Han Qilin hails from Jicheng, Changli, Hebei. He states that he is a descendant of Han Zeng, the Grand Marshal of the Han Dynasty. His father, Han Hu, served as the governor of Xiurong County and Pingyuan County. Han Qilin had a passion for learning from a young age, was good-looking, and excelled at horseback riding and archery. While Emperor Gongzong was regent, Han Qilin became the Chief Secretary of the East Bureau. After Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, he was granted the title of Marquis of Luyang and was also given the title of General Fubo. After his father's death, he demonstrated exceptional filial piety during his mourning period, and the local people praised him.
Later, Han Qilin participated in the campaign against Murong Baiyao of Southern Yan. Many soldiers were injured during the assault on Shengcheng. After the city was breached, Murong Baiyao wanted to live-bury all the captives. Han Qilin quickly advised him, saying, "We have just entered the enemy's territory and are preparing to further attack. We should show mercy and kindness to win over the enemy, just as Han Xin persuaded Fan Yang to surrender back in the day. Now that the formidable enemy is right before us, if we kill all the captives immediately, it’s likely that the common people will start to defend themselves, making it harder for us to conquer. As time goes on, the army will be exhausted, and the people from other regions will take advantage of the situation to cause chaos, leading to unforeseen events, making it difficult to take over the entire Shandong region." Murong Baiyao followed his advice, letting the captives return to farming, and the people of Qi were quite pleased. Later, Murong Baiyao recommended Han Qilin as the champion general, and together with Fang Fashou, they served as the governor of Jizhou province. When Murong Baiyao attacked Dongyang, Han Qilin handed over sixty thousand shi (a traditional Chinese measure of grain) and provided a large number of siege weapons, so the army faced no logistical issues whatsoever. After Murong Baiyao was killed, Han Qilin was also summoned back to the court and sat idle at home for many years. During the reign of Emperor Gaozu, he was appointed as the Yellow Gate Attendant in the Imperial Secretariat, and then he was sent with the emperor's orders to pacify the rebels in Xuzhou and Yanzhou, resulting in over four thousand households surrendering to the court.
Once upon a time, it is said that this champion general, the Inspector of Qizhou, also known as the Marquis of Weichang and referred to as the Qilin, rarely used punishment after taking office. One of his officials, named Liu Puqing, couldn't help but advise him: "General, you have not killed anyone while enforcing the law in Qizhou. How can this show your authority?" The Qilin smiled and said, "Punishment is to deter crime. Unless absolutely necessary, I will not resort to it. Now that the common people are not breaking the law, who should I execute to assert my authority? If you must kill someone to show authority, then you can go and take the credit yourself!" Upon hearing this, Liu Puqing felt ashamed and afraid, and hurriedly left.
The Qilin found that Qizhou had just surrendered to the court, and many local people had not had the opportunity to become officials, and many talented individuals remained unnoticed. So he submitted a memorial to the court, saying, "Qizhou used to be the territory of the illegitimate dynasty for a long time. There were at least a few hundred officials in the past. Since the court recovered Qizhou, these official positions have been appointed by the central government, and the vacancies of local officials are not filled by local people. I think that the newly surrendered people have not had the opportunity to be officials in the court, and there are too few positions in the states and counties. Talented individuals are being overlooked. I believe that we should adopt a more flexible approach to appointing and removing officials. If there are vacancies in the states and counties, priority should be given to reputable locals, expand the number of official positions, and widely recruit talents. In this way, local prestigious families can receive honors, talented individuals can be valued, and the people of Qizhou can lead peaceful and prosperous lives, loyal to the court." The court accepted his suggestion.
In the eleventh year of the Taihe era, the capital was suffering from famine. Qilin reported to the court, analyzing the situation at hand. He said: "In ancient times, wise rulers would prepare grain nine years in advance to govern the country, a concept known as a prosperous era. Therefore, they would personally cultivate thousands of mu of land to encourage the common people, ensuring that clothing and food were abundant and that the moral fabric of society flourished. In later dynasties, agriculture was also highly valued; those who donated grain and those who killed enemies could receive the same nobility rank, while those who worked hard in farming and were filial to their parents could receive the same rewards. This has been a common practice among emperors throughout the ages and is the top priority in governing a country.
Now, in the capital, many people do not engage in agriculture, and idlers account for two-thirds of the population. A person who does not farm could go hungry, and given the number of idle people in the capital, the outcome is all too predictable. A few years ago, a severe flood in Shandong led to many common people starving; this autumn, the capital is experiencing a drought, and grain prices are skyrocketing. This is all a result of farmers’ lack of motivation to cultivate their fields and the absence of grain reserves."
Your Majesty, you are naturally wise and morally upright, just like the legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, waking early and staying up late every day, caring for the country and its people, and seeking ways to alleviate the suffering of the populace. Even wise rulers like Yao and Shun, who managed countless affairs daily, and the enlightened monarch like King Wen of Zhou, can't match your dedication to governing. Yet, despite your kindness to the world, people are still starving and freezing; this is mainly because officials fail to create effective policies, and local governors do not care about the basic lives of the people. Since the era of peace and prosperity has lasted for a long time, with bountiful harvests year after year, everyone has begun to compare and show off, resulting in a culture of extravagance. The vehicles, clothing, and houses have reached extremes of luxury; weddings and funerals come with huge expenses. In wealthy households, even the servants are dressed in silk; merchants indulge in fine clothing and lavish food. Meanwhile, farmers are left with only coarse grains and wild veggies, and the women who raise silkworms don't even have proper cotton clothes. As a result, fewer people are farming the land, and the fields are becoming barren. Granaries are overflowing with grain and cloth, treasures abound in the markets, yet common folks at home are struggling with food and clothing shortages, while the streets are filled with splendid garments. The root cause of the people's hunger and cold is right here. I believe that all rare and luxurious items should be banned; wedding and funeral customs should be regulated; there should be a clear distinction between the rich and the poor, helping people embrace a simpler way of life. A census of the male and female population should be conducted, and land should be allocated according to population. Officials should check in on regions every season, and court envoys should conduct annual checks; they should actively encourage people to increase production and enforce strict rewards; in just a few years, we can have plenty of food, and even during disasters, we can prevent people from being displaced.
In the past, the verification of household registrations led to lighter taxes. In the region of Qizhou under my jurisdiction, the grains collected barely sufficed to pay the officials' salaries, leaving almost no surplus in the granary. Although this was beneficial to the common people, it wouldn't be sustainable in the long run. In case of war or natural disasters, there might not be enough supplies available. I recommend reducing the silk tax and increasing the grain tax, storing surplus during abundant years and using it for relief during lean years. This way, the grain of the common people would be stored in the government granary, ensuring that they would not go hungry.
In the spring of the twelfth year, I passed away at fifty-six while still in office. I instructed my son to bury me in a simple coffin and to keep everything modest. I have always been cautious and held the law close to my heart throughout my life. In the end, I had only a few dozen pieces of silk for my salary, showing how impoverished I was. Later, the court posthumously awarded me the titles of Cavalier in Regular Attendance, General Who Maintains the East, and Duke of Yanjun, with the posthumous title of "Kang."
My eldest son Xingzong, styled Maoxian, was a talented and eager learner. At the age of fifteen, he began studying at the Imperial Academy. Later, the Minister of Works Gao Yun recommended him for the position of Gentleman of the Palace Secretariat, participating in the compilation of books. At that time, Prince Rui of Zhongshan was very powerful, and Xingzong was promoted to Gentleman of the Palace Secretariat. In the winter of the fourteenth year of Taihe's reign, Xingzong passed away, and the court posthumously appointed him as General Who Pacifies the Distant and Prefect of Yuyang.
His son Zixi, courtesy name Yuanyong, worked hard at studying from a young age and was very knowledgeable. By the age of twenty, he had not yet found an official position for himself, but was recommended by the courtier Cui Guang to serve as a chancellor for Prince Qinghe Yi, and later promoted to Minister of Personnel. Earlier, Zixi's father had ceded his title to his younger brother Xianzong, who did not accept it. Due to this decision by his father, Zixi also did not inherit the title after his father's death. After Xianzong passed away, the court conferred a title upon Zixi, but he again gave it to his younger brother Zhongmu. The two brothers shared a deep bond, and after their father's death, they both showed great filial piety and observed the mourning period with great solemnity. Zixi was highly regarded by Prince Qinghe Yi, and he temporarily left his official position due to mourning, only to be reinstated after the mourning period ended.
Later, Yuan Yi killed Prince Qinghe Yi, and Yi's body was not buried for a long time. Zixi was very worried and saddened by this, withdrawing to the countryside, and he stated that if Prince Qinghe could not have his title restored and be buried according to the rites, he vowed never to accept an official position for the rest of his life. Later, Empress Dowager Ling took charge of the government, dismissed Yuan Yi from his position as Minister of Personnel, and stripped him of his military power. Zixi, along with Liu Dingxing, a high-ranking official of Yi, Fu Ling, the academic official, and Zhang Zishen, a guest, went to the palace gates to submit a petition, which read as follows:
The former Grand Tutor and Prince of Qinghe, who oversaw the central administration and was deeply loyal in his service to the state. Since the late emperor's death and the current emperor's youth, he served the court faithfully and shared the burden of governance. However, the treachery of Song Wei, the emperor's aunt's husband, led to malicious slander and wrongful punishment. With the emperor's keen oversight, the truth emerged and the slanderers faced justice. Wang Yiquan, once favored by the emperor, grew increasingly cautious and withdrew from the rumors and gossip. Meanwhile, Liu Teng, an official in the Ministry of Personnel, nurtured a grudge and schemed against Wang Yiquan, ultimately resulting in a devastating betrayal.
Later, the court summoned the ministers to deliberate on the offenses of Wang Yiquan. Everyone bowed their heads and meekly acquiesced to Liu Teng's views. Only the Attendant Yu Zhao boldly stepped forward to defend Wang Yiquan, falling ill from grief and ultimately dying in his defense. Wang Yiquan was loyal and virtuous, his loyalty evident not just in his heart but also in his writings. He collected historical materials and wrote "Records of Loyalty," divided into ten categories and twenty volumes. He aimed to demonstrate his loyalty to posterity; how could he ever contemplate betraying the throne? I humbly urge Your Majesty to honor his legacy as a testament to his unwavering loyalty.
Yuan Yi, relying on his close relationship with the emperor and control of the military, lacked any sense of loyalty or justice. He arbitrarily removed the Empress Dowager, harmed the loyal, and exercised absolute power over life and death, with rewards and punishments all at his discretion. Important border regions were controlled by his confidants; key positions in the capital were also occupied by his cronies. Prince Xibei originally rose up to overthrow Yuan Yi, not to usurp the throne, but was falsely accused of treason, resulting in the brutal execution of his entire family and Yuan Lue fleeing south, becoming a huge threat to the country. General Xi Kangsheng, loyal and dedicated, was tragically killed. Numerous innocents also fell victim to unjust executions.
Therefore, the populace was in a state of unrest, with grievances echoing throughout the land. Rebellions raged for years across the northern border regions; in the south, Jingzhou and Xuzhou were also on the verge of unrest, all caused by Yuan Yi. Previously, Zhao Gao controlled the power of the Qin Dynasty, leading to chaos in the eastern region; now, Yuan Yi's grip on power has plunged the entire nation into chaos. Throughout history, there has been no traitor or scoundrel chronicled in history who can rival Yuan Yi.
The cause of the matter can be traced back to the Song Dynasty; the ultimate disaster can be solely attributed to Teng. He allowed villains and corrupt officials to collude with each other, aiding their rise to power; the high-ranking officials were lavishly rewarded, taking whatever they pleased. This not only made us officials harbor lifelong resentment but also brought shame and guilt to the court. In my opinion, Teng should be beheaded publicly, his family property should be destroyed; he should be ground to dust, and his entire family should be wiped out! Only in this way can the wrath of heaven and the people's grievances be assuaged, and the souls of those loyal ministers be comforted. However, Teng's power only grew, as if we had given wings to a tiger! People from all walks of life grind their teeth, and people everywhere are heartbroken. Such poisonous weeds must be uprooted to truly solve the problem; otherwise, there will be endless troubles. I carefully studied history, tracing ancient and modern times; those matters that should have been resolved at the outset but were not eventually turned into even greater disasters. Moreover, Teng is ruthless and holds a high position. I lie awake at night, filled with worry and anxiety, earnestly asking the emperor to make a decision early.
We officials have been living in seclusion for six years, crying out to the earth with no response, crying out to the sky in vain. Wei Yang cut open his abdomen, and the Qin court cried at night; these eternal sorrows cannot compare to our current situation! Fortunately, Your Majesty is wise and discerning, personally handling state affairs; the Empress Dowager is compassionate and wise, bringing solace to the realm, so we dare to submit petitions and request justice for our grievances.
The memorial was submitted, and the Empress Dowager Ling thought it was reasonable, so she promoted Zixi to be the Keeper of the Imperial Archives. Later, Empress Dowager Ling ordered the opening of Teng's tomb and posthumously bestowed upon him the title "Yi."
Later, when he was compiling the national history, he was posthumously appointed as the General of Ning Shuo. Not long after, he was appointed as an Official of the Imperial Library and concurrently served as a deputy governor. Later on, he was promoted to the rank of Assistant General and a junior minister in the court. In the early years of Jianyi, he also served as a Minister of the Yellow Gate Attendants, and shortly after, he officially took office.
Zixi was known for his integrity and honesty, never associating with the powerful and wealthy. His parents died when he was young, and he was raised by his uncle Xianzong. After Xianzong passed away, his son Bohua was still young, and Zixi treated him like a brother, sharing his wealth and resources without any sign of discontent. He even requested the court to transfer his official rank to Bohua, who was then appointed as the Prefect of Dong Taiyuan. During his tenure, Bohua was insulted by Inspector Yuan Bi, which led Zixi to report the incident to the court, resulting in Yuan Bi facing severe punishment.
Erzhu Rong captured Ge Rong and brought him to the capital. The emperor wanted to meet Ge Rong in person to question him. However, Zixi believed Ge Rong was a villain and accepted that his fate was sealed, fearing he might behave arrogantly in the emperor's presence. So he advised against the meeting. This infuriated Erzhu Rong, who reported Zixi to the emperor. Surprisingly, the emperor showed leniency and did not hold Zixi accountable. Not long after, Zixi received a promotion and was appointed as the General of Conquering the Barbarians.
Later, Xing Gao rebelled, and the emperor sent Zi Xi to appease him. Xing Gao pretended to surrender, and surprisingly, Zi Xi believed him! As a result, when Zi Xi returned to Yeling, Xing Gao rebelled again, and Zi Xi had to flee back in disgrace. This time, he got into serious trouble and was sent to the Court of Judicial Affairs for questioning. According to the law, he should have been executed, but in the end, the emperor showed mercy and spared him from death, though he was removed from office. Before long, he was appointed as an Attendant in the Ministry of Personnel. During the Putai era, he served as a regular attendant, General of the Guard, and Grand Minister of Ceremonies, and soon he was promoted to a minister in the Ministry of Personnel again. By the time of Emperor Xiao Wu, he became an Academician. In recognition of his accomplishments, he was conferred the title of Duke of Licheng, with a fief of five hundred families, and was additionally appointed as General of the Guard and Right Grand Minister of Ceremonies. During the Tianping era, he served as a Reader, and later became the Grand Scholar of the National University.
Zi Xi was frugal and simple, and he enjoyed tranquility. When he first arrived in Ye City, each department was allocated soldiers, but because he was the Grand Scholar, his duties were relatively light, so he only assigned two people for himself. Some advised him to request more personnel, but Zi Xi said, "The court originally did not allocate that many soldiers for the Grand Scholar; what does that have to do with me, Han Zi Xi?" Everyone admired his attitude. Later, he was promoted to General of the Cavalry Corps, and during the Yuanxiang era, he was further elevated to the position of Grand General of the Guard.
Earlier, Zixi and his younger brother married the Wang sisters, who were the daughters of their aunt's family. Zixi and the Wang sisters had two sons. Before Zixi got married, he had an affair with a widow named Li Shi and had three sons with her. Wang and Li had a bad relationship, constantly accusing each other, which went on for several years. Zixi felt deeply ashamed and troubled, and eventually fell ill. During the Xinghe period, Emperor Xiaojing wanted to hold a sacrificial ceremony and appointed Zixi as a lecturer. Shortly after, Zixi passed away. Before he passed away, he instructed his family not to seek a posthumous title for him, but unfortunately his sons did not listen and pleaded for help from everyone. During the Wuding period, he was posthumously conferred the titles of General of Chariots and Cavalry, Supervisor of the Left, and Inspector of Youzhou.
Emperor Xiaojing, the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowu, was styled Maoyin. He was upright, dared to speak his mind, and was very talented. There was a monk named Fafu, who was regarded as exceptionally intelligent by the people of Qi and often took exams with Xiaojing. They would copy down the names of over a hundred people, then take turns reciting them and then immediately repeating them. Sometimes Fafu would make one or two mistakes, but Xiaojing never made any. Fafu exclaimed, "I will admire you for life!"
During the Taihe period of the Tang Dynasty, I passed the imperial examination and earned the title of Xiucai, excelled in the policy discussion, ranked first, and was directly appointed as a Junior Compiler. Later, when the emperor went on a southern expedition, I was promoted to be an Assistant in the Ministry of Personnel. Once the decision to relocate the capital was finalized, I submitted a memorial to the emperor, consisting of two parts.
In the first part, I pondered: I heard that the emperor is planning to visit Zhongshan instead of Shandong this summer. I find this idea rather unwise. Why? The corvée should be wrapped up promptly, and Luoyang city should be built as soon as possible. Cutting costs can reduce the corvée, and concentrating efforts can speed up the construction of Luoyang city. Last winter, the emperor stayed in Ye city, which was a leisurely time, but the common people still had to offer sacrifices, placing a heavy burden on the people and draining resources. Although the emperor is kind and has given many things to the common people, there may still be those who struggle to make ends meet in the summer. Not to mention the busy farming season, when the army is concentrated together, resulting in significant delays in agricultural work. Although the taxes collected are low, who would dare to slack off with the emperor watching? People coming and going to serve the emperor on the road will neglect the fields and silkworms, and there will be nothing to eat in the future. This is a matter of national significance! Furthermore, it is so hot in the summer, the army is outside, and it is easy to get sick, which is also a problem. So I suggest that the emperor return to Beijing early, save the tribute fees of various states, and concentrate efforts on building Luoyang city. In this way, the southern states do not have to worry about various corvées, and the northern people do not have to complain anymore; Luoyang city can also be built on time, and everyone can live and work in peace.
In the second part, I further assert: Since ancient times, wise emperors have long regarded frugality as a virtue, while foolish emperors have brought disasters due to extravagance. Look at the dynasties before us; the palaces were modest, and the focus was on national affairs, which is why the country was stable and prosperous. The palace ruins in Luoyang date back to Emperor Ming of Wei, inheriting the bad habits of previous dynasties. I hope Your Majesty will embrace simplicity. Recently, the wealthy people in the northern capital are all competing to build large houses. Now that the capital is moving, an edict should be issued to put an end to this competition, to establish a standard that everyone can adhere to. Roads ought to be widened, ditches should be dredged, government buildings and residential areas ought to be distinct, and the common people should live more comfortably, to ensure this standard is upheld, leading to a harmonious society.
First paragraph: I heard that Your Majesty returned to Luoyang with only a few thousand cavalrymen, and I am very worried about this. As the saying goes, even wealthy heirs do not dare to sit under the eaves for too long, let alone you, who are the supreme ruler and possess the wealth of the four seas. The guards inside and outside the palace are strict; is it merely for show? Actually, it is to prevent accidents! Even if the roads are cleared before traveling, there is still a concern for accidents, let alone traveling through mountains and rivers. Your Majesty, shouldn't you think twice before acting? This is the reason for my worry; I earnestly beseech Your Majesty to consider my advice.
Second paragraph: I believe that Your Majesty listens to decrees, reads classics, meets with officials, handles national affairs, and is busy all day long, with little time for eating and resting. In addition, Your Majesty is devoted to your parents, meticulous in your thoughts, diligent in writing, and can complete an article every day. Although you are so diligent in governing, this is not sustainable, as it will deplete your energy and not be conducive to your longevity. Zhuangzi once said: "The body is limited, but wisdom is unlimited." It is very dangerous to use a limited body to labor with unlimited wisdom! This is also a source of my concern; I hope Your Majesty can rest more, delegate tasks, and as long as you remain in the court, the world will naturally be peaceful. Emperor Gaozu was somewhat receptive to his advice.
Paragraph Three: Emperor Xianzong further stated, saying: "Selecting talented individuals is a priority for emperors throughout history. In the past, when selecting talent, standards were established first, hence the titles such as 'worthy and upright.' Now, those recommended by the provinces are only given titles like 'scholar' and 'filial son,' but lack actual abilities. The court only values their background and does not assess their practical capabilities. In this case, it would be better to select officials directly based on their backgrounds, rather than pretending to use titles like 'scholar' and 'filial son.' The so-called backgrounds are merely the achievements of their ancestors; what real benefit does this provide to the royal family? What truly benefits the nation are the talented individuals! As long as a person has talent, even if they are a butcher, fisherman, or slave, a wise ruler will not look down on them as subjects; if one lacks talent, even royal descendants will become lowly officials. Therefore, those with talent should hold important positions, while those with lesser talents should occupy minor roles, allowing everyone to use their talents, so that the country may prosper and the people may live in peace. Some argue that since talent is scarce now, we should select individuals based on their backgrounds. This is also incorrect! Just because there are no talents like the Duke of Zhou or the Duke of Shao now, does that mean we should abolish the position of prime minister? What we should do is evaluate those with even a modest amount of talent and prioritize their appointment, so that no talented individuals will be overlooked."
It is said that someone once remarked: "The reason the emperor can stand high above and control the world is due to his authority; the reason the common people can reform is that there are laws. Therefore, whether it is a country or a family, governance must be based on laws, and the lives and deaths of the common people depend on this alone. Those who commit crimes must be punished, and the punishment must correspond to the crime, so that even punishments like whipping will deter people from committing offenses lightly. If the legal system is poorly enforced and people exploit loopholes to evade punishment, then even the most brutal torture will not serve as a deterrent. Since the Taihe era, many have been sentenced to death for theft, which has helped to cleanse the social environment. This shows that the key to curbing wrongdoing lies in prevention and oversight, not in harsh laws and severe punishments. Now, local governors, in pursuit of short-term fame, abuse various laws; court officials see severity as fairness and kindness as indulgence towards thieves. They encourage each other, and ultimately, this forms such a social atmosphere. Your Majesty, you reside in the nine-fold palace, yet see the common people as your own children; while the officials handle state affairs, they treat the common people like enemies. This is why Yao and Shun could govern the country with just one person, while Jie and Zhou required thousands of officials to assist. The reason a harmonious atmosphere isn't formed lies here. The Book of Documents states: 'It is better to let a guilty person go than to wrongfully kill an innocent one.' Your Majesty should immediately instruct all officials to put the lives of the common people first."
Next, he said, "In the past, King Zhou was pursued by the Quanrong and moved east to the Luo River region. Haojing was still referred to as 'Zongzhou' to maintain its heritage. Although Emperor Guangwu claimed to be revitalizing the dynasty, he actually started anew with reforms, but the Western Capital still maintained a Jingyin and did not abolish the old system. Your Majesty, now that you have expanded your achievements and moved the capital to the Central Plains, following the ways of ancient times and restoring the rites and ceremonies, this grand occasion is unparalleled. How can this be compared to the situations faced by the Zhou and Han dynasties, who had no other options? According to the records of the 'Spring and Autumn Annals,' only places with ancestral temples are called capital cities, while those without are called towns; this is an established principle. Moreover, the ancestral temples and imperial tombs in the north are all there, which serve as the foundation of the royal lineage and your residence and authority; that area is a sacred site of great importance. Now, to reduce it to an ordinary county, I believe it would be inappropriate. I propose establishing a Jifu region in Daijing, with a Jingyin established, just like in the past, honoring our heritage and respecting the old traditions, to illuminate future generations."
It is said that someone remarked, "I saw the city planning of Luoyang, where residents live according to their official ranks rather than family ties. However, official positions are very unstable; today one may be rich and honored, and tomorrow may fall into poverty. Therefore, you might see the descendants of high officials living in slums while servants reside in affluent areas. It's a crazy world! In ancient times, wise rulers mandated that common people live in designated areas according to their professions, so they could really focus on their work. When jobs are stable, people tend to be more genuine; when their minds are focused, they will not be dissipated. As a result, with regular exposure, good habits can form naturally; the teachings of parents and siblings can be naturally accepted without harsh reprimands. Consider Emperor Taizu of the Dao Wu dynasty, who established the country and restored order, and was busy every day, yet he insisted on separating scholars from commoners, with different artisans, butchers, and wine merchants all having their own spaces. Although there were no strict laws prohibiting it, trade was free and prices were market-driven, residential areas were still quite mixed. For example, over here, people were playing music, singing, and dancing, while over there others were diligently studying poetry, books, and etiquette. If children were allowed to choose where to go, thousands would run to the places of dancing and singing, while none would choose to go to school to study. This shows that artisans and scholars shouldn't live together. Confucius's father said, 'Living with kindness is beautiful,' and Mencius's mother moved three times for her child; these wise teachings highlight the importance of this principle. Now, if artisans are to learn the etiquette of scholars, it would take ages to see any results; but if the children of scholars imitate the behaviors of artisans, they could learn it in a day. Therefore, when scholars live together, good manners and ethics thrive; when artisans mix together, customs are hard to change. Every time the court selects talent, they carefully examine their marriages and careers to determine their promotions; that's pretty meticulous! However, for artisans, they are simply given the chance to interact with high officials, which feels a bit rushed! This is the part that confuses me."
"We are now on the verge of restoring the ancient system, rebuilding the capital, and all the migrating residents will reside on government-allocated land. With just a single directive, we can segregate people from different professions to live separately. What is there to hesitate for? Why not implement such an effective measure?"
Next is the second paragraph:
"You see, the court is very strict in selecting talents, scrutinizing their marriages and career prospects to decide on their promotions. How thorough! But for those craftsmen, they are simply given the opportunity to meet high-ranking officials, which seems rather careless! This is where I feel confused. We are now looking to restore the ancient system, rebuild the capital city, and everyone who needs to be relocated will live on government-allocated land. With just a few directives, people from different professions can be assigned to live apart. Why the hesitation? Why not implement such effective measures?" That makes a lot of sense!
It is said that someone remarked: "Inherited from the Southern Dynasties' illegitimate regime, they occupy the Huaibei region, seeking to monopolize the Central Plains, and are recruiting border residents in this manner. Therefore, they have unilaterally established prefectures and counties in the Central Plains. Even though the imperial grace has now spread throughout the south, they still do not change the old system. There are an especially high number of prominent prefectures and counties, leading to chaotic record-keeping and a complete mess in territorial divisions. This is fundamentally detrimental to the management of territories and land; the names need to be changed! I believe we should reorganize these prefectures and counties according to their original geographical names. Smaller ones should be merged, while larger ones can be divided again. As for the prefectures and counties in the Central Plains, which were previously merged due to a small population, they can be restored to their original state now that the population has increased. As the emperor, one should treat the realm as their own home and should not show favoritism. Therefore, the treasury should be reserved for emergencies, like floods, droughts, or military needs. Only those who have made contributions should be rewarded. However, in later times, there has been an excess of rewards, and too much has been given. Since I became emperor, I have also felt that the rewards have been too plentiful. The court ministers already enjoy substantial salaries, wear gold and silver, enjoy rich food, and continuously receive generous rewards, often reaching thousands of coins. If this money were distributed to the elderly and orphans, it could help more people. If this harmful practice is not addressed, the national treasury will eventually be depleted! I believe that when rewards are to be given, they should be clearly recognized and awarded based on merit, to encourage people to do good deeds; one should not squander the treasury's resources simply due to personal relationships."
He then added: "Those in charge of palace guards and duties should let military officials practice archery and civil officials study poetry and books. Now, however, they are provided with games like chess, causing them to become obsessed, overly competitive, and disruptive, which undermines court decorum and does not benefit official affairs at all. Such things should be prohibited." Emperor Gaozu wholeheartedly agreed with this viewpoint.
Then, Li Xian wanted to request a position as a military advisor at court from King Song Liu Chang, hoping to make a meaningful impact on the southern frontier. However, Emperor Gaozu did not agree. Emperor Gaozu once said to Li Xian and Cheng Lingqiu: "The duty of a literary official is to draft national documents. I have read the articles you wrote; you are also aware of the situation of those officials in the court. If you want to compare yourselves to the great figures of ancient times, like Ban Gu and Sima Qian, the difference is too great. But if you want to find someone to compare with in today's world, in terms of literary talent, you should recommend Cui Xiaobo." He also said to Li Xian: "I find your 'Records of Yan' and the poems you wrote during your time in Qi to be much better than the recent writings of others. However, I'm not very knowledgeable about writing; I need to consult the Censor and local officials to properly assess your abilities. I would consider your abilities to be average." He then said to Cheng Lingqiu: "You are regarded as slightly below average compared to Li Xian." Li Xian replied: "My talent is quite ordinary, yet Your Majesty values me so much, even comparing me to Cui Guang, which is truly an overestimation. However, I privately feel that Your Majesty places more importance on ancient figures and looks down on contemporary ones. My knowledge is shallow, and my abilities are insufficient; I truly do not dare to compare myself with the ancients. However, I live in a prosperous era and have witnessed the implementation of new rituals. I can take up my pen to document these events, and in the future, it will not embarrass anyone. In the past, Yang Xiong wrote the 'Tai Xuan Jing,' and many people at that time thought it was nonsense, but two hundred years later, it was placed alongside the classics of various schools. What I write now may not bring glory to my ancestors or shine as brightly as the sun and moon; but in ten thousand years, when people look up to the great achievements of our ancestors and see Your Majesty's great virtue, my writings will stand up to the rigor of the 'Tang Dian' and the prudence of the 'Yu Shu.'"
Emperor Gaozu said, "If I could be faultless like Yu Shun, how could you measure up to the ministers of the Yao and Shun eras?" Li Xian replied, "I have heard that a ruler cannot govern the country alone, which is why officials are appointed to assist in handling state affairs. Your Majesty, if you follow the example of Yao and Shun, then the ministers in the court are not like the wise men beside Yao and Shun?" Emperor Gaozu said, "You are only a literary official, merely a nominal position, not a true historian." Li Xian said, "I live in a prosperous age, I can write openly without fear of accepting bribes, and I enjoy good food, drink, and restful sleep; in this regard, I am better than Sima Qian." Emperor Gaozu laughed heartily upon hearing this. Later, Li Xian, together with Assistant Minister Cui Yi and others, discussed the court's system of rituals.
Emperor Gaozu once issued an edict to his officials saying, "Since ancient times, the ranking of official positions and the quality of one's lineage have had a fixed standard. At first, I thought this was good, but later I realized it was problematic. Everyone should discuss this matter together."
Li Chong responded, "May I ask Your Majesty, since ancient times, have official positions and noble ranks been established to create positions for the offspring of wealthy families, or to better govern the country and assist the ruler?" Gaozu said, "Both are for governing the country." Li Chong further asked, "If both are for governing the country, then why does Your Majesty today place such importance on background and nobility, rather than issuing orders to select talent?" Gaozu replied, "If there were truly exceptional talents, how could I possibly be unaware? However, those noble families, even if they have not produced any useful individuals recently, must still have good character, which is why I value them."
Li Chong said, "Fu Yan, Lv Shang, are they valued just for their noble backgrounds?" Gao Zu replied, "There are very few people like them who can save the country in times of crisis; only one or two appear every few hundred years." Li Chong addressed the other ministers, "I was just thinking about inviting all of you wise gentlemen to help solve this problem!" Secretary Li Biao said, "Currently, the military forces are insufficient and won't be much help. I have some thoughts, but I hesitate to speak directly before Your Majesty. If Your Majesty only values noble birth, then consider this: which of the three ministers from the State of Lu can compare to those who have passed the imperial examinations?" Gao Zu said, "What you said is similar to what Li Chong just said."
Xian Zong continued, "Your Majesty has now moved the capital to Luoyang, all ceremonial systems are being reestablished, and the rise and fall of the country will depend on this selection. I am shallow in knowledge and cannot cite ancient examples to argue this issue, so let's talk about national affairs. Can the sons of the Minister of the Central Secretariat and the Secretary of the Secretariat definitely become Secretariat Attendants? Are the sons of those who have recently held these positions capable?" Gao Zu said, "Why don't you talk about how those currently holding these positions are just enjoying plum positions?" Xian Zong replied, "Your Majesty, we can't generalize. Just because the father holds a high position, does not mean the son will be high too; just because the father holds a low position, does not mean the son will be low." Gao Zu said, "If there are truly talented and exceptional individuals, we won't be constrained by these rules." Later, Li Chong was appointed as the Chief of the Province.
When I was twenty-one years old, the Emperor embarked on a southern campaign, and I was appointed as the Chief of Staff of the Right Army and the General of Conquering the Barbarians, leading the army. The army was stationed in Zheyang, and the guard commander, Cheng Gongqi, under Xiao Luan, sent his military commanders, including Hu Song and Gao Fayuan, along with barbarian soldiers to attack our camp. I personally led the soldiers in defense and ultimately killed Gao Fayuan.
When I arrived in Xinye, the emperor issued a decree to me, saying, "You have defeated the enemy, killed the enemy general, and significantly boosted the morale of the army. I am currently besieging a strong city; why have you not written a battle report?" I replied, "I heard that General Wang Su of Zhen Nan captured a few small thieves and seized some donkeys and horses, and he wrote a battle report for that. When I was in Dongguan, I always thought it was ridiculous. Although we were able to defeat the enemy thanks to the emperor's might this time, our forces are few and weak, and we captured and killed few enemies. If I were to exaggerate my achievements like him, unfurling a long roll of silk, that would be an even greater offense. That's why I did not write a battle report, but reported directly to the emperor." The emperor smiled and said, "Merits like yours should indeed be rewarded. After the rebellion in Zheyang is quelled, I will reward you properly." After the rebellion in Xinye was quelled, I was appointed as a military advisor to King Jia of Zhen Nan and Guangyang.
Later, I submitted a memorial, slightly boasting about my military achievements and recounting previous battles. The emperor said, "Xianzong's memorial is excessively ornate; it is strange, lacking in propriety, and detracting from the royal dignity. If this matter is not corrected, it could set a troubling precedent. Hand it over to the Secretariat, investigate thoroughly, and report back to me." Secretary Zhang Yi recommended revoking my official position. The emperor said, "Although Xianzong is boastful and reckless, he has talent; how can we abandon him forever? Let him stay at home, continue to serve as a military advisor, and see how he performs in the future. However, his arrogant nature is not suitable for participating in court affairs, so revoke his official seal and forbid him from associating with the princes."
Feeling disheartened afterward, I met a friend who was going to Luoyang, so I wrote a five-character poem for the Imperial Guard Lieutenant Li Biao:
"Jia Sheng was exiled to Changsha, and Dong Ru visited Linjiang. Ashamed at the absence of others' footprints, he suddenly sought the traces of two sages. He reminisced about past gatherings, riding a slow horse among a group of dragons. How could he be willing to lose, drifting alone in the distant shadows? He wept bitterly for his old country, tears in his eyes as he arrived in the new land. Alas, the helpless people, wailing over their lost companions. The heavens do not hear my call, a thousand miles to express my shared aspirations."
At the age of twenty-three, I died. I wrote "The Records of the Feng Family Swallows" and "The Biography of Filial Piety and Friendship," each in ten volumes; the writings I composed have been passed down through the world. In the early years of Jingming, my contributions in Zheyang were recognized posthumously, and I was granted the title of Baron of Zhangwu.
Zi Wuhua inherited the title. He was appointed as the General for Suppressing Bandits, a Court Attendant, and the Governor of Taiyuan.
Cheng Jun, styled Lingju, was from Qu'an in Guangping. His sixth great-grandfather Cheng Liang was the Water Envoy of the Jin dynasty and was exiled to Liangzhou for an offense. His grandfather Cheng Zhao was the Minister of the People under Lu Guang.
Jun was orphaned and poor in his youth, renowned for his filial piety in mourning. He studied under Liu Bang, was intelligent and eager to learn, tirelessly, day and night. Bang said to his disciples, "If one can take one corner and reflect on three corners, this child is exceptional." Jun said to Bang, "Today's Confucians claim that the teachings of Laozi and Zhuangzi are empty and impractical, not applicable to governing the world, but I believe otherwise. Laozi wrote about the unity of all things, and Zhuangzi expressed the essence of nature; such teachings can be considered supremely harmonious. If one strays from this unity, one becomes troubled and insincere; if one attains true nature, one loses the genuine." Bang said, "You are still young, yet your words are mature; splendid!" Thus, his reputation spread further, and Juqu Mukan promoted him to lecturer in the Eastern Palace.
Cheng Jun was poor when he was young, but he was known for his filial piety during the mourning period. He studied under Liu Cheng, and he was intelligent, studious, and hardworking day and night. Liu Cheng said to his students, "This child can draw inferences from one example to understand three." Cheng Jun replied, "Nowadays, the Confucian scholars in the world all think that Laozi's teachings are unrealistic and impractical, and cannot be used to govern the world, but I do not think so. Laozi emphasizes 'holding onto the One', and Zhuangzi expounds on 'innate nature'; these are profound principles. If people go against the One, they will invite troubles and hypocrisy; if they go against their nature, they will lose their innocence." Liu Cheng exclaimed in praise, "You are young, but you speak so maturely; it's truly impressive!" From then on, Cheng Jun's reputation grew, and Juqu Mujian promoted him to be a lecturer at the Eastern Palace.
In the fifth year of Taiyan, Emperor Taizong relocated to the capital and was known to Minister Cui Hao. Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, appointing him as an assistant librarian; soon after, he was promoted to be a librarian. He served as the Chief Minister to the Prince of Rencheng, presented his advice to the prince, and the prince appreciated and accepted his advice. During the Huangxing period, he was appointed as the Governor of Gaomi. The Minister of Personnel Li Fu recommended, "A minister must see his duties through to the end. Jun possesses genuine historical talent, with a keen and straightforward pen. He can manage a thousand-mile task with ease. Please keep him for several years to solidify his past achievements, then appoint him as a regional governor; I think this is appropriate." The proposal was accepted. Emperor Xianzu repeatedly discussed the meaning of the Book of Changes and Laozi with Jun, and told his courtiers, "I feel very at ease when conversing with him." He also asked Jun, "How old are you?" Jun replied, "I am sixty-one." Emperor Xianzu said, "In the past, Duke of Zhou met King Wen when he was old. You meet me now; isn't this a bit early?" Jun said, "Though my talents may not match those of Lv Wang, Your Majesty is more honorable than King Wen. Please grant me a few more years to exhaust the effects of the 'Six Secret Teachings'."
In the fifth year of the Taiyan era, after the founder of the Northern Wei Dynasty pacified Liangzhou, Cheng Jun moved to the capital and was recognized by the Minister of Works, Cui Hao. After Emperor Gaozong ascended to the throne, he appointed Cheng Jun as an assistant librarian, and soon promoted him to librarian. Later, he served as the Langzhongling for Prince Ren Chengyun, providing counsel to the prince, who valued his suggestions highly. During the Huangxing reign, he was appointed as the governor of Gaomi County. The Minister of Personnel, Li Fu, submitted a memorial stating, "Envoys of the king must fulfill their duties. Cheng Jun indeed has talent in history and can make good use of his writing skills. He is a rare talent found even among thousands. Please let him stay for a few more years to complete his historical compilation work before appointing him as a local official. I believe this is the right course of action." The emperor approved the memorial after it was submitted. Emperor Xianzu called Cheng Jun in for discussions several times to talk about the Book of Changes and the teachings of Laozi, and told his courtiers, "I truly enjoy our conversations." He then asked Cheng Jun, "What is your age?" Cheng Jun replied, "I am sixty-one." Emperor Xianzu said, "In the past, Jiang Taigong was very old when he met King Wen. You are meeting me now, isn't that a bit early?" Cheng Jun said, "While my talents may not match those of Jiang Taigong, Your Majesty's wisdom far exceeds that of King Wen of Zhou. I hope the heavens grant me a few more years to do my utmost to follow the strategies in the Six Secret Teachings."
During the Yanxing era, King Lian of Goguryeo wanted to marry his princess into the imperial palace of Wei. Emperor Xianzu agreed and sent a young man named Jun, granting him the title of Baron of Anfeng and adding the title of General of Fubo, to deliver the emperor's decree to Goguryeo and fetch the princess, along with a reward of one hundred bolts of cloth. When Jun arrived in Pyongyang, someone advised King Lian, saying, "In the past, when Wei and Yan intermarried, it later led to conflict because the person sent by Wei learned all the strategic terrains of Yan. Now that you are sending the princess over, it could be as perilous as the situation with the Feng family (referring to Empress Feng)!" Upon hearing this, Lian foolishly declared that the princess was dead.
Jun and Lian engaged in a back-and-forth for several years; Jun kept trying to persuade Lian with reason, but Lian was filled with anger and simply cut off food and drink for Jun's attendants. Lian also considered humiliating Jun but feared the repercussions and didn't dare to actually harm him. Later, after Emperor Xianzu of Wei passed away, Jun returned home and was appointed Secretary Ling.
At the beginning, the Wei Kingdom moved the ancestral spirit to the ancestral temple. The relevant officials reported that in the past, officials who served in the ancestral temple were always granted titles, and that this practice should continue. The emperor called for a discussion among the officials, and everyone agreed that tradition should be followed, except for Jun who opposed it. He submitted a memorial stating, "I have heard that the emperor places the highest value on titles and ranks, and the mountains and rivers of the nation are of utmost importance. Therefore, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty stipulated that only those who have made great achievements during the emperor's enthronement or on the battlefield can be granted titles. I've never heard of anyone receiving land and titles merely for serving in the ancestral temple. I have only heard that during the Jin Dynasty, people like Zheng Shi, Wu Qi, and Deng Ai were rewarded for assisting the emperor or for their military achievements. The historical records from the Zhou and Han Dynasties make no mention of such an ancient reward system, nor do the records from the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Since the establishment of our Wei Dynasty, we have always followed the rules of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, emulating the examples of past emperors. While punishments have become less severe than in ancient times, rewards have been more generous. Now, due to the recent changes in the ancestral temple, officials are being appointed to the ninth rank, and attendants are being granted fifth-rank titles. Even the emperor's system should not be followed blindly, especially since the rewards from that time cannot be seen as enduring traditions. I have gone against everyone's opinion and await punishment." After reading the memorial, the emperor accepted his opinion. The Empress Dowager addressed the courtiers, "Actions should be upright and in accordance with the classics. How can we continuously adhere to outdated precedents?" She subsequently rewarded Jun with a set of garments and two hundred bolts of cloth.
Jun also said, "The 'Spring and Autumn Annals' states: 'Being respectful and courteous to the ruler is like a filial son serving his parents; being disrespectful to the ruler is like an eagle hunting small birds.' Therefore, this is to admonish future generations, set an example, and ensure it is passed down through the ages. In the past, when Chen Heng killed the monarch, Confucius even requested to launch an attack; can one still seek comfort and pleasure? Now, with favorable timing, geography, and the support of the people, all seven states are responding to the call. We must wash away treachery as if it were dirt and sweep away the rebellious on land. However, in warfare, it is important not to easily deploy troops, as is often said by military strategists. Liu Chang should be sent first to persuade Huainan to surrender. If they gladly accept and work together, then the natural barrier of the Yangtze River can be crossed quickly; the main goal of pacifying Jiangnan can be achieved quickly. If those frivolous individuals in Jiangnan betray the Liu family's kindness, then the responsibility lies with them; what have we done to offend heaven and earth? We should issue a proclamation to attack Jiangnan, organize the troops, and march back north, which can also show our great benevolence in rescuing those in peril, gaining fame throughout the world. Moreover, attacking is much more difficult than defending, so the force for attack must be a hundred times greater than that for defense; this needs careful consideration. Although the world is currently peaceful, there are still hidden threats at the borders; in the southwestern frontier, there are those secretly plotting mischief, and the northern nomadic tribes are also waiting for an opportunity to act. If the attack does not go smoothly, it is feared that the troops will not be able to withdraw quickly; if the troops cannot withdraw quickly, then there will be even more worries. Those who consider the country should start by consolidating the fundamentals. I believe we should station troops along the Yangtze River to demonstrate imperial authority while also particularly comforting the common people. If we do not infringe upon them, the people will recognize the court's kindness and trustworthiness; when the people understand kindness and trustworthiness, they will prepare food and drink to greet us; when the people prepare food and drink to greet us, Huabei can be pacified; with Huabei pacified, the bandits of Wu will change their schemes; when the bandits change their schemes, chaos will be eliminated. Then we can act based on the situation, and it won't be too late. Please halt military actions in each state and wait for the right opportunity. This is what consolidating the fundamentals means. I hope Your Majesty and the Empress Dowager are wise and perceptive, able to see the bigger picture beyond just winning battles; able to adapt to changing circumstances and grasp subtle nuances. I am old and frail, nearing the end of my life; while I wish to be concerned for the country, I ultimately feel powerless." The Emperor did not heed his advice.
Fashiu, the monk who sought to rebel, ended up being killed. Junbiao wrote in his memorial: "I understand that the primary purpose of writing poetry is to express one’s thoughts. From filial piety to loyalty to the ruler, from social customs to all manner of affairs, everything can be expressed in poetry. Good poems can praise the virtues of the sage, and bad poems can also warn future generations; the poet bears no guilt, and the listener can also learn from it. This is the original intention of ancient people writing poetry. Though I am old, I still find myself fortunate to witness this prosperous era. Though I may be aging and a bit muddled, I still want to strive like Lian Po. Your Majesty and the Empress Dowager possess virtues akin to heaven and earth, wisdom like the sun and moon. Heaven blesses the Great Wei Dynasty, and in accordance with the will of heaven, those with evil intentions have no chance to plot and scheme; heaven has long seen through their conspiracy and ensured they receive the punishment they deserve. This is all thanks to the blessings of our ancestors and the grace of heaven! I am so happy! I dared to employ my frail and aging mind to write sixteen chapters of poems praising the country, and also praising the grace of the imperial tours and abundant rains." The poem he wrote is as follows:
"The virtue of Qian is unspoken, the four seasons cycle. In the Great Wei under the reign of the emperor, the heavens bestow blessings. The successive sages and ancestors shine brightly. How can we compare to the Yin and Zhou, distant and ancient? Clearly above, the reverence for the sage is renewed each day. The wise empress dowager embodies benevolent rule. Virtue spreads like the wind, teaching and guiding. For a thousand years, prosperity reigns; the Way flourishes.
The years see imperial tours, responding to the auspicious signs. Inspecting the land, inquiring of the elders. Harmonizing with the myriad spirits, observing the mountains and rivers. Who says rituals are stagnant, when meeting the sage they are proclaimed? The king's business is beginning; Zhongshan is the reason. The grandeur of the royal visit intertwines with our emotions. Looking up to the ancestors' achievements, looking down to the gentle spring. Truly great is the alleviation of troubles, dispelling the worries of the people. When worries are dispelled, a new beginning arises. The vast populace sings in harmony."
Junbiao conveys that Fa Xiu's rebellion failed; this is the will of heaven and a blessing for the Great Wei Dynasty, which made him particularly happy, prompting him to write this poem to celebrate the virtues of the emperor and the empress dowager and the improvements in people's livelihoods resulting from his inspections across various regions. He believes that all this is due to the wise governance of the court, allowing the common people to live and work in peace. This poem praises the prosperity of the Great Wei Dynasty, the benevolence of the emperor, and also expresses his good wishes for the future of the country. He believes that Fa Xiu's failure is due to the strength of the court and the protection of heaven, so he feels extremely fortunate and excited.
Suddenly, a madman appeared, who dared to plot a rebellion against the capital! Fortunately, the emperor is wise and martial, receiving a warning from heaven, discovering and executing him in time. In the past, Yi and Zhuo rebelled, and Xia Jie was also wanton and unjust; the tyranny of these rulers was no coincidence! Our emperor, wise and martial, governs the country with great skill; this era of prosperity will last for a thousand years! All manner of monsters and demons have been vanquished, and the wrongdoers have no opportunity to stir up trouble. The reason why the wrongdoers have no chance to rebel is because the emperor’s generosity and mercy provide them with a chance to reform. Although the emperor's penal system has been in place for fifty years, he remains tolerant. The emperor and empress dowager, both wise rulers, have hearts as kind as the spring sun that warms the people. The emperor has abandoned the oppressive rule of the Zhou and Han dynasties and emulates the benevolent ways of the ancient sages.
Why should we abandon Zhou Han? Because the rule of Zhou Han was excessively harsh! Why emulate the ancient sages? Because they advocated benevolence, righteousness, and morality! The emperor's wise and gracious rule has spread throughout the land. This influence extends beyond the capital, reaching even foreign nations! The emperor is honest and upright, deeply loved by the people, harmonizing Yin and Yang, bringing favorable weather. In the evening, a gentle breeze blows, and in the morning, sweet rain falls; crops grow abundantly, and the people thrive. Even the impoverished on the streets and the widows at home recite poems praising the emperor. Such praises can be found in the "Book of Songs" and "Yun Han Fu." These poems and articles are magnificent and can be considered classics.
In this prosperous era of peace, the emperor's noble virtues and profound morals cannot simply be attributed to two consecutive good harvests; this is truly a sign of divine favor! Everywhere, the sight of bountiful harvests is filled with good fortune. The system of rites and music is well-established, politics are transparent, and accessibility is universal. The officials and the populace are filled with joy, singing praises to this era of prosperity. Who would have thought that we would encounter such a prosperous era? This is truly a once-in-a-century occurrence!
Heaven does not favor anyone; only those with virtues can receive the blessings of heaven. The emperor must uphold this era of prosperity; no matter how hard the work, he must not become complacent. A minor misstep can lead to significant consequences! The officials hope the emperor remains humble and cautious, pursuing benevolence and righteousness without regret. As the saying goes, even a wise ruler must exercise caution. The invasion by a coalition of five nations, with the war dragging on for years, ultimately stemming from underestimating the enemy, which led to miscalculations. The inefficiency of officials has intensified the burden on the people, forcing many to flee to the deep mountains. The emperor should firmly insist that officials fulfill their duties, governing the country with both authority and compassion.
How can we achieve both authority and benevolence? That is by gathering the people and calming their hearts. The reason why the people obey orders is that they have enough to eat and wear warmly. If the foundation of agriculture and sericulture collapses, who will tend the fields and weave the fabric? The people are suffering from hunger and cold, and some have even resorted to cannibalism. Thinking of these things fills my heart with sorrow. I have read in the classics that one should not overstep their role in national matters. However, when I consider the crisis the country faces, I feel compelled to speak up. Though I may be ignorant, I still dare to share my humble opinions, and I am fortunate to receive the favor of the Emperor, allowing me the opportunity to speak.
The Empress Dowager said, "I have heard of the poems you wrote. It is fine to praise the merits of our ancestors, but your criticism of current affairs is somewhat excessive. Just remember not to overlook those articles that critique the government." Cheng Jun then submitted ten poems of praise, ranging from strengthening the foundation to the philosophy of non-intervention. The specific content is extensive, so it is not recorded one by one.
The Empress Dowager said, "I have heard of your poems and ten poems of praise. These articles not only serve as warnings but also merit careful reflection. It’s truly admirable that, despite your age, you continue to offer advice!" She then issued a decree, saying, "Cheng Jun is upright and prudent in his official duties, and his advice is always spot on. Moreover, his home is free of opportunistic guests, filled only with those who have ambition. Reward him with six hundred pieces of silk to commend his integrity and frugality." Cheng Jun shared all the silk with his relatives and friends.
He was a man of integrity, not pursuing fame or fortune. In January of the ninth year of Taihe, he fell seriously ill and left a will saying: "While I was alive, I advocated simplicity; how can I indulge in luxury after my death? In ancient times, noble descendants were buried without ostentation, which was rooted in profound insight; scholars were content with simplicity, which is also a noble sentiment. Now that the world is at peace and everything is done according to rules, that is not my pursuit. Bury me in simple clothes, and use simple vessels." Then he passed away at the age of seventy-two. When Cheng Jun was seriously ill, Emperor Gaozu and Empress Dowager Wen sent people multiple times to inquire about his condition and ordered the imperial physician Xu Jian to treat him, providing him with herbal medicine. Before his death, the emperor issued an edict appointing his son Cheng Gongcheng as Zhong San Daifu and his son Cheng Lingqiu as Zhuzuo Lang. After Cheng Jun's death, both Emperor Gaozu and Empress Dowager Wen were very saddened, bestowing him secret vessels from the Eastern Garden, a set of court robes, and three hundred bolts of silk, posthumously granting him the titles of Champion General, Governor of Yanzhou, and Marquis of Qu'an, with the posthumous name "Xian." The articles he wrote were later compiled into a collection.
Cheng Jun had six sons: Yuanji, Gongda, Gongliang, and Gongli, none of whom held official positions. Gongyi served as a Shiyushi, Yezhe Pushe, Dushui Shizhe, Sima of Wang Wuchang, and Governor of Pei County; Gongcheng served as Zhong San Daifu, Ge Shi Zhong, and Shangshu Lang. They all passed away at a young age.
Cheng Gongli's son Cheng Ji, courtesy name Shibei, loved learning and was very talented in literature, who served as the chief clerk of Jingzhou Prefecture.
Cheng Jun's distant cousin Cheng Bodai, whose name conflicted with the taboo associated with the Xianzu Temple, was the same age as Cheng Jun and was also very eloquent. During Juqu Muxian's administration, they were both selected to accompany Muxian's heir, and people praised them highly. Cheng Bodai passed away at a young age.
Ling Qiu lost his parents at a young age and had quite a talent for literature, but unfortunately, he always took on dead-end jobs. He served as a low-ranking official in the government for over a decade, but later lost his job due to some wrongdoing. By chance, before Cheng Jun died, he pleaded on his behalf, which got him promoted to Assistant Editor. However, he was later demoted again after he claimed he had no relatives in the capital, as Emperor Gaozu learned that he was a distant relative of Cheng Jun's son, Cheng Gongyi. Upon arriving in Luoyang, he was without an official position. He fell into poverty and struggled with illness for a long time. Later, Cui Guang pleaded for him, which allowed him to become the Supervisor of the Imperial Guards, and he was then appointed as the governor of Liangjun in Xuzhou. However, due to excessive drinking, he was reported by Inspector Wang Jian of Wuchang and lost his position again.
After leaving Liangjun, his energy and ambition took a significant hit, and he often dropped the ball because of drinking. Having not held an official position for a long time, he inevitably faced hunger and the cold, and he repeatedly went to the Ministry of Personnel to request getting his old job back. The Minister Gao Zhao was in charge of selecting officials and promoted him to Editor, and because he was recommended by Cui Guang, the emperor issued a special order for his appointment.
Historical records state that Han Qilin was valued by King Qi for his talent and insight, showing that he really had talent. Emperor Xizong refined himself through literature and repeatedly submitted memorials regarding national affairs; however, it's unclear whether he took part in compiling national history. Cheng Xiqing was somewhat conservative, with his fame and status outpacing his real abilities. Cheng Jun's talents and achievements were not particularly outstanding, yet he earned public recognition, probably thanks to the smart strategies he used back then.
