Minister of Works and the Prince. After that, he was promoted to the position of third-grade general and served as a military officer in the records department. He was then promoted to second-grade general, chief clerk of the Prince of Shifan, and military officer in the records department, before being promoted to first-grade general, where he served as a military officer in the Prince's household. He also served as a third-grade general while concurrently serving as secretary, accountant, warehouse officer, supply officer, and military officer for the central army, as well as historian. In addition, he held the positions of second-grade general, chief clerk of the Prince of Erban, and military officer in the records department.

His positions also included being the commander of the Second Guard, generals tasked with suppressing bandits, enemies, crises, and barbarians, as well as serving as a third-grade general in various military roles. He also served as the assistant minister of the imperial family, assistant minister of the imperial court, deputy secretary in the Secretariat, assistant compiler, county magistrate, and minister, with a rank of seventh grade on the right. Furthermore, he served as generals for pacifying bandits, enemies, crises, rebels, as well as a fifth-grade chief military historian and marshal, and a general of strong crossbows. He also served as a military officer in various roles for the Second Duke, Second Prince, second-grade general, chief clerk of the Prince of Shifan, third-grade general, chief clerk of the Prince of Sanfan, and military officer in the records department, as well as a military officer in the Prince's household, and even as the chief agricultural officer of a principality. These positions were all obtained through promotions.

He also served as a professor at the Imperial Academy, attendant to the Prince, doctor of the imperial rituals, second-grade general, military officer for the Prince of Erban, second-grade general, military officer in the records department for the Prince of Erban, chief clerk of the third-grade general, military officer in the records department, fourth-grade chief military historian, accountant, warehouse officer, supply officer, and military officer for the central army, as well as chief clerk of the provincial governor, court advisor, teaching assistant at the National Academy, with a rank of seventh grade on the right.

In the end, he also served as General for the Suppression of Bandits, General for the Suppression of Captives, General for the Suppression of Disturbances, General for the Suppression of Barbarians, as well as Second-Class General, Military Counselor to the King of Shifan, Third-Class General, Military Counselor to the King of Sanfan, Fourth-Class Adjutant General, Military Advisor, Marquis and Chief Minister of the Earl, Assistant to the Chief of the Western Bureau of the Provincial Governor's Office, Palace General, Attendant to the Imperial Family, Grand Minister; these positions were all historically significant.

General of Pacifying Bandits, General of Pacifying Invaders, General of Pacifying Disturbances, General of Pacifying Rebellions... these are all titles of military leaders, sounding quite imposing, roughly equivalent to modern military titles responsible for suppressing rebellions, resisting foreign enemies, and maintaining order. The official in charge of the Secretariat, the two grand officials and the two dukes who concurrently serve as military advisors, the minister in charge of public transport, the command of the imperial decree, and various secretarial positions, typically those of higher rank... these official positions involve multiple areas such as administration, military, and transportation, with varying levels of authority. The Minister of the Court, the official recorder of the Ministry of the Interior, the chief scribe, the imperial censor in the palace, the deputy of the central palace, and the miscellaneous attendants of the central palace... these positions mainly serve within the palace, responsible for handling palace affairs. The term "Upper Ranks" refers to the fact that these official positions were relatively high in rank in the past. The deputy of the palace gate, the grand agricultural officials of the marquisate and dukedom, the Minister of Works, the princes who concurrently serve as military advisors, the upper, middle, and lower generals of the princes, the middle officials of the princes, the deputy of the two rates, and the fourth-rank generals who served as military advisors... these positions involve multiple areas such as the royal family and local administration. The royal and ducal constant attendants, the Fierce General, the Sharp General, the Tiger Tooth General, the Tiger Fierce General, the fifth-rank generals who served as chief clerks and military advisors, the literary officials of the Secretariat, from the first-rank general, the chancellor concurrently serving as military advisor, and the external general... these titles carry a sense of authority and power, reflecting the hierarchy and cultural characteristics of ancient official positions. The right subordinate of the eighth rank indicates the level of this official position.

General of the Wilds, Minister of the Imperial Family, Prefect of the Grand Acolyte, Prefect of Various Offices (those holding positions above 600 dan) in the Yellow Gate, Prefect of the Princess's Household, Prefect of the Imperial Sons' Library, Scholar of the Four Gates, Doctor of Law, Registrar, Two Great and Two Public Military Advisors, Inspector of the Censorate... These official positions cover various fields such as military, education, law, etc., each with different levels. Previously, the term "shangjie" signified the higher ranks of these official positions. Minister of State for Princes, Commandant of the State for Marquises or Earls, Attendant, Three Ministers of the Crown Prince, Fifth-rank General, Minister of Works, Imperial Prince's Military Advisor, Second-rank General, Military Advisor to the Prince of Shan, First-rank General, Military Advisor to the Prince of Kai, Inspector of the Palace... These official positions also involve various aspects and have different levels. Ninth Rank on the Right indicates the rank of the position. Adjunct General, Assistant General, Steward of the Crown Prince's Stables, Supervisor of the Huaihai River Crossing, Various Prefects, Imperial Prince's Sacrificial Prefect, Imperial Prince's Educational Prefect, Imperial Prince's Guard Prefect, General of the Upper, Middle, and Lower Ranks of the State for Princes and Dukes, Grandee of the State for Princes and Dukes, Prefect of Various Offices (those below 600 dan)... Most of these positions are relatively low-ranking and handle specific responsibilities.

In conclusion, this passage lists a large number of ancient official positions, covering both civil and military officials, with strict levels and diverse functions. To accurately translate it into modern spoken Chinese, it is necessary to combine historical background and specific official positions for explanation in order to better understand its meaning. Simply translating it into modern job titles is not comprehensive enough, as the power and responsibilities of ancient official positions are often more complex than modern positions.

Speaking of ancient official positions, the hierarchical system was quite complex! From First-rank General to Ninth-rank Minor Official, there were many types, progressing step by step. Those official positions in the past had no ranks at all, and were only established during the Wei Dynasty, which was a distinct system established during the Wei Dynasty!

In the eleventh month of the first year of the Zhengshi era, the Central Government Officials in the county were removed. In the ninth month of the fourth year, the emperor issued a decree stating: "The five military academies that used to manage the army, with ranks higher than ministers, and the Attendant of the Imperial Chariot, a favored official of the emperor, have become redundant. Although their titles remain, the number of personnel must be limited, and the number of palace marshals must also be set. Now, each of the five schools has twenty members, the Attendant of the Imperial Chariot has twenty members, the Cavalry Commanders have sixty members, the palace marshals have two hundred members, and the Assistant Marshals have three hundred members." In the twelfth month of the first year of the Yongping era, the Minister of Works Gao Zhao, the Minister of Ceremonies, and the Prince of Qinghe submitted a memorial requesting the establishment of three thousand Junior Scholars. In the first month of the second year, Minister Gao Zhao submitted another memorial, stating that the two envoys of the Capital Administration, military officers, courtiers, record keepers, and clerks must be adjusted according to the situation. The emperor said: "Follow your suggestions for the two envoys. As for lower-ranking officials, as long as they can perform their duties, there’s no need for a large number. Keep one military officer and one record keeper, add two courtiers, and keep the clerks as they were." Gao Zhao also requested the removal of the military officers from various administrative offices in each province. In the seventh month of the fourth year, the emperor issued a decree renaming the Imperial Guards as Imperial Scholars, and the ranks would be determined by the Ministry of Works. Officials below the seventh rank and above the eighth rank were to be rearranged. In the seventh month of the first year of the Zhengguang era, Left and Right Guard Generals were established, two for each. In the twelfth month, the Central Government Officials in each province were removed again, and the counties were instructed to register their population themselves, which was later reinstated. In the tenth month of the second year of the Xiaochang era, the emperor issued a decree to increase the number of Imperial Scholars and Commoner Scholars by two hundred each. Four hundred Guards were also established, selected from the imperial relatives and nobles who were skilled in martial arts. In the early years of the Xiaozhuang era, due to Erzhu Rong's contributions in supporting the throne, he was appointed as the Grand General of the Pillar State, ranking above that of the Prime Minister; later, he was further appointed as the Grand Prime Minister and Grand General of the Heavenly Pillar, with additional supporting officials. The Grand Commandant and Prince of Shangdang, Tian Mu, were appointed Grand Chancellor, with additional supporting officials.

In the second year of Yong'an, the emperor issued a decree to restore ten Sizhi officials, equivalent to the fifth rank, under the jurisdiction of the Tingwei, responsible for reviewing the impeachment memorials submitted by the censors. During the Putai era, the emperor appointed Er Zhu Shilong as the Yitong of the Three Departments, a position above the Three Excellencies. Additionally, new positions were created, including Shizhong, Huangmen, and Wuwei Jiangjun, with six individuals allocated to each position.

After the Yong'an period, constant warfare broke out across various regions, prompting the court to establish the Jingji Dudu Fu and set up Dudu Fus in each province, all responsible for commanding the military. In the summer of the fourth year of Tianping, the court abolished the Dudu Fus in six provinces and placed these provinces under the jurisdiction of the Jingji Dudu Fu, which remained unchanged, and appointed a Deputy Chief.

The previous system was that if there was a Generalissimo, the position of Grand Commandant would be vacant; if there was a Chancellor, there would be no Minister of Works. After the Zhengguang period, due to frequent turmoil across the land and the coexistence of meritorious officials and the nobility, the court simultaneously established both the Generalissimo and the Grand Commandant, as well as the Chancellor and the Minister of Works.

In November of the second year of Wuding, the relevant authorities reported: "The merits of Prince Qi Xianwu are great, his virtue is esteemed, and his status is above all other ministers. In the past, after Huo Guang's death, his tomb was managed by a Chief and a Deputy Chief. Now, we request to appoint one Chief, one Deputy Chief, one Clerk, one Household Registrar, one Guard Registrar, and one Attendant for the tomb of Prince Qi Xianwu, with all positions ranked one level below the usual imperial tomb officials. The rank of the Attendant remains unchanged." The emperor issued a decree of approval.

In March of the seventh year, the emperor ordered to add two individuals in the left and right Guanglu Dafu Fu, to add four in the Jinzi Guanglu Dafu Fu, to add four in the Guanglu Dafu Fu, and to add six in both the Taizhong Dafu Fu and the Zhongsan Dafu Fu. In May, he further ordered the restoration of the four Zhonglang Generals from the temporary affiliation with the Lingjun Fu established during the Yongping era of Shizong to return to the Hujun Fu.

Since ancient times, the emperor established merit based on his birth, bestowing surnames and granting land to clans; the nobles were named based on their family and posthumous titles, and those with hereditary titles formed noble families, as did local regions. Surnames represent their origins, clan records their ancestry; that’s essentially how it works. Some surnames are based on place of residence, some on country names, some on official titles, and some on objects; although the origins are different, the meanings are the same. The Wei clan originally resided in the Shuofang region, which was remote and had different customs from the Central Plains, with various practices of bestowing surnames, such as Changshao, Weishi, and Zhongkui. Initially, during Emperor An's unification of the country, there were ninety-nine surnames among various tribes. By the time of Emperor Xian, the population was divided into seven groups for his brothers to govern, thus different clans were formed. Later, the Wei kingdom annexed other countries, each with its own tribes, and within the tribes, there were different clans, which became the internal surnames within the Wei kingdom. Over the long years, surnames changed over time, experiencing rises and falls, survival and extinction, occurring from time to time; now only some clearer examples are given.

Another older brother of Emperor Xian was originally surnamed Ge Gu, but later changed it to Hu. Another older brother of Emperor Xian was originally surnamed Pu, but later changed it to Zhou. Another older brother of Emperor Xian was originally surnamed Tuoba, but later changed it to Zhangsun. Emperor Xian's younger brother was originally surnamed Daxi, but later changed it to Xi. My second brother was originally surnamed Yilou but later changed it to Yi. The third brother was originally surnamed Qiudun but later changed it to Qiu. The third brother was originally surnamed Hou but later changed it to Hai. These seven major surnames in our family came about in this way.

Later, I also conferred surnames upon my uncle's descendants, naming them Yizhan Shi, which was later changed to Shusun Shi. I also conferred surnames on some distant relatives, naming them Che Kun Shi, which was later changed to Che Shi. Thus, including the royal family, there are a total of ten surnames, and members of these surnames were prohibited from intermarrying for hundreds of years. Prior to the Taihe period, individuals outside these ten surnames were not allowed to participate in national funerals and sacrifices. Emperor Gaozu abolished this rule, allowing everyone to fulfill their roles.

During the reign of Emperor Shenyuan, some people of other surnames were also incorporated into the imperial family. For example, the Qiu Mu Ling clan was changed to the Mu clan; the Bu Liugu clan was changed to the Lu clan; the He Lai clan was changed to the He clan; the Dugu clan was changed to the Liu clan; the Helou clan was changed to the Lou clan; the Wuniu clan was changed to the Yu clan; the Si Lian clan remained as the Si clan; the Pu Lan clan was changed to the Pu clan; the Ruoguan clan was changed to the Gou clan; the Balie clan was changed to the Liang clan; the Bolue clan was changed to the Lue clan; the Ruoyin clan was changed to the Kou clan; the Chiluo clan was changed to the Luo clan; the Pulou Ru clan was changed to the Ru clan; the Hege clan was changed to the Ge clan; the Si Ben clan was changed to the Feng clan; the Afu Yu clan was changed to the A clan; the Kedian clan was changed to the Yan clan; the Aluhuan clan was changed to the Lu clan; the Talo Ba clan was changed to the Luo clan; the Boxi clan was changed to the Bo clan; the Wuwan clan was changed to the Huan clan; the Suhe clan was changed to the He clan; the Tuyuhun clan remained the Tuyuhun clan; the Hugu Kouyin clan was changed to the Hou clan; the Heruo clan remained the Heruo clan; the Guhun clan was changed to the Hun clan; the Pilou clan was changed to the Lou clan; the Sili Fa clan was changed to the Bao clan; the Tufulu clan was changed to the Lu clan; the Dieyun clan was changed to the Yun clan; the Siyun clan was changed to the Si clan; the Chili clan was changed to the Li clan; the Fulu clan was changed to the Fu clan; the Na clan remained the Na clan; the Ruo Luo clan was changed to the Ruo clan; the Qifu clan was changed to the Fu clan; the Adan clan was changed to the Dan clan.

Let's talk about the renaming of ancient clans. First, let's look at a few clans that changed their names to the same one—there's not much difference! There's also the He'er clan, which was later simplified to the Er clan—short and straightforward. The Tu Xi clan became the Gu clan, and the Chu Lian clan became the Bi clan—now that's a significant change. The Yu clan has always kept its name, unchanged. The He Ba clan was changed to the He clan, the Chi Lu clan became the Lu clan, the Mo Na Lou clan became the Mo clan, the Xi Dou Lu clan became the Suo Lu clan, and the Mo Lu clan became the Lu clan.

Next up, the Chu Da Han clan became the Han clan, the Mo Lu Zhen clan became the Lu clan, the Hu Di Yu clan became the Hu clan, the Mo Yu clan became the Yu clan, the Ge Gan clan became the Gan clan, and the Si Fu Jin clan became the Fu clan. The Shi Lou clan became the Gao clan, the Shi Tu clan became the Qu clan, the Ta Lu clan became the Ta clan, the Wa Shi Lan clan became the Shi clan, the Jie Pi clan became the Jie clan, the Qi Jin clan became the Qi clan, the Xu Bu clan became the Bu clan, the Qiu Lin clan became the Lin clan, the Da Mo Gan clan became the He clan, the Er Mian clan became the Mian clan, the Gai Lou clan became the Gai clan, the Su Li clan became the Li clan, and the Ke Dan clan became the Dan clan.

The Yi Dou Juan clan became the Ming clan, the Chi Men clan became the Men clan, the Su Liu Jin clan became the Su clan, the Bi Han clan became the Han clan, the Tu Nan clan became the Shan clan, the Wu Yin clan became the Fang clan, the Shu Luo Yu clan became the Shu clan, and the Yi Fu clan became the Yi clan. By the way, we should mention the Dongfang Yuwen clan and the Murong clan—these two clans were the most powerful in the east during Emperor Xuan's reign—definitely worth discussing in more detail later.

In the south, there was a clan called 茂眷氏, later changed to 茂氏. Further south, there was a clan called 纥豆陵氏, changed to 窦氏. There was also a clan called 侯莫陈氏, changed to 陈氏, 库狄氏 changed to 狄氏, 太洛稽氏 changed to 稽氏, and 柯拔氏 changed to 柯氏. In the west, 尉迟氏 changed to 尉氏, 步鹿根氏 changed to 步氏, 破多罗氏 changed to 潘氏, 叱干氏 changed to 薛氏, and finally 俟奴氏 changed to 俟氏. Aren't the stories of these clans changing their names fascinating?

The earliest clan, 辗迟氏, was later changed to 展氏; 费连氏 became 费氏; 其连氏 became 綦氏; 去斤氏 became 艾氏; 渴侯氏 became 缑氏; 叱卢氏 became 祝氏; 和稽氏 became 缓氏; 冤赖氏 became 就氏; 嗢盆氏 became 温氏; 达勃氏 became 褒氏; 独孤浑氏 became 杜氏. The leaders of these tribes each managed their own people, but the tribes beneath 尉迟氏 couldn’t compare to larger clans like 贺兰氏.

In the northern region, 贺兰氏 later changed to 贺氏; 郁都甄氏 changed to 甄氏; 纥奚氏 changed to 嵇氏; 越勒氏 changed to 越氏; 叱奴氏 changed to 狼氏; 渴烛浑氏 changed to 味氏; 库褥官氏 changed to 库氏; 乌洛兰氏 changed to 兰氏; 一那蒌氏 changed to 蒌氏; 羽弗氏 changed to 羽氏. These tribes from all directions paid tribute annually. At the beginning of the country's founding, the Emperor resettled these people in various regions, and from that point forward, they were treated like ordinary citizens.

In the nineteenth year of Taihe, the emperor issued a decree that many people are now requesting to be included in the royal family, but such a system has never existed. Even descendants with merits are all mixed together without distinction. Therefore, some officials have reached high positions as dukes, but their relatives are still holding low-ranking official positions. Now, there is a plan to establish a royal family system, but many aspects are still unfinished, so we will first select certain individuals and arrange them step by step. The eight surnames of Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji, and Wei have all been rewarded during the time of Emperor Taizu, with notable contributions and have been granted titles as princes, all of which can be verified. Therefore, we must inform Sizhōu and the Ministry of Personnel not to assign them to low-ranking positions, treating them the same as the previous four surnames. Other gentry families will be addressed by another decree in the future.

Those who were originally leaders of northern tribes, whose ancestors have held positions at or above the rank of minister, provincial governor, or general for three generations since the dynasty's founding, or who have attained the rank of prince, will be recognized as surnames. If they are not tribal leaders, but their ancestors have held positions above the rank of minister for three generations since the establishment of the dynasty, and have not been demoted, attaining the rank of prince, they will also be recognized as surnames. The descendants of those tribal leaders who have not attained the aforementioned ranks since the dynasty was established, but whose ancestors have held positions above the rank of Zhong San or Inspector General for three generations, or have served as governors or county magistrates in other regions, achieving the rank of gentleman, will be recognized as clans. If they are not tribal leaders, but their ancestors have held positions at or above the rank of commandant for three generations since the establishment of the dynasty, or have served as deputy generals, county magistrates, or governors in other regions, achieving the rank of marquis or higher, they will also be recognized as clans.

Any relatives of these families, as long as they are their immediate family (during the mourning period), even if their ancestors held official positions only one or two generations back, should be recognized as part of the clan, even if they don’t fully meet the highest standards; those beyond the fifth generation will be counted separately and will no longer receive the clan's protection. Even if they are immediate family, if their ancestors' official positions over the past three generations do not meet the criteria for inclusion, they will not be included unless there are qualifying official positions from three generations that meet the criteria for inclusion. All confirmed members of the clan must have their origins clearly documented, and the proposed list of surnames must be submitted for my final decision. These matters must be inquired about within the clan, clarifying any doubts, and then reviewing their old records to verify their official positions. Only with conclusive evidence can they be reported, and they must not be taken at their word or falsely reported for personal advantage.

If any fraud is discovered, the person who reports it will also be held accountable and punished for "false reporting"; officials found to have committed fraud will be punished according to the regulations for "providing false answers in office." An order was issued to Siku Mu Liang, General Yuan Yan, Guard General Wang Jia of Guangyang, and Minister Lu Xiu to carefully formulate a surname system for the people of the northern regions, striving for fairness and justice. Once the review is completed, a list will be compiled every three months and sent to the Ministry of Personnel for reporting. As a result, there was a clear distinction in how officials were promoted and demoted.

During the reign of the Ming Shizong, common people still tended to invoke family backgrounds in lawsuits, seeking connections. Therefore, the emperor instructed Ministers Yu Zhong, Yuan Kuang, Shi Zhong Mu Shao, and Minister Yuan Chang to devise a solution.

Consequently, these ministers seriously considered how to tackle the issue of common people frequently involving family ties in lawsuits. We can't allow family backgrounds to keep influencing judgment outcomes, can we? That would compromise fairness and justice. We need to find a way to ensure everyone follows the law without favoritism.

Details

Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 07 January 2025

Created: 07 January 2025

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The Wei family's ancestors had resided for generations in the areas of Youzhou and Shuozhou. By the time of Emperor Xian of Han, someone reported a dream from an immortal, suggesting that they should migrate south. Thus, the Wei family transferred the throne to Emperor Shengwu and ordered everyone to migrate south. However, the valleys were heavily blocked, making the migration route very challenging, leading many to consider giving up. At that moment, a divine beast appeared, resembling a horse and making a sound like a cow, which led the way. After many years, they finally succeeded in their migration and settled in the old territory of the Xiongnu.

In November of the first year of Emperor Gaozu's reign, the people of Xiurong County caught a qilin and presented it to the emperor. "A ruler who does not harm the womb or break the egg will prosper."

In July of the third year of Emperor Shenzu's reign, a white turtle was presented from Jizhou. "If the ruler does not favor officials privately, respects the elders, and appoints the old without bias, then it will come."

In June of the second year of Emperor Gaozu's reign, a large turtle was sent from Yingzhou.

In December of the first year of Emperor Gaozu's reign, Xuzhou's Zhuyi garrison soldier Xing De discovered a stalk of yarrow with forty-nine branches one hundred and twenty miles south of Pengcheng, and while digging deeper, he unearthed a large turtle as well, which he presented to the emperor. The emperor proclaimed: "The turtle and yarrow are both spiritual symbols aligned with the scriptures! Xing De can be granted a five-rank nobility title."

In June of the third year, a large turtle was captured in the capital.

In February of the first year of Emperor Suzong's reign, a turtle was caught in the Lingzhi Pond of Jiulong Hall, and the emperor granted amnesty to everyone and changed the era name.

In October of the third year of Emperor Xiaojing's reign, it was reported that a commoner named Jia Xingda from Chenliu County in South Yanzhou had discovered a hairy turtle at his home.

In August of the fourth year of Tianping, a large elephant came to the Dahu District of South Yanzhou. Local commoner Chen Tian'ai reported this and sent the elephant to the capital. The emperor granted amnesty to everyone and changed the era name. "A ruler who maintains discipline will prosper."

In November of the second year of Emperor Gaozu's reign, a black fox was presented from Xuzhou. "During the time of King Cheng of Zhou, peace was established, and the black fox appeared."

In May of the third year, a white fox was found. "If the ruler is benevolent and wise, then it will come."

In June, a white fox was caught in the Fuming region and presented to the emperor.

In June of the eighth year of the reign, a black fox was caught in Xuzhou and presented to the emperor. In March of the tenth year, a nine-tailed fox was caught in Jizhou and presented to the emperor. "When the king unifies the six regions, it will be evident. During the time of King Wen of Zhou, the Eastern Yi submitted." "It is said that if the king remains impartial, he embodies supreme virtue, and so do the birds and beasts." In November of the eleventh year, another nine-tailed fox was caught in Jizhou and presented to the emperor. In January of the twenty-third year, both Sizhou and Hezhou offered white foxes. In June of the nineteenth year, a white fox was caught in Pingyang County, Sizhou, and presented to the emperor. In February of the third year of Emperor Shizong's reign, Hezhou presented a white fox. In October of the third year of Yongping, a white fox appeared in Jizhou. In April of the fourth year of Yanchang, a white fox was presented by Yanzhou. In September, Xiangzhou sent a white fox. This news sounds rather unusual; I wonder if it's some kind of auspicious sign. A few months later, in the intercalary month, two more white foxes were sent from Fenzhou. This time, they sent even more, suggesting that white foxes are actually quite common. In March of the second year of Emperor Suzong's reign, Nanchingzhou also sent two white foxes. These white foxes are being sent back and forth quite frequently. In June of the third year, Pingyang County also sent a white fox. Sending white foxes is becoming quite a trend. In August, a nine-tailed fox was sent from Guangzhou! This is much rarer than the white fox; just thinking about it, having nine tails sounds impressive. In May of the fourth year, Pingyang County sent another white fox. Is Pingyang County the birthplace of white foxes, or do they just keep sending them? In April of the fourth year of Emperor Xiaojing's reign, a white fox was sent from Xiyanzhou; in July, Guangzhou sent another nine-tailed fox. The flow of white and nine-tailed foxes keeps coming one after another.

In April of the first year of Yuanxiang, Guangzhou sent a nine-tailed fox. Is Guangzhou really the hometown of the nine-tailed fox? Why do they keep sending nine-tailed foxes? In the second month of the second year, Guangzhou sent another nine-tailed fox. That's quite a frequency! In the fifth month of Xinghe's third year, Sizhou sent a nine-tailed fox. These nine-tailed foxes are popping up everywhere! In December, Weijun sent a white fox. The white foxes and nine-tailed foxes are really taking turns showing up! In the fourth month of the fourth year, Yingzhou sent two white foxes. Looks like there are quite a few white foxes! In the seventh month of Wuding's first year, Youzhou caught a white fox and presented it to the emperor. This white fox isn’t just common; it’s also a tribute. In the seventh month of the third year, Yingzhou sent another white fox—two males and one female. Is Yingzhou actually breeding white foxes? In September, Xiyanzhou sent a white fox. These white foxes just keep coming! In the eleventh month of the second year of Taihe, Taizhou sent a five-colored dog. This is a real rarity—a dog with all sorts of colors! I wonder what breed it is. In the third month of the third year, Qizhou sent a five-colored dog, said to be as beautiful as a painting. This five-colored dog is even rarer than the white foxes! In the fifth month of the fourth year of Taizu Tianxing, Weijun Chiqiu County caught a white deer. "When a ruler shows grace to the people, it brings prosperity," this ancient saying is so true! In the ninth month of the fourth year of Taizong Yongxing, Jianxing County sent a white deer. Looks like white deer are starting to show up! In the second month of the first year of Shizu Shen, Dingzhou caught a white rhinoceros. A white rhinoceros showed up in Leling, so the reign title was changed. These white deer and white rhinoceros are definitely auspicious symbols! In the second month of the third year, white deer appeared in Daijun Daocishan. You can see these white deer everywhere! In the twelfth month of the fourth year of Taiyan, Xiangzhou sent a white deer. White deer are pretty popular gifts.

In May of the eighth year of Zhenjun, a white deer was sent from Luozhou. This white deer just keeps coming! In October of the second year of Taian of Gaozong, the white deer was spotted in the West Park of the capital. This white deer appearing near the imperial palace is truly a good omen!

In June of the first year of Chengming of Gaozu, a white deer was sent from Qinzhou. This white deer, it's everywhere! In January of the first year of Taihe, the white deer appeared in Qinzhou. Is Qinzhou a gathering place for white deer? In March, the white deer appeared in Qingzhou. This white deer truly appears and disappears mysteriously!

In January of the fourth year, a white deer was sent from Nanyuzhou. This white deer is indeed a wonderful gift! In July of the nineteenth year, Sizhou caught a white deer and a fawn and presented them to the emperor. Sizhou really knows how to give gifts! In June of the twentieth year, Sizhou sent another white deer. Sizhou is truly the hometown of white deer!

In January of the first year of Shizong's Jingming era, a white deer was sent from Jingzhou. This white deer just keeps coming! In August of the fourth year of Yongping, Pingzhou sent a white deer. This white deer is truly everywhere! In May of the second year of Yanchang, Qizhou sent a white deer. This white deer is indeed a wonderful gift! In June of the fourth year, Sizhou sent another white deer. Sizhou is truly the hometown of white deer! In May of the first year of Suzong Xiping, Jizhou sent a white deer. This white deer just keeps coming!

In May of a certain year, Sizhou sent a white deer. Some time later, in June of a certain year, Xuzhou also sent a white deer. Later, in June of a certain year, the state of Qi presented a white deer that King Wu had captured. Some time later, in June of a certain year, Yanzhou also presented a white deer.

In the sixth year of Emperor Taizu's reign, in December, the emperor personally went hunting and shot a one-horned deer. The emperor told the ministers about this, and they all said, "Deer usually have two horns, but this one has only one horn, which indicates that the world is about to be unified!"

In a certain year of the Common Era, in March, Sizhou presented a unicorn.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in July, Xuzhou presented another unicorn.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in September, General Er Zhu Xinxing of the rear guard presented a unicorn, symbolizing the imminent arrival of peace in the world.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in November, Sizhou presented another unicorn.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in September, Xuzhou presented another unicorn.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in March, a white wolf appeared in Taiping County. Some people commented: "Over the ages, there have been many auspicious signs, but the appearance of a white wolf in the Cheng Tang era led to the prosperity of the Yin Shang dynasty, and thus the term 'Taiping' was named. Moreover, this white wolf appeared in the territory of the former emperor, which is a sign of the country's prosperity! After King Xuan of Zhou received the white wolf, the Qiang tribe surrendered."

In a certain year of the Common Era, in December, Zhang Anzi presented a white roe deer, which signifies that the king's punishments will be fair and just.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in December, Huaizhou presented a white roe deer.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in May, Yuzhou saw the appearance of a white roe deer.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in January, Huazhou presented a white muntjac (a species of deer).

In a certain year of the Common Era, in March, Xuzhou presented a white roe deer.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in July, Xuzhou presented another white roe deer.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in July, Yingzhou presented a white roe deer.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in June, Qingzhou presented a three-legged raven, symbolizing the king's benevolence and filial piety, with heaven's protection assured.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in November, Xingyang presented a three-legged raven.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in June, Huaizhou presented a three-legged raven.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in the leap month, Jizhou presented a three-legged raven.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in May, Jizhou presented a three-legged raven.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in June, Yuzhou presented a three-legged raven.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in June, Jizhou presented another three-legged raven.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in May, Xuzhou presented a three-legged raven.

In a certain year of the Common Era, in February, Yuzhou presented a three-legged raven.

In June of a certain year, Youzhou presented a four-legged raven.

In the first year of the Zhengshi era, in February, Jizhou sent a three-legged crow. In May, Youzhou sent another three-legged crow. In the same month, Xiangzhou also sent a three-legged crow. In June, Dingzhou sent another three-legged crow. Over the years, various places have continuously presented three-legged crows; it feels quite miraculous.

In the second year, in May, Sizhou presented a three-legged crow. In the third year, in March, Yuzhou also sent a three-legged crow, and in the same month, another one was sent from Yuzhou! In the first year of Yongping, in April, Yuzhou once again presented a three-legged crow. In the third year of Yanchang, in February, Jizhou sent another three-legged crow. The frequency of these three-legged crows appearing is really high; I wonder if this is a sign of good fortune.

In the first year of Emperor Suzong's Xiping era, in April, Jijun sent a three-legged crow. In the second year, in April, Dongjun also sent one. In the same month, Yuzhou and Nanyanzhou each sent three-legged crows! In the first year of Shengui, in August, Yongzhou sent a three-legged crow. In the second year, in May, Yingchuan County sent a three-legged crow. In the first year of Zhengguang, in April, Jizhou sent a three-legged crow, and in the same month, another one was sent from Jizhou! In the second leap month, Dongjun sent another three-legged crow. In the fifth year, in May, Dongjun, Yingchuan County, Xuchang, and Sizhou all presented three-legged crows! In June, Jizhou also sent one. In the sixth year, in June, Yingzhou also presented a three-legged crow. These three-legged crows just keep on coming!

In the first year of Emperor Chu's reign, in May, Qi presented a three-legged crow caught by King Wu. In the second year of Xiaojing, in April, the capital city also caught a three-legged crow. In the third year of Wuding, in May, Yingzhou presented a three-legged crow. In the fourth year, in April, Yingzhou presented another three-legged crow, and in May, another one was presented! It seems these three-legged crows are becoming pretty common as tribute items.

In the second year of Gaozu's Tahe reign, in the seventh month, a white raven appeared in Liangzhou. "When the king's ancestral temple is solemnly honored, auspicious signs will appear." It seems that this white raven is also an auspicious sign. In September, a white raven also appeared in the capital city. In the fifth month of the third year, a white raven appeared in Yuzhou. In September, a white raven also appeared in Qinzhou. In the sixth month of the seventeenth year, a white raven was presented in Yanzhou. In the twelfth month of the twenty-third year, a white raven was presented in Sizhou. This white raven appeared several times.

In the second year of Shizong's Zhengshi reign, in the fifth month, a white raven was presented in Sizhou. In the ninth month of the third year, a white raven was presented in Yingchuan County. In the seventh month of the fourth year, Yingchuan County presented another white raven. In the fourth month of the first year of Yongping, Yingchuan County presented a white raven. In the eighth month of the second year of Yanchang, Pingyang County presented a white raven. In the sixth month of the third year, Jizhou presented a white raven. In the first year of Suzong's Zhaoguang reign, in the tenth month, Youzhou presented a white raven. It seems that both this white raven and the three-legged raven were popular tribute items of that era!

In the second year of Tianping reign of Xiaojing Emperor, in the seventh month, at that time, Qi sent a white raven to the emperor.

In the first year of Yuanxiang, in the fifth month, a white raven was also caught in Jizhou. Two years later, in the eighth month, Xuzhou reported, "In front of the government office of Jiying County in Xuzhou, there is a raven's nest on a locust tree. The mother raven had died, and surprisingly, a magpie was feeding the baby ravens until they grew up." The emperor was delighted and rewarded the governor of Xuzhou with ten bolts of cloth.

In the fourth month of the fourth year of Xinghe, a small white crow was captured in Guixiang County, Weijun. In May, a white crow was also caught in the capital city, and that same month, Yangxia County also presented a white crow. In July, Beiyu Province sent another white crow, and in October, Yingzhou sent one as well. In the first year of Wuding, in June, someone brought a white crow in Dongjun. In May of the third year, Beiyu Province sent yet another white crow, and in the same month, Guangzong County and Yingzhou also presented white crows. In June, Cangzhou also sent one. In the fourth month of the fourth year, Liangzhou sent one; in May, Jizhou also sent one, and in August, Yangxia County sent another. In the second month of the second year of Gaozu Taihe, Liangzhou presented a red crow. Ah, recalling the time of King Wu of Zhou, there was a crow that flew with ears of wheat, which led to the downfall of the Shang Dynasty! In the first month of the first year of Suzong Xiping, a red crow appeared in Xiurong County, Sizhou. In the fourth month of the first year of Shengui, Jinxiang County in Beizhou also reported a red crow. In the twelfth month of the second year of Shizong Jingming, a green crow was presented from South Qingzhou. Legend has it that this green crow appeared because the emperor practiced filial piety and the people refrained from killing. In May of the second year of Zhengshi, Yongzhou presented a green crow, and in June, another was presented. In April of the second year of Yongping, a green crow was presented from Henan. In June of the first year of Suzong Xiping, a green crow was presented from Jizhou. In May of the first year of Emperor Feidi Putai, Henan offered yet another green crow. In May of the fourth year of Xiaojing Xinghe, Jizhou presented a green crow, and in July, Yingzhou offered another. In April of the first year of Wuding, Yanzhou presented a green crow, and in May, Jizhou presented another. In May of the second year, a green crow was captured in the capital, in June of the third year, another was caught, and in October, Guangzhou presented a green crow.

In April of the second year of Gaozu's reign, a white magpie was presented by Youzhou. In September of the fourth year of Gaozu's reign, a white magpie also appeared in the Zhongshan region. In August of the first year of the Chengming era, both Dingzhou and Jizhou presented white magpies, and in November, Dingzhou presented yet another white magpie.

In November 702 AD, Luozhou offered a white magpie. In January 714 AD, Dingzhou also presented a white magpie. This indicates that the appearance of a white magpie at that time was regarded as an auspicious sign, and it was a significant matter that each province had to report to the court.

In February 520 AD, a white magpie was captured in the capital. In May 528 AD, another white magpie was captured in the capital. In July 543 AD, Linlu presented a white magpie. In June 544 AD, the capital captured another white magpie.

In July 534 AD, a yellow light appeared in the sky, illuminating the entire area. "The heavens were shining with a yellow light," and people at that time believed this to be an auspicious sign, a symbol of the nation's prosperity. In February 520 AD, colorful auspicious clouds appeared. "The so-called scenic clouds are a response to peace," and the colorful clouds were likewise a symbol of a prosperous era.

In June 521 AD, colorful auspicious clouds appeared again, this time in the direction of Shen and You (southwest). As the sun rose in June 533 AD, a large mass of yellow gas appeared, as if embracing the sun. In June 538 AD, sweet dew fell at the Taixue. "When a ruler's virtue is esteemed, the heavens harmonize and the atmosphere flourishes," the appearance of sweet dew was seen as a sign of the ruler's noble character and the harmony between heaven and humanity. Furthermore, if the ruler respects the elderly, sweet dew will fall from the cypress trees; if the ruler honors the wise and loves the elderly, sweet dew can even fall from bamboo and rushes!

In February 539 AD, sweet dew fell in Fanyang County. In April 540 AD, sweet dew fell in Ye City. In June 540 AD, sweet dew fell in the Palace of Pingcheng. In March 541 AD, sweet dew fell in Ye City. In May 542 AD, sweet dew fell in the Hexi region. In April 534 AD, sweet dew fell in Pingyuan County. In July 522 AD, sweet dew fell in Changshan County.

In July of the year 524, divine dew fell in the capital.

In August of the year 527, divine dew fell in Xincheng County, Qingzhou.

In October of the year 528, divine dew fell in Yidu County, Qingzhou.

In September of the year 529, divine dew fell in Qinghe County, Qizhou.

In October of the year 530, Qizhou reported to the court that divine dew had appeared.

In July of the year 531, divine dew fell in the capital.

In October of the year 527, divine dew fell on the cypress trees in Hualin Garden.

In August of the year 528, divine dew fell in Xianmei County.

In March of the year 530, divine dew fell in the capital.

In October of the year 546, divine dew fell on the willow tree in front of the residence of King Wenxiang of Qi.

In March of the year 547, divine dew fell in the capital.

In April of the year 547, Taishan County reported to the court that divine dew had appeared.

In July of the year 535, auspicious rice was obtained in Pingcheng County, with multiple ears sprouting from a single stalk, "different stalks sharing the same ear," which was seen as a good omen!

These records demonstrate the importance people placed on various natural phenomena at the time, believing these were rewards from heaven for the ruler's virtue, and reflect the level of superstition and emphasis on auspicious signs in society at that time.

In August, Guangning sent a stalk of auspicious rice, which had eleven ears on one stalk! Pretty impressive, huh? A stalk with nine ears was also discovered ten miles south of Pingcheng, which was an important event to report to the ancestral shrine!

In the tenth month of the second year of Yongxing, glorious rice also grew in Qinghe County. Later, come the eighth month of the third year of Taichang, glorious rice was also discovered in Dongguang County of Bohai County. In the seventh month of the second year of Shenwu, three varieties of glorious rice appeared in Anyang County of Weijun County, a sight to behold! In the eighth month of the first year of the Chengming era, Qizhou also offered up glorious rice. By the ninth month of the third year of Taihe, Qizhou presented another stalk of glorious rice. In the eighth month of the fifth year, Changshan also sent glorious rice. In the eighth month of the seventh year, Dingzhou joined the celebration by offering glorious rice. In the seventh month of the first year of Jingming, Qizhou once again offered up glorious rice. In the seventh month of the third year, Qizhou presented it again. In the eighth month of the fourth year, Jizhou also brought a stalk. In the eighth month of the first year of Zhengshi, Jizhou also offered up glorious rice. In the sixth month of the second year, Qizhou came again, followed by Luyang County in the seventh month, and then Sizhōu in the eighth month. In the seventh month of the third year, Jizhou presented glorious rice again. In the eighth month of the third year of Yongping, Xingyang also offered up glorious rice. In the eighth month of the second year of Xiping, the glorious rice presented by Youzhou was of three varieties with the same ear! In the seventh month of the second year of Zhengguang, Shuozhou offered up glorious rice. In the eighth month of the third year, glorious rice offered by Sizhou grew six ears from one stalk! In the seventh month of the third year of Tianping, Weijun presented glorious rice. In the eighth month of the fourth year, Bingzhou also brought a stalk. That same month, glorious rice was also found in the capital! Yu Caolangzhong Sima Zhongcan also offered a stalk with five ears on a single stem. In the eighth month of the first year of Yuanxiang, Dongyongzhou offered up glorious rice. In the eighth month of the third year of Xinghe, Nanjingzhou also presented glorious rice. In the eighth month of the fourth year, glorious rice was discovered again in the capital! In the eighth month of the second year of Wuding, the capital harvested glorious rice once more. In the eighth month of the third year, Bingzhou presented glorious rice again.

In the third year of Taihe, in October, Xuzhou presented a rare gourd with two fruits on a single stem. In the second year of Tianxing, in July, Bingzhou presented a white rabbit, said to be an omen that only those respected by elders could see. In the third year, in May, the emperor went on a tour to Guangning, where a white rabbit appeared in front of his carriage and was caught on the spot. In the fourth year, in January, Bingzhou presented another white rabbit. The Tang Dynasty has numerous records of white rabbits! In the third year of Yongxing, while hunting in the Western Mountains, the emperor caught a white rabbit. A few months later, in August, a white rabbit was caught in the capital city. In the first year of Taichang, in November, Anping County of Dingzhou also sent a white rabbit. Two years later, in June, another white rabbit arrived in the capital city. In the third year of Taichang, in June, Dunqiu County also presented a white rabbit. The appearance of white rabbits was quite frequent. Later on, in the third year of Shiguang, in May, Luozhou unexpectedly presented a black rabbit. In September of the first year of Shenhu, Zhangwu County presented a white rabbit; in February of the fourth year of Zhenjun, Bohai County also presented a white rabbit. In the seventh year of Zhenjun, in February, Qingzhou presented two white rabbits at once. In the third year of Gaozong He Ping, in October, a white rabbit was caught in the Yunzhong region; in the intercalary month of the fourth year, a white rabbit was caught in Yexian County. In the fifth year of Gaozu Yanxing, in April, a white rabbit appeared in Dai County. In the first year of Chengming, in August, the Yunzhong region saw another white rabbit. In the first year of Taihe, in June, Zhoucheng County of Yongzhou presented a white rabbit; in the third month of the third year, Tujing Town also presented a white rabbit. In the eighth year, in June, Xuzhou presented a white rabbit; in the tenth month of the eighteenth year, Yingzhou presented a white rabbit. In the twentieth year, in July, Jijun presented a black rabbit, and in the same month, the capital city also caught a white rabbit. That same year, another black rabbit was caught.

The frequency of appearances of these white and black rabbits is truly astonishing! In the first year of the reign of Emperor Zhengming, in November, Hezhou presented a white rabbit; in April of the third year of the Zhengming era, Yingchuan County also presented a white rabbit; in August, Henei County also presented a white rabbit. In June of the fourth year of the Zhengming era, Henei County presented another white rabbit; in July, Xiazhou presented a black rabbit. In March of the first year of the Zhengshi period, Henan County presented a black rabbit; in April, Luyang County presented a white rabbit. In August of the second year, Dong County presented a white rabbit; in September, Henei County presented a black rabbit. In the same month, Sizhou and Dong County each presented a white rabbit. In July of the third year, Boguluzhen presented a white rabbit; in September, Sizhou presented another white rabbit. In April of the fourth year, Henei County presented a white rabbit.

In April of the first year of Yongping, Jizhou presented a white rabbit; in May, Henei presented a black rabbit; in October, Le'an County caught a white rabbit. In February of the second year, Xiangzhou presented a white rabbit. In July of the third year of Yanchang, Yuzhou presented a white rabbit; in March of the fourth year, Henan presented a white rabbit; in August, Henan presented another white rabbit; in September, Henei presented yet another white rabbit. In April of the second year of Emperor Suzong's Xiping era, Yuzhou presented a white rabbit; in May, Dong County presented a white rabbit.

From these records, it can be seen that the frequency of white and black rabbit appearances during the Tang Dynasty was indeed remarkable, appearing in various places; it was truly a magical era! In June, the capital captured a white rabbit. In November, Shanshan Town also sent a white rabbit. Ah, this rabbit is quite lively, being sent back and forth.

In June of the first year of the Shen Gui period, the capital caught another black rabbit. In August two years later, Zhengping County sent a white rabbit. And that's not all; in September, Zhengping County sent another white rabbit! In October, the capital caught another black rabbit. This rabbit certainly has quite a variety of colors!

In the first month of the first year of the Zhengguang era, Xuzhou sent a white rabbit. In May, Jizhou also sent a white rabbit. In May of the third year, Xuzhou sent two white rabbits at once! In the same month, Jizhou sent another one. The frequency of these gifts is truly overwhelming!

In the second year of the Xiaojing Tianping era in August, Guangzhou sent over a white rabbit. In October of the fourth year, Guangzhou sent another white rabbit. Guangzhou sure has a soft spot for white rabbits!

In the first year of Yuanxiang in May, Xuzhou caught a white rabbit. In June, Qi Xianwu also sent a white rabbit. In the same month, Puyang County also sent a white rabbit. The gift-giving parade just keeps getting bigger!

In the second year of Xinghe in April, Xuzhou sent another white rabbit. In June, the capital itself snagged a white rabbit. In January of the fourth year, Guangzhou sent another white rabbit. The number of white rabbits is just off the charts!

In the first year of Wuding in March, Yingzhou sent a white rabbit. (Month missing in original text) In a certain month, Jijun also sent a white rabbit. In November of the sixth year, Wuping Town sent a white rabbit. These rabbits have been sent for years now; who knows when it’ll stop?

In the fifth year of Taizu Tianxing in August, the Shangyao Army saw a white swallow in Langgu. Now that’s a rare sight!

In the third year of Taizong Yongxing in June, the capital snagged another white swallow. In the leap month of the fourth year, the capital caught another white swallow! In June of the second year of Taichang, the capital caught another white swallow. White swallows are popping up even more often than white rabbits!

In the second year of Gaozu Taihe in March, a white swallow appeared in Bingzhou. In April of the eighth year, the white swallow flew to the capital. In the same month, Daijun also caught a white swallow. In August of the twenty-third month, Jingzhou sent a white swallow. In the leap month, Zhengping County also sent a white swallow. These white swallows are popping up all over the place!

In the third year of Shizong Jingming in June, Jingzhou sent a white swallow. In July of the first year of Suzong Xiping, the capital snagged another white swallow. In August of the first year of Xiaojing Yuanxiang, Xizhong Prefecture sent a white swallow. In March of the second year of Xinghe, the capital caught another white swallow. In June of the third year of Wuding, Beiyuzhou sent a white swallow. White swallows just keep coming in as gifts!

In the eighth year of the Taizong Taichang reign, in May, a white bird was brought from Yanmen. "The white bird appears when the ruler's fortunes are in harmony." The appearance of this white bird is indeed a good omen!

In the first year of the Shizu Shenlong reign, in September, Cangshui County brought a white bird. In October, Weidu also offered a white bird. In the eighth year of the Zhenjun reign, in May, Yanmen County brought a white bird. In the second month of the Yanxing era of Gaozu, a white bird appeared in Fufeng County. Although the white bird appears less frequently than white rabbits and white swallows, it is still enough to amaze people!

In May of the third year of the Common Era, a white bird appeared in Dai County.

In January of the fourth year, Qingzhou brought a white bird.

In May of the third year of the Taihe era, Yuzhou also had a white bird.

In January of the thirteenth year, Qinghe Wucheng County offered a white bird.

In June of the third year of the Jingming era of Shizong, Xingyang County brought a white bird.

In October, Bogu Lu Town also offered a white bird.

In March of the fourth year, Dunhuang Town presented a white bird.

In May, a white bird was captured in the capital.

In June, Hengnong County offered a white bird.

In July, another white bird was captured in the capital.

In July of the second year of the Zhengshi era, Bogu Lu Town presented a white bird.

In April of the third year, another white bird was captured in the capital.

In October, Hezhou offered a white bird.

In December, Yongzhou presented a white bird.

In February of the fourth year, Yuzhou offered a white bird.

In July of the third year of the Yongping era, another white bird was captured in the capital.

In July of the third year of the Yanchang era, Henan County captured a white bird.

In November, Qinzhou offered a white bird.

In May of the fourth year, Xingyang presented a white bird.

In August, Qinzhou presented another white bird.

This month, Qingzhou also offered a white bird.

This month, Hengzhou also presented a white bird.

This month, Luoyang captured a white bird.

In November, Jingzhou offered a white bird.

In April of the first year of the Xiping era, another white bird was captured in the capital.

In July, a white bird was captured in the palace.

In April of the second year, Huazhou presented a white bird.

In June, Xiangzhou presented a white bird. That month, Bogu Lu Town presented a white bird. In July, a white bird was caught in the capital city. In August, Bogu Lu Town presented another white bird. This month, another white bird was caught in the capital city. In November, another white bird was caught in the capital city. In May of the first year of the Shengui era, a white bird was caught in the capital city. In June, two white birds were caught in the capital city. In August, Bogu Lu Town presented a white bird. In May of the third year, Xuzhou presented a white bird. This month, another white bird was caught in the capital city. In July of the third year, another white bird was caught in the capital city. In June of the first year of the Zhenguang era, a white bird was caught in the capital city. In June of the second year, Guangzhou contributed a white bird. In April of the third year, a white bird was caught in the capital city. In June, Xingyang County offered a white bird. In August, Jeju presented a white bird. This month, Guangzhou also presented a white bird. In September, a white bird surprisingly showed up in Sheren Province! In June of the fourth year, a white bird was caught in the capital city. They say that this white bird is quite the rarity! Let's begin with July, when a white bird was caught in the capital city.

Continuing on, as time moved forward, in April of the first year of Taichang, the capital captured another white bird; in May of the second year of the Xiaojing Tianping era, Northern Yuzhou also sent a white bird; in July of the third year, the capital received yet another one; in July of the fourth year, Yanzhou also presented a white bird. In May of the first year of Yuanxiang, the capital captured another one, and in June, it captured yet another one; in July, Sizhou also sent one. Interestingly, in that same month, Qi Xianwu also obtained a white bird. In May of the second year, the capital captured another one; in June, Qi Wenxiang Wang specially sent the caught white bird as a tribute. In that same month, Nanyanzhou also caught a white bird; in July, the capital received yet another one. In April of the second year of Xinghe, the capital captured another one; in the leap month, the capital captured another one; in June, Guangzhou sent one; in July, the capital received yet another one. In May of the third year, the capital captured another one; in the first month of the fourth year, the capital captured yet another one; in June, the capital caught yet another one; in July, the capital received yet another one! In June of the first year of Wuding, the capital captured another one; in July, the capital received yet another one! In May of the third year, Liangzhou caught one; in July, the capital received yet another one; in October, Yanzhou caught one; in June of the fourth year, the capital received yet another one; in June of the sixth year, the capital received yet another one!

Wow, these white birds show up way too often! In this account, there are also other rare birds besides the white birds! For example, in the third month of the third year of Shizong Jingming, Jizhou sent a red sparrow, delivering a message to King Wen of Zhou; in May of the fourth year, the capital caught another red sparrow; in April of the first year of Yongping, the capital caught another red sparrow; in April of the third year of Suzong Xiaochang, Henan sent a red sparrow.

There are also white pigeons! In the third month of the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, a white pigeon was sent from Jizhou with the message "The time of the Yin Tang king has come. The king cares for the elderly, upholds morality, and doesn’t forsake the old for the new"; In the eleventh month of the first year of the reign of Emperor Chengming, another white pigeon was sent from Jizhou; In the seventh month of the twenty-third year of the reign of Emperor Taihe, a white pigeon was sent from Yingzhou; In August, Xingyang County also sent a white pigeon; In the seventh month of the third year of the reign of Emperor Shizong Jingming, a white pigeon was sent from Jingzhou; In October of the first year of the reign of Emperor Zhengshi, a white pigeon was caught in the capital; In the same month, Jianxing County also sent a white pigeon; In the fourth month of the second year, a white pigeon was sent from Binxian; In July, Jizhou sent three white pigeons at once; In the seventh month of the third year, a white pigeon was sent from Xiazhou; In the sixth month of the first year of the reign of Emperor Yongping, a white pigeon was sent from Luozhou.

In this record, the appearances of white pigeons, red doves, and white pigeons are quite frequent! It seems that these birds were indeed considered unusual auspicious signs in ancient times!

In the second year of Emperor Suzong's reign, in September of the second year of Xiping, Ji County presented a white pigeon as tribute.

This isn't directly related to the story we’re about to share, but it serves as background information. Now, let's talk about the story of Tang Taizong Li Keyong. In the spring of the fourth year of Tianxing, the magistrate of Xinxing informed the emperor that there was a merchant named Jia Xiang in Jinchang who, when he was just twenty-two, worked as a minor official in Yanmen County. Once, when he was on business in Juzhu Mountain in Shanxi, he encountered an old man who said to him: "From now on, forty-two years later, a sage will appear in the north, and at that time the world will be at peace, and the people will live happily. Your descendants will also prosper, but unfortunately, I will not live to see that day." After saying this, the old man passed away. Jia Xiang looked closely and found that the old man had turned into a stone statue! Now, Jia Xiang is seventy years old, and we looked into it and found that the stone statue is still standing! Counting from the year when Murong Bao was defeated by the emperor, it is exactly forty-two years.

In February in the fifth year of the Yuanzhen Emperor, Zhangye County reported: Since the time of Cao Wei, there has been a stone on the mountain of Daliugu in Qiuchi County, carved in the shape of a dragon horse. On the back of the stone horse, there are three characters "Da Tao Cao" carved, signifying the replacement of the Wei Dynasty by the Jin Dynasty. Now this stone bears the names of our ancestors and symbols of divine appointment. So we sent people to copy the characters on it.

There are five large stones in total, all of which are green stones with white inscriptions on them, with clear inscriptions. Two of the stones record the history and deeds of Zhang Liang and Lü Shang. The other three stones record the names of emperors from our ancestors to the present. The first fourteen characters record the name of Emperor Zhaocheng and "succeeding the world for forty-six years; heaven's law is peaceful, and great peace reigns under heaven"; the next seven characters record the name of Emperor Taizu Daowu and "fulfilling the king, carrying a thousand years"; then the eight characters record the name of Emperor Taizong Mingyuan and "eldest son for two hundred and twenty years"; the next eight characters record "Taiping Tianwang succeeding the world in governing"; finally, the five characters record the name of the Crown Prince and "Changfeng Taishan." The Emperor was initially titled Taiping Wang, and later, according to astronomical records, was also granted the title of "Taiping Zhenjun," which corresponds precisely to the inscriptions on the stone. Behind the name of Emperor Taizong, there is an image of a man holding a child. Everyone who sees it remarks: The Emperor loves his grandson, carrying him to sleep and waking, never leaving his side. This painting is an auspicious sign from heaven, truly a divine omen!

Therefore, General Wei, the King of Le'an, Fan, General Chong of Fuguo, King Chong of Jianning, General Su of Zhengxi, King Su of Changshan, General Xi of Zhengnan, King Xi of Hengnong, all jointly submitted a memorial, saying: We have heard that when an emperor rises, there must be heavenly symbols to govern the world and establish a prosperous era. Throughout history, all prosperous eras have been like this. Fu Xi had the Hetu and Luoshu diagrams, and Yu the Great had the Nine Chapters of the Luoshu. Their achievements have been passed down to this day, their divine traces shining brightly for future generations. Your Majesty, your virtues are as boundless as heaven and earth, your wisdom is as bright as the sun and moon. You are born with divine wisdom at the right time, blessed by heaven, and all kinds of auspicious signs gather around you. Therefore, in the first year of Shiguang, the Heavenly Master, according to astronomical records, bestowed upon you the title of "True Lord of Great Peace." Your Majesty, you were humble and cautious, and it took several years before you accepted this title. Your sincerity touched heaven, your grace has benefited the people, and your reputation has spread far and wide, your blessings reached the four seas, and all the people of the world are sincerely pleased. Now, Zhangye County reports that on a large stone at Daliugu Mountain in Qiuchi County, there are white characters carved on a blue stone that record the names of the ancestors of the country and the heavenly symbols. When the royal officials and all the officials saw these words, they were profoundly moved and remarked: From ancient times to the present, auspicious signs have never been as significant as they are today. This is a decree from heaven, symbolizing the prosperity of our nation. We are fortunate to live in this prosperous era, basking in the grace of the emperor. We cannot repay this kindness, but to express our gratitude to heaven, we have discussed with the other ministers and decided to proclaim these words from the stone to the world, so that those who seek to usurp the throne will know that the mandate of heaven is with Your Majesty. The imperial decree states: This is a divine sign granted by heaven, an auspicious omen left by our ancestors; how can it be just for me alone? You may proceed according to your memorial.

In the winter of the first year of the Taihe era, in October, an official named Deng Zongqing reported: "The rural commoners Li Fei and Wang Xian from Taiyuan reported together that while gathering herbs in the southern mountains of the capital, they reached the foot of the southern ridge of Youyue Valley and saw hundreds of green stone pillars. The emperor sent someone to investigate, and they said that the green pillars they saw were as tall as a piece of cloth, extending upwards one after another, some measuring one foot two inches on each side, and others measuring one foot, with sharp, distinct edges. There were so many that they couldn't be counted, and it was suggested to hand them over to the Ministry of Works for use." The emperor approved this. People at the time found it very miraculous.

In the third year of the Xianzu Huangxing era, in June, an official named Wei Yuan reported: "I dispatched a deputy general to Pengcheng, who arrived in August at Suikou to confront the bandit leader Chen Xianda. A soldier herding livestock five miles outside the camp saw an old man with white hair riding a white horse, resembling a general. He called out to the soldier and spoke, saying: 'On the eighteenth day at the hour of Chen (around 7-9 AM), I will definitely come here. Tell your general to lead the troops to attack from the northeast; I will drive the enemy away and send them fleeing. At the hour of Shen, the enemy will definitely suffer a great defeat, and both Suyu and Huaiyang can be easily conquered. I will create a barrier with your forces along the Huai River, and I will drive the enemy out of Xupi City without using much military force.' Ten days later, the soldier saw the old man with white hair again, two miles east of the horse theater south of Pengcheng, also riding a white horse, coming from the northeast. He called out to the soldier and said: 'I am working north of the Huai River alongside the gods of Donghai, the Four Rivers, Taishan, and Beiyue, to help you two generals defeat the enemy. You're happy about this, right?' After saying this, he vanished suddenly." The emperor then ordered Wei Yuan to build an altar at the place where the old man appeared and to record this event.

In the second year of the Xiaochang era of Emperor Suzong, in the tenth month, Li Xian, the governor of Yangzhou, reported: "My subordinate Zhou Fuxing took leave to return home in July, and on the eleventh night of the month, he dreamed of crossing a river, walking south of Caotang Temple, and saw seven people from a distance. One person was riding a horse wearing red clothes and a hat, while the other six followed behind. Zhou Fuxing stood on the left side of the road, and when he approached, he bowed twice. The person asked Zhou Fuxing who he was, and Zhou Fuxing replied, 'I am a subordinate of Li Gong, temporarily assigned to Xie Shi.' He told Zhou Fuxing, 'You can go back now. I am the chancellor of Emperor Xiaowen, here to inform Li Xian not to worry about the bandits' dam, as it will be breached this month.' Zhou Fuxing took two steps, and the person took note of his name, instructing him to report back quickly. When Zhou Fuxing woke up, he returned to the city at dawn and recounted the dream in detail. On the twenty-seventh day of July, the dam was indeed breached."

In the third month of the third year of Emperor Yanzong's Yanhe era, Prince of Le'an Fan Xian presented a jade seal bearing the inscription "Imperial Seal."

In the first year of the Taiyan era, it did not rain from March to June, causing great distress to everyone! The government had to pray to the gods and buddhas in various places, and in just a few days, the heavens mercifully brought heavy rain. On that day, a woman came to sell a jade seal at the home of the Marquis of Lü County. The Marquis was amazed by the jade seal and wanted to ask the woman about it, but she could not be found. The jade seal bore the inscription "Drought and Epidemic Resolved." The famous Taoist master Kou Tianshi said that it was a seal used by deities, as noted in the "Dragon Text Tied Book"!

In April of the third year of the Peace Era, a man named Zhang Chao in Hanoi unexpectedly discovered a jade seal near an old Buddhist pagoda in the northern part of Hanoi and quickly presented it to the court. This jade seal was only two inches on each side and was engraved with a lengthy inscription of auspicious phrases: "Wealth and happiness shall flourish, may it last forever; blessings and prosperity shall increase, and may you enjoy a long life of ten thousand years." The jade was smooth and lustrous, and the court officials exclaimed, "This must be a gift from heaven, something that cannot be made by man!" The emperor was thrilled and ordered a three-day banquet across the nation to celebrate!

In August of the first year of the Chengming Era, the common people of Shanggu County presented a jade seal featuring an engraving of a dragon. In March of the first year of the Taihe Era, Wuchuan Town presented a blue jade seal, featuring a simple design with only the character "Tai Chang" inscribed. In June, Yongzhou also presented a jade seal. In the same month, Chang'an Town also presented a jade seal, which had a turtle-shaped knob; the seal's face bore inscriptions, and its color was pure white, making it exceptionally rare. In July of the third year, the common people of Julu in Dingzhou presented a jade seal measuring seven-tenths of an inch in size, which also had inscriptions.

In April of the first year of Yongping, the common people of Yingzhou presented a jade disc and a jade seal. In November of the second year of Xiping, two more jade seals were discovered in the capital. In February of the third year of Xinghe, the common people of Baima County in Dongjun presented a jade seal. In December of the third year of Yongxing, the residents of Beisai presented two jade tablets. "A ruler's kindness and benevolence will be recognized!" In February of the second year of Tianping, the official Mu Li received a jade tablet, three inches wide and fifteen inches long, with two holes at the top edge, which was also presented to the court.

In September of the first year of Chengming, the residents of Jingzhao Prefecture presented a pair of brilliant green jade discs. "A ruler's wisdom and virtue will be acknowledged!" In June of the third year of Zhengguang, a monk from Jinglin Temple in Bingzhou unearthed five jade discs, ten jade gui, a jade seal, a jade pillar, and a jade cover while gathering herbs in the oak valley west of Yangyi City, all of which were subsequently presented to the court.

In the fifth year of Gaozu's reign, in June, the commander of Shanggui Town reported: "While hunting two hundred and fifty miles west of the town, I found three jade rings used for carts in a river named Qianshui, south of the camp—two are green and one is red, and the craftsmanship is very exquisite." This indicates that people at that time not only valued hunting but also placed great importance on the precious artifacts discovered by chance, reporting them to the court in a timely manner.

In the fourth year of Emperor Xiaojing's reign, in July, the people of Ye County offered a piece of white jade raw stone. The discovery of this white jade raw stone might indicate that the area was rich in jade, or it could simply be a rare find by an individual; in any case, these were noteworthy events at that time. In the second year of Emperor Suzong's Xiping era, in the first month, gold was discovered in Chisugou Valley, Hengshui County, Qizhou. These records reflect society's emphasis on mineral resources at that time.

In the third year of Emperor Taizu's Tianxing era, in April, a tree with intertwined trunks was discovered to the left of the Tianmen Pass in Dai County. "A ruler's virtue and grace are pure and harmonious, uniting all corners of the land," this reflects an ancient belief regarding the appearance of such trees, believed to be a good omen symbolizing peace and the prosperity of the people. In August, reports also came from the Bohai region that a tree with intertwined trunks was found in both Xiuxian and Dongguang counties. In December, Yuzhou reported the discovery of a tree with intertwined trunks in Qinxian. This indicates that the appearance of these trees was considered a fairly common good omen at that time, with discoveries reported from various places.

In the spring of the fourth year, two trees with intertwined trunks were discovered in Hanoi County. In August, Wei County reported the discovery of a tree with intertwined trunks in Neihuang County. In October of the first year of Emperor Taizong's Taichang era, Fanyang County reported the discovery of a tree with intertwined trunks. In November, Changshan County also reported the discovery of a tree with intertwined trunks. In the first month of the third year, the Bohai region reported again that a tree with intertwined trunks was found in Dongguang County. In August, Guangning County reported the discovery of a tree with intertwined trunks. These ongoing discoveries of trees with intertwined trunks were undoubtedly viewed as symbols of the nation's prosperity and reflected society's belief in good omens.

In the fourth year of the Shizu era, in September, Xingyang County reported the discovery of a lianli tree. In the second year of Yanhe, in March, Loufan Nanshan also discovered a lianli tree. In September of the third year, Shanggu County reported the discovery of a lianli tree. In the first year of Taiyan, in February, Weijun again reported the discovery of a lianli tree. In February of the fifth year, the Liaoxi region reported the discovery of a lianli tree. These records, in terms of time span and geographical distribution, all indicate that the appearance of lianli trees was considered a common phenomenon at the time, and it was an event worth recording and noting.

In the first year of Gaogu Yanxing, in November, Secretary Yang Chong reported that Zhongluo Lang Li Sheng saw a lianli tree in the capital. In September of the first year of Chengming, the report from Bingzhou said that a lianli tree was discovered, with two trees standing 12 feet apart, connected by five branches. In March of the first year of Taihe, the report from Jizhou said that a lianli tree was discovered. In June of the seventeenth year, another lianli tree was discovered in the capital. In October of the eighteenth year, Henan reported that a lianli tree was discovered in Gong County. In October of the twenty-third year, Bingzhou reported finding a hundred-section lianli tree on Wengshan Mountain, and Jizhou also reported the discovery of a lianli tree. In December, Yingzhou also reported the discovery of a lianli tree. These records not only reflect the widespread distribution of lianli trees, but also indicate the level of importance the court attached to these events, even detailing the specific details of the trees.

In the second year of the Jingming era of Shizong, in the first month, it was reported in Yingzhou that an intertwined tree was discovered in Pingshu County. In the third year, in the first month, it was reported in Yingchuan that an intertwined tree was discovered. In the second month, it was reported in Pingyang that an intertwined tree was discovered in Xiangling County. In the fourth month, it was reported in Jingzhou that an intertwined tree was discovered in Wancheng County, Nanyang. In the sixth month, it was reported in Xuzhou that an intertwined tree was discovered in Donghai. In October, it was reported in Qinzhou that an intertwined tree was discovered in Nandao County and Xinxing County. In the second month of Year Four, it was reported in Zhaoping that an intertwined tree was discovered in Chonggu County. In the second month, it was reported in Qijun that an intertwined tree was discovered in Linzi County. In the fourth month, it was reported in Fenzhou that an intertwined tree was discovered in Wucheng County. In May, it was reported in Qingzhou that an intertwined tree was discovered in Juxian County. These continuous reports of intertwined trees being discovered fully demonstrate the attention and importance given to this phenomenon, considered an auspicious sign at the time. In June, in Lushi County, Henan, intertwined branches appeared in that place! That same month, a report came from Xuzhou, saying that Liangjun Xiayi County also discovered intertwined branches. In September, another report came from Qinzhou, saying that four counties near Dangting also discovered intertwined branches! In the first year of Zhengshi, in May, it was reported in Sizhou that Jing County in Xingyang also had intertwined branches. In June, the Western Garden in the capital also discovered intertwined branches! In July, a report came from Hedong Prefecture, saying that Wenxi County also had them! In August, a report came from Henan Prefecture, reporting that intertwined branches were also discovered near Cishui. In October, a report came from Hengnong Prefecture, saying that Xiaoxian also had them. In December, a report came from Liangzhou, saying that Shicheng County also discovered them. In the first month of the second year, a report from Fenzhou said that Pingchang County also had intertwined branches. In the second month, another report from Sizhou, once again about Xiaoxian! In September, another report from Sizhou said that Yangzhai County in Yingchuan also discovered them. In the third year, in June, another report from Fenzhou said that Yong'an County also had them! In that same month, intertwined branches were discovered again in the capital! In July, Yangzhai County in Yingchuan reported that they also discovered them! That same month, Jiande Prefecture reported that Shicheng County had discovered intertwined branches again. In the first month of Year One of the Yongping era, a report from Sizhou said that intertwined branches were discovered in Yingchuan County. In the second year, in April, another report from Sizhou said that Beishan County in Hengnong also had them! In the third year, in November, a report from Shazhou said that intertwined branches were discovered on Hengfeng Mountain.

In January of the second year of Yanchang, Xu Zhou reported that the intertwined branches were discovered in Jianling Shu. In January of the third year, Sizhou reported that Zhixian also had them. In March of the fourth year, Jizhou reported that Xindu County also discovered them. In June, it was found again in the capital! In September, Yongzhou reported that Lingxian also had them. In January of the first year of Suzong Xiping, Guangzhou reported that Qucheng County discovered the intertwined branches. In November of the second year, it was found again in the capital! In December, Dunhuang Town reported that Jinchang Shu also had them. In January of the first year of Shengui, Fenzhou reported that Yong'an County discovered them again! In March, Cangzhou reported that Rao'an County also had them. In August, Yanzhou reported that Shanggu County also had them. In September, Qinzhou reported that intertwined branches were found on Wuyang Mountain in Longxi. In June of the second year, Xiazhou reported that Shanlu County also had them. In May of the first year of Zhenguang, Bingzhou reported that the intertwined branches were discovered in Shangdang Dongshan Valley. In November, Qizhou reported that there were also intertwined branches on Ling Shoushan in Jinnan County! In June of the second year, Qizhou reported that there were also intertwined branches in Fengling County. In February of the second year, Liangzhou reported that Yuzhong County also had them. In March, Qingzhou reported that there were also intertwined branches in Pingchang County. In August, Xu Zhou reported that there were two intertwined branches on the east side of Longkang Shu! In February of the fourth year, Yangzhou reported that Ruyin County also had them. In August, Liangzhou reported that Xianmei County also had them. In October of the first year of Xiaochang, the intertwined branches were also discovered in Yuancheng County. In April of the second year of Xiaojing Emperor Tianping, it was reported that two trees were growing together on the other side of Linshui County, which was quite a rare sight! In July, Weijun also found this phenomenon of two trees growing together. In May of the third year, Sizhou reported that Qinghe County also discovered them! In June of the fourth year, Guangping County also reported that this phenomenon of two trees growing together was found. In August, Bingzhou also reported that they had found it there. In September of the first year of Yuanxiang, Luozhou reported that two trees were discovered growing together. In May, Linluo County also reported the same situation. In August, Shangdang County reported that they had also found it there. In September of the first year of Xinghe, someone reported that Sima Zhang Shen from Xishan Collecting Materials reported that the intertwined branches were discovered in Sikong Valley. In April of the second year, Guangzhou reported that Luxiang County also found this phenomenon.

In the first year of Wuding, an intercalary month, Xiyanzhou reported that Ji'inyin County had also been discovered. In September, King Xianwu of Qi reported that Bingzhou had been discovered.

In the third year, in September, Yingzhou reported that Hejian County had also been discovered. In the fifth year, in November, Fenzhou reported a discovery. In the sixth year, in May, Jinzhou also reported a discovery. In the eighth year, in April, Qingzhou reported that Qijun had been discovered.

In the third year of Shizong Jingming, in July, Luoyang presented a black mushroom. "When the king is kind and compassionate, those who consume it will enjoy longevity."

In the second year of Taizu Tianxing, in July, Bingzhou presented a white pheasant. This is reminiscent of the tribute from the Yueshang clan during the reign of King Cheng of Zhou!

In January of the fourth year, Shangdang County also presented a white pheasant. In February, Bingzhou presented another white pheasant. In May, Henan County also presented a white pheasant.

In November of the second year of Taizong Shenrui, Zhou Ji, the Right Minister, caught a white pheasant in Boliang Anping and presented it to the emperor.

In January of the third year of Taichang, Gaocheng County, Bohai County, presented a white pheasant. In March, Nanpi County, Bohai County, presented two additional white pheasants. In November, Zhongshan Xingtang County also presented a white pheasant.

In January of the fourth year, Xinxing County presented a white pheasant. In December, two additional white pheasants were presented. In February of the fifth year, another white pheasant was discovered in Henan County.

In February of the first year of Shizu Shen Yuan, Xiangzhou presented a white pheasant. In February of the second year, Shangdang County presented another white pheasant.

In January of the second year of Yanzheng, Qingzhou presented a white pheasant. In January of the fifth year, Shanggu County discovered a white pheasant.

In February of the first year of Taihe, Qinzhou presented a white pheasant. In March, another white pheasant was discovered in Qinzhou. In November, Anding County also discovered a white pheasant.

In November of the second year, Xuzhou presented a white pheasant. In January of the third year, Tongwan Town presented a white pheasant. In January of the fourth year, Nanyuzhou presented a white pheasant. In March of the sixth year, Yuzhou presented a white pheasant.

In June of an unspecified year, Qinghe County in Qizhou sent a white pheasant. This is a positive omen!

After a few years, in January, Youzhou also sent a white chicken. This thing is quite rare! Not long after, in April, Yingzhou also followed suit and sent one. How come there are white chickens in so many places?

Later on, in March, Yanzhou also sent a white chicken. The appearance of white chickens has really picked up in recent years! In January, Xuzhou also sent a white chicken, followed by one from Jizhou in February. It's like white chickens are here every year, never-ending!

In March, Qizhou sent another white chicken. By October, Qingzhou also sent one. Within a year, several white chickens—what luck! In November, Qinzhou also sent a white chicken. White chickens are really everywhere!

In April, Henan sent a white chicken; in June, Henan also sent one; and in December, Yuzhou also sent one. These white chickens just keep on coming! In February, Jizhou sent another white chicken. This month, the capital also caught a white chicken. In the leap month, Qizhou sent another white chicken. In December, Youzhou sent another white chicken. The number of white chickens being sent is just crazy!

In February, Xiangzhou sent a white chicken; in March, Sizhou also sent one. In March, Xuzhou sent another white chicken. In March, Yingchuan County sent a white chicken. In January, Yuzhou sent another white chicken. In February, Xiazhou sent a white chicken. In March, Guangzhou sent a white chicken. In January, Qingzhou sent a white chicken. In February, Qingzhou sent another white chicken. In December, Liangzhou also sent one. In January, Fanyang County in Weijun sent a white chicken. They just keep on coming!

In a certain year in January, Guangzong County presented a white chicken, and in the same month, Yanzhou also presented one. In March of that year, Qingzhou also presented a white chicken. These white chickens really do show up every year! In September of that year, hot springs gushed out in Zhuolu, and many people recovered from colds after drinking the hot spring water. This hot spring is truly wonderful! In January of that year, Huihua Temple in Shanggu County produced Li Spring. "Li Spring is the essence of water. It tastes sweet and delicious, only appearing under a wise ruler." This Li Spring has a sweet taste and only appears under a wise ruler. In winter of that year, a clear and sweet spring water gushed out on the south bank of the Pu River in Wanjuxian, Jiyin County, West Yanzhou. Drinking it can heal ailments, and people nearby come here to fetch water. Emperor Qi Xian had a house built by the spring. The Ministry of Rites proposed rewards of a thousand stones for the governor, five hundred for the prefect, and two hundred for the county magistrate to commend their good governance; those who reported it first were promoted in order. The emperor approved it. In the second year of Yonghui in the Tang Dynasty, a large cauldron was discovered in the Zhi River in Luozhou and then sent to the capital. Ah, this emperor, if he does not govern the country well, the people will suffer, and strange occurrences like this will happen! What does this indicate? It shows that if the emperor neglects the people's suffering and well-being, strange phenomena will arise to warn him, just like this sudden appearance of a large cauldron, which serves as a warning from heaven to the emperor! "If the king does not enjoy the taste, the divine cauldron will appear." This means that if the emperor neglects the people's suffering and well-being, strange phenomena will arise to warn him. Thus, the appearance of this large cauldron is not a good omen, but rather a warning! This illustrates the emperor's heavy responsibilities; he must always pay attention to the people's welfare and strive for their well-being to ensure national prosperity and social stability. If the emperor only seeks personal pleasure and neglects state affairs, it can lead to disaster!