Liu Chang, courtesy name Xiudao, was the ninth son of Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty, Liu Yilong. During Liu Yilong's reign, he was titled the Prince of Yiyang. His older brother, Liu Jun, became the General of the Northern Expedition, the Governor of Xuzhou, and the Grand Chancellor. Later, Liu Jun's son, Liu Ziye, became emperor, who was both mad and brutal, even killing his own relatives and suspecting Liu Chang of plotting against him. Liu Chang, upon hearing this, was terrified and sent his trusted aide, Yu Fasheng, to submit a request to return to court, wanting to see what Liu Ziye was up to.
Liu Ziye said, "The Prince of Yiyang and the Grand Chancellor (Liu Chang's brother Liu Jun) conspired to rebel. I want to go and suppress him. Now that he knows he has to come back, that's great." He sternly questioned Yu Fasheng repeatedly, "Why didn't you tell me earlier about the Prince of Yiyang's rebellion?" Yu Fasheng, fearing for his safety, hurriedly fled back to Pengcheng. Liu Chang planned to attack Jiankang (the capital at the time), but the local officials refused to follow his orders. In the sixth year of the era of peace, Liu Chang entrusted his mother and wife to others, disguised himself as a man alongside his concubine Wu Shi, gathered over sixty followers, and surreptitiously came to surrender. Along the way, many people defected, and in the end, only about twenty people followed him to Jiankang.
While Liu Chang was not particularly well-versed in knowledge, he had read some historical books. He had personally written all his previous memorials and petitions. The court held him in high regard, which allowed him to marry Princess Wuyi, appointing him as an Attendant, the General Who Conquers the South, and the Commandant of the Cavalry, ennobling him as the Prince of Danyang. A little over a year later, Princess Wuyi passed away, and he then married Princess Jianxing.
During the reign of Emperor Huángxīng, Liu Yu sent his official Li Feng to pay his respects to Emperor Sòng Míng. Emperor Sòng Míng issued a decree for Liu Chang to write a letter to Liu Yu, urging the two brothers to reconcile. Liu Yu did not respond and scolded Liu Chang, saying that his mother was a concubine of Liu Yu, and Liu Chang should treat him like Xun Ying did when he paid tribute to the state of Chu during the Spring and Autumn period. Subsequently, Emperor Sòng Míng ordered Liu Chang to write to Liu Yu again. Liu Chang submitted a statement saying, "I was originally serving under Liu Ziye's regime, and my status had not changed; I served as a local official and held a position in the court. Heaven loathed Liu Ziye and killed him and his party. I abandoned my old master and surrendered to the court, giving up my previous official position. My brother Liu Yu deposed his nephew and declared himself emperor, which is known throughout the world. The bond of brotherhood is difficult to break, but the etiquette of a subject lacks a precedent to follow. The brotherly bond in the 'Book of Songs' exemplified by the 'flowers of the pear tree' can be emulated, but the respect owed to Liu Yu cannot be fully observed. If I rewrite the letter, it would imply two different forms of respect; if I use the previous document, he will not accept it. I humbly request Your Majesty's mercy to relieve me of this response." The court agreed to his request and appointed him as a senior official in the outer court. Later, the Grand Princess passed away as well, and he then married the Princess of Pingyang.
Lao Chang is someone who has a particular fondness for raising dogs and horses, and he also has a penchant for fighting. He has been an official in the palace for many years, but he still dresses like a commoner, just like those of low status. However, he is quite harsh with his subordinates, often using rude language and mixing in various dialects. Even in front of the emperor, those princes often bully him, sometimes even physically assaulting him, and they laugh so loudly that the emperor can hear. The emperor is generally quite tolerant of him and rarely holds him accountable. However, when national matters come up, especially conscription, he immediately changes his demeanor, crying uncontrollably, which makes everyone around him uncomfortable. He has a short temper and is unpredictable; when he gets angry, his subordinates bear the brunt. His treatment of officials from the south tends to be rather impolite, so everyone is quite fearful of him and tends to steer clear.
At the beginning of the Taihe era, he was promoted to a high-ranking official in the inner capital. Later, Xiao Daocheng killed Liu Zhun, and the court sent troops to the south. The emperor said to Lao Chang, "You have quite an eye for anticipating changes in the situation. No one has paid respects to your ancestors' tablets, and when I heard about this, I felt a mix of heartache and anger. Now I am sending the Grand General to lead the southern army to suppress the rebels, quell the rebellion, and eliminate the villains who harm the common folk. Once everything is settled, I will reward you with the land in Jiangnan for you to develop." So, Lao Chang followed the Grand General on the expedition. On the way, passing through Xuzhou, he wept uncontrollably in front of his mother's old house, and his followers were all moved. He walked around and visited his old home, crying at every place, causing his companions to feel the same sorrow. When they reached the military camp and were preparing to go to battle, he bowed to all the soldiers and spoke passionately about his country's downfall and the grace he received from the court, speaking sincerely and loudly, his tears flowing, moving all the soldiers. Later, Lao Chang grew concerned about the rain, so he requested to turn back, and the emperor agreed. He was also promoted to Yitong Sansi, taking on the role of Yicao Shangshu. At that time, the court aimed to reform the ceremonial practices, so the emperor put Lao Chang and Jiang Shaoyou in charge. Lao Chang meticulously organized the previous regulations, leaving no detail overlooked.
Emperor Gaozu summoned Zhang Chang to the Xu Wen Hall, and Zhang Chang said: "I am not a remarkable person; I have caused chaos in my own country, unable to abolish the incompetent rule and establish virtuous governance. The nation was on the verge of collapse, and I traveled thousands of miles to seek refuge in your court, relying solely on your kindness to save my life. However, the great shame of my country remains unavenged, and I feel immense pain and shame in my heart. Now that you are starting to rectify the governance, I hope you will allow me the mercy of serving at the border to gather the scattered people and thus wash away my disgrace. Even if it costs me my life, I would deem it worthwhile." After saying this, he cried for a long time. Emperor Gaozu said, "You have pledged loyalty for several years, and your country has already perished. We, as emperors, have not been able to timely relieve your suffering, and I truly feel very guilty. When you go to the border, I will arrange another position for you." Later, Emperor Gaozu granted the title of "Lady of the Township" to Zhang Chang's daughter.
Emperor Gaozu met with Wang Yang Jishi of Wuxing in the Xu Wen Hall. After a while, Emperor Gaozu brought Yang Jishi in to eat together, then said to Zhang Chang, "Yang Jishi is a minor chieftain at the border and does not qualify for the rites of feudal lords. However, we emperors must not overlook the subjects of smaller states, especially since he is the leader of this area, which is why I invited you court ministers to attend the banquet." Zhang Chang replied, "Your Majesty, your teachings and grace extend throughout the world, from north to south, so the heroes of Bashu and Han come to pay their respects to the Emperor. I am truly delighted to witness this grand occasion." Emperor Gaozu said, "Wuxing and Tangchang indeed have some shortcomings in their rites. I just met Yang Jishi and observed his words and actions, and I find him to be more competent than Mi Cheng." Zhang Chang replied, "Your Majesty, your kindness reaches every corner of the realm, affecting all. Although Wuxing is a small state, how could it not be grateful for your kindness?"
Zhang Chang later held the position of Imperial Censor. Gaozu established the system of five ranks of nobility, granting him the title of Duke of Kai and also the title of Prince of Song. In the spring of the seventeenth year, Gaozu summoned his ministers to discuss the matter of launching a campaign to the south in the Jingwu Hall. When discussing the power usurpation by Liu Song and Xiao Qi, Zhang Chang always cried incessantly. He then reported, saying, "The fall of my dynasty has caused immense suffering. I hope to rely on the protection of the state to cleanse my personal shame." After he finished speaking, he bowed deeply in gratitude. Gaozu also shed tears and honored him with even greater respect. When Cao Hu, the Governor of Yongzhou, feigned surrender, Gaozu ordered Zhang Chang to lead troops to march to Yiyang, but he returned without any military accomplishments.
Eighteen years ago, the emperor appointed him as the Commissioner and Commander of Military Affairs for Wuyue, Chu, and Pengcheng, but he stubbornly refused. The emperor insisted on his appointment and also rewarded him with a thousand bolts of cloth. When he departed, Emperor Gaozu personally bid him farewell, ordered all officials to compose poems to bid him farewell, and bestowed upon him his collected works. Emperor Gaozu even showed him his own writings, saying, "Now is the time to suppress rebellion and achieve feats. Although you do not enjoy studying, there are too many tasks for you to avoid. I thought of you and decided to show you these things. Although they may not have much significance, think of them as a bit of encouragement." This was how highly the emperor valued him. It had been a long time since he left Pengcheng. The house and pond he built on the mountainside are still there, which he later restored and returned to.
However, he failed to pacify the border people, unite the meritorious officials, and instead his household was in chaos, with collusion both inside and outside his household and all sorts of bad characters. The old commoners and officials all lamented. He built his tomb in the southwest of Pengcheng, near the graves of three princesses, but the tombs were separate. While the tomb was being constructed with stones, it collapsed, resulting in the deaths of over ten people. It was later rebuilt, leading to significant losses for both public and private interests.
When Emperor Gaozu was campaigning in the south, he waited for the emperor at his temporary palace. Emperor Gaozu sent a court official to greet and reassure him. He went to confront the army of Xiao Zhaoye, and although he defeated the enemy forces multiple times, he was unable to capture Yiyang City, so he returned with his troops. In the nineteenth year of his reign, while Emperor Gaozu was in Pengcheng, he went to pay his respects to the emperor. He said to the emperor, "I was ordered to subdue and eliminate the wrongdoers, but I have wasted troops and time in vain, which has harmed the court's prestige. I request to be punished." Emperor Gaozu replied, "My intention in this campaign was never to capture cities or territory; I only aimed to punish the criminals, pacify the people, uphold the court's authority, and show kindness to the citizens. Both of these objectives were accomplished, and I did not stray from my goal. I never claimed I would return in triumph, much less you."
In October, the emperor arrived in the capital. The emperor held a grand talent selection event in the Guangjitang. The emperor said, "I have gathered everyone here today to discuss the national system. The system serves as the framework of the nation, the tool for governing the people. If you can establish a good system, the country can be well governed; if not, the country will be in chaos. In the past, our country always adjusted the system according to the situation during the Heng dynasty, without a long-term effective system in place. Therefore, from summer to autumn, I have been personally involved in formulating new systems. Some people say that as long as it works, there is no need to stick to the traditional rules, but I disagree. Why? Nowadays, everyone admires the simple style of our ancestors, but the honest and corrupt are intertwined, good and bad are not distinguished, gentlemen and villains, reputation and status have no difference; this is simply unacceptable. Now I have categorized individuals above the eighth rank into nine tiers, and those lower officials are divided into seven levels. Even ordinary individuals can attain the high position of San Gong, provided they possess genuine talent and learning. I am worried that it is too difficult to find talented people. We cannot simply alter the system for the sake of one individual. Therefore, we need to properly standardize these ranks, unify the rules of the court, so that future generations can also follow the example of Yao and Shun. I urge you to learn from Yuan Kai and others." Liu Chang replied, "Your Majesty, by establishing a new dynasty in the capital, formulating new systems, and standardizing the nine levels, you have achieved immortal merits, not just following the example of Yao and Shun, but surpassing the three generations."
The emperor said, "There is one thing about the country that deeply concerns me. What is it? It is that no one dared to openly discuss the good and bad of national affairs before. Now you must express your own opinions. As an emperor, the greatest fear is failing to heed the opinions of those below; as a subject, the most feared thing is not being loyal to the emperor. I am now promoting a person; if this person has any shortcomings, you must boldly speak out; if this person has talent and I do not know, you must recommend him. I will graciously welcome everyone's opinions. If you can do this, those who promote talent will be rewarded, not punished."
When it came to the selection of the Great General, the Emperor said, "Liu Chang is the one." Later, the Emperor bestowed upon him twenty sword-bearing attendants. In April of the twenty-first year of his reign, Liu Chang passed away in Pengcheng at the age of sixty-two. The Emperor held a grand mourning ceremony for him, bestowing him with extravagant burial goods, including precious artifacts, one million coins, five hundred pieces of cloth, three hundred pounds of candles, a set of ceremonial robes, and a piece of clothing. He posthumously conferred upon him the title of Huangyue, Grand Tutor, and Governor of Yangzhou, and gave him exceptionally high honors, conducting the funeral in accordance with the nine ceremonial standards, granting him feathered banners and drums, and conducting the funeral in the manner befitting King Wu of Langya from the Jin Dynasty, posthumously naming him "Ming."
Liu Chang's son, Liu Chengxu, was the Emperor's nephew through his sister. He was weak and sickly from a young age. He married the Emperor's sister, Princess Chang of Pengcheng, and became an Imperial Son-in-Law. After Liu Chang's death, he was posthumously granted the title of an attendant official.
The eldest son was called Wenyuan, and the second son was called Hui, with the courtesy name Zhongchang. Both brothers were rather wild, and their father Chang felt that they were unable to uphold their titles. However, the younger son Hui was still young and had not committed any major mistakes, so he was appointed as the heir to inherit the title. During the Zhengshi era, Hui married Princess Chang of Lanling, who was the second daughter of Emperor Sizong. He was later appointed as an attendant official. This princess had a bad temper and was particularly jealous. Hui had a clandestine affair with one of the princess's maids, and she became pregnant. Even more shockingly, in a fit of rage, the princess killed the maid. She sliced open the maid's abdomen, took out the child, dismembered the child, stuffed it back into the maid's belly with grass, and then displayed the maid's lifeless body to Hui. Hui was terrified and completely distanced himself from the princess.
The princess's sister went to the palace to report this to the Empress Dowager, telling her about this matter. The Empress Dowager ordered King Qinghe Yi to look into the matter. Yi, along with King Gaoyang Yong and King Guangping Huai, submitted a petition, stating that the couple could no longer live together and requested the Empress Dowager to divorce them and revoke Hui's title. The Empress Dowager consented. The princess lived in the palace for almost a year, and King Gaoyang and Liu Teng, among others, pleaded on behalf of the princess, making their case to the Empress Dowager. The Empress Dowager feared that the princess wouldn't change, so she did not agree. However, these individuals kept pleading, and the Empress Dowager reluctantly agreed to their remarriage. The Empress Dowager tearfully bid farewell to the princess and specifically instructed her to get along well. During the Zhengguang era, Hui had liaisons with girls from the Zhang and Chen families. The princess also grew increasingly reckless; her aunt, Princess Chenliu, even encouraged her mischief, which led to another quarrel between the two. Hui pushed the princess off the bed, hitting and kicking her, which led to her miscarriage. Hui, fearing the consequences, fled. The Empress Dowager then ordered King Qinghe Yi to handle the matter, shaving the heads of the girls from the Zhang and Chen families as punishment, administering harsh beatings, and imprisoning them in the palace. Hui's brothers also received whippi
Lao Da Wenyuan, a former infantry lieutenant and general, was appointed as a commander during the Jingming era. While in Shouchun, he conspired to assassinate the governor Wang Su, intending to rebel there. When the plot was exposed, he was executed.
There was a man named Liu Wuying, a court official, who, in the 19th year of Taihe, joined Huainan in submitting to the court. He claimed to be the younger brother of Liu Yu and a great-grandson of Liu Daolian, the King of Changsha. The emperor granted him the title of Jianning Duke and appointed him as a military officer. Later, he was promoted to infantry lieutenant and guerrilla general, but ultimately died while serving as the governor of Henei. However, Liu Wuying was never regarded as a relative by Xiao Chang.
Next, let’s talk about Xiao Baoyin, whose courtesy name was Zhilang, who was the sixth son of Xiao Luan and the younger brother of Xiao Baojuan. After Xiao Luan usurped the throne, he granted Xiao Baoyin the title of King of Jian'an. Later, when Xiao Baojuan became emperor, he appointed Xiao Baoyin as the General of Chariots and Cavalry and the Minister of War, entrusting him with the military affairs of Shitou Shu. However, Xiao Baojuan was a foolish and tyrannical person, and his subordinates, including Liu Lingyun, conspired to support Xiao Baoyin, secretly sending someone to inform him, to which Xiao Baoyin agreed. They welcomed Xiao Baoyin, bringing soldiers from Shitou City, and marched grandly toward the palace, even displaying the flag of the imperial procession, with hundreds of followers. However, when night fell and the city gates were closed, they set fire to Sanshang and Jianye City, shooting a few people from the walls, causing the crowd to disperse. Xiao Baoyin abandoned his chariot and fled, only to be captured by his subordinates and taken to account. Xiao Baoyin claimed he was coerced, and Xiao Baojuan did not blame him much. Later, Xiao Baojuan's brother, Xiao Baorong, seized the throne and declared himself emperor, appointing Xiao Baoyin as the General of the Guard and later changing his title to King of Poyang.
After Xiao Yan captured Jianye, he killed his brother and planned to kill Xiao Baoyin. He sent soldiers to guard him, but the situation was not yet critical. Xiao Baoyin's family eunuch, Yan Wenzhi, along with attendants Ma Gong and Huang Shentou, secretly discussed and drilled a hole in the wall, sneaking Xiao Baoyin out under the cover of night. They prepared a small boat by the river; Xiao Baoyin took off his original clothes, put on a coarse cloth tunic, and tied a pouch containing thousands of copper coins around his waist. He sneaked to the river, walked barefoot, which left the soles of his feet raw and blistered. The guards only caught up at dawn; Xiao Baoyin pretended to fish, drifting along the river for over ten miles. The pursuers did not suspect him, and when they dispersed, he finally reached the west bank. Then, he sought refuge with Hua Wenrong.
Hua Wenrong and his son Tianlong, Huilian, and three others abandoned their family business, hiding with Xiao Baoyin in the remote mountains. They rented a donkey for their journey, hiding during the day and traveling at night. In the second year of Jingming, they arrived at the Shouchun East City Garrison. After a thorough examination, the garrison master Du Yuanlun recognized him as a member of the Xiao clan, warmly welcomed him, and immediately reported to the Governor of Yangzhou and the King of Rencheng, Wang Cheng. Wang Cheng sent carriages, horses, and guards to welcome him. At that time, Xiao Baoyin was only sixteen years old, walking all the way, tired and thin. People who saw him thought he had been kidnapped! Wang Cheng welcomed him with the courtesy due to a guest. Xiao Baoyin requested to wear mourning attire; Wang Cheng sent someone to explain the funeral etiquette and provided him with mourning attire in accordance with brotherly mourning customs. Wang Cheng led officials to offer condolences; Xiao Baoyin behaved properly, did not drink or eat meat, did not speak much, and displayed profound sorrow. Many people in Shouchun City who were old acquaintances of his came to console him; only the Xiahou family did not come, as they were old acquaintances of Xiao Yan. After a few days, Xiao Baoyin visited Wang Cheng again, and Wang Cheng held him in high regard.
In the third year of the Jingming era, during the intercalary fourth month, the emperor issued an edict that stated: "Xiao Baoyin understands great righteousness and has pledged loyalty to the court, risking his life to journey a thousand miles to seek refuge with our court. Such loyalty and righteousness surpass even that of Wei Zi and Chen Han! I will send Liu Taofu, the Chief of the Feather Forest Guards, to welcome him. Everything he needs for his livelihood, including clothing, horses, and accommodation in the capital, will be entrusted to the Minister of Works for preparation." When Xiao Baoyin arrived in the capital, Emperor Shizong welcomed him with great ceremony. Xiao Baoyin made his requests to the court, urging them to send troops south for an attack, asserting that even in the face of storms and heavy rain, he would not waver at all.
That winter, Chen Bozhi, who served as the governor of Jiangzhou under Xiao Yan, came from Shouchun to surrender, accompanied by his chief clerk Chu Zhou and others. He even volunteered to fight. The emperor found Bao Yin to be very sincere, and the situation Chen Bozhi described was indeed urgent, and he did not want to miss the opportunity. In the second month of the fourth year, he summoned eight ministers to discuss the battle plan. In April, the emperor appointed Bao Yin as envoy with special authority, commander of military affairs in Dongyang, Nanjing, and Yanzhou, General of the Eastern Towns, governor of Dongyang Prefecture, Duke of Danyang, and Prince of Qi, assigning him ten thousand troops to first secure Dongcheng and launch a large-scale attack in the autumn and winter. Although Bao Yin appeared to accept the appointment, he cried bitterly that night. The next morning, he was formally granted his position, awarded carriages, horses, and various gifts, and given five hundred elite troops, which was a very generous offer, though still not as favorable as what Liu Chang received in the past. The emperor also instructed him to recruit strong men from across the land, leading to several thousand recruits. He appointed Wen Zhi and others as generals of crossbows, and Wen Rong and others as strong bow generals, all of whom were made commanders of the army. Though Bao Yin had experienced a period of exile in his youth, he was upright and ambitious. Even during his exile, he abstained from alcohol and meat, lived very simply, wore coarse cloth clothes, and ate simple meals, never indulging in laughter or leisure. When he was appointed for the southern campaign, many officials and nobles came to curry favor with him, and his residence was bustling with visitors, with various official documents and letters piling up like a mountain, all of which he managed to handle without error.
In the third month of the first year of Zhengshi, Bao Yin arrived at Ruyin, only to find that the Eastern City had already been breached by the enemy. He was forced to temporarily garrison at Qixian Temple in Shouchun. At the same time, the bandit general Jiang Qingzhen launched an invasion, and the local people responded en masse, surrounding Shouchun. Jiang Qingzhen occupied the outer city of Shouchun. Bao Yin personally donned armor and led his soldiers to counterattack, fighting from the fourth watch until the shen hour of the following day, but the enemy's forces continued to strengthen. Seeing that he was outnumbered and without reinforcements, Bao Yin retreated to the inner city of Shouchun. Later, he charged out from the eastern gate of the inner city, leading his soldiers in a fierce battle, ultimately defeating the enemy. Bao Yin demonstrated remarkable bravery in the battle of Shouchun, shocking all witnesses. In July, Bao Yin returned to the capital and was granted the title of Duke of Liang, with a fief of eight hundred households.
King Ying of Zhongshan went south to fight, and Bao Yin submitted a request to go into battle. The emperor appointed him as the General of the Eastern Garrison with the authority of a special envoy, sending him to support King Ying of Zhongshan, and also provided him with five hundred Yulin troops and Hu Ben troops. Together with King Ying of Zhongshan, he repeatedly defeated the enemy and pursued them to attack Zhongli City. As a result, the Huai River swelled, and Bao Yin and King Ying of Zhongshan retreated in chaos, losing over one hundred thousand soldiers. Someone reported that Bao Yin failed to defend the East Bridge, leading to the army's defeat, and he should face the death penalty. The emperor responded, "Bao Yin surrendered in times of crisis and should be treated leniently; he can be spared from death but must be stripped of his official position and title, and return home."
Subsequently, Bao Yin married the Princess of Nanyang, and the emperor bestowed upon him one thousand bolts of silk, along with many wedding gifts. The princess was virtuous and treated Bao Yin with great respect. Even after many years of marriage, she continued to show her respect and courtesy. Every time Bao Yin entered the princess's chamber, she would stand waiting for him, and their interactions resembled those of guests; except when the dowager was seriously ill, the princess never returned to her family home. Bao Yin was gentle, polite to others, and very respectful to the princess. The couple enjoyed a harmonious relationship, and King Yi of Qinghe held him in high regard.
In the fourth year of the Yongping era, Lu Chang captured the Qushan garrison held by Xiao Yan. Xiao Yan appointed Fu Wenji to defend it. Xiao Yan then sent troops to attack Fu Wenji. Lu Chang led his troops to the rescue, and the emperor appointed Bao Yin as the envoy, acting as the General of Annan Province, and instructed him to lead troops in support of Lu Chang, following his command. The emperor also bestowed upon him three hundred bolts of silk and hosted a farewell banquet for him in the East Hall. The emperor said, "Xiao Yan is courting death; we've been fighting for so long, through both cold and heat. You are loyal, filial, and upright; you must be eager to avenge our country and completely eliminate Xiao Yan. Therefore, I give you this important task, hoping you can win the battle!" Bao Yin replied, "The national enmity has not been avenged; I am always ready for battle. Although I do not have the talent of Shen Baoxu, I will never forget the patriotism of Wu Zixu! Now I rely on Your Majesty's wise decision-making, commanding the soldiers to fight. I swear to defeat the enemy and fulfill the task entrusted to me by Your Majesty. Your Majesty's grace is profound; I am truly grateful!" As he spoke, Bao Yin was overcome with emotion and choked up for a long time. Later, Lu Chang's army was defeated; only Bao Yin's forces managed to retreat unscathed.
Initially, he was appointed as the General of the East Army, the Inspector of Yingzhou Province, and also restored the title of Prince of Qi. After four years, he was promoted to General of the Fumilitary and Inspector of Jizhou Province. Later, the Dacheng Rebellion broke out, and Bao Yin sent troops to suppress it, but faced repeated defeats at the hands of the rebel forces. Only when the imperial army arrived were the rebels finally defeated. Empress Dowager Ling took charge of the court, and Bao Yin also returned to the capital.
Xiao Yan sent his general Kang Xuan to build waterworks at Fushan, intending to use them for irrigating Yangzhou and Xuzhou. The court appointed Bao Yin as an imperial envoy, commander of the eastern military campaigns, and General of the Eastern Army, sending him to attack Xiao Yan. Soon after, Bao Yin was again granted the title of Duke of Liang County, but he was assigned to reside in Puyang, Jizhou, which felt somewhat like a form of exile. At the beginning of the Xiping era, the waterworks constructed by Xiao Yan were completed, and the Huai River flooded, threatening to harm Yangzhou and Xuzhou. Bao Yin dug a new channel upstream of the dam to divert the Huai River's water to Zeguo, which slightly lowered the water level.
Next, Bao Yin dispatched General Liu Zhiwen and General Liu Yanzong, leading over a thousand elite soldiers, to cross the Huai River under the cover of night, burn down the enemy's bamboo and wooden encampments, and successfully breach three enemy encampments in a single assault, killing and capturing thousands of enemies, and even slaying the enemy's General Wang Shengming, returning in triumph. The blaze raged so fiercely that it burned for several days without being extinguished. Xiao Yan's generals Yuan Mengsun and Zhang Sengfu led three thousand naval troops across the Huai River to attack the commander Lü Po from the north. Bao Yin sent his chief military officer Yuan Da and commander Wei Xunian to meet the enemy, resulting in the defeat of Xiao Yan's forces, forcing Yuan Mengsun and the others to flee. Consequently, Bao Yin was granted the titles of Left Minister of Rites and Palace Secretary. Bao Yin also sent his main general Zhou Gongsu to lead several hundred brave soldiers, who crossed the Huai River at night to the south and burned down eleven camps of the enemy's Xuzhou governor Zhang Baozi and others, causing widespread panic among the enemy, leading many to turn on each other. After returning to the capital, Bao Yin was reappointed as an imperial envoy, a palace attendant, commander of the military affairs in Jingzhou and the three eastern states, Guard General, and governor of Jingzhou. However, he chose not to assume the post and eventually returned to his former role as Palace Secretary.
When Baoyin was in Huaiyan, Xiao Yan wrote him a letter, which said: "Prince Jian'an Baoyin, my late brother, the Xuanwu King of Changsha, fought in Hanzhong before. He encountered an attack from the northern enemies in Huayang, a remote area with no reserves internally or external reinforcements. The situation was dire. He relied on his strategies, just like Tian Dan did, and ultimately saved the land, defeated the enemy, and triumphed over the strong with the weak. At that time, when he returned victorious, both the ruler and his ministers were overjoyed, and everyone congratulated each other. Emperor Qi Ming would pause and sigh every time he recalled this event. Later, Zhang Yong and Cui Huijing rebelled, the high-ranking generals suffered defeats, and the junior officers were disheartened, resulting in a dire situation. My late brother bravely fought, swiftly led the army to attack Daxian, defended the siege for many days, vanquished the enemy, pacified Huijing's rebellion, and his achievements surpassed Huan Wen. My late brother served as the Guard Commander, and the two brothers worked together wholeheartedly for the country. However, their merits were not rewarded; instead, they faced cruel persecution. The entire family was imprisoned, and calamities followed one after another. I worked under Emperor Qi Ming, striving to resist external enemies and assisting the emperor internally. I reflected on my actions daily, ensuring I made no mistakes, yet I was still implicated. Liu Shanyang led his troops in light boats to launch an attack against me, and the situation was so critical that I had to take action. So, I vowed to eliminate Mei Chong'er, Ru Fazhen, and their associates, avenge the injustice, rescue my family, and return to my hometown. However, Zhang Ji and Wang Zhengguo had already rebelled, and Bao Shen and Zi Jin had created crises multiple times. I had to comply with fate, and the situation had developed to this point, not the outcome I had envisioned. So, since I came into power, I abandoned my family and refrained from indulging in delicacies, just to let everyone see my sincerity. Do not think that today's position is so important. In my view, it is less significant than a mustard seed. Although the reclusive life of Kongtong is hard to find, and the aspirations of Fenyang are also out of reach, I am building this water dam now, and you may not yet know my true intentions. I can't bring myself to harm even insects, so how could I eagerly fight for worthless land at the expense of people's lives? It is actually because Li Jibo is in Shouyang, encroaching upon our borders, and the situation has worsened over time. Sometimes he attacks small cities and forts, sometimes he plunders villages. If we only retaliate lightly, true peace will remain elusive, and there will be continuous wars in the border areas, causing disasters in Wu and Chu. Thus, I have been keeping the garrisons in check without direct confrontation. But Li Jibo has become more rampant and reckless. The construction of this water dam is merely a response to Li Jibo's encroachment, not a large-scale operation, so I did not send any messages to the north. In your youth, you harbored grand ambitions of unifying the realm. In the past, you rebelled in Shitou; though unsuccessful, you still deserve to be called a hero. Now you are stationed in Heluo, which is the time for you to make achievements. However, in my opinion, you are better off leading your troops to capture Pengcheng, and then sending another army as reinforcement. If you succeed, have your nephew escort you back to your family temple for worship, and bring back your family and nephews. If you want to return to the north, come up with other strategies, but once the opportunity is missed, it will be difficult to gather strength again. Do not end up like Han Xin, trapped in a chicken coop." Baoyin submitted the letter to the court, expressing his anger, and the court replied to him.
Bao Yin is a person who wholeheartedly wants to serve the country and has repeatedly requested to be assigned to the frontier. Later, during the era of the Divine Tortoise, he was appointed as the military governor of Xuzhou, Nanyanzhou, and Yanzhou, as well as General of Chariots and Cavalry and Inspector of Xuzhou. Upon taking office, he set up a school east of Qinghe, and at the beginning and middle of each month, he invited local aristocratic youths for friendly discussions about the classics and histories, placing a strong emphasis on governance, which earned him the affection of the people. During his tenure in these three states, he made significant political achievements.
In the second year of the Zhengguang era, he was summoned by the court to serve as Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry and Left Minister of Personnel. He excelled in handling government affairs and had an excellent reputation. By the fourth year of the Zhengguang era, he submitted a memorial in which he stated: "I have heard that the 'Yao Dian' records the system of promotion and demotion, and the 'Zhou Shu' has regulations on evaluating officials' achievements. While the origins of these systems may be hard to trace, their overall meaning is still clear. In summary, it is necessary to appoint officials based on their abilities, carefully examine their achievements and investigate their conduct, verify their reputation, and ascertain the truth of matters. Is it not through the evaluation of officials that their promotions and demotions are determined, and through assessments that their merits and demerits are judged? Once their reputation spreads throughout the court and the public, their rank is recorded on official documents, their achievements are recognized by their peers, and their accomplishments are known to the court, then there will be clear standards for rewards and punishments and a basis for appointments. Even those who are bold and ambitious, who never know when to back down, compete for fame and profit in the court; those who recklessly chase promotions and hustle around different departments will still consider their reputation and status and approach promotions and demotions with caution. Because the ranks of official positions are already set, and titles are elevated above, they cannot be casually overstepped!"
Now I privately believe that the current assessment system's purpose and methods are unclear. I boldly share my thoughts without reservation, considering them merely a suggestion. My idea is: the reputation of civil and military officials is their highest pursuit, while moral cultivation is their primary task. Loyalty is the honor of courtiers; benevolence and righteousness are the foundations of being human. If someone does not hold a high position like the Nine Ministers or take on significant responsibilities like the Four Commanders, how can they bear these honorable titles? Throughout history, regardless of rank or status, people often flatter and praise one another. Talented and untalented individuals are mixed together; those seeking promotion do not consider their own abilities, and those granting promotions do not verify their achievements. As a result, official positions are exchanged like commodities, and reputations become completely disconnected from reality. This assessment system is merely a formality, chaotic and beyond description.
As an official in the capital, I am evaluated only every few years. During this time, my superiors may have changed several times, or the emperor I served may have died or been deposed, or my colleagues may have dispersed, some even passed away. Even if the evaluation records once showed my outstanding performance, over time, they have vanished. People come and go; who remembers if you performed well in the past? Some officials go years without evaluation, and some are transferred thousands of miles away. When evaluation time comes, they must put in significant effort to check their past records. Everyone helps, flatters, covers up shortcomings, and embellishes achievements; as long as they can get promoted, they don't care about anything else. Even those with noble character inevitably encounter such situations; let alone those with mediocre qualifications. Officials are all focused on promotion, wanting to make achievements, deceiving each other—what could be worse than that?
Next, let me talk about how I work diligently in governance and care for the people, and everyone attributes this to my superiors; the responsibilities of superiors are quite heavy, and the pressure they bear is quite great. However, their evaluations are conducted once every six years, and after their term ends, they have to wait another six years to be rated. This means it takes twelve years to achieve a single promotion. Meanwhile, those in the eastern and western provinces with ceremonial or idle roles, some show up for work only once every few weeks, and some only appear at court once a month. During evaluations, they can be promoted by one level in four years. In other words, they can be promoted by three levels in ten years. Those who truly work hard find it difficult to be promoted, while those holding nominal positions find it easy to be promoted. The disparity between internal and external official positions is enormous; how can the treatment be so unequal!
I've heard that the sage said the greatest treasure is one's status, so how can one preserve their status? By upholding benevolence and righteousness! As Mencius stated, "Benevolence, righteousness, loyalty, and trustworthiness are the titles bestowed by heaven, while the titles of nobles and officials are given by people." In ancient times, those individuals first developed their own virtues, received rewards from heaven, and then the titles given by people naturally followed. Thus, no matter how times change or how status varies, everyone particularly cherishes this reputation and position and would never easily give it away. Thus, the authority over rewards and punishments has always rested in one's own hands. Look at the Zhou Dynasty; those princes and uncles held prominent positions but lacked official titles. During the Han Dynasty, Princess Guantao only requested a title and reward. Did they not value family ties? They certainly did! But they understood that if there is any slight deviation in rewards and punishments, it would not fulfill its role of rewarding and punishing; if fairness is even slightly compromised, there will be those who covet and deceive. Therefore, they are extremely cautious about rewards and punishments, placing the utmost value on it.
One thinks about it: those who are not very close, of average ability, some merely run errands and make no contributions at all, while others make suggestions and receive little reward, yet they can easily get promoted and become wealthy, enjoying high positions and generous salaries. This will lead to an increasing number of those who are cunning and dishonest, who strain every nerve to climb the ranks and seek personal gain by any means possible. Those in power also understand the suffering within this, but a mere suppression can cause this unhealthy trend to run rampant; if left unchecked, what could happen?
To achieve harmony in music, constant adjustments are necessary to produce pleasing melodies. The past cannot be reclaimed, but the future can be improved. In "Zhou Guan," the Grand Minister's duty is: at the end of each year, to have various departments submit their reports, listen to their reports, and then report to the emperor; a major examination every three years to assess the performance of all officials and then reward or discipline them. I believe we could adopt a similar approach, where at the end of each year, all departments must conduct a thorough review of officials' performance during their tenure, thoroughly assess their abilities and achievements, and objectively evaluate their ranks, ignoring those who speak eloquently yet ambiguously. Then, the assessment results should be reported to the Minister, who will review them; if any errors are found, they should be corrected and punished immediately, without allowing officials to shift blame or act arbitrarily.
After determining the merits and faults of officials, it is necessary to distinguish between good and evil. Those who are incompetent should be demoted to uphold laws and discipline; those who are diligent and loyal should be promoted and entrusted with important positions to recognize and reward their contributions. After compiling all the results, they should be reported. Once reported, the evaluation department should copy a document on yellow paper or oil cloth, one copy stamped by the Minister of the department and the official servant, kept in the Ministry of Personnel; another copy stamped by the Chamberlain and the Yellow Gate, archived in the Ministry of Personnel. Strict confidentiality must be upheld, and no one is permitted to view it privately; all should be reviewed together on the day of assessment. This way, a true record can be kept, reducing acts of deceit and treachery. The standards for internal and external assessments should not rely solely on crude methods; it is hoped that everyone will discuss broadly to establish a unified standard. If there are special strategies concerning the nation's rise and fall that are widely discussed without dissent, they can be handled flexibly according to actual circumstances without being bound by conventions.
As for those who rely on connections and take shortcuts, seeking fame and fortune, if not restricted and allowed to spread, they will be as difficult to eradicate as weeds. Small problems, when accumulated, will turn into big issues, undermining the court's system and disrupting the country's laws and discipline. Therefore, it should be explicitly prohibited to achieve a state of optimal governance and return to the right track, blocking the source of malpractices. In this way, the court will be filled with talented individuals and flourish.
Thus, this suggestion was submitted to the court for extensive discussion as a long-term strategy, but ultimately no consensus was reached. At this time, Xiao Yan's son, the Marquis of Xifeng, Xiao Zhengde, surrendered. Bao Yin submitted a memorial stating: "I have reviewed the report from Yangzhou, in which Xiao Zhengde claims he sought refuge in the court to escape turmoil, betraying his father and sovereign, which has sparked much discussion; his true intentions are difficult to grasp." "In the report from Yangzhou, Xiao Zhengde states he fled to avoid disaster, abandoning his father and betraying his sovereign, causing great public outrage, and his true feelings are hard to discern."
I have heard that one's conduct in life, both in being a person and in how one acts, must begin with filial piety towards their parents, and only then can they be loyal to their sovereign. Therefore, one must always maintain respect for their parents and show even greater love for their father. This is the foundation of human relationships and the principle of just rule. Among the thousands of laws, there is no greater crime than disrespecting one's parents. Concealing crimes breeds treachery, and such offenses are never forgiven by the law. Thus, Jin Gong could not escape the death penalty due to slander; Wei Ji, because of being falsely accused, saw both of his sons die one after the other. If one does not obey even the commands of their parents, how can there be a father for the country? Moreover, now that the rebels still exist and the insurrection has not been quelled, he escapes to the riverbank to live a miserable life, finding some semblance of pleasure in his misery. Meanwhile, Zhengde enjoys the pampering akin to that of a son, usurping the noble status of a marquis, while his father enjoys honor at court and he holds titles at home, yet remains completely unaware of his parents' coldness and hunger, already having plotted his parents' fate. With a thousand miles of mountains and rivers separating them, the warmth of filial piety can no longer reach them, and the time between visits to his parents stretches on; when will he ever repay his parents' kindness? This alone reveals the kind of person he truly is.
Our dynasty's foundation is secure, and our benevolence spreads far and wide. From the north to the south, even the most remote areas depend on imperial grace, enabling consistent political reform without a single error. Those who offer jade and silk are recognized as loyal and filial subjects and rewarded; those who construct thatched huts along the Yiluo River are also commended by the court. Local leaders, disheveled and unclothed, kneel to seek official positions; the tattooed leaders from Jiaozhi also willingly come to present their wealth. Someone like Zhengde should face punishment commensurate with his actions. In the past, the state of Yue was founded by Zai Qian; the Han dynasty overcame its challenges thanks to Ding Gong. After the pacification of Wu and Chu, both of these ministers were executed. Did the court overlook their contributions? They aim to caution future generations. Moreover, Zhengde has shown ingratitude and is unfilial towards his father, which is nothing short of wolfish ambition! If he cannot respect his parents, how can he genuinely care for the common people? The deceitful acts he has committed are too numerous to count.
I earnestly request Your Majesty's wisdom and insight to carry on our ancestors' great legacy, demonstrate your virtues, eliminate treachery, and govern the world. If we protect this wicked individual and allow him to remain in a high position, with all officials emulating him, how can we punish treachery? I carry deep sins, and my heart aches; now I feel like I'm at my wit's end, with no hope of ever repaying my parents' kindness. Should I really be troubled just by a shameless scoundrel? Although my talents are mediocre, my position requires me to offer counsel, and I am filled with great anxiety, compelled to present my thoughts to Your Majesty. I humbly ask for Your Majesty's kindness to take a moment to look into this matter and judge what's right and wrong. Let the autumn frost and spring dew get their just rewards; let the satire of "The Rat" serve justice to those treacherous people. Don’t let Shen Ji be mocked for just trying to survive, nor should Zeng Can and Min Sun be seen as symbols of unfilial behavior in a time of prosperity.
When Zhu Houzhao arrived in Beijing, the court really didn't welcome him; it was cold and uninviting. He didn't stick around long and ran back home.
Five years later, Xiao Yan sent his generals Pei Sui and Yu Hong to launch an attack on Yangzhou. The court appointed Bao Yin as an envoy with command authority, sending him with troops to fight. As a result, the Yangzhou governor, Changsun Zhi, decisively defeated Pei Sui's army and killed Yu Hong, causing Xiao Yan's troops to flee quickly.
Xue Zhen, Liu Qing, and Du Qian, residents of Qinzhou City, led a rebellion, captured the governor Li Yan, and proclaimed Mo Zhe Datida their leader, declaring themselves the Kings of Qin. Mo Zhe Datida soon died, and his fourth son, Mo Zhe Nian, secretly declared himself emperor, changing the regnal title to Tianjian. He established a bureaucratic system, designating Xi Ahu as Crown Prince, his brother Ah Ni as the King of Xihe, his brother Tian Sheng as the King of Gaoyang, Bo Zhen as the King of Dongjun, and An Bao as the King of Pingyang. Mo Zhe Tian Sheng led his troops to Longdong, capturing Qincheng, then occupied Qizhou, capturing Yuan Zhi, Pei Fen, and others, before attacking Yongzhou and camping at Heishui. The court was deeply concerned, so they appointed Bao Yin as the governor and chief of the Western Road, sending him with an army to fight in the west, also appointing him as the Grand Commander. Emperor Tang Suzong personally visited Mingtang to bid him farewell.
Bao Yin and General Cui Yanbo defeated Tian Sheng, killing over ten thousand people. When they chased the enemy to Xiaolong, the army began looting, which delayed their pursuit and allowed the enemy to block Longshan Road. Afterwards, they went to Anding to suppress the rebel leader Wanqiu Chounu in Gaoping, but failed to win.
At this time, the brothers Lv Bodu and Lv Bodu from Tianshui initially followed Nian Sheng in rebellion, but later, they defected to Xian Qin and gathered forces to confront Nian Sheng, defeating him and subsequently surrendering to Hu Chen. Hu Chen appointed Lv Bodu as the Grand Commander and King of Qin, providing him with troops to subdue Qinzhou. Lv Bodu defeated Du Can, one of Nian Sheng's generals, in Chengji, and then defeated Mo Zhe Puxian, the King of Jincheng, in Yongluo City, advancing all the way to Xian Qin. Nian Sheng personally led his troops in resistance but was defeated and forced to flee. Lv Bodu then betrayed Hu Chen, attacked Hu Chen's general Liu Ba, defeated him, and sent his nephew Lv Xin to lure the court's army with cavalry. In a desperate situation, Nian Sheng feigned surrender to Bao Yin.
The court was very pleased that Lü Bodu had achieved great merit, so they appointed him as General of the Protectorate, Governor of Jingzhou, and Duke of Pingqin Commandery, granting him a fief of three thousand households. However, General Yuan Xiuyi and Gao Yu halted their troops at Longkou and did not advance westward for a long time. As a result, Niansheng rebelled again, and Lü Bodu was ultimately killed by Wanqi Chounu. Thus, the bandit forces grew even stronger, and Bao Yin could not control them. In April of the second year of the Xiaochang era, the court appointed Bao Yin as Chamberlain, General of Cavalry, and held the title of Minister of War, providing him with a military band and increasing his fief by one thousand households. Bao Yin fought from Heishui all the way to Pingliang, confronting the bandits for several years, constantly attacking, and the bandits feared him. The stability of the Guanzhong region was entirely dependent on Bao Yin's efforts!
In the first month of the third year, Bao Yin was appointed as Minister of Works. Due to the prolonged expedition, the soldiers were exhausted. This month, Bao Yin suffered a significant defeat and retreated to Yongzhou. He returned to Chang'an to regroup the scattered army. The court officials wanted to punish Bao Yin with the death penalty, but the emperor ordered his pardon, permitting him to live as a commoner. In April, the court again appointed Bao Yin as Special Envoy, Commander of Military Affairs in Yong, Jing, Qi, and Nanbin, General of the Western Expedition, Governor of Yongzhou, Acting General of Cavalry, and Grand Commander for the Western Campaign, giving him command over the areas west of Guanzhong. In September, Niansheng was killed by his subordinate, Changshan's Duke Can, and his entire family was exterminated. Duke Can occupied the state city and surrendered to Bao Yin. In October, Bao Yin was appointed as Attendant of the Imperial Court, General of Cavalry, and Minister of War, restoring his previous titles.
At that time, Shandong and Guanzhong were full of bandits and rebels, the imperial army faced a series of defeats, and the common people were disheartened. Bao Yin himself felt that leading troops in battle for several years was a huge drain, and if they were to lose, they would definitely be blamed by the court, leaving him feeling very unsettled. The court had begun to harbor suspicions about him, so they sent the Imperial Censor Li Daoyuan to Guanzhong as a special envoy. Bao Yin felt that Li Daoyuan was there to arrest him, which heightened his fear. Some idle individuals in Chang'an City stirred each other up and spread rumors.
When Li Daoyuan arrived at Yinpai Relay Station, Bao Yin secretly sent his general Guo Zihui and others to attack and kill Li Daoyuan, then staged the scene, claiming that Li Daoyuan was killed by bandits. He also killed the Governor and Prince Zhongjing of Nanping. That month, Bao Yin rebelled, declared himself emperor, changed the era name to "Longxu Year 1," and appointed a number of officials. He then sent Guo Zihui to attack Tongguan in the east and sent his commander Zhang Shirong to besiege the provincial governor of Huazhou, Cui Xi. The court then sent the Grand Commandant Shangshu Pushe Xingtai Changsun Zhi to quell his rebellion.
At this time, Mao Hongbin from the north and his brother Mao Xia rallied their fellow villagers to form a militia, preparing to suppress Bao Yin. Bao Yin sent his general Lu Zuqian and others to fight against Mao Xia, but was killed by Mao Xia. He then sent his general Hou Zhongde to attack Mao Xia. Meanwhile, Guo Zihui faced defeat at the hands of the imperial army, Changsun Yan, the son of Changsun Zhi, defeated Zhang Shirong, and as a result, Hou Zhongde's morale plummeted, leading him to reconsider his loyalties and turn against Bao Yin. Hou Zhongde's army reached Baimen, and it was only then that Bao Yin recognized the looming danger. He fought against Hou Zhongde and was defeated. Bao Yin fled with the princess, his young son, and about a hundred cavalry through a rear exit, crossed the Wei Bridge, and sought refuge with Ningyi Ba, Zhang Dangchang, and Liu Xingzhou. Later, he fled to Chounu, who subsequently appointed Bao Yin as Grand Tutor.
In the third year of the Yong'an era, Erzhu Tianguang dispatched He Baoyue and his men to defeat Chounu, captured Chounu and Xiao Baoyu in Anding, and then escorted them to the capital. The emperor ordered them to be locked outside the Chang'an Gate, allowing the capital's citizens to watch for three days. Li Shenjun, the Minister of Personnel, and Gao Daomu, the Yellow Gate Secretary, were already acquainted with Xiao Baoyu, and they both spoke favorably of him before the emperor, claiming that "Xiao Baoyu's rebellious actions were all from the previous dynasty," hoping the emperor would spare him. At that moment, Wang Daoxi, who had been summoned to the capital, returned from his travels, and the emperor asked him what he had heard outside. Wang Daoxi replied, "I heard that Your Majesty intends to spare Xiao Baoyu." The emperor asked him why he said that. Wang Daoxi said, "Everyone is saying that Minister Li and Secretary Gao have a good relationship with Xiao Baoyu, and they can speak in front of Your Majesty, so they can definitely save him." Wang Daoxi then said, "If Xiao Baoyu's rebellion occurred in the previous dynasty, then it should be overlooked. But after Xiao Baoyu was defeated in Chang'an, he went to serve as a teacher for Chounu. Isn't this something that happened during your reign as emperor? If traitors are not eliminated, how can the law be enforced?" The emperor agreed with him and ordered Xiao Baoyu to be executed at the imperial stables of the Ministry of Grand Stables. Before Xiao Baoyu met his end, Li Shenjun visited him with wine, reminiscing about old times with his friend, and the two cried together. But Xiao Baoyu remained calm and unafraid, only saying, "I will leave it to fate. It's a pity I couldn't fulfill the duties of a loyal subject." The princess brought her children to say goodbye to Xiao Baoyu, weeping bitterly. When Xiao Baoyu met his end, his expression remained unchanged. Xiao Baoyu had three sons, all born to the princess, but none distinguished themselves. The eldest son, Xiao Lie, later wed Princess Jiande, the sister of Emperor Suzong, and became the Duke of Husbandry. He was executed after Xiao Baoyu's rebellion.
The second son, Xiao Quan, was playing archery with the youngest son, Xiao Kai. Xiao Kai accidentally shot Xiao Quan with an arrow, resulting in his death. Xiao Kai later became the Left Chief Historian. Xiao Kai's wife was the daughter of Princess Changsun, known for her frivolous and impertinent behavior, who was often reprimanded by the princess. Xiao Kai harbored resentment, and his wife frequently spoke ill of him. During the Tianping era, Xiao Kai had the princess killed. Consequently, Xiao Kai was executed in the Eastern Market, and his wife was beheaded. Their family was completely ruined as a result.
Bao Yin's brother, Bao Juan, had a son named Bao Zan, also known as Dewen, and originally named Bao Zong. He later entered the court as an official, where Bao Yin changed his name. After Xiao Yan destroyed Bao Juan, Bao Juan's palace maid Wu Shi was already pregnant, but she kept it a secret. Xiao Yan later married her, and when Bao Zan was born, Xiao Yan raised him as his own son and bestowed upon him the title of Prince of Yuzhang. Bao Zan grew up to be both talented and intelligent. His mother later told him the truth. By day, Bao Zan appeared cheerful as usual, but at night, he would secretly cry, feeling deeply troubled. He was skilled at making friends and constantly aspired to achieve greatness. Xiao Yan's other sons envied him, yet Xiao Yan favored him immensely.
Ruiwen Chong of Jiyin and Liang Hua of Anding had a very good relationship with Baozan, who held them in high regard. Baozan made a blood oath by cutting his finger, symbolizing their bond of loyalty. Both Ruiwen Chong and Liang Hua were touched by his genuine sincerity and also expressed their loyalty to him. Later, when Yuan Faseng staged a rebellion in Pengcheng, Xiao Yan appointed Baozan as the Governor of Nanyuanzhou and Xuzhou, and also as the military commander of Jiangbei, where he was stationed in Pengcheng. At that time, Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei sent Prince Yuan Yanming of Anfeng and Prince Yuan Yu of Linhuai to suppress Yuan Faseng. Baozan secretly sent a messenger to Yuan Yu, indicating his willingness to surrender. He then, along with Ruiwen Chong and Liang Hua, sneaked out at night and made their way on foot to join Yuan Yu's army. In the autumn of the first year of the Xiaochang era, they arrived in Luoyang, paid their respects to Emperor Xiaowu, and Baozan held a funeral at the inn, observing a three-year mourning period for his father. At that time, Bao Yan was in the Guanxi region, and when he learned what Baozan looked like, he shed tears quietly, his heart heavy with sorrow. The court generously rewarded Baozan and treated him with great favor, appointing him to the position of Minister of Works and bestowing upon him the titles of Duke of Gaoping County and Prince of Danyang, with a fief of seven thousand households.
Later, Bao Yin rebelled, and Bao Zan was terrified and wanted to escape to Bailu Mountain. When he reached the river bridge, he was captured by the Northern Wei army. The court determined that Bao Zan had not participated in Bao Yin's rebellion and comforted and encouraged him. In the early years of Jianyi, Bao Zan followed Erzhu Rong to Jinyang. Later, Emperor Zhuang of Western Wei summoned Bao Zan back to Luoyang, promoted him to the position of Minister of Works, then to Grand Commandant, and also allowed him to marry the Emperor's sister, Princess Shouyang. Later, he was sent to serve as military governor of Qizhou, Jizhou, and Xiyanzhou, as General of Chariots and Cavalry, and appointed him as a palace attendant. After Bao Yin was captured, he petitioned the court to spare Bao Yin's life. After Erzhu Zhao entered Luoyang, he was driven out by the people of the city, led by Zhao Luozhou. Princess Shouyang was brought back to the capital, and Erzhu Shilong wanted to harm her. Princess Shouyang preferred death to submission and was ultimately killed. Bao Zan resigned from his official position and became a monk, and secretly traveled to Changbai Mountain, but soon wanted to go to Bailu Mountain. When he reached Yangping, he died of illness at the age of only thirty-one.
Xiao Zan was a talented writer with great insight, but was frivolous and dissolute, just like his father. When he died, Emperor Wu of the Southern Liang Dynasty ordered his body to be brought back to Luoyang and sent Huangmen Lang Lu Yu to escort him, burying him on Song Mountain with honors befitting a king and a princess. During the Yuanxiang period, someone from Jiangdong stole his tomb and brought his body back to Jiangnan, and surprisingly, Emperor Wu regarded him as his own son, burying him in the Xiao family's tomb. "A son in Jiangnan, yet no heir in the kingdom," that’s who they’re talking about.
Xiao Zhengbiao, courtesy name Gongyi, is the son of Xiao Xuanda, who is the younger brother of Xiao Yan. Xiao Zhengbiao is tall, measuring a full seven feet and nine inches. He has clear eyebrows and a handsome appearance, looking very dignified. However, despite his good looks, he isn't particularly bright and comes off as somewhat foolish. Xiao Yan appointed him as the Marquis of Kaiguo in Shan County and later served as a censor. He also served as a stable master in the Eastern Palace and later as the governor of Huainan and Jin'an in North Xu Prefecture, gradually rising to the rank of General of Chariots and Cavalry and Inspector of North Xuzhou, where he was stationed in Zhongli.
Initially, Xiao Yan did not have a son, so he took in his brother Xiao Zhengde as his son and later bestowed upon him the title of Marquis of Xifeng. However, Xiao Zhengde harbored resentment and was quite displeased. In the third year of the Zhengguang era, he betrayed Xiao Yan and fled to Luoyang. The court viewed him as lacking ability and paid little attention to him. Shortly after, he returned, and to everyone's surprise, Xiao Yan did not blame him but instead appointed him as the King of Linhe. As Xiao Yan neared death, he appointed him as Cavalier in Attendance and Grand Master of Splendor, putting him in charge of affairs in Danyang. When Hou Jing intended to cross the river, knowing that Xiao Zhengde harbored resentment towards Xiao Yan, he secretly contacted him and promised to make him the leader. Xiao Zhengde even used dozens of ships to welcome Hou Jing. After Hou Jing crossed the river, Xiao Yan asked Xiao Zhengbiao for help. Xiao Zhengbiao led his troops near Guangling, and upon hearing that Xiao Zhengde had joined Hou Jing, he falsely insisted that the boats and supplies were not ready, delaying and refusing to move to the front lines. Hou Jing later appointed Xiao Zhengbiao as the Inspector of South Yanzhou and the Prince of Nanjun. After accepting Hou Jing's appointment, Xiao Zhengbiao built fortifications outside Ouyang City, cutting off Xiao Yan's reinforcements. He also wanted to send his concubine's brother Gong Ziming to attack Guangling. Xiao Yan sent the Inspector of South Yanzhou and the Prince of Nankang, Xiao Huili, along with the former magistrate of Guangling, Liu Yun, to attack them, which led to Gong Ziming's defeat. Xiao Zhengbiao fled in a panic, taking only a small contingent of cavalry back to Zhongli.
In the first month of the seventh year of Wuding, the emperor sent his son to serve as a hostage to stabilize the situation in the state. Gao Guiyan, the Xuzhou Governor, quickly dispatched his Chief of Staff, Liu Shirong, to handle the situation. After resolving the matter, Zheng Biao returned to the court and was granted the titles of Duke of Lanling and Prince of Wu, along with a fief of five thousand households in recognition of his achievements. He was then promoted to the position of Palace Attendant, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Special Excellence, Grand Guardian of the Crown Prince, and Governor of the Imperial Court, along with numerous rewards from the emperor. He died that winter at the age of forty-two. Following his death, he was posthumously honored with the title of Palace Attendant, Commander of Military Affairs for the Five States of Xuyang, Yanyu, and Ji, General of the Valiant Cavalry, Duke of Siku, and Governor of Xuzhou, with his original title remaining unchanged. He was posthumously honored with the title of Zhaolie. His son was named Guangshou.
According to historical records, Liu Chang was a suspicious person, afraid of disasters. After Xiao Baoyan was defeated by others, he secretly hid and left his fate to the court. Both of them appeared to be shrewd and were highly valued, although they both had ambitious aspirations. In the end, they did not show true loyalty. Liu Chang's sons were all incompetent, and the family business declined. Xiao Baoyan repaid kindness with enmity and was ruthless. This reflects the typical behavior of cunning and frivolous barbarians. As divine punishment, their families also fell into decline, even leading to mutual killings among mothers, sons, and brothers, all as a result of their numerous evil deeds. Xiao Zan escaped danger on the border, later moved away from his enemies, and suddenly gained wealth and glory, experiencing ups and downs before enjoying prosperity. This truly illustrates how fortunes and misfortunes are intertwined! After Zheng Biao submitted to the court, he enjoyed a prominent family status, which can be seen as a fitting conclusion.
