Real Histories
"The Book of Chen" consists of a total of thirty-six pieces, including six volumes of annals and thirty volumes of biographies, written by Yao Silian, a court historian of the Tang Dynasty. Initially, Silian's father Yao Cha served as the historian for the Liang and Chen dynasties, responsible for recording the history of both dynasties. However, he passed away before completing it, and soon after, the Chen Dynasty fell. Emperor Wen of Sui highly valued Yao Cha’s expertise and frequently consulted him about the histories of the Liang and Chen dynasties. Yao Cha presented the historical materials he had compiled to the emperor one by one. Emperor Wen even sent Yu Shiji to Yao Cha's residence to request the manuscripts, but Yao Cha passed away before completing the work. On his deathbed, Yao Cha entrusted this task to his son, Silian.
After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, in the fifth year of the Wude era, Emperor Gaozu of Tang felt that the historical records were chaotic due to frequent changes in dynasties over the past two hundred years since the Wei Dynasty. He ordered a reorganization of historical records. Silian took on this task and began writing "The Book of Chen." However, the task was too daunting, and he had not completed it for a long time. In the third year of the Zhenguan era, Emperor Taizong of Tang ordered him to focus on writing the book in the Imperial Secretariat. It was not until the renzi day of the first month in the tenth year of the Zhenguan era that the book was finally completed and submitted.
From the beginning of Yao Cha's writing to Silian's completion, "The Book of Chen" went through three generations, with father and son passing the baton. It took over a decade to complete, demonstrating the immense difficulty of the task. However, compared to other books such as "The Book of Song," "The Book of Wei," "The Book of Liang," and "The Book of Qi," very few copies of "The Book of Chen" have survived. Therefore, scholars in later generations do not have a deep understanding of the history of the Chen Dynasty. Additionally, due to its limited circulation, the copies held in the imperial palace often contain omissions and errors.
Until August of the sixth year of Jiayou, the court finally ordered proofreading of the "Book of Chen" and prepared to print and distribute it. Some of us suggested, "Books like the Book of Liang and the Book of Chen are seriously incomplete. There are only a few copies hidden in the palace, which might not be sufficient to establish the final version. It would be best to order the people in the capital and various provinces and counties who have books to bring out what they have." The late emperor accepted our suggestion. In the winter of the seventh year of Jiayou, books from various regions were sent in one after another, and we began to proofread and compare them. In the seventh month of the eighth year of Jiayou, the thirty-six sections of the "Book of Chen" were finally proofread and completed, ready to be handed down to future scholars. We were cautious not to make arbitrary changes to the questionable sections, but simply added annotations at the end of each chapter. The original "Book of Chen" lacked a table of contents, and the names of individuals in the biographies were often incorrect, so we also compiled a separate table of contents for easier reference.
As for the state of Chen, it was established through various deceitful tactics, lacking the wise governance, moral principles, and the education of the people exemplified by previous kings to serve as examples for future generations. However, Chen's initial prosperity stemmed from its ability to employ talented individuals, rulers who balanced pros and cons, strategized, were humble and frugal, and cared for the people. Its ultimate downfall was caused by corrupt officials, indulgence in pleasure with concubines, forgetting the potential dangers, and indulging in personal desires. The rise and fall of Chen fundamentally resulted from its own actions. As for the system of Chen, such as the establishment of official positions, provinces, and counties, although these measures were rather simple and basic, they were implemented for a period of time and should be thoroughly studied and verified by future scholars.
During the time of the Chen Kingdom, those who sought power and profit, engaged in deceitful practices, and sought comfort, we had to list them as a warning for future generations. Not to mention during the chaotic period of the Chen Kingdom's downfall, those who lived in poverty, upheld justice, and were not swayed by chaos, power, or personal gain, they were not extinct either. These individuals can indeed be described as exceptionally loyal and kind. Their spiritual qualities were what the ancients aspired to but found difficult to achieve; the poem "Wind and Rain" was composed in their honor. How could we allow their spirits to fade into obscurity? Therefore, how could we disregard the history of the Chen Kingdom?
This book was difficult to write in the first place, and after it was written, it remained largely unknown for an extended period. It was not until over a hundred years after the establishment of the Song Dynasty that various ancient classics and historical events were widely studied, and this book was able to become widely recognized, becoming the object of study for scholars. Its journey to recognition was fraught with challenges; could it be because it was destined to appear at this time?
Min Xun, Min Mu, Min Zao, Min Jue, Min Yanruo, Min Zhu, and Min Gong respectfully present the index, risking their lives to do so.
Once upon a time, it was said that Wang Shuling, also known as Zisong, was Emperor Gaozong's second son. During the Chengsheng era of the Liang Dynasty, Shuling was born while Emperor Gaozong was still serving as a general in Jiangling. Later, when Jiangling fell to enemy forces, Emperor Gaozong fled with his family to Guanzhong, leaving Shuling behind in Rangcheng. When Emperor Gaozong returned with his troops, he left the Crown Prince (who would later become the Emperor) and Shuling as hostages in enemy territory. In the third year of the Tianjia reign, Emperor Gaozong brought back the Crown Prince (later the Emperor) to the capital, and Shuling returned with him, and was granted the title of Marquis of Kangle with a fief of five hundred households.
In this way, Shuling made the remarkable transition from a child abandoned in the chaos of war to being granted the title of marquis. His life experiences also reflected the turbulent times of that era.
Shuling was known for his eloquence from a young age, was vain, strong-willed, and dismissive of others. In the first year of Guangda, he was appointed as the Deputy Minister of the Palace Library. The following year, he was dispatched to serve as the Commissioner, Commander of Military Affairs in Jiangzhou, General of the Southern Army, and Governor of Jiangzhou. In the first year of Taijian, he was granted the title of Prince of Shixing County, tasked with overseeing the worship of King Shaolie. He was subsequently promoted to Commissioner, Commander of Military Affairs across the three provinces of Jiang, Ying, and Jin, and Military Strategist General, while retaining his position as Governor. At that time, Shuling was just sixteen years old and managed political affairs independently, with his subordinates unable to have any say. He was strict and harsh, instilling both fear and resentment in his subordinates. He coerced imperial relatives and dismissed county officials alike into serving him.
Qian Facheng, the interior minister of Yu Zhang, went to visit him, but Shuling unexpectedly sent his son Jiqing to hold the horse. Jiqing felt humiliated and did not arrive promptly. Shuling was furious, which drove him to commit suicide. Even though those states and counties were outside his jurisdiction, he would meddle in their affairs and even adjudicate cases. If the court officials and lower-ranking officials did not please him, he would falsely accuse them and have them sentenced to death. Not long after, he was promoted to Cloud Banner General and appointed Cavalier Attendant. Three years later, he was appointed as an Attendant. Four years later, he was promoted to Commander of military affairs in Xiang, Heng, Gui, and Wu states, General for Pacifying the South, Governor of Xiang state, while retaining his roles as Attendant and Commissioner of Authority. Officials from various states trembled in fear at the news of his arrival. Shuling became more and more arrogant, waging campaigns against the barbarians and pocketing all the spoils without rewarding his subordinates. He imposed taxes and labor duties with complete disregard. He often stayed up all night, lit candles until dawn, gathered guests, and chatted about trivial matters without restraint. Although he did not drink, he enjoyed preparing exquisite dishes and indulged in feasting throughout the day. He only slept for a while from morning to noon. His subordinates did not dare to present official documents unless summoned. Those who were punished by him were imprisoned for years with no concern from him. The area south of Xiaoxiang was entirely under his thumb, with hardly anyone escaping his grasp. Anyone who dared to escape would find their families killed. County officials were too afraid to report to Emperor Gaozong, who remained oblivious to these happenings. Later, he was promoted to General of the Southern Garrison, received a band, and subsequently became General of the Guards. Nine years later, he was appointed as Commissioner of Authority and Commander of military affairs in Yang, Xu, Dongyang, and Nanyu states, while retaining his roles as Attendant, General, and band.
Emperor Gaozong was gravely ill, and the crown prince and other princes went to attend his illness. As a result, Emperor Gaozong died in Xuanfu Hall. The next morning, the new emperor, overcome with grief, collapsed to the ground in tears, at which point Prince Ling suddenly lunged at the new emperor's neck with a sharpened knife! Upon hearing the news, the empress dowager rushed to the rescue, but Prince Ling struck her multiple times. Fortunately, the new emperor's wet nurse, Wu, was by the empress dowager's side and pulled the new emperor's arm from behind, enabling him to rise. Prince Ling attempted to seize the emperor's clothing, but the emperor managed to break free. At this moment, Prince Jian of Changsha rushed forward, seized Prince Ling, took away his knife, tied him to a pillar, and bound him with his own sleeves. Wu, the wet nurse, had already helped the new emperor avoid danger, while Prince Jian scoured the area for the new emperor, ready to follow the emperor's orders.
Taking advantage of the situation, Prince Ling broke free from his restraints, rushed out of Yunlong Gate, and hastily returned to the Eastern Palace, where he gathered his soldiers and bestowed gold and silver upon them. He called on the kings and generals outside, but only Prince Bogu of Xin'an responded, arriving to lend support. Prince Ling only gathered about a thousand people and originally intended to defend the city, but before long, General Xiao Mohe arrived at the palace's west gate with his troops. Prince Ling was in a desperate predicament, filled with fear, so he dispatched his secretary Wei Liang, carrying a drum, to meet Xiao Mohe, and even said to him, "If things are settled, I will make you a high-ranking official in the court!" Xiao Mohe misled him, saying, "I have to wait for the king's trusted general to come in person before I can take orders." Prince Ling then sent Dai Wen and Tan Qilin to meet Xiao Mohe, but Xiao Mohe apprehended them and sent them to the court, where they were executed beneath the eaves.
Shu Ling knew that the situation was over, so he threw his concubine Zhang and seven favored maidens into a well to drown. Shu Ling had troops stationed in Xinlin, so he took hundreds of troops and crossed the river by small ferry, planning to head to Xinlin and then sail north. When they reached Baiyang Road, the imperial army intercepted them. Bogu spotted the approaching army and quickly ducked into an alley. Shu Ling chased after him on horseback, drew his sword to strike, but Bogu dashed out again. Most of Shu Ling's men abandoned their helmets and armor and fled in disarray. Xiao Mohe, Ma Rong, and Chen Zhishen charged forward to kill Shu Ling, who fell dead on the spot. Eunuch Wang Feiqin then stabbed Shu Ling more than ten times, while Ma Rong and Chen Zhonghua severed Shu Ling's head and brought it to the court. From the hour of the Tiger to the hour of the Snake, the rebellion was finally suppressed.
Ministers reported: "That traitor, formerly the Imperial Attendant, General of the Central Army, and Prince Shiling of Shixing, was fierce and violent since childhood and became even more greedy and cruel as he grew older. He was sent to pacify Xiangnan and then stationed in Jiujiang, where he completely plundered the local populace. With his fierce eyes and wolf-like howls, he was frivolous and dissolute, disrespectful to his parents and unkind to the common people, obstructed the army, cruel and brutal, lacking in propriety and integrity, only knowing how to kill. While living in remote areas, he indulged in wine and women, fathering children in inns day and night. He hid by day and roamed by night, constantly engaging in deceitful and underhanded activities, robbing the people, and even digging up graves to steal property. Master Xie assisted in establishing the Jin dynasty and created a situation in Jiangzuo, yet Shiling actually opened Master Xie's coffin, desecrating the corpse, a truly shocking act! Since the late emperor fell ill, the next day, while serving medicine, Shiling, a senior court official, showed no outward signs of sorrow, all the while plotting to rebel and assassinate the emperor. When the late emperor's condition worsened, the emperor wept in agony, and Shiling actually prostrated himself, reaching out towards the emperor's carriage. The empress dowager arrived on the scene, and Shiling brandished his sword; his cruelty and brutality were unparalleled in history. Fortunately, Prince Changsha, Shujian, loyal, filial, brave, and decisive, stopped Shiling just in time, ensuring the emperor's safety. Shiling fled to the east city, rallying his accomplices; his remaining forces still formidable, and ultimately killed his own wife and children. Even though Shiling has been executed, our anger remains unabated. After deliberation, we request that, in accordance with the ancient customs of the Song dynasty, his body be thrown into the river to desecrate his residence, and his maternal family's tomb of the Peng clan be destroyed to appease the spirits of the Xie family in the afterlife."
The emperor ordered, "This cruel and tyrannical man dared to cause chaos in the palace. Fortunately, our ancestors blessed us and he was eliminated in time. Hearing this news fills me with both sadness and anger. The court officials have proposed a solution, so handle it according to their petition!"
All of Shuling’s sons were executed that day. The former Intendant of Hengyang, Peng Hao, the Advisory Military Officer and Recorder Zheng Xin, the Middle Recording Officer and Recorder Wei Liang, and the Official Signatory Yu Gongxi all received punishment. Peng Hao was Shuling's uncle, who had served under Emperor Gaozong in Guanzhong and achieved some merits. Later, relying on Shuling's relationship, he successively served as the governor of Liyang and Hengyang counties. Zheng Xin was adept at record-keeping and was trusted by Shuling, participating in Shuling's schemes. Wei Liang was from Jingzhao, the son of the Grand Master and Guard General Wei Can of the Liang Dynasty, and he was highly regarded by Shuling for his profound knowledge.
Chen Zhishen was appointed as the Intendant of Balang and titled as the Viscount of You'an County for his merit in pacifying Shuling. Chen Zhonghua was appointed as the Prefect of Xiagui and titled as the Viscount of Xinyi County. Wang Feiqin was appointed as the General of Fubo. They all received rewards accordingly.
Prince Bogu of Xin'an, styled Laozhi, was the fifth son of the founder. He was born with a chest like a tortoise shell, bright and spirited eyes, short stature, but eloquent and good at debating. In the sixth year of Tianjia, he was appointed as the Prince of Xin'an County with a fief that included two thousand households. After the accession of the deposed emperor, he was appointed as the Commissioner overseeing military affairs in the three counties of Nanlangye, Pengcheng, and Donghai, General of the Cloud Banner, and the Prefect of Pengcheng and Langye counties. Shortly after, he was transferred to the central government as the Intendant of Danyang, while retaining his military rank.
In the first year of Taijian, he was promoted to the position of Zhiwu General, while retaining the position of Danyang Prefect. After his term ended, he was promoted to Yiyou General. Shortly after, he was appointed as Commissioner of Imperial Envoys, Commander of Military Affairs in Wuxing, Pingdong General, and Wuxing Prefect. Four years later, he returned to the court as Shizhong, Yiqian General, and later was promoted to Anqian General and Zhonglingjun. Seven years later, he was sent to the local area as Commissioner of Imperial Envoys, Cavalier Attendant, Commander of Military Affairs in Nanxu, Nanyu, Nan, and Beiyuan Four Provinces, Zhenbei General, and Governor of Nanxu Province. Bogu was particularly fond of drinking and spent his salary without restraint, rarely saving any money. When drunk, he often asked others for things, and he was regarded as the poorest among the princes. Emperor Gaozong always sympathized with him and gave him extra rewards. Bogu was impulsive, enjoyed fighting, and neglected state affairs while serving as an official, spending his days hunting. Sometimes he even lay in his carriage and napped in the grass, inviting common people to join him, often playing for ten days or even half a month. The deer he hunted were sent alive to the palace. Although Emperor Gaozong knew about these matters and sent people to reprimand him many times, it had no effect. Ten years later, he returned to the court, serving again as Shizhong and Zhenyou General, and soon after was appointed as Hujun General. In the same year, he was appointed as Grand Scholar of the National Academy, concurrently serving as Zuo Xiaoqi General, while retaining his positions as Shizhong and Zhenyou General. Bogu was very knowledgeable in metaphysics but knew nothing about other subjects. However, in debates, he often came up with unique insights. He was very strict in his official duties. If anyone in the National Academy was lazy and did not study, he would punish them severely. The students were all afraid of him, so the learning atmosphere improved significantly. In the twelfth year, he also served as Zongzheng Qing. In the thirteenth year, he was appointed as Commissioner, Commander of Military Affairs in Yang, Nanxu, Dongyang, and Nanyu Four Provinces, and Governor of Yangzhou, while retaining his positions as Shizhong and General.
Legend has it that when Wu Zetian's son Li Xian became the heir apparent, he was particularly close to a man named Cui Bogu, and the two of them were always together. Cui Bogu had a knack for cracking jokes, and every time Li Xian's father, Gao Zong, held a banquet, he would bring Cui Bogu along. As a result, Li Xian's uncle, Li Shuliang, who held an official position in Jiangzhou, was envious of Cui Bogu's favoritism, so he sought to dig up dirt on Cui Bogu, hoping to seize an opportunity to bring him down.
Later, when Li Shuliang returned to the court, Cui Bogu, afraid of getting into trouble, tried to flatter Li Shuliang to see what he was up to. So, the two of them started attacking the court officials together, regardless of their high positions or seniority, fearlessly confronting them. Cui Bogu was an avid hunter while Li Shuliang was into tomb raiding, so they often went out to play together in the wilderness, and their relationship grew stronger. Eventually, they conspired to rebel. Cui Bogu worked in the palace, and he would tell Li Shuliang any secret information he heard.
When Li Shuliang fled to the Eastern Palace to rebel, he even sent word to Cui Bogu. Cui Bogu rode his horse alone and rushed over to assist Li Shuliang in leading the fight. Realizing things were going downhill, they tried to escape, but the city gates were already closed, so they made a run for Baiyang Road together. They ran into the imperial army and were caught in the crossfire, and were killed at the Dongchang Pavilion gate when he was just 28. The Emperor decreed: "Cui Bogu participated in this rebellion and died on the road. By the book, he should face the consequences. I can't bear to do it, so I permit him to be buried with the rites of a commoner." He also decreed: "Cui Bogu participated in this heinous rebellion and severed his ties with heaven. Typically, his whole family would face punishment, but considering that his children are too young and innocent, I’ll grant them the status of commoners." Cui Bogu's family members were also pardoned.
Historical records state: Confucius said, "Wealth and status are what everyone desires, but they should not be possessed if obtained through improper means." From the emperor to the common people, there are distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate children, as well as between elders and younger ones. Li Shuliang was hot-tempered and overly eager for quick success, which ultimately led him to commit a serious crime. Although Cui Bogu was just an errand boy, he cannot escape responsibility, which is truly unfortunate!
Xiong Tanlang, from Nanchang, comes from a prominent family. He was wild and unruly since childhood, incredibly strong, and had a tall, imposing stature. During the rebellion led by Hou Jing, he gathered a group of young people, took over Fengcheng County, and became a bandit leader, attracting many fugitives to his cause. Later, he was appointed governor of Bashan by Emperor Liang Yuan. After the fall of Jingzhou, Tanlang's power grew. He plundered neighboring counties, capturing and selling people, and became a major scourge in the mountains.
When Hou Tian guarded Yuzhang, Tanlang put on a façade of obedience but secretly plotted against Hou Tian. When Hou Fang'er rebelled against Hou Tian and needed to deal with him, Tanlang offered him strategic advice. After Hou Tian's defeat, Tanlang seized many of his warhorses, weapons, and family members. Later, when Xiao Bo crossed the mountains and Ouyang Pin led the vanguard, Tanlang deceived Ouyang Pin into attacking Huang Fabian together, then went to inform Huang Fabian that they would attack Ouyang Pin together, even making a deal with Huang Fabian: "After success, the spoils belong to me." As they marched, he and Ouyang Pin coordinated their advance, deceiving Ouyang Pin by saying, "My brother Yu Xiaoqing wants to ambush us; we need to keep some troops on guard, and we don't have enough weapons and equipment; it may not be sufficient." Ouyang Pin then sent him three hundred sets of armor. When they reached the city, about to go to war, Tanlang pretended to retreat, allowing Huang Fabian to attack. Ouyang Pin lost his reinforcements, causing him to panic and retreat, and Tanlang took advantage, taking all of Ouyang Pin's warhorses and weapons.
At that time, Chen Ding was also camped with his troops in Bashan. Tanlang pretended to marry his daughter to Chen Ding's son. He also told Chen Ding, "Zhou Di and my brother Yu Xiaoqing are not happy about this marriage; heavy troops must be sent to welcome the bride." Chen Ding then sent three hundred elite soldiers and twenty local strongmen to welcome the bride, but upon their arrival at Tanlang's camp, they were all captured, their horses and weapons were taken, and Tanlang demanded an exorbitant ransom for their release.
In the year 553 AD, Tan Lang, as a powerful leader in the Nanchuan region, was appointed as the General of the Cavalry as was customary. Shortly after, he was promoted to the title of General, Governor of Guizhou, while also serving as the magistrate of Fengcheng County, and later became the governor of Yichun and Yuzhang. At that time, Wang Lin sent Li Xiaochin and others to accompany Yu Xiaoqing to attack Zhou Di in Linqing, and Tan Lang led his own troops to provide support. That year, in recognition of his achievements, Tan Lang was appointed as General, Cavalier of the Palace Guard, General of Ningyuan, and was granted the title of Marquis of Yonghua, with a fief of one thousand households, and was also assigned a ceremonial guard. In recognition of his resistance against Wang Lin, he was further promoted to General of the West, retaining his previous official positions. Later, when Zhou Wenyu attacked Yu Xiaoqing in Yuzhang, Tan Lang led his troops to support them, which led to Zhou Wenyu's defeat. Tan Lang then killed Zhou Wenyu to curry favor with Wang Lin (this event is also mentioned in "Zhou Wenyu's Biography"). Afterwards, Tan Lang captured all the generals under Zhou Wenyu, seized control of Xingan County, and built fortifications along the riverbank.
When Wang Lin advanced to the east, Emperor Liang Xiaoyi summoned the troops from Nanchuan, and the governors of Jiangzhou and Gaozhou, Zhou Di and Huang Fabian, wanted to provide support from downstream. Tan Lang occupied the city and deployed warships to block their advance. Zhou Di and Huang Fabian then led the southern forces to construct fortifications and besiege Tan Lang, cutting off the communication between Tan Lang and Wang Lin. After Wang Lin was defeated and fled, Tan Lang's subordinates rebelled against him. Zhou Di broke through Tan Lang's defenses, capturing tens of thousands of civilians. Tan Lang fled to a village, where he was slain by the villagers. His head was sent to the capital city and exhibited at Zhuque Temple. Subsequently, all members of Tan Lang's family, young and old alike, were executed.
Zhou Di was a man from Nan City of Linchuan. When he was young, he lived in the mountains, was very strong and could draw a powerful bow, and earned a living through hunting. During the Hou Jing rebellion, Zhou Di's kinsman Zhou Xu rose up in Linchuan, and Xiao Yi, the Prince of Shixing in the Liang Dynasty, gave the position of governor to Zhou Xu. Zhou Di recruited people from his hometown to follow Zhou Xu, and he always led the charge in battle with great valor. The generals under Zhou Xu were all from prominent families in the county and gradually became overbearing. Zhou Xu tried to control them, but those generals resented him and conspired to kill Zhou Xu, electing Zhou Di as their leader. Zhou Di then occupied Linchuan and constructed a city at Gongtang. The Emperor Yuan of the Liang Dynasty, Xiao Yi, appointed Zhou Di as the holder of the law, the attendant cavalier, and the General of Strong Military, the governor of Gaozhou, and made him Marquis of Linru County, with a fief of five hundred households.
In the year 553 AD, I was appointed as the Interior Minister of Linchuan. Not long after, I was also given the titles of the holder of the law, the attendant cavalier, the general of trustworthy might, the governor of Hengzhou, and also served as the Interior Minister of Linchuan. At that time, Zhou Wenyu was attacking Xiao Bo, and I simply stayed on my own territory and waited to see how the situation developed. Zhou Wenyu sent his chief of staff Lu Shancai to discuss matters with me, and without hesitation, I provided a large supply of grain and fodder to support Zhou Wenyu. Xiao Bo was defeated, and because of my contributions, I was promoted to General Zhenyuan and subsequently appointed governor of Jiangzhou.
After Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, Wang Lin led his troops south. At that time, I aimed to seize Nanchuan, so I summoned the governors and magistrates of the eight counties under my command, formed an alliance, and claimed we were responding to the court's call to go to the capital to support the king. The court was afraid that I would cause trouble, so they quickly sent someone to appease me. When Wang Lin arrived in Pancheng, the lord of Xinwu Cave, Yu Xiaoqing, raised troops to support Wang Lin. Wang Lin felt that the various counties of Nanchuan would be easy pickings, so he sent his generals Li Xiaoqin, Fan Meng, and others south to gather supplies. Fan Meng and the others joined forces with Yu Xiaoqing, with a total of about 20,000 troops, marching straight toward Gongtang. They captured eight cities along the way and were aggressively coming to deal with me. I sent Zhou Fu to lead the army to station in the old county of Linchuan, cut off the river mouth, and then personally went into battle. As a result, I scored a resounding victory, captured Li Xiaoqin, Fan Meng, and Yu Xiaoqing alive, and sent them to the capital. The captured weapons piled up like a mountain, and there were also many captured soldiers and horses, all of which I reported to the court. In the year 558 AD, due to my merit, I was once again appointed as General of Pingnan and granted the title of Palace Governor, with an increase of 1,500 households, and accompanied by an honor guard.
After Chen Baxian became emperor, he appointed Chen Baxian as General of Annan. Later, Xiong Tanlang rebelled, and he, together with Zhou Fu and Huang Fabian, led their troops to besiege Xiong Tanlang, killed him, and completely quelled the rebellion.
After Wang Lin was defeated, the emperor summoned Wang Lin to take command of Pancheng and called his son into the palace. He hesitated, glanced around, and ultimately refused to go. Zhou Fu, the Prefect of Yuzhang, had once been his subordinate. At this time, Zhou Fu and Huang Fabian took their troops to the capital to see the emperor. The emperor commended them for quelling Xiong Tanlang and rewarded them with promotions. When he heard about this, he was quite displeased and secretly colluded with Liu Yi.
When the imperial army launched an attack on Liu Yi, he became fearful and uneasy, so he sent his younger brother Fang Xing to lead troops to attack Zhou Fu. Zhou Fu fought against them and defeated them. He subsequently sent troops to attack Hua Jiao in Pancheng, but the plan was uncovered, and they were all captured by Hua Jiao.
In the spring of the third year of Tianjia, the emperor issued an edict pardoning the people of Nanchuan who were affected by his mistakes. He then appointed Wu Mingche, the governor of Jiangzhou, to lead a large army to join forces with Huang Fabian, the governor of Gaozhou, and Zhou Fu, the governor of Yuzhang, to attack him. At this time, the Ministry of Personnel issued an order:
Dear residents of Linchuan County: In the past, when the Western Capital was prosperous, the Kings of Xin and Yue betrayed the court; after the Eastern Capital was revived, the Kings of Meng and Chong made mistakes. It is said that powerful figures fight each other and are ultimately killed; this has been true since ancient times.
This rebel Zhou Di was originally an official of the court. After the fall of the Liang Dynasty, he became a tyrant in the mountainous regions, plundering and looting. Our founding emperor personally led the Baiyue army and stationed it in Jiujiang, cleansing the area of its filth, granting him official positions and military authority, and even rewarding him with jade ornaments and animal tokens. The emperor's kindness towards him was immense.
After the establishment of the court, the court made various sincere gestures toward Zhou Di, but despite the difficult national situation, he took no action. The emperor rewarded him with high positions and wealth, allowing him to command the army and oppress the people, taking advantage of his strategic location. Recently, Wang Lin had just begun a rebellion, Xiao Bo had not yet been pacified, and Zhou Di colluded with the Three Xiang regions, connecting with the Five Ridges region of Lingnan. After the pacification of Hengyang and Guangzhou, he should have remained loyal, but instead rebelled again in Jiangling and Yizhou, occupying a whole county, harboring malicious intentions and behaving inconsistently.
Mainly because the Xinwu region had not yet been pacified, it is remote, with powerful military forces merging and competing with one another, forming this situation. He looted wealth, captured civilians, and considered them his personal property, never reporting victories to the court. The court sent envoys to persuade him, but he wavered and tried to play both sides. The court was generous and promoted him, giving him high status, wealth, and honor, surpassing other meritorious officials.
However, he led troops across the mountains to support other rebel forces, then suddenly refused to obey the court's orders. So Sikong Mingong advised him to reconcile with the court and be like brothers, because your cities are connected like lips and teeth; if Pengcheng falls, you will not be spared. But he formed factions and engaged in self-serving activities for these reasons.
When enemies invaded the north and rebel forces caused chaos in the west, Zhou Di even supplied the enemy with food and shoes, accepted their titles and military organization, completely obeying the rebel forces. When the imperial army returned victorious and quelled the rebellion, Zhou Di fled. The court issued decrees to reassure the people, and many officials advised him to submit, but he remained stubborn.
Thanks to the efforts of Yitong Faben, as well as the assistance of Anxi Zhou Fu, the court had a system of rewards and punishments that should reward capable officials, but Zhou Di repaid kindness with enmity, resorting to schemes and escalating his actions. He was summoned to Piancheng but did not show up for many years, requesting to send his son to replace him, and did not come to court for many years.
He colluded with fugitives, recruited criminals, and secretly contacted the capital to plot treachery. He privately collected taxes, did not hand them over to the court, oppressed merchants and harmed the common people, colluded with rebel forces, working together to undermine the court, attempting to jointly defy the court.
He believed our army was lacking, the Baiyue region was still unrested, yet he managed to breach Shucheng, captured the wives and children of the people, launched military operations in Li County, captured local leaders, besieged cities. Fortunately, the court had prepared in advance and swiftly defeated them. Generals Hua Jiao and Lu Zilong led the troops to defeat the rebels, ensuring the safety of the entire region. Hua Jiao held the title of Fake Festival, Imperial Guards Cavalry Commandant, General of Benevolent Might, and Marquis of Huiren County; Lu Zilong served as General of Ming Wei, Prefect of Luling, and Viscount of Yiyang County.
General Zhou Fu served as Imperial Commissioner, Cavalry Commandant, General of the West, Inspector of Dingzhou, Prefect of Yuzhang, and Marquis of Xifeng County. He personally led the charge, leading his soldiers to victory against overwhelming odds, slaughtered tens of thousands of foes, and captured thousands. After the battle, he promptly set about repairing the city defenses.
General Fa Bi served as Commissioner and General of Annan, Household Secretary, Inspector of Gaozhou, and Marquis of Xinjian County. He was already famous for his military achievements and loyalty. Before receiving the imperial edict, he had already mobilized troops to assist Zhou Fu and later supported Lu Zilong. He led his soldiers day and night, pursued the fleeing enemies, and utterly vanquished the rebels. This victory was achieved thanks to the courage and decisiveness of the generals.
Now, the court has sent out Liu Guangde, Sun Xiao, Lu Guangda, and Lu Xida to command ten thousand soldiers from Xingkou. Liu Guangde served as Marshal of Zhen Nan, Grand Minister of Xiangdong; Sun Xiao served as Marshal of Pingxi; Lu Guangda was the Prefect of Beixin Cai; Lu Xida served as Commissioner, General of Annan, Inspector of Wuzhou, and Marquis of Pengze County.
At the same time, the court dispatched Hu Shuo, Qian Facheng, Fan Yi, Jiao Sengdu, Zhang Zhida, and Wu Mingche to lead a large army by land and water to advance straight towards Linchuan. Hu Shuo was the former Prefect of Wuxing; Qian Facheng was General of Accomplishments, former Prefect of Xuancheng; Fan Yi was the Prefect of Tianmen and Yiyang; Jiao Sengdu was General Yunhui, Governor of Hezhou, Marquis of Nangu; Zhang Zhida was General Yanwu, Governor of Jianzhou, Viscount of Chen; Wu Mingche was the commissioner, Commander-in-Chief of military affairs in Jiangwu, General of Annan, Magistrate of Jiangzhou, Marquis of Anwu County. Liu Shijing, Cai Senggui, Liu Feng, Lu Zilong, and Que Shendu followed the command of General Fa Jun; together they recaptured the former counties. Liu Shijing was the Prefect of Ancheng; Cai Senggui was the Prefect of Bashan; Liu Feng was the Prefect of Nankang; Lu Zilong was the Prefect of Luling; Que Shendu was the Prefect of Ancheng. In addition, the court also ordered Hua Jiao, Pan Chuntuo, and Zhang Zhaoda to command elite troops to launch a direct assault on the enemy camp. Hua Jiao was the Prefect of Xunyang; Pan Chuntuo was General Guanglie, Magistrate of Bazu; Zhang Zhaoda was General Pingxi, Magistrate of Yingzhou, Marquis of Xinle. The court also ordered General Du to lead reinforcements. General Du held the titles of Commissioner, Cavalry Attendant, and General of Zhen Nan, Governor of Xiangzhou, Duke of Xiangdong; he dispatched troops from various routes one after another, with a mighty force by land and water. At the same time, the court also ordered Ouyang Pin to command his son Ouyang Sheng, Ouyang Sui, and other generals, to command elite troops from Lingnan northward. Ouyang Pin was General of Zhen Nan, Governor of Xiangzhou; Ouyang Sheng was the Governor of Jiaozhou; Ouyang Sui was the newly appointed Prince's Right Rate; Hou Xiao was the Governor of Hengzhou.
Armies from all corners rushed thousands of miles, converging from all directions, like a noose tightening around a rabbit, leaving it no way to escape. General Andusi Kong has already quelled the rebellion and will soon return victorious. After the celebration banquet, the army will pursue and completely eliminate the rebels, as swift as singeing hair.
The court has issued clear orders, placing the blame solely on the rebel leaders; the common people are innocent and will be fully pardoned. Those who take the chance to earn merit will receive extra rewards; those who continue their wrongdoing will face harsh punishment, with no mercy.
Wu Mingche led his troops against the remnants of Hou Jing but was unable to defeat them. The Emperor then dispatched Gao Zong to lead the campaign, where Hou Jing's forces were defeated, his family was captured, and he narrowly escaped, fleeing over the mountains to Jin'an to seek refuge with Chen Baoying. Chen Baoying provided him with troops and supplies and even sent his own son, Chen Zhongchen, to accompany him.
In the autumn of the second year of his rebellion, Hou Jing crossed Dongxing Ridge once more. The people from Dongxing, Nancheng, and Yongcheng counties, all of whom were his former subordinates, came to his aid. The emperor dispatched Zhang Zhaoda to quell him, and Hou Jing fled to the mountains. During Hou Jing's rebellion, the common people lost their jobs and turned to looting. However, Hou Jing's troops refrained from looting and instead distributed land for the people to farm. Everyone had surplus food, social order was well-preserved, and taxes were collected on time. Other counties faced food shortages and depended on supplies from Hou Jing's territory. Hou Jing was down-to-earth and unpretentious, wearing short cotton robes in winter and lightweight purple silk garments in summer, often going barefoot. Despite the presence of guards and musicians, he remained unaffected, spending time making ropes and splitting bamboo. He was generous in his giving, never shortchanging anyone. Though not particularly eloquent, he was honest and reliable, which earned him the respect of the people of Linqing. Therefore, this time, everyone banded together to hide him, and even though the court had ordered harsh punishment, no one was willing to turn him in.
Zhang Zhaoda also crossed the mountains, stationed at Jian'an, and fought against Chen Baoying. Hou Jing regrouped his forces and emerged from Dongxing. At that time, Qian Su, the Prefect of Xuancheng, defended Dongxing, but ultimately surrendered to Hou Jing. Chen Xiang, the Inspector of Wuzhou, led troops to attack Hou Jing, but suffered a crushing defeat. Qianhua Hou Chen Chao and the Prefect of Chenliu, Zhang Sui, both died in battle, and Hou Jing's power grew even stronger. The Emperor then sent Cheng Lingxi to subdue him, who ultimately defeated him. Hou Jing and a dozen followers hid in a cave. Eventually, his followers could no longer endure it. Later, Hou Jing discreetly sent someone to buy fish and meat in Linchuan City. Due to a foot injury, he stopped to rest at an inn, where the innkeeper informed Luo Ya, the Prefect of Linchuan. Luo Ya apprehended the man and forced him to reveal Hou Jing's whereabouts. He then dispatched elite soldiers into the mountains, lured Hou Jing out under the pretense of hunting, set an ambush along the way, and killed him. His head was sent to the capital and displayed at Zhuque Temple for three days.
Liu Yi, hailing from Changshan in Dongyang, belonged to a prominent local family. He was adept at putting on airs and speaking in an ostentatious manner. In the village, he had a reputation for ruthlessness, leading a gang of thugs who frequently oppressed the poor. Local officials were powerless to stop him. Later, he rose to become the commander of Crab Port during the Liang Dynasty, and also served as the county magistrate of Jin'an and Angu. When Hou Jing rebelled, he returned to his hometown and mustered a force. Unfortunately, the Dongyang Magistrate held a grudge against him and sent troops to eliminate him, not sparing even his wife and children. Unable to tolerate this, Shen Xun, the Prefect of Dongyang, relinquished his position to Liu Yi. Liu Yi appointed his nephew Liu Chao as the acting Magistrate while he accompanied Shen Xun to the capital.
After the fall of the capital, Liuyi followed Lord Xiaolian of Lincheng, who regarded him as a trusted confidant and appointed him to military command. However, Liuyi was excessively ruthless and lacked any long-term strategy, which led to resentment among Xiaolian's troops. Later, Song Zixian crossed the Zhejiang River with his army, and Liuyi fled back to his hometown, and subsequently surrendered along with his troops to Song Zixian. At this time, Xiaolian was rushing to Xinyan Ridge in Dongyang, wanting to go to Poyang. Liuyi served as a guide for Song Zixian and assisted in capturing Xiaolian. Hou Jing later named Liuyi the prefect of Dongyang and also took his wife and children hostage.
Hou Jing's subordinate Liu Shenmao rebelled against him, and Liuyi outwardly cooperated with Liu Shenmao while secretly conspiring with Hou Jing. After Liu Shenmao was defeated and killed, it was only Liuyi who emerged unscathed. After Hou Jing was subdued, Wang Sengbian sent Liuyi to Dongyang to pacify the people. He gathered local militias and seized strategic positions, and his forces continued to grow, which instilled fear in the local provinces and counties. Later, Emperor Liang appointed him as the magistrate of Xinyan County. Following the fall of Jingzhou, Wang Sengbian appointed him as the prefect of Dongyang. After Emperor Wu of Liang pacified Kuaiji, although Liuyi was in charge of transporting grain and supplies, he effectively controlled the entire Dongyang region and held significant power.
In recognition of his achievements, he was appointed as commissioner, Cavalier Attendant, General of Trustworthy Valor, and Inspector of Jinzhou Province, concurrently serving as the prefect of Dongyang, and granted the title of Marquis of Yongxing County with a fief comprising five hundred households. That same year, he was promoted to Cavalier Attendant, General of Trustworthy Might, and his fief increased to eight hundred households. Moreover, Emperor Wu of Liang even arranged the marriage of his eldest daughter, Princess Feng'an, to Liuyi's third son, Liuzhenchen. In the second year of Yongding, the court summoned him to serve as commissioner, Cavalier Attendant, Commander of Military Affairs in Southern Xuzhou, General Who Pacifies the North, and Governor of Southern Xuzhou, but he consistently declined the offer.
After the emperor ascended the throne, he promoted me to be the military governor of Jinzhou, General of Annam, governor of Jinzhou, and magistrate of Dongyang. That rebel sent his chief of staff, Wang Si, as an envoy to the court. Wang Si always said that the court was very weak, and the rebel took him at his word. Although he pretended to be submissive outwardly, he always had ulterior motives, secretly exchanging letters with Wang Lin between the Poyang and Xin'an mountain ranges. Wang Lin also sent people to Dongyang to arrange positions for local officials.
When Wang Lin failed, the emperor sent General Shen Ke of the Left Guard to replace the rebel as the county magistrate, actually intending to attack him with troops. The rebel led his troops to Xiahui to resist; Shen Ke fought with him, lost, and retreated to Qiantang. The rebel then submitted a letter of apology. At that time, the court's army was busy dealing with Xiangzhou and Yingzhou, so the emperor issued a decree to comfort him, hoping to keep him in check. The rebel also knew that the court would ultimately seek to punish him, so he sent troops to garrison Xiahui and Jiande to guard against incursions from the river.
After Xiangzhou was pacified, the emperor issued a decree saying:
In the past, the four crimes were hard to overlook, and there was no forgiveness for Dagui; the Nine Li had fallen from grace, and Shaohao must be punished.
Since ancient times, emperors and generals have not been greedy for conquest unless necessary. The rebel Liu Yi should have been eliminated several times, but he has been preparing weapons and accumulating strength for many years. He presented tribute like a dragon leaping from a thousand miles away; when retreating, he hesitated, always in a state of indecision. In his middle age, he colluded with Panyu in secret. Although the court offered him a way out, granted him a title, and even married his daughter to him, hoping he would reform, he continued to act recklessly. Wang Lin occupied the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and he had close dealings with Wang Lin, even opening up a road in the Nanchuan mountains, self-proclaiming as the master of the east, colluding with rebels, intent only on causing trouble.
The rebellion has been quelled now; he feels fear inside, alone and helpless, like a startled bird and a cornered beast wanting to crash into a wall. Although he sent his family as hostages, it was merely a facade; his son returned to the court, but deep down, he remained unconvinced.
My goal is to completely resolve this issue; no matter what mistakes he has made, I have patiently advised him. But he still did as he pleased, worsened the situation, and eventually openly rebelled. I can no longer tolerate him. Furthermore, his territory is prosperous, while the southern court is impoverished. He has long monopolized the national taxes, exploited the people, even severing supplies of crucial military materials, such as bamboo arrows, rendering the court powerless. These petty bandits seized the opportunity to oppress the people. My heart aches for the common people. The western barbarians have all submitted willingly, voluntarily paying tribute to the court; even the Qin state followed suit, returning the occupied land and stabilizing the borders. This minor rebellion must be eradicated. Therefore, I will dispatch messengers with my orders to apprehend him! The Commander of Southern Xu Province, General Conquering the North, Minister of Works, and Governor of Kaiyang County, An Du, is tasked with capturing and executing him, and I will not pursue any other matters.
Reports indicate that the troops advanced from the Qiantang River, while General An attacked him from the mountain roads of Kuaiji and Zhuji. Upon hearing that the troops had arrived, he was filled with terror, abandoning the county and fleeing to Taozhi Ridge, establishing a checkpoint at the pass to defend himself. In the spring of the following year, General An broke through his checkpoint, and he and his second son, loyal minister, fled to Chen Baoying. The troops subsequently captured his remaining followers, numbering in the thousands. In the fifth year of Tianjia, Chen Baoying was also subdued, and he was apprehended and executed in Jiankang. All his children, nephews, and followers were executed, regardless of status; only his third son, Zhenchen, was spared due to his marriage to a princess.
Chen Baoying was an official under the Marquis of Jin'an. His family was one of the four prominent families in central Fujian. His father, Yu, was very capable and a renowned local power broker. Chen Baoying was known for his unpredictability and cunning. During the Liang Dynasty, there were several rebellions in the Jin'an area, leading to the deaths of numerous county officials. Initially, his father played a role in inciting these rebellions, but later became a guide for government troops to suppress them. Consequently, the local military power came under his father's control.
During the rebellion led by Hou Jing, the Jin'an Prefect, Xiao Yun, entrusted all local matters to Xiao Baoying. Xiao Yun was elderly and focused solely on the county's political affairs, leaving Xiao Baoying in charge of military matters. At that time, the eastern regions suffered from famine, especially in Kuaiji County, where approximately one-seventh to one-eighth of the population perished. People resorted to selling their children, yet Jin'an County remained relatively prosperous. Xiao Baoying sent troops by sea to assault Lin'an, Yongjia, Kuaiji, Yuyao, Zhuji, and other regions. He also engaged in trade, exchanging food for jade, silk, and even people. Those who could obtain ships all flocked to him. Consequently, Xiao Baoying amassed considerable wealth and built a formidable military force. After Hou Jing's rebellion was suppressed, Emperor Yuan appointed Xiao Baoying as the new Prefect of Jin'an.
During the reign of Gaozu, Xiao Yun wanted to retire and go back home, so he requested to pass on the position of county magistrate to Xiao Baoying, which Gaozu agreed to. In the first year of Shaotai, Xiao Baoying was appointed as General of Zhuangwu, Jin'an Prefect, and was soon promoted to Cavalry Consultant. In the second year, he was granted the title of Marquis of Huoguan County, with a fief of five hundred households. At that time, the Dongxi Ling roads were blocked by bandits, so Xiao Baoying sailed to Kuaiji to pay tribute. After Gaozu became emperor, Xiao Baoying was appointed as Commissioner of the Imperial Envoy, an Imperial Consultant of the Cavalry, a Faithful General, the Governor of Minzhou, while also serving as the Prefect of Kuaiji. After Shizu ascended to the throne, Xiao Baoying was promoted to General of Xuanyi, his father was posthumously appointed as a Grand Master of Splendor, and the Chief of the Imperial Clan was tasked with investigating Xiao Baoying's family tree, including him in the imperial clan, and sending officials to confer titles upon his children, regardless of their status.
Xiao Baoying married the daughter of Liu Yi. When Hou Andu launched an attack on Liu Yi, Xiao Baoying sent troops to assist and provided supplies to Zhou Di for his attack on Linchuan. Later, General Zhang Zhaoda defeated Zhou Di in Dongxing and Nancheng, so Shizu ordered Zhang Zhaoda to lead a large army across the mountains from Jian'an South Road, and ordered Yu Xiaoqing, the Governor of Yuxi and Concurrent Prefect of Xinyi, to lead the armies of Kuaiji, Dongyang, Linhai, Yongjia, and other places from the east to surround and subdue Xiao Baoying, and also ordered the Chief of the Imperial Clan to revoke Xiao Baoying's imperial clan status. The Ministry of Personnel issued a decree, stating:
To the people of Jin'an: In ancient times, the Han Dynasty did not thoroughly investigate the rebellion in Longxi; the rebellion in Liaodong was met with leniency by the Wei Kingdom. However, you, Xiao Baoying, have not achieved merit like the Han Dynasty, nor are you of the same surname as the Xia Dynasty, yet you are like Wu Bi's son, drawing troops from across the sea, going against the orders of Yi Qi, committing offenses as noted in the "Gan Shi." Furthermore, your family has no ties to the court, your reputation is not recorded in history, yet you've rebelled three times and committed four major offenses!
Speaking of the father and son Chen Baoying in the Min region, they were originally a group of bandits who made their living by being overbearing and tyrannical. In the late years of the Liang Dynasty when the world was in chaos, the Min region was remote and isolated. Chen Baoying's father was a ruthless character who incited the barbarians in the mountains, each with disheveled hair claiming to be a leader, utterly ignoring any rules, only knowing how to oppress the people and act tyrannically, before reluctantly stopping. Despite their many misdeeds, like fish that have slipped through the net, they lived carefree and prosperous lives.
The Southeast region has always been a place where the aura of emperors gathers. However, the court repeatedly showed them leniency and favor, promoting him to the position of county magistrate, rewarding him with many treasures, even establishing a state for him, making him a prince. After being rewarded, Chen Baoying still lived in a simple house, with only ten carriages to travel in, yet receiving a generous salary. Following the policy of the Han Dynasty, the court further ennobled him as a marquis, granting numerous rewards, even benefiting children in the countryside.
However, Chen Baoying and his son repaid kindness with ingratitude, nurturing ambitions, secretly colluding with other rebellious forces, forming alliances, supporting each other, and growing in power. When our army attacked the western part of Qinwang Mountain and the southern part of Huize, Chen Baoying and his son dared to take up arms to aid these ruthless rebels against the court, only to be defeated by us, with many rebels being killed.
Considering their plight, we treated the captives with leniency and let them go. We even sent envoys with decrees, hoping they would see the error of their ways. However, Chen Baoying and his son continued to take risks and persisted in their wrongdoings, deceiving the people and hiding in the mountains. This is akin to Yuan Xi lamenting deserters at a banquet and Ma Yuan seeing a frog at the bottom of a well; they still do not know how to repent.
Chen Baoying and his son not only plundered the common folk, but also seized all the wealth of the region, turning the entire populace into their slaves. They colluded with each other, and their power continued to swell, even venturing to the coast to pillage, burning, killing, and pillaging indiscriminately, committing heinous acts. Can we allow such people to go unpunished? This is utterly unacceptable!
Very well, I shall promptly send forth Sha Prefect Yu Wenjing, Mingwei General Cheng Wenji, Acting General Gan Ta, Acting General Tan Tian, Acting General Chen Siqing, Former General Xu Zhiyuan, Mingyi General Hui Ji, Kaiyuan General Zhao Tuan, Chief General Lin Feng, Acting General Yu Xing, Governor of Jin'an Zhao Tuan, Supervisor of the Eastern Expeditionary Army Yu Xiaoqing, with twenty thousand elite troops, cutting through the waves, boldly heading to annihilate Sun En's lair! These people are all seasoned warriors, highly trained elite troops; they have fought alongside General Yang Pu on numerous occasions, as fierce as slaying a dragon in the river, causing the River God Feng Yi to sound the war drums, with the giant turtle pulling the chariot, adorned with splendid banners!
Steadfast and loyal Yi'an Prefect Zhang Shaobin has repeatedly sent envoys seeking assistance; Nankang Interior Pei Ji, newly appointed Light Chariot General Liu Feng, and Dong Hengzhou Prefect Qian Daoji also swiftly mobilized their forces to join Zhang Shaobin.
Former Grand Commandant Ouyang Gong, previously submitted a request to deploy troops to attack Sun En. His foresight and insightful suggestions, similar to Ban Chao's military strategies, were brilliant. Although he has passed away, his aspirations and wishes, like Yan Hui's, must not be forgotten. General Ouyang Xiu, known as "Who Conquers the South," has also passed away, yet the Emperor still remembers his last wishes. The regrets of Zhou Nan, Ouyang Xiu's courtesy name, his son Ouyang Ge has inherited his father's aspirations. Leading a combined force of twenty thousand troops by land and sea, he masters the waterways like taming whales and the land routes like catching wild boars, leading the armies of Hengzhou and Guangzhou to join our six armies.
Li, the Prefect of Tongguan, Dai Huang, the Prefect of Mingzhou, Qu Baishou, the Prefect of Xinzhou, General Xiu Xingshi, Zhang Sui, the Prefect of Chenliu, Que Shen, the former Interior Minister of Ancheng, Lu Zilong, the former Prefect of Luling, Ren Mannu, the former Prefect of Yuning, Huang Fuzi, the Prefect of Bashan, Rong Zhao General, Heir Apparent of Xiangdong Xu Jingcheng, Lu Guangda, the Inspector of Wuzhou, former Inspector of Wuzhou and Marquis of Suixing County Xiang, along with the Imperial Commissioner, the Commander of various military affairs, the Cavalry Commandant, and Guard General Zhao Da, with five thousand cavalry and twenty thousand infantry, directly crossed Shao Wu and then stationed in Jin'an. They marched in formation, overcoming rugged terrain, planning to encircle the enemy with combined forces for a quick victory.
Next, the former Prefect of Xuancheng, Qian Su, and the Prefect of Linchuan, Luo Ya, the Left Guard of the Crown Prince Sun Xu, the Prefect of Xunyang Mo Jinglong, and the Prefect of Yuzhang Liu Guangde, based on the circumstances, suppressed and intercepted along the way to coordinate with the main army.
The Imperial Commissioner, the Cavalry Commandant, General Who Guards the South, Household Secretary with Equal Rank to the Three Excellencies, Inspector of Jiangzhou, Marquis of Xinjian County Fa Bian, is stationed along the river, serving as the rear guard for the main army.
This military operation is aimed only at Yuan'e and his son, Liuyi. As long as other participants can repent in time, demonstrate their merits, and redeem themselves, not only will they not be held accountable, but they will also be rewarded and promoted. As for the people of Jianzhou and Jinzhou who have suffered from long-term wars, the army will take good care of them so they can live in peace. Displaced individuals will also be able to return to their hometowns. Rewards for those who have made achievements are already prepared. If they continue to do wrong, they shouldn't blame the sword for being merciless.
After Zhao Da took down Zhou Di, he crossed the Dongxing Ridge and stationed in Jian'an. At the same time, Yu Xiaoqing also attacked Jinxian by sea. Baoying occupied the shore of Jian'an Lake and stubbornly resisted the imperial army, setting up defensive fortifications on both land and water. Zhao Da adopted a strategy of defensive defense, not launching a proactive attack, but ordering soldiers to cut wood to make pontoon bridges. After the water level rose, he used the water flow to break through the enemy's water barrier, and then launched a joint attack on land and water. The army of Baoying was defeated; Baoying himself fled to the mountains and was eventually captured. He and twenty of his sons were escorted to Jiankang and publicly executed in the busy marketplace.
Historical records say that in the late years of the Liang Dynasty, the world was in chaos, with disasters all around, and various evildoers rose in rebellion. The local leaders in the counties and the tyrants in the villages relied on robbery and looting to expand themselves, acting with arrogance and lawlessness. Emperor Gaozu emerged at just the right moment, quelled the rebellion, and restored stability. People like Xiong Tanlang, Zhou Di, Liuyi, and Chen Baoying, although they caught a good time, still had sinister intentions and sought to stir up trouble.
Tan Lang, that kid, was up to no good, and in the end, his whole clan was wiped out, which is just what he deserved. As for Chen Baoying and Liu Yi, our founding Emperor either married into their families to gain their loyalty or showed them favor. In fact, he could have easily controlled them, but our founding Emperor was merciful and magnanimous, wanting to win people over with virtue. As a result, these two turned against him, each with their own ambitions, and even had dreams of seizing the throne in the Huainan region. While they weren't as powerful as Shu Han back then, they were ambitious and sought to be emperors. Sadly, they were incredibly foolish, and in the end, they led to the slaughter of five clans and seven families; they got what was coming to them!
Oh, what a grand scene to start with! The Book of Changes says, "observe human culture to harmonize the world," and Confucius also said, "enhance its literary accomplishments!" Since the Chu and Han dynasties, many literati and scholars have emerged one after another, especially in Luoyang and the Jiangnan region, where literary trends are particularly prevalent. Everyone wants to be on par with the heavens, to be remembered in history. The more talented individuals engage in national affairs, assisting the emperor in ruling the realm, while others can still compose writings that convey genuine emotions. In short, studying the classics, summarizing human relationships, connecting the past and present, and commenting on right and wrong—this is the highest pursuit of literati!
Our emperor, the late emperor, especially appreciates literati and scholars and attaches great importance to literary creation, so a large number of talents have gathered here. When the ministers present memorials and poems, he personally reviews them. If they are exceptionally well-written, they will be greatly rewarded and promoted directly! Therefore, all scholars are striving to excel and make a name for themselves! Of course, the true contributions of those renowned literary figures are also considered. Now, I will document talented and accomplished individuals such as Du Zhiwei in this piece.
Du Zhiwei, styled Zida, is from Hangzhou, Zhejiang. His family has been a lineage of scholars, especially skilled in the "Three Rituals." His father, Du Gui, served as a courtier in the Liang Dynasty and had good relations with the Grand Master of Splendor, Jiang Ge, and the Minister of Justice, Kong Xiuyuan.
This child, Shen Zhiwei, was exceptionally intelligent and talented from a young age. At the age of seven, he began studying the "Book of Documents," and later studied the "Book of Songs" and the "Book of Rites," and gained familiarity with these classic texts. By the age of fifteen, he had read various historical and ritual books and stories, and people at the time remarked that he was a prodigious youth. Xu Mian, then the Minister of Works, had read his articles and greatly admired his writing style, feeling that he had great strength.
In the first year of the Tongyuan era, Emperor Wu of Liang went to Tongtai Temple to make offerings to the Buddha. He ordered Xu Mian to formulate the relevant ritual procedures. Xu Mian stated that there was no prior precedent in the palace, so he asked Shen Zhiwei for help in drafting the procedures. Shen Zhiwei was then promoted to the position of Academician of the Eastern Palace, and together with Liu Zhi and other scholars, he proofread and compiled a variety of texts, and was also responsible for drafting titles for these works. Shen Zhiwei wrote the prefaces for the two pieces "Fu Jiao" and "Zheng Dao." Later, Xiao Ang, the Marquis of Xiangyin, became the Prefect of Jiangzhou and appointed Shen Zhiwei as his secretary. After Xiao Ang's death, Prince Luling took over his position and personally wrote a letter inviting Shen Zhiwei to continue as his secretary, but Shen Zhiwei firmly declined, only escorting Xiao Ang's coffin back to the capital. He then served as a reader for the Marquis of Lincheng. Shortly afterwards, he was appointed as the Yangzhou Councilor, the Nan Kang Siwang's Mocao Army, and also served as a Tai Xue Doctor.
In the seventh year of Daitong, the Crown Prince of Liang held a sacrificial ceremony at the National Learning Academy. At that time, there were no songs by Confucius and Yan Hui in the music bureau, so the Secretary of the Shangshu asked Shen Zhiwei to compose them. The musicians learned this song, and it became a standard part of the ceremony. He was then promoted to the position of Tiancao Army of the former Shaoling Prince, and later transferred to the position of Xingyu Army. Although Shen Zhiwei held a low official position, his extensive knowledge and outstanding talent earned him great fame. The Minister of Personnel, Zhang Zuan, knew him well and believed that he would become a pillar of the country in the future.
During the rebellion of Hou Jing, Yan Zhiwei fled everywhere and hid in the mountains. Later, when Gaozu became Prime Minister, he had already heard of his reputation and summoned him to serve as a secretary and army officer. He was later promoted to the position of Minister of the Imperial Secretariat and concurrently served as the Grand Editor. After Gaozu ascended the throne, he appointed him as the Minister of Rites, while keeping his other titles.
Yan Zhiwei submitted a request to resign from the position of Grand Scribe, stating: "I have been serving as the Minister of the Central Secretariat responsible for overseeing national history since the first year of Shaotai, and it has been four years now. I originally came from a humble background and have received your grace and favor. I hope to repay your kindness and do not wish to relinquish my official position lightly. However, now that a new dynasty is established, we need leaders akin to Xuanyuan and Haotian to govern the country, record words and events, and we cannot afford to change personnel lightly. Those responsible for compiling national history should be selected from the most outstanding talents. The Chief Imperial Censor Shen Jiong, Left Assistant Secretary Xu Ling, former Grand Scribe of the Liang Dynasty Yu Li, and former Chamberlain for the Yellow Gates of the Liang Dynasty Kong Huan—some of whom have elegant and fluent writing styles, while others possess profound knowledge of ancient classics, are all talented individuals. It would be inappropriate for me to alter the court's arrangements at this time and once again obstruct the path of promotion for talented individuals. During the time of Yao and Shun, they all showed deference to the talented individuals. Although we cannot do the same, I still want to express my thoughts and hope to gain your understanding." The Emperor granted his request with special grace but did not agree to it. Not long after, he was transferred to the position of Grand Master and later promoted to Grand Master of the Palace, still responsible for writing the history of the Liang Dynasty. He passed away in the third year of Yongding at the age of fifty-two. The Emperor was very regretful and issued a decree posthumously appointing him as a Cavalier in Regular Attendance of the Court, granting him fifty thousand coins, fifty pieces of cloth, a coffin, and ordered a mourning ceremony to be held for him on the specified date. Yan Zhiwei's writing style was not extravagant, but rather elegant and rich in content. Many of his writings have been lost, with only seventeen scrolls still preserved.
Yan Huang, whose courtesy name was Yuanming, was a native of Linyi in Langya. His parents passed away when he was young, and he lived in poverty, yet he was eager to learn and possessed remarkable literary talent. When he first started working as an official, he was appointed Assistant Military Secretary in the Prince Shaoling's household of the Liang Dynasty. At that time, the Eastern Palace Scholar Yu Xin, seeing Yan Huang's youth, disdainfully remarked, "How many officials serving as Assistant Military Secretaries are there in this mansion?" Yan Huang replied, "Probably fewer than the scholars in the palace." His response was well-regarded by those present.
When the Hou Jing rebellion broke out, Yan Huang fled to Jingzhou. In the Chengsheng era, he was appointed Deputy Director of the Palace Secretariat. At that time, Du Gan served as the Prefect of Wuxing and particularly favored those who were strong in martial arts. His subordinates consisted of arrogant young men. Emperor Yuan grew increasingly concerned, so he tasked Yan Huang with writing letters and managing official documents for Du Gan. He even specifically instructed Du Gan, "You are still young and have much to learn. Yan Huang is very knowledgeable. Let him help you, and in the future, be sure to listen to his advice." Later, after Du Gan's death, Yan Huang sought refuge with Xiao Yi, the son of Emperor Liang Wu, Xiao Yan (Shizu). Xiao Yi held him in high regard, entrusted him with document preparation, and treated him exceptionally well. Eventually, Yan Huang was promoted to Middle Recorder of Xuanyi Prefecture while continuing to serve as Assistant Military Secretary.
In the second year of Yongding, Gaozu (Xiao Yi) went to Dazhuangyan Temple. That night, it rained sweet dew, and Yan Huang wrote an essay titled "Sweet Dew Ode," which was exceptionally well-written. Gaozu greatly appreciated it. During the Tianjia period, Yan Huang was promoted to the position of Gentleman of the Household Cavalry and also served as a Gentleman of the Palace Library, responsible for drafting edicts. Three years later, Yan Huang died at the age of fifty-three. The court posthumously appointed him as Minister of Agriculture, conferred him the posthumous title of Zhenzi, and granted him a burial plot. Yan Huang had no prominent background or powerful relatives or friends, but through his own efforts, he earned recognition from the public. He was skilled in drafting memorials and edicts; his writing was clear and refined. He left behind a twenty-volume collection.
Jiang Dezao, styled Dezao, was a native of Kaocheng in Jiyang. His grandfather, Jiang Rouzhi, served as a Minister of the Imperial Clan in the Qi Dynasty; his father, Jiang Ge, served as Minister of Works and Grand Master of Rites in the Liang Dynasty. Jiang Dezao was studious from a young age, excelled in writing, and was handsome, standing seven feet four inches tall. He was extremely filial and respectful to his parents. Although he and his brothers had gone their separate ways, they maintained a strong bond. Initially, he served as a military officer under the Prince of Wuling in the Liang Dynasty. The Grand Marshal, Prince Nanping Xiao Wei, heard of his talent and brought him to court as the Libationer of the East Pavilion. He was later promoted to the position of Military Officer for the Palace of Prince Anxi Xiangdong, then became a Gentleman of the Personnel Ministry, resigning following his father's death. After completing his mourning period, he looked haggard, as if still in mourning. The court appointed him as the Secretary of the Prince of Wuling of Anxi, but he turned it down. After some time, he was appointed as a military officer for the Prince of Luling. He later became the Director of the Court of Judicial Review, and shortly after, was sent to serve as the Magistrate of Nanyanzhou. When Gaozu Xiao Yi became Minister of Works and General Who Conquers the North, he brought Jiang Dezao to court as an advisor. He was later promoted to the position of Gentleman of the Palace Library and then to Chief Historian of the Prince of Linhai. After the establishment of the Chen Dynasty, he was appointed as a Gentleman of the Personnel Ministry.
After the abdication of the founding emperor, he was appointed Secretary Supervisor and concurrently served as the Left Deputy of the Ministry of Personnel. Not long after, he was also appointed as a Gentleman of the Palace Library based on this official position. In the fourth year of Tianjia, he was also appointed as a Cavalier Attendant and, together with the Gentleman of the Palace Library Liu Shizhi, was sent on a mission to the Qi State, where he wrote a three-volume book called "Records of the Northern Expedition." Upon his return, he was appointed as the Crown Prince's Attendant while also holding the position of Infantry Colonel. After some time, he was promoted to Deputy Censor-in-Chief but was dismissed from his position due to official matters. Soon after, he was appointed as the General for Pacifying Distant Regions and the Cavalier Attendant of the Palace. He requested to serve as a county magistrate and was appointed as the Magistrate of Xinyu. During his tenure in Xinyu, he focused on benevolent governance and achieved notable political accomplishments. Six years later, he passed away during his term, at the age of fifty-seven. The reigning emperor greatly mourned his passing and posthumously granted him the title of Cavalier Attendant. He left behind fifteen volumes of writings.
His son Chun was also skilled in writing and served as the Attendant Gentleman to the Crown Prince and the Left Deputy of the Ministry of Personnel. Yu Chi, styled Yunde, was from Yanling in Henan. His grandfather Yu Peiyu was the Prefect of Changsha during the Song Dynasty; his father Yu Shami was the Magistrate of Changcheng County in the Liang Dynasty. Yu Chi lost his father at a young age, but he was exceptionally filial, mourning longer than required. He had a passion for learning, particularly excelling in calligraphy and writing, and earned a reputation for his exceptional talent.
At the beginning, he became the Left Regular Attendant of the Southern Ping Kingdom of the Liang Dynasty, the Acting Military Officer of the He Dong Wang Mansion, and also served as a Gentleman of the Secretariat, soon becoming a full official. Later, he was transferred to serve as the County Magistrate of Anji, then promoted to be the Secretary of the Zhen Dong Shao Ling Prince's Mansion, also serving as the magistrate of Jiankang County. At the beginning of the Tianjian era, Emperor Wu of Liang and Yu Chi became acquainted, and when Emperor Wu of Liang became the Prefect of Wuxing, he appointed Yu Chi as the Deputy Prefect, also entrusting him with document management. From then on, Yu Chi was held in high regard by Emperor Wu of Liang. After Emperor Wu of Liang captured Zhang Biao and guarded Kuaiji County, he sent Yu Chi to supervise Linhai County. Due to corruption and losing the people's trust, he was abducted by bandits and imprisoned for ten months. Later, Emperor Wu of Liang dispatched Liu Cheng to quell the rebellion, and Yu Chi was rescued.
After Emperor Xiao Yan usurped the throne and declared himself emperor, he appointed Yu Chi as a Military Advisor to the Andong Linchuan Prince's Mansion. At the beginning of the Tianjia period, Yu Chi was promoted to Left Minister of the Secretariat. For his contributions to quelling the Great Wall Rebellion, he was granted the title of Viscount of Chongde County with a fief of three hundred households. Strangely, on the day he was awarded the title, he even entertained the officials as guests and accepted their gifts. Emperor Wu of Liang was enraged by this and dismissed him from office. Later, he was appointed as a Military Advisor of the Xuanhui Shixing Prince's Mansion. He later became the magistrate of Lin'an County, but was stripped of his title for fatally beating a county resident. He was then promoted to Yellow Gate Attendant of the Imperial Secretariat. Later, he served as General of Lengwei and magistrate of Yanguan County. In the first year of Guangda, he was promoted to Director of the Imperial Secretariat, responsible for overseeing national history. He also served as Minister of the Household, concurrently overseeing the Imperial Guard. Later, he was promoted to Grand Master of the Palace Attendants, concurrently serving as the Colonel of Infantry. In the first year of Taijian, Yu Chi passed away at sixty-two. The court issued a decree posthumously promoting him to Grand Master of Splendor.
Yu Chi was highly skilled in calligraphy, and whenever he wrote, he preferred using unusual characters, which led to mockery from literati. He left behind a ten-volume collection of writings.
Xu Heng, style name Hengdao, hails from Gaoyang Xincheng and is the sixth-generation grandson of the famous Jin Dynasty scholar Tao Yuanming. His great-grandfather Xu Gui held the position of an official and was appointed as the Governor of Guiyang, renowned for his integrity. He lived in the very place where Tao Yuanming once lived in seclusion, Jiushan in Yongxing County. His grandfather Xu Yonghui served as the household steward for the Prince of the Qi Dynasty and an attendant official. His father Xu Mao served as the Governor of Shizhou and Tianmen and held the titles of Prince's Attendant Officer and Cavalier Attendant, renowned for his scholarship and authoring "Fifteen Volumes on the Comparative Exegesis of the Mao Poems" and "Four Volumes of Accounts." Xu Heng inherited the family's academic tradition from a young age, noted for his uprightness and noble character. He was well-read and well-versed in historical allusions from earlier dynasties and held in high regard by many notable figures, especially by Liu Zhilin of Nanyang, with whom he frequently exchanged recommendations.
Xu Heng initially served as a military aide under the Eastern King of the Liang Dynasty, Liang Chao'an, while also serving as a scholar at the Imperial Academy. Later, he was transferred to serve as a military aide in the Pingxi Prefecture. During the Taiqing period, he served as a secretary in the Ministry of War and also held the position of Minister of Rites. After the rebellion of Hou Jing broke out, he fled to Yingzhou. At that time, the Shaoling Prince of the Liang Dynasty came from the east to Yingzhou and appointed him as a military consultant. Later, Wang Sengbian attacked Yingzhou and, having heard of Xu Heng's reputation, summoned him to serve as an assistant officer of the Grand Commandant. Xu Heng was later promoted to be the assistant officer of the Grand Commandant, and together with Shen Jiong from Wuxing, they were responsible for managing the documents, with all the prefecture's affairs entrusted to them. After Prince Jin'an took office, he appointed Xu Heng as the Yellow Gate Attendant. Xu Heng submitted a letter of resignation, to which Wang Sengbian replied, "I have received your resignation letter. It was a good thing for the court to appoint you as an official. Your noble character and profound knowledge will surely bring you further success in your official career. Besides, you have been trapped here for a long time and should take a good rest to assist the court, as that is the court's expectation of you. I am glad that you can work in a new place without suffering, but it is regrettable that you are like a phoenix trapped in a thorny bush. Although the position of Yellow Gate Attendant is prestigious, it is based on merit, so you need not feel guilty. Moreover, you are in your prime and should have great ambitions. You're not at the point of exhaustion yet, so there is no need for late-night regrets. It saddens me to receive your repeated letters of resignation. The ancients, when missing a friend, would travel far to meet them. How can true intentions be hindered by city walls? I’m truly honored by your high regard for me."
After Emperor Gaozu of Han ascended the throne, he appointed him as the Grand Commandant of the Palace Attendants, in charge of supervising the Yulin Army. Later, he was promoted to Grand Master of the Palace, responsible for overseeing important literary works, and also in charge of compiling the history of the Liang Dynasty. Legend has it that when Monk Bian was killed, the authorities buried Monk Bian and his son Monk Wei together in a pit on Fangshan, and at that time no one dared to speak out. This gentleman, who was a former colleague of Monk Bian, wrote a petition requesting a reburial for them. So, he and his former friends Xu Ling, Zhang Zhong, Kong Huan, and others pooled their money to rebury the seven bodies.
During the Guangda period, Emperor Gaozong became the regent, and because this gentleman was upright and had the demeanor of an ancient sage, Emperor Gaozong greatly respected him and treated him as a mentor. Later, Zhongju wanted to overthrow Emperor Gaozong, but Mao Xi saw through his scheme. Emperor Gaozong asked this gentleman for advice, and he advised him to disregard Zhongju. After Emperor Gaozong became emperor, he appointed him as the Minister of War. He passed away in the second year of Taijian, at the age of fifty-four. In his early years, he wrote the "Book of Qi" and related historical records, totaling fifty scrolls, which were lost during the upheaval. He later wrote the "History of Liang," totaling fifty-eight scrolls. He also compiled a collection of writings from the Taiping era of the Liang Dynasty onward, totaling six scrolls.
His son, named Shanxin, became famous at a young age and achieved the rank of Assistant Minister of Revenue.
Speaking of Chu Jie, known as Wenli, he was from Yangzhai, Henan. His great-grandfather Chu Xuan, during the Song Dynasty, served the emperor along with Xie Fu, Jiang Qiu, and Liu Yu, known as the "Four Friends," and held the positions of Imperial Attendant and Minister of Personnel. He was posthumously honored with the title of Zhenzi. His grandfather Chu Yun was the Deputy Imperial Censor of the Liang Dynasty. His father Chu Meng was a chamberlain to the Crown Prince. Chu Jie became an orphan at the age of nine and was raised by his uncle, a Cavalry Officer. He had a good reputation from a young age, with many scholars praising his talent and demeanor. As he grew older, he was imposing in appearance and eloquent in speech. He was knowledgeable and could write substantial articles without pursuing a flashy style. He started as a legal clerk in the royal mansion and gradually rose through the ranks to the Ministry of War. During the Tianjia period, he also served as an imperial attendant and went on a mission to the Qi Kingdom, returning to become the tutor of the Prince of Guiyang (桂阳王). He was later promoted to the Prince's Attendant and Deputy Director of the Imperial Secretariat.
During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, there were many corrupt officials in Shanyin County, who were eventually dismissed for their corruption. Emperor Gaozong was troubled by this and asked Cai Jingli, a chamberlain of the imperial secretariat, "Shanyin is a populous county that has long lacked good governance. As a civil official, do you have any suitable candidates in mind?" Cai Jingli recommended, "Chu Jie is honest and frugal, with strong abilities. I wonder if he could handle the job?" Emperor Gaozong was pleased to hear this and said, "Excellent! Your suggestion aligns with my thoughts!" He then appointed Chu Jie as the General of Rongzhao and the magistrate of Shanyin County. In Shanyin County, wealthy households like Zhang Ci and Wang Xiuda colluded with corrupt officials to evade taxes and hide assets through cunning schemes. Upon taking office, Chu Jie immediately arrested Zhang Ci and his accomplices, submitting a detailed report to the court. Emperor Gaozong personally wrote a letter to commend and encourage him, sending assistance to help Chu Jie investigate the wealth of those wealthy households, leading to the uncovering of over eight hundred households evading taxes!
At that time, there was an official named Cao Yida who was highly favored by Emperor Gaozong. In Shanyin County, there was a wealthy family named Chen Xin who sought to ingratiate himself with Cao Yida. Chen Xin's father, Chen Xianwen, relied on his daughter's connections and grew increasingly arrogant and lawless. Without hesitation, Chu Jie sent someone to arrest Chen Xianwen and gave him a severe beating of a hundred lashes! This deterred the officials and citizens of Shanyin County from breaking the law again. Later, Chen Xin manipulated his connections to falsely accuse Chu Jie, resulting in Chu Jie being dismissed from his position.
Chu Jie served as the county magistrate in Shanyin County for over a year, living solely on his salary, without any hint of greed. On the day he left office, he found himself without even the fare to return home, so he had to stay in Shanyin County and grow vegetables for self-sufficiency. Some mocked him, claiming he wasn’t cut out to govern a large county, but Chu Jie said, "My tax collection performance ranks at the top, not falling behind other states and counties; I have eradicated the wicked and fought against bullies; those corrupt officials were all scared by me. If I cannot live a prosperous life, it is fate. But to say that I do not understand how to be an official, I won’t accept that!" People at that time thought Chu Jie made sense.
Later, the crown prince learned that Chu Jie lacked even the money for his journey back to the capital, so he personally wrote a letter and sent him 200 shi of rice, allowing him to return to the capital. The crown prince appreciated Chu Jie's talents and appointed him to duty in the palace. Ten years later, Chu Jie was appointed as the General of Dianwei, the Chief Historian of Renwei Huainan King, and soon after as the steward of the Eastern Palace. Twelve years later, he was promoted to the position of Deputy Chief Censor, and he passed away in office at the age of fifty-two.
Wang Jie was a very brave and decisive person, with top-notch skills in horseback riding and archery. Once, he went hunting in Xuzhou with Sikong Hou An and encountered a fierce beast. Without a second thought, Wang Jie drew his bow and fired two arrows, hitting the beast squarely in the mouth and belly, causing it to die shortly after. He later became the Minister of Justice, widely regarded as honest and principled. During the turmoil of the late Liang Dynasty, Wang Jie wanted to reform the lax regulations and systems of the court, but sadly, he died before he could finalize his proposed reforms. After his death, the Crown Prince himself wrote an epitaph in his honor. In the second year of Zhide, he was posthumously named Secretary of the Secretariat. He had written over two hundred memorials and miscellaneous essays during his lifetime, all of which were highly regarded for their sharp insights. His son, Wang Liang, was also talented and rose to the prestigious position of Minister of the Imperial Secretariat.
Cen Zhijing, whose courtesy name was Sili, hailed from Jiyang in Nanyang. His father, Cen Shanyu, was famous during the Liang Dynasty for his expertise in Confucian classics and held the positions of magistrate of Wuning and court official. At just five years old, Cen Zhijing began studying the "Classic of Filial Piety," sitting upright while burning incense, which earned him admiration from relatives and friends. At the age of sixteen, he excelled in the examinations for the "Zuo Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals" and the "Classic of Filial Piety," achieving outstanding results and ranking highly. The censor presented a memorial to the emperor, stating, "There are many talented individuals in the court now, and typically only those who excel in the classics are admitted." After reviewing his examination papers, Emperor Wu of Liang remarked, "Could it be that I have another Yan Hui or Min Sun?" He then summoned Cen Zhijing, had him lecture on the podium, and engaged him in a debate while the Imperial Secretary Zhu Yi recited the "Chapter on Filial Piety." Cen Zhijing delivered clear explanations and answered questions swiftly, leaving everyone present in awe of him. Emperor Wu of Liang immediately appointed him as a Gentleman Cadet of the Carriage and showered him with gifts. At the age of eighteen, he participated in the Buddhist assembly at Chongyundian, where Emperor Wu of Liang personally went to burn incense and closely observed Cen Zhijing, exclaiming, "Rarely seen, suddenly eloquent!" On that day, he was appointed as a Doctor of the Imperial Academy. He later served as a Bachelor at the Palace of Shouguang, a court official, and a military officer overseeing penal affairs in the Western Office of Prince Wuling. In the first year of Taiqing, he submitted a memorial requesting to take the examination for the Ministry of Personnel, and was subsequently appointed as the magistrate of Nansha County.
During the time of Hou Jing's rebellion, Zhi Jing led his troops to rescue the capital. However, upon arriving, he learned that the city had fallen and decided to say goodbye to everyone and return to his hometown. In the second year of the Cheng Sheng era, he was appointed as a military officer at the Xuanhui Mansion of Prince Jin'an. At that time, Xiao Bo occupied the Lingnan region, so the court sent Zhi Jing to negotiate with him. He remained in Guangzhou after Jiangling fell. During the Taijian period, he returned to the court and was appointed as a scholar in the East Palace Academy. The Crown Prince had heard of his reputation and held him in high regard, even personally meeting him. He was subsequently promoted several times to various positions, including secretary to the Prince of Poyang's guard, the military officer at the Zhenbei Mansion, the Imperial Historian of the Nantai, and the military officer of the Zhengnan Mansion.
Zhi Jing was initially promoted for his academic prowess, but he had a wide range of knowledge, was well-versed in both literature and history, and had excellent writing skills. He was humble and cautious, never boasting about his talents, and was always kind to younger generations. On days of sacrifice, he would personally clean the sacrificial site and spend the entire day in tears, earning praise for his noble character. He passed away at the age of sixty-one, much to the Crown Prince's regret, who generously allocated funds for his funeral expenses. He left behind a ten-volume collection that has been passed down through generations. His son, De Run, inherited his father's excellent qualities and rose to the position of secretary to the Wu Xing Prince in the Central Army.
Lu Yan, courtesy name Wenyu, was the younger male cousin of the Minister of Personnel, Qiong. His father was a military officer and was called Lu Linggong. Lu Yan lost his parents at a young age, but he was very studious and ambitious. He later passed the civil service examination. He first served as a military official under Prince Xuanhui of Shixing, and then gradually rose in ranks to become a Scholar in the Hall of Great Virtue. Emperor Shizu, during his free time, enjoyed reading historical books and admired Lu Yan's broad knowledge and remarkable memory, so he kept him close. One time, the Emperor asked him to write an inscription, and Lu Yan wrote it in a single sitting without needing to make any changes. The Emperor was very pleased and rewarded him with a new robe. Not long after, he also served as an imperial attendant and accompanied Prince Langye to Qi. Unfortunately, Prince Langye died in Ye City, and Lu Yan managed everything on his own. At that time, he was only in his twenties, charming and articulate, and the ministers of Qi all liked him. Upon his return, he worked as a registrar for Prince Yunhui of Xin'an, and later became the Chief Clerk of Prince Ancheng, and a military officer in Ningyuan Prefecture. During the Taijian period, he served as the military officer of the Mingwei Mansion of Prince Wuling, and also managed the records of the Eastern Palace. After his mother's death, he resigned from his post to mourn at home. Five years later, Lu Yan passed away at just thirty-four. The Crown Prince was heartbroken and ordered a mourning ceremony in his honor, along with additional honors. He also personally composed an epitaph for him. In the second year of Zhide, he was posthumously appointed as the Minister of Agriculture. Lu Yan was a man of few desires, not one to compete with others, and spent his days enjoying leisurely reading. Most of his writings were not preserved, and it took considerable effort to compile two volumes of his works when the Emperor sought them. He had a younger brother, Lu Yu, who also had a promising future.
Lu Yu, courtesy name 'Ganyu.' He loved studying since childhood and had excellent literary talent. He also achieved the status of a scholar by passing the imperial examination. He first served as a military aide under Prince Ancheng of Biaoqi, then served as a military adviser to Prince Jin'an and as a scholar in the Eastern Palace. His brother Lu Yan was a steward in the Eastern Palace at that time, and both brothers served the emperor with their talents. People at that time compared them to the renowned 'Er Ying,' referring to two historically celebrated brothers. In the second year of the Taijian era, the crown prince held a sacrificial ceremony at the Imperial Academy of Learning, and the palace ministers all composed poetry. The crown prince asked Lu Yu to write a preface, and his preface was exceptionally grand and beautifully crafted. He was later promoted to the position of Langzhong in the Department of Rites. After his mother passed away, he resigned from his position and returned home to fulfill his mourning duties. After the mourning period, he served as a historian in General Mingwei's household under Prince Guiyang and also took on the role of steward in the Eastern Palace. He was later promoted to the position of Wuxue in Prince Yongyang's residence, as well as the crown prince's equerry and mid-level official. Lu Yu loved reading since childhood, studying tirelessly day and night. He was intelligent and had a good memory, retaining everything he read. He once studied "Zhuangzi" and "Laozi" with Zhou Hong from Runan and studied "Chengshi Lun" with Master Taofa, grasping the essence of both texts. At that time, the crown prince also loved studying and wanted to read a wide variety of books. However, due to the overwhelming number of books, he tasked Lu Yu with copying and organizing them. Tragically, Lu Yu passed away before he could finish the task, at the age of forty-four. The crown prince was saddened by this and personally ordered the mourning rituals, allocated funds for the funeral arrangements, composed a eulogy himself, and sent envoys to convey his condolences.
The Crown Prince wrote a letter to Grand Minister Jiang Zong, saying, "Lu Yu, the Guanzhi, suddenly passed away, and my heart is heavy with sorrow. I have always loved reading, as you all know. Though I have studied Confucian classics, I cannot compare to the ancients. I have always held talented individuals in high regard, particularly Lu Yu. Amidst the chaos of the Liang Dynasty, the world fell into turmoil; the records and historical texts were fragmented, and the ritual music system collapsed. Few among the younger generation of scholars possess his exceptional talent. Though my knowledge is limited and I've never sought advice from others, I have a special appreciation for every bit of Lu Yu's talent. Moreover, he was a person of extensive knowledge and talent, which deepens my sense of loss.
Regarding his vast knowledge of history and mastery of both Confucianism and Mohism, he remembered the classics after reading them and could recite them effortlessly. His comments on characters, explanations of principles, analysis of articles, and excerpts of sentences were admired by those who had not heard of him and brought joy to those who had. Everyone could understand his thoughts. I believe he was truly extraordinary. In my spare time, I often enjoyed lively conversations with him, drank, and had fun together, composed poems and essays, and learned from each other. Whenever we encountered good weather and beautiful scenery, we would admire the beauty of the mountains and rivers together, watch the turbulent sea, or admire flowers, falling leaves, listen to birds singing, and geese calling. We would drink, chat, exchange poems and songs, and sometimes joke with each other. It was truly joyful.
I often feel that life is fleeting, like morning dew that vanishes so quickly. I never expected him to pass away at such a young age. It is truly sad and regretful. What words can express this? Whenever I see the articles and works he left behind, I can't help but shed tears. Now that he has passed away, I can no longer hear his voice reciting his works, and my heart is filled with sadness. Because you and he were fellow scholars, I am telling you my feelings. I am so heartbroken that words fail me, and I struggle to express how much I miss him." The Crown Prince held Lu Yu in such high regard. In the second year of Zhide, Lu Yu was posthumously honored with the title of Guangluqing. Lu Yu had a collection of ten volumes. Lu Yu also had a cousin, Lu Jie, and a younger cousin, Lu Chen.
Jie, courtesy name Runyu, was the son of Yanzi, a master artisan of the Liang Dynasty. He was elegant, knowledgeable, well-mannered, loved learning, and was a talented writer. He passed the imperial examination and achieved high marks in the policy examination. The Minister of Personnel, Yuan Shu, recommended him to the Emperor, and he was promoted to the literary official of Prince Hengyang, also serving as a scholar in the Tianbao Hall. In the early years of the Taijian era, he was further promoted to the literary official of Prince You of Changsha and also served as a records officer. Later, when the Crown Prince (future Emperor) was in the Eastern Palace, he heard of Jie's reputation and appointed him as the manager of records. He was also appointed as a middle official while continuing as records officer. The Emperor held him in high regard and was very close to him. Later, he became blind due to illness and planned to return to his hometown. The Crown Prince took off his own robe and gave it to him, shedding tears for him. Eight years later, Jie passed away at the age of thirty-seven. The court declared a period of mourning and posthumously awarded him an official title. In the second year of the Zhide era, he was posthumously appointed as the Minister of the Imperial Stables. He left behind ten volumes of writings.
Chen, courtesy name Jieyu, was the son of Qiu Gong, the Chief of Staff to the Prince of Xuan Yi Linchuan. He was exceptionally intelligent from a young age, deeply devoted to his stepmother, and had a good reputation. When the Emperor was serving as the Governor of Kuaiji, Chen, at the age of eighteen, wrote an excellent essay on good governance, which brought him recognition and helped him pass the imperial examination. His initial official position was as the registrar of Prince Hengyang, also serving as the manager of records in the Eastern Palace. He then served as the literary official for Prince Yuchang, the secretary, the chief scribe of the Minister of Works, and the scholar of the Xuanming Hall. He was later promoted to the position of Attendant of the Three Dukes of the Ministry of Personnel, concurrently serving as the Imperial Secretariat, and also went on a mission to the State of Qi. Upon his return, he was appointed as the left-west scriptor of the Ministry of Works. He once again served as the manager of records in the Eastern Palace, and the Crown Prince admired his talent and eloquence, showing him great respect. After the Emperor ascended to the throne, he was promoted to the Yellow Gate Attendant, the middle official of the Imperial Secretariat, and was involved in handling confidential affairs. Chen was known for his straightforward nature, which ultimately led to him leaking palace secrets, resulting in the Emperor ordering his execution at the age of forty-two.
He Zhiyuan, from Lujiang County, had a grandfather named Seng Da who served as the Imperial Historian during the Qi Dynasty; his father, Fa Sheng, was renowned for his noble character. He Zhiyuan loved learning from a young age and was very talented. During the mourning period, he adhered to mourning customs even more strictly than required, thus gaining the appreciation of Yuan Ang, the Minister of Works, in the Liang Dynasty. Towards the end of the Tianjian period, Yuan Ang recommended him to the court, and he was summoned to the court. When he first entered officialdom, he served as a historian in the service of Prince Linchuan in the Liang Dynasty, and soon rose to the position of chief scribe. Later, when Yuan Ang became the Intendant of Danyang, he recruited him to serve as the official in charge of household affairs in Danyang. He was subsequently promoted to a higher position. He Zhiyuan had a powerful elder named Jing Rong in his family, who wielded considerable power and often visited him, but He Zhiyuan never reciprocated. When asked why, he said, "In the past, a man in the state of Chu was favored, and as a result, all the horse breeders died. A person lacking virtue but holding a high position is bound to fail quickly. I am afraid of inviting disaster instead of benefit." Those who recognized his wisdom praised him.
Speaking of which, Xiao Huian accompanied Prince Xiwuling Xiao Ji to Yizhou, where he was appointed as inspector, while he was appointed as a military judge in Anxi, a minor position. Later, Hou Jing rebelled, and the Prince of Xiwuling was promoted to Grand Commandant and appointed Inspector of Southern Liangzhou and Prefect of North Baxi, steadily increasing his rank. When the Prince of Xiwuling led his troops east from Chengdu, Xiao Huian joined the common people of Shu in writing a letter to advise him not to go, but the Prince of Xiwuling believed he was undermining morale and imprisoned him on a boat. After the Prince of Xiwuling was defeated, Xiao Huian sought refuge with Liu Gong, the Prefect of Shaoling. Not long after, Jiangling City was breached, Liu Gong died, and Wang Lin summoned him to take on the role of military advisor. Emperor Jing of Liang appointed Wang Lin as Minister of Works, and Xiao Huian was promoted to the position of military advisor in the Ministry of Works, also serving as a military advisor.
Wang Lin supported Xiao Zhuang as emperor and promoted Xiao Huian to be the Minister of the Interior. At this time, Emperor Wenxuan of Qi had died, and Wang Lin sent Xiao Huian to offer condolences. When Xiao Huian returned to Shou Chun from Qi, Wang Lin had been defeated. The Qi king appointed him as the deputy of Yangzhou, with authority over Shou Chun. Later, the Qi army undertook a northern campaign, occupying the Huainan region. Xiangzhou's governor, Prince Shixing Xiao Shuling, sent his assistant Shi Lixian to deliver a letter to him, asking for his help.
Xiao Huian already had some conflicts with the court, so when he received the letter, he was alarmed. Upon reading the phrase "Kong Zhang is innocent, Left Chariot is to be employed" in the letter, he sighed and said, "The meaning is so obvious, could they still deceive me?" He then followed Shi Lixian to Xiangzhou. In the eighth year of Taijian, he was appointed as the Military Officer of the Imperial Guard, and soon after, he was promoted to Military Consultant.
After Xiao Shuling was killed, Xiao Huian withdrew from officialdom and focused on writing books. He believed that the history of the rise and fall from Emperor Wu to Emperor Jing of the Liang Dynasty was enough to serve as a cautionary tale for future generations and facilitate the evaluation of right and wrong. He wrote a thirty-volume book titled "The Code of Liang," covering the seventy-five-year history from the first year of Qi Yongyuan to Wang Lin's arrest. The book's preface states:
There are many ways to write history, such as annalistic histories, with "Spring and Autumn" being the finest. However, "Spring and Autumn" is primarily a historical record of the State of Lu, rather than an official record of the emperor.
Let's think about it. The records of the legendary Three Emperors are called "Three Records," and the records of the Five Emperors are called "Five Records," which represent the origins of historical records. In the "Shangshu," the section on Emperor Yao is called "Yao Dian," and the section on Emperor Shun is called "Shun Dian," all of which can be verified. Therefore, the tradition of naming historical texts with "Dian" has been established for a long time. Like Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian" and Ban Gu's "Book of Han," they documented events based on the reigns of the emperors, and later historical texts followed this practice. Chen Shou's "Records of the Three Kingdoms" systematically organized the history of the Three Kingdoms into "zhis," opening up a new path. Only Fa Sheng's "Book of Jin" changed "Imperial Annals" to "Imperial Classics," claiming to emulate the ancients, which is, in fact, quite reasonable. So, the book I'm writing will be titled "Liang Dian."
During the Liang Dynasty, before the era of Emperor Da Tong, the country was very peaceful. However, after the reign of Emperor Tai Qing, there were frequent bandit disturbances. The earlier historical accounts were not perfectly written, so I wrote this book divided into six parts. Gaozu's uprising began during the late Qi Dynasty. I started tracing his experiences from the Yongyuan era, writing several volumes titled "Tracing." Gaozu came from a commoner background, having an understanding of societal norms and the genuine feelings of the people from a young age. After becoming emperor, he implemented good policies, and the country truly flourished during his rule. This part is documented in several volumes titled "Taiping." There is no such thing as eternal peace in this world. The country cannot remain stable forever. After my Liang Dynasty, there was a period of turmoil documented in several volumes titled "Disorder." After Gaozu's passing, Emperor Taizong also faced difficult times. Many people filed complaints and fled to the western province of Shaanxi rather than the eastern capital. Some who did not obey the court and talented individuals swore loyalty to Emperor Shizu instead of Taizong. Emperor Shizu restored order, pacified the realm, and achieved great contributions. This part is written in several volumes titled "Shizu." Later, the nation experienced further turmoil with dynastic changes. Emperor Jing succeeded to the throne and later abdicated to the Chen Dynasty, documented in several volumes titled "Jing Emperor." General Wang Lin, though he failed to establish the Liang Dynasty's descendants, is commendable for his loyalty. This part is written in several volumes titled "Successor." As for Taizong, although he was given a flattering posthumous title, the title "Dabao" was not adopted by later generations, likely due to the impact of banditry. Starting from the Chengsheng era to the Taiqing era, those divine edicts should not be altered lightly. I will elaborate on the specific reasons in detail later.
Speaking of writing, there must be a beginning and an end, just like in life, where there must be main and secondary points. The relationship between these elements must be carefully sorted out. Look, Zang Rongxu said that historical texts have no definite conclusion, just like chronicles, therefore, historical texts require thorough examination.
Why write according to the years? It's clear and easy to find! Like the invasion of the Xianbei into the Central Plains, which involved one emperor and then two, this situation is complicated, making it messy to write about. So, I simply refer to the Northern Wei period before the split, the Eastern Wei period assisted by Gao Huan after the split, and the Western Wei period controlled by Yuwen Tai, so it's clear. Moreover, to enhance clarity, I made some adjustments to the wording and added or removed content, all in a logical manner.
In the third year of the Zhengming era, the capital fell, and he moved to Jinling County in Changzhou. In the thirteenth year of Sui Kaihuang, he passed away at home.
Xu Boyang, styled Yinren, was from Donghai. His grandfather Xu Duzhi was a historian in charge of the southern Xu Province of the Qi Dynasty. His father, Xu Senquan, served as a steward in the Eastern Palace of the Liang Dynasty and managed the Secretariat because of his writing skills. Boyang was intelligent and studious from a young age, steady in character, knowing when to advance and when to retreat. At the age of fifteen, he became famous for his excellent writing. He studied the "Spring and Autumn Annals of Zuo Qiuming," and his family had a collection of over three thousand volumes. He scored high in the examinations and became the Right Attendant of the Hedong Kingdom of the Liang Dynasty, the Eastern Palace Scholar, and the Secretary of the Ink Department of the Prince of Linchuan. During the Datong period, he was sent as a county magistrate and was deeply loved by the people. When Hou Jing rebelled, Boyang sailed south to Guangzhou to seek refuge with Xiao Bo. After Xiao Bo quelled the rebellion and returned to court, Boyang brought his family to Wu County as well.
In the second year of Tianjia, he was summoned by the court to serve as a tutor to Prince Jin'an. Later, he became a military advisor to Marquis Hou Andu, and when Marquis Hou Andu met him, he specifically got up to greet him. When the sweet dew fell in Leyou Garden, the court rewarded Marquis Hou Andu and commissioned Boyang to write a letter of thanks. Emperor Wu appreciated his writing after reading it. During the Taijian period, he, along with Li Shuang, Zhang Zhengjian, He Che, Ruan Zhuo, Xiao Quan, Wang Youli, Ma Shu, Zusan Deng, He Xun, and Liu Shan, formed a literary society. Later, Cai Ning, Liu Zhu, Chen Xuan, and Kong Fan also joined. These people were all famous scholars at the time. They enjoyed outings, banquets, and collaborated on poetry and essays, compiled their works into volumes, and Boyang wrote prefaces for them, which were widely circulated.
Now, let's discuss the Prince of Xin'an. He became the governor of Nanxu Prefecture, and then appointed a military advisor in the Prince of Xin'an's residence, also serving as the assistant of Nanxu Prefecture, and concurrently as the magistrate of Donghai County. Prince Poyang became the governor of Jiangzhou, and Boyang was once ordered to visit him. Prince Poyang took his officials and Boyang to drink at Kuangling. After enjoying their drinks, he requested everyone to compose twenty rhyming poems. Boyang and Zusan wrote them together, and Prince Poyang rewarded them with servants and other items. Later, upon returning to the capital, the Prince of Xin'an was appointed as a military advisor to the Linhai Prince's residence. In the spring of the eleventh year, the crown prince went to the Imperial College, so the emperor then requested the Prince of Xin'an to give a lecture on the Analects in the Biyong Hall, and also commissioned Boyang to compose a poem of praise. The emperor held Boyang's writing in high regard, and later appointed him as the military advisor of the Zhenyou Xin'an Prince's mansion. In the thirteenth year, Boyang learned of his sister's passing, and he fell ill from grief and subsequently passed away. He was sixty-six at the time of his death.
Now, let's discuss Zhang Zhengjian. His courtesy name was Jianze, and he was from Wucheng, Qinghe Dong. His grandfather, Zhang Gaizhi, was the Attendant Cavalry of Wei State and served as the Prefect of both Bohai and Changle counties. His father, Zhang Xiuli, was the Cavalry Attendant of Wei State, later defected to the Liang Dynasty, and continued in the role of Cavalry Attendant, eventually being promoted to the Prefect of Huaifang. From a young age, Zhang Zhengjian had a passion for learning and displayed remarkable talent. When Emperor Jianwen of Liang was still in the Eastern Palace, Zhang Zhengjian, at the age of thirteen, submitted a eulogy, which was highly praised by Emperor Jianwen. Emperor Jianwen loved learning and often lectured on his own, and Zhang Zhengjian frequently attended his lectures, answered his questions, spoke with gentleness and politeness, earning the admiration of all. During the Taiqing period, he sat for the imperial examination and achieved outstanding results, and was appointed as the Left Attendant of the Kingdom of Shaoling. After Emperor Yuan of Liang ascended the throne, he was appointed as the Cavalry Attendant, later promoted to the Prefect of Pengze. In the final years of the Liang Dynasty, amidst national turmoil, he sought refuge in Kuangsu Mountain. At that time, a monk named Jiaosengduo, who was protecting himself, sent someone to invite Zhang Zhengjian over. Zhang Zhengjian, feeling apprehensive, politely declined, yet he remained steadfast in his adherence to propriety and etiquette, and Jiaosengduo also respected him greatly. After the founding emperor ascended the throne, he summoned Zhang Zhengjian back to the capital, appointed him as the Military Advisor of the Mo Cao at the Zhendong Poyang Prince's residence, and also held the position of Chief Historian at the Hengyang Prince's residence. Later, he also served as the Secretary of the Xianwai of Yidu Wang, the historian, and the prefect of Xunyang County. He steadily climbed the ranks, eventually attaining the position of Shangshu Duzhi Lang, while also retaining his role as historian. He passed away at the age of forty-nine during the Taijian period. He left behind fourteen volumes of collected works; notably, his five-character poems were especially praised and popular during that era.
Cai Ning, courtesy name Ziju, was from Kai Cheng in Jiyang. His grandfather Cai Zun was the Minister of Personnel and the Grand Master of Golden Purple of the Liang Dynasty; his father Cai Yanga was the Deputy Minister of the Imperial Clan in the Liang Dynasty. Cai Ning was intelligent and clever since childhood, and also handsome. As he grew up, he was widely read and talented, especially skilled in cursive and clerical script. In the fourth year of Tianjia, he was appointed as a Secretariat Clerk shortly after entering officialdom, and later promoted to the Literary Scholar of Prince Luling. In the first year of Guangda, he was promoted to the Prince's Horse Master and the Registrar of the Ministry of Personnel. In the first year of Taijian, he was promoted to the Prince's Attendant. Due to his good reputation, he was chosen as Princess Xinyi's husband, appointed as the Commandant of the Imperial Guard, the Deputy Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and later promoted to the Prefect of Jinling.
Before taking office in Jinling, he specifically instructed his subordinates to renovate the office of the Imperial Secretariat, and he told his friends, "This way, future officials won't have to struggle as much, isn't that nice?" Shortly after, he was appointed as General Ningyuan and the Minister of Personnel. Despite his young age and relatively low official rank, Cai Ning's talent and position were highly valued. He would often sit quietly in the western study, rarely socializing with others unless they were prominent figures, which led to a lot of gossip about him. Emperor Liang Gaozong once asked Cai Ning, "I want to appoint Qian Su, Princess Yixing's husband, as a Yellow Gate Attendant. What do you think?" Cai Ning solemnly replied, "The emperor's relatives, bestowed by imperial decree, I have no comment. If we were to discuss according to the usual procedures, the position of Yellow Gate Attendant requires both character and ability, which Your Majesty needs to decide." Gaozong fell silent after hearing this. Qian Su, feeling unhappy, kept slandering Cai Ning in front of Gaozong, resulting in Cai Ning's dismissal and exile to Jiaozhi. After some time, he was recalled to the court.
After Liang Houzhuo succeeded to the throne, Cai Ning was appointed as a consultant to Prince Jin'an and later promoted to the position of Chamberlain of the Yellow Gate. One time, the emperor hosted a banquet for his ministers, and everyone was having a great time. They were preparing to move the banquet to Hongfan Palace, and everyone followed except for Cai Ning and Yuan Xian. The emperor asked, "What's the matter with you two?" Cai Ning replied, "Changle Palace is extremely noble, not a place one can casually pass through after drinking. I dare not follow your command." Everyone was taken aback by this. The emperor said, "You are drunk!" and had Cai Ning taken away. A few days later, the emperor told the Minister of Personnel, Cai Zheng, "Cai Ning is arrogant and useless." As a result, Cai Ning was reassigned as the Chief Historian of the Xingwei Jinxi Prince's Mansion. He remained disheartened and sighed, "The ways of heaven are unpredictable. Confucius said 'accepting one's fate.' Perhaps this is how it is." He then wrote a piece called "Xiaoshi Fu" to express his thoughts, which contained profound insights. After the fall of the Chen Dynasty, he sought refuge in the Sui Dynasty, but died of illness on the way at the age of forty-seven. His son, Cai Junzhi, also gained some fame.
Ruan Zhuo was from Weishi in Chenliu. His grandfather, Ruan Quan, was a Cavalry Attendant in the Liang Dynasty, and his father, Ruan Wenda, was a Junior Secretary in the Ningyuan Yueyang Prince's Mansion of the Liang Dynasty. Ruan Zhuo was bright and eager to learn from an early age, especially fond of reading and skilled in debate, especially skilled at writing five-character poems. He was very filial; when his father followed the Prince of Yueyang to Jiangzhou for official duties and fell ill and died, Ruan Zhuo was only fifteen years old. He rushed from the capital to Jiangzhou, enduring several days without food or water.
During the chaos of the Hou Jing rebellion, the roads were fraught with obstacles and perilous. Ruan Zhuo risked his life to transport his father's coffin back to the capital. Along the way, he encountered bandits. Ruan Zhuo was tired and hungry, looking haggard. He tearfully explained his situation to the bandits, and moved by his plight, they spared his life and even escorted him to safety. Upon reaching Pengli Lake, a fierce wind suddenly picked up, nearly capsizing the boat multiple times. Ruan Zhuo cried out to the heavens in desperation, and the wind stopped after a while. Everyone believed that his filial devotion had touched the heavens.
After the fall of the Liang Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou ascended to the throne and appointed Ruan Zhuo as a military officer in the Qīngchē Póyáng Prince's Mansion. In the first year of the Tiankang period, Ruan Zhuo was promoted to a military officer in the Yúnhuī Xīn'ān Prince's Mansion. Later, he was transferred to the Yìyòu Record Office and also maintained his role in writing historical texts. He was then promoted to be a recorder in the Zhōngwèi Mansion of the Póyáng Prince and later promoted to be a recorder in the Jìn'ān Prince's Mansion, while still maintaining his role in writing historical texts. After pacifying the rebellion led by Ouyang He, the minority ethnic groups in the Jiāngjiā region frequently banded together to commit robbery. Ruan Zhuo was tasked with pacifying them. The Jiāngjiā region was abundant in gold, silver, jewels, and other precious treasures. Previous envoys had returned with these treasures, but Ruan Zhuo returned empty-handed, gaining admiration for his integrity. He was later promoted to a military officer in the Zhōnglùshì of the Héngyáng Prince's Mansion, and then transferred to the capital to serve as a Lang in the Ministry of Ancestral Worship, and later promoted to a military officer in the Zhōngwèi Mansion of the Shǐxīng Prince.
When Chen Shuling was killed, the emperor of the Later Shu said to his courtiers, "Ruan Zhuo has always been different from the rebels, and should be promoted to show recognition." In the first year of the Zhide era, Ruan Zhuo was appointed as a Scholar at the Temple of Virtue and Teaching. Shortly after, he was also appointed as the Cavalry Supervisor and sent on a mission to the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wen of Sui had long heard of Ruan Zhuo's reputation, and invited people to feast and write poetry with him, bestowing many gifts upon him. After returning to his country, Ruan Zhuo was appointed as the General of Zhaoyuan and the Military Adviser at the Nanhai Prince's Court. Later, due to an eye disease, Ruan Zhuo did not assume his position, and returned to his hometown to build pavilions and plant flowers, trees, and shrubs, and often invited friends to gather at his home for poetry and wine. In the third year of Zhengming, when Ruan Zhuo traveled to the Sui Dynasty and arrived in Jiangzhou, he remembered the place where his father had passed away, became overwhelmed with emotion, fell gravely ill, and died at the age of fifty-nine.
There was a man named Yin Keng, whose courtesy name was Zijiān, the son of Yin Zichun, the Left Guard General of the Liang Dynasty. This child was intelligent from a young age, able to recite poetry at the age of five, reciting thousands of characters in a day, impressive, indeed! As he grew older, he became well-read and excelled in composing five-character poems, becoming famous at the time. Later, he became a judicial officer under the Prince of Xiangdong of the Liang Dynasty.
One particularly cold winter, Yin Keng and his friends were drinking together. When he noticed the person pouring wine for him, he handed over his warm wine cup and roasted meat to him. Everyone present laughed, and Yin Keng said, "We drink all day, but the person pouring wine for us never gets to taste it, this is quite unreasonable!" Later, during the rebellion of Hou Jing, Yin Keng was captured by bandits, but luckily someone saved him. When he asked who saved him, he found out it was the same person who used to pour wine for him. Indeed, good deeds are often rewarded!
During the Tianjia period, Yin Kong became the Chief Record Keeper of the Shixing Royal Residence. Once, Emperor Wu of Liang invited the ministers to write poetry. Xu Ling mentioned Yin Kong to Emperor Wu. That day, Emperor Wu summoned Yin Kong to the banquet and requested that he compose a poem on the spot praising the newly built Anle Palace. Yin Kong picked up his brush and composed a poem that impressed Emperor Wu greatly. Yin Kong was later promoted to various positions, including Zhaoyuan General, Prefect of Jinling, and Attendant Cavalier, but sadly passed away afterward. He left behind three volumes of poetry that have endured through the ages.
Historical records say: Literature is the foundation of human ethics! This is why gentlemen differ from ordinary people. Confucius spoke of four disciplines, beginning with moral conduct and culminating in literature, demonstrating that sages place great value on literature. Individuals like Du Zhiwei were able to fully showcase their talents during this peaceful era, with Du Zhiwei standing out in particular.
It is said that today's scholars derive their knowledge from the ancient "Six Arts." These "Six Arts" are the teachings of the "Royal Way," used by the sages to elucidate the heavenly principles, regulate human relationships, and achieve the fundamental methods of governing the country and ensuring peace. However, Qin Shihuang burned books and buried Confucian scholars alive, interrupting the transmission of these "Six Arts." Later, Emperor Wu of Han established the Doctorate of the Five Classics, recruited students, held examinations to select talented individuals, and even used official positions and salaries to encourage learning, which led to a rise in the number of students studying the "Five Classics." Since the Han Dynasty, most talented individuals became well-versed in the Classics. By the Wei and Jin periods, the social climate became ostentatious, Confucianism declined, and few officials or common people understood the Classics. In the Song and Qi periods, the Imperial Academy was reestablished. Emperor Wu of Liang was particularly influential, establishing five libraries and the Imperial Academy, primarily teaching the "Five Classics," with each classic accompanied by an associate professor. Emperor Wu would sometimes personally inspect the schools, offer sacrifices to the ancestors, conduct exams, chat with students, and give them gifts. This was truly a grand and unprecedented event in the Liang Dynasty! Our founding emperor laid the foundation while inheriting the chaos of the previous dynasty, amidst societal turmoil, the decline of the gentry class, and rampant banditry, leaving no time for education. It was only after the reign of Emperor Shizu that some schools were gradually founded, though many students were enrolled, only a few achieved notable success. Much of the knowledge we have today stems from the Confucian scholars of the Liang Dynasty.
Shen Wen'a, courtesy name Guowei, was from Wuxing Wukang. His father Shen Jun, known for his profound Confucian scholarship, was appointed as the governor of Guangxi during the Liang Dynasty, but he did not take up the position. Shen Wen'a was known for his strong character and physical prowess, and he studied his father's Confucianism from a young age, studying the texts of the classics in depth. His great-uncle Taishi Shuming and uncle Wang Huixing were both knowledgeable in Confucianism, and Shen Wen'a learned a lot from them. He also extensively studied the different viewpoints of previous Confucian masters and wrote his own annotations. He mainly studied the "Three Rituals" and "Three Transmissions." Later, he was selected as a filial and virtuous candidate, became an assistant minister in the court of the Prince of Linchuan during the Liang Dynasty, and then was promoted to serve as an assistant professor at the Imperial College and a doctor of the "Five Classics."
When King Jianwen of Liang was the Crown Prince, he regarded Wen'a highly as a scholar, showing him special favor and respect. When writing the "Changchun Yiji," he often had Wen'a gather unusual and fascinating anecdotes to enrich the content of the book. Later, when Hou Jing rebelled, King Jianwen specifically sent Wen'a to recruit soldiers to support the capital. After the capital fell, he and Zhang Sheng defended Wuxing together. When Zhang Sheng was defeated, Wen'a fled to the mountains. Hou Jing, having heard of Wen'a's reputation, was eager to capture him. Feeling cornered and hopeless, Wen'a climbed a tree in a moment of despair, intending to hang himself. He was saved by chance by an acquaintance, and in his haste, he jumped down from the tree and broke his left arm. After Hou Jing was defeated, Emperor Gaozu, because Wen'a was from the same hometown, promoted him to magistrate of his home county and appointed him to oversee Jiangyin County.
In the first year of the Shaotai era, Wen A was transferred to the capital as a National Scholar. Not long after, he was promoted to Infantry Colonel and also put in charge of court etiquette. Since the chaos of Taiqing, the court's ceremonial system had fallen into disarray. Wen A's father, Wen Ju, was responsible for court ceremonies during the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang and left behind many manuscripts. Wen A compiled and edited these manuscripts, establishing many of the court's ceremonial systems. Later, when the founding emperor ascended the throne, Wen A resigned and returned to his hometown of Wukang. The founding emperor was furious and ordered his execution. At that time, Wen A's relative, Shen Ke, was an official in the area, and he requested the messenger to spare Wen A's life. Shen Ke personally bound Wen A and brought him before the founding emperor. The founding emperor took one look and said with a smile, "What’s this? A pedantic scholar trying to make a fuss?" So he pardoned him.
After the founding emperor's death, Wen A, the Left Minister of Personnel Xu Ling, and the Secretary of the Imperial Library Liu Shizhi discussed the ceremonial procession and attire for the founding emperor's coffin, as recorded in Liu Shizhi's biography. Later, when the second emperor ascended the throne and wanted to choose a day to worship the ancestral temple, the Right Minister of Personnel, Yu Chi, executed the emperor's orders and sent scholars to discuss the ritual. Wen A voiced his thoughts, stating:
The lives of ordinary people and societal customs are constantly evolving, and the wise adapt their teachings to the realities at hand. If the country has no leader, it could face chaos if not addressed swiftly; if the emperor dies without a successor, the country could face ruin if not dealt with promptly. Consider the early years of the Zhou Dynasty, when King Cheng was still in mourning; his uncle, the Duke of Zhou, along with ministers such as Lu Shang and Shao Gong, nearly led to a national crisis. Thus, following King Cheng's burial, the coronation ceremony was promptly conducted, and during the burial, he also received a mourning cap, all to demonstrate to the nation that there was a leader, and to stabilize the situation and avoid unrest in the country.
Eventually, the Han Dynasty inherited this practice. Although Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing of Han paid attention to the rectification of rites and laws, the Rebellion of the Seven States still took place. Some emperors received court congratulations just one month after taking the throne, while some emperors issued decrees on the same day they passed away, all depending on the circumstances rather than a disregard for the rites. Currently, although the mourning ceremonies for the passing of an emperor are grand, the etiquette between the emperor and his subjects still leaves much to be desired. In ancient times, after the emperor finished making sacrifices at the ancestral temple and returned to the main hall, he would listen to the ministers handling state affairs. Now, after the emperor returns from the ancestral temple, he should go to the Taiji Hall to demonstrate his esteemed status, just like King Kang of Zhou handling state affairs in the court.
As for the sacrificial rituals, in the Zhou Dynasty, jade was used as offerings, with vassals using jade scepters, and ministers using jade discs, all precious jade artifacts. After the sacrifices, banquets were held, with the emperor using jade discs and the empress using cong jade discs. The Qin Dynasty burned books and dismantled the ritual system. Shusun Tong established new rituals, but deviated from ancient customs by not using jade scepters for sacrifices and not using silk for banquets, with both princes and kings using jade discs and the Grand Secretary presenting congratulations. These practices were not present in ancient times but were adopted later and persisted until the Liang Dynasty.
Nowadays, when the emperor celebrates a great age, the whole country rejoices, with joyful music, songs, and dances. However, at present, both the emperor and his subjects are steeped in sorrow, and the people are also saddened. How can this possibly compare to the festive ceremonies of ancient times? Furthermore, when King Kang of Zhou accepted the jade offerings from his ministers, there was no ceremony for bestowing longevity blessings, which had precedent in ancient times. In ancient times, when sacrifices were made to ancestors, it would last for three days and nights without stopping, known as "xiang," to receive the blessings of the ancestors. How can this be considered a celebration? I believe that nowadays, the emperor should hold a sacrificial ritual in the main hall, only performing the ceremony of offering jade discs, without conducting a congratulatory ceremony. I have specifically outlined the rituals for the emperor's return to the main hall after making sacrifices at the ancestral temple, with the ministers in attendance.
The imperial edict was implemented. Before long, he was promoted to the position of a Cavalier Attendant, also serving as a National Scholar, in charge of the Imperial Guard, and also teaching the "Classic of Filial Piety" and the "Analects" in the Eastern Palace. He passed away in the fourth year of the Tianjia era, at the age of sixty-one. The court posthumously honored him with the title of Minister of Justice.
Wen A authored over eighty volumes of "Rites" and eighteen volumes of "The Great Meaning of Classics," both of which have been passed down through the ages, and many Confucian scholars have studied his works.
Shen Zhu, styled Hongdao, was a native of Wukang, Huzhou, Zhejiang. His grandfather, Xiuzhi, served as the magistrate of Yuhang County in the Liang Dynasty; his father, Shanqing, held positions as a National Scholar and a senior officer in the Liang Dynasty. Shen Zhu was upright and refined from a young age, had a passion for learning, and was selective in his associations. He studied the "Three Rites" and the "Spring and Autumn Annals of Zuo Qiuming," had an exceptional memory and could answer any questions regarding the chapters and verses of the "Five Classics," various schools of thought, and historical records. He served as the Left Attendant in the Kingdom of Xiangdong, then as the Inner Reference Officer under the Prince of Xuancheng, and later as the Secretary Reference Officer under the Prince of Linhe, eventually rising to the position of a junior official in the Ministry of Rites by the age of around twenty. During the Datong era, many scholars were engaged in literature and history, often neglecting the chapters and verses of the classics, but Shen Zhu dedicated himself to the study of Confucian classics. Zhu Yi from Wu County and He Chen from Kuaiji both held him in high regard. When Zhu Yi and He Chen lectured on the court's intentions and principles at the Shilin Hall, they often invited Shen Zhu to be the main lecturer. During the rebellion of Hou Jing, Shen Zhu fled to Lin'an, where Emperor Xiaoyuan was also present and took lessons from Shen Zhu. Later, when Gaozu ascended to the throne, he appointed Shen Zhu as a National Scholar, alongside Shen Wen A, to teach the "Rites."
After Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, Shen Xiaogui was promoted to the position of an External Cavalier Attendant, and later served as the Chief Historian of the Yangzhou Bureau and the Grand Master of Works.
It was reported that Chen San'er, a student of General Ningyuan and the Prefect Shen Xiaogui, wrote a letter saying that his teacher's coffin is still in the territory of the Zhou Dynasty. Shen Xiaogui was dispatched on a mission to the frontier, wanting to bring back his father's coffin, but he has yet to return. The end of this month marks the second anniversary of his death. Shen Xiaogui's brothers are all here. Should they wait until the end of the month to take off their mourning clothes, or should they wait for Shen Xiaogui to return to perform the rituals? This matter was discussed with Left Minister Jiang Dezao. Jiang Dezao stated, "Wang Weijun once said: 'If a funeral is delayed for a long time, only the master of the house should not remove mourning clothes, while other relatives can remove them after a full month.' This is probably quoting a situation in the 'Book of Rites' where there are delays in family matters and burial cannot be done temporarily. Shen Xiaogui is currently far away on the border; although he wants to bring back the coffin, the return date is uncertain. If his brothers continue to wear mourning clothes, they may find it difficult to marry in the future, which might be socially inappropriate. After the fall of the Central Plains, there have been precedents for such situations, so we should consult Shen Chamberlain for his opinion."
Shen Xiaogui said, "Rituals have their standard practices, but they can also be adapted to suit real circumstances. 'Records of Rites: Tan Gong Xiaoji' says, 'If the deceased has not been buried for an extended period, only the primary mourner must keep their mourning attire, while others may remove theirs after a month of mourning.' The annotations state, 'The rest refers to collateral relatives.' According to Zheng Xuan's interpretation, all sons are required to keep their mourning attire. The interpretation cited by Wang Weijun represents the formal view on rituals. However, during the Battle of Dongguan in the Wei Dynasty, many soldiers' bodies and coffins were lost, and they could not be buried on time; therefore, it was established that there would be no lifelong mourning period, allowing for the removal of mourning attire. During the Jin Dynasty, when the world was in chaos, many people died at the hands of the barbarians, and their bodies could not be brought back for burial, thus the Jiangzuo region revised the rules regarding the removal of mourning attire. Shen Xiaogui's ancestors and Wang Hua's father, whose fates were unknown, saw their sons sequentially remove their mourning attire as time passed. These serve as examples of how rituals can be adapted to fit real-life situations. Shen Xiaogui wanted to bring back the remains only because he was sent on a mission, but the border was in turmoil and the return date was uncertain. I believe we should follow the precedent set during the Battle of Dongguan, allowing domestic relatives to remove their mourning attire, conduct a simple memorial ceremony, and if the remains are returned, then hold a separate reburial ceremony. Since the onset of chaos, the fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the flight of people to remote areas, many practices cannot be conducted according to traditional rituals. There are certainly more cases like Shen Xiaogui's; should they really be forced to mourn without the option to remove their mourning attire? The court should establish regulations on this matter, adjudicate based on principles of righteousness, consult broadly with knowledgeable individuals, and manage this issue appropriately." Jiang Dezao accepted Shen Xiaogui's proposal and submitted it to the emperor for approval.
After the emperor ascended the throne, I was promoted to the position of Imperial Guard Supervisor, serving the Crown Prince in the Eastern Palace. Shortly afterward, I also took on the role of Deputy Minister of Personnel, overseeing the Grand Central Inspector for Yangzhou. Later, I was further promoted to the position of Minister of Rites, continuing to serve the Crown Prince in his studies. When the usurper came to power, I once again served as Imperial Guard Supervisor and Deputy Minister of Personnel. Afterwards, I was appointed as General and Chief Clerk to the Prince of Hengyang, responsible for managing governmental affairs within the household, as well as serving as the county magistrate for Langye and Pengcheng counties.
Prior to the Liang Dynasty, the legal regulations stipulated that the interrogation of criminals should occur once daily, starting from the afternoon bell and continuing until the second night watch. Later, the Assistant Minister of Justice, Fan Quan, amended the laws, believing that the previous interrogation duration was excessively long and intolerable, so he divided the interrogation time into two sessions, conducting two interrogations per day. The Minister of Justice considered the new regulations too lenient, so he requested a meeting with the eight magistrates, as well as Kong Huan, the Attendant Confucian, Assistant Attendant Shen Zhu, and five other officials, to discuss the matter together.
At that time, the emperor was working in the Ministry of Personnel and summoned everyone to discuss the issue. The Minister of Justice, Zhou Hongzheng, said, "We still do not know how many criminals have confessed and how many have not. We must first list out the names, numbers, and charges of the criminals before further discussion." Consequently, Chief Justice Shen Zhongyu provided several examples. According to the new law, a person named Shou Yuer was sentenced to death for murder, while Liu Lei Ke and eight others were sentenced for horse theft, but had not confessed by the deadline. Liu Daoshuo committed theft seven times and only confessed two days later, as per the rules. Chen Faman confessed to being instructed to conceal wealth and receiving bribes before the interrogation even began.
Zhou Hongzheng continued, "Whether it's a petty crime or a serious offense, it must be handled according to the actual situation. We should follow the principle of 'five hearings' and carefully examine the facts of the case. How can we possibly rely solely on torture to determine someone's guilt? Moreover, this method of interrogation isn't rooted in ancient practices; it has only been around in recent years. From the afternoon drum until the second night watch, ordinary people just can't handle it! Therefore, under severe torture, many people—innocent or not—will confess. Interrogating each person once in the morning and once at night for the same duration can help to interrogate the suspects while avoiding wrongful convictions. If the interrogation is too brief and criminals don't confess, then extending the interrogation time can lead to wrongful convictions. Additionally, everyone has different tolerance levels and thoughts. For example, Guan Gao, despite being whipped, stabbed, burned, and tortured with acupuncture, still refuses to confess. What does this have to do with the length of the interrogation or the quality of the interrogation methods? It's better to let a guilty person go free than to wrongly execute an innocent one; those whose guilt is questionable should receive lighter sentences, and those with doubts about their merits should be punished severely. This is the wise principle laid down by ancient sage kings. I believe adopting Fan Quan's new method is a better approach."
Shen Ren Shengquan continued, "The new system of Bi Bu Fan Quan and the opinions of Shang Shu Zhou Hongzheng are in line with the principle of 'only leniency' in the Book of Yu and the concept of 'upholding justice' in the Yin Song. After reviewing the examples listed by Shen Zhongyou and others from the Ministry of Justice, there were a total of eleven cases after the implementation of the new law, ten cases were interrogated, and only one resulted in a confession. I believe that for guilty criminals, prison officials should conduct a thorough analysis and investigation of the cases. If there are doubts about the crime, it should be brought to trial to prevent the abuse of interrogation; if the crime is clear, only then should interrogation be conducted; this is essential for distinguishing between wrongful and just outcomes. Fan Quan referenced the 'Han Law' in his memorial, saying 'for capital punishment and removal from office, if the evidence is conclusive, and torture has been applied, yet the accused continues to deny, it should be reported.' Du Yu's annotation states that 'should be reported' refers to cases where the evidence is conclusive but the accused denies. Upon careful examination, the old system was strict, with only one out of a hundred cases not confessing; the new system is lenient, with nine out of ten cases not confessing. The severity of these two systems differs significantly, and the provision regarding 'reporting the accused' remains unchanged. I believe it should be referred to the legal department for a reevaluation of the meaning of 'reporting the accused'."
Shen Zhu continued, "Interrogating at night is prone to deception. We should use the method of timing with a water clock during the day. However, the markings of the water clock differ in ancient and modern times. In the 'Book of Han', He Chengtian, Zu Chongzhi, and their father and son recorded in the 'Water Clock Classics' that from the first drum to the second drum, and from the third drum back to the first drum, there are thirteen marks each, which remain consistent across all four seasons. If the length of daytime hours varies, adjustments should be made accordingly. Now we use an improved water clock from the late Liang Dynasty. After the second drum, the markings vary in length. On the day of the summer solstice, there are seventeen marks each, and on the day of the winter solstice, there are twelve marks each. According to the emperor's order, the markings should be uniform, with the same markings for a day, but different usage in different seasons. The memorial of the court official stated that due to the short duration, the criminals did not confess. I think we should eliminate nighttime interrogations and use the method of timing with a water clock during the day. Taking into account the differences between ancient and modern water clocks, combined with the significance of the two water clocks, we should abandon the fewer marks used in autumn and winter, adopting the long daylight hours of the summer solstice, regardless of the season, all according to the current summer solstice time, conducting interrogations in the morning and evening, with seventeen marks allocated for each session. Compared to the ancient water clock, this method adds four marks at a time; compared to the current water clock, this method adds five marks during the winter solstice. Even at the winter solstice, some nighttime hours may be affected, but with short daylight hours, there is no problem. This way, criminals will not deny their confessions due to the short duration, and prisoners will not be wrongly accused due to nighttime interrogations. I believe this approach is more suitable."
Everyone agreed that the previous system established before Fan Quan should be reinstated. The emperor said, "Shen Changshi's opinion is very insightful and should be further discussed." Zong Yuanrao, the Left Minister, said, "I think Shen Changshi's opinion does not completely dismiss Fan Quan's opinion. He just wants to unify the markings of the four seasons and choose the best solution, considering both severity and leniency. Please send the memorial back to the Editing Department for further review." The emperor ultimately agreed with this proposal.
Qi Gun, styled Gongwen, was born in Yanguan, Wu County. His grandfather Qi Xian held the position of a junior official during the Qi dynasty, and his father Qi Ba served as a military officer in the royal court of Prince Linhe during the Liang dynasty. Qi Gun was intelligent from a young age, went to the capital to study, and mastered the essence of the "Three Rites" from the assistant teacher Liu Wenshao in just over a year. At the age of nineteen, Liang Wudi requested him to explain the "Correct Words of Confucius," "Zhou Rites," and "Book of Rites." Qi Gun performed well, achieved high marks, and was appointed as the Sacrificial Officer and Historian of Yangzhou. Later, he consulted the National Doctor Song Huaifang on the meaning of the "Rites." Song Huaifang, a northerner, brought annotations of the "Rites" and "Book of Rites" from the Wei Kingdom, keeping them secret and reluctant to share them with others. Before his death, he advised his family, "After I die, if Qi Gun comes to inquire, give him the annotations of the 'Rites' and 'Book of Rites'; if he does not come, bury the annotations with me." This shows the high regard in which Qi Gun was held in the Confucian community at that time. Shortly thereafter, Qi Gun was appointed as a Doctor of the Imperial Academy.
While still in the Eastern Palace, Emperor Jianwen of Liang invited Qi Gun to explain the classics. One time, Emperor Jianwen held a banquet and invited many Confucian scholars to engage in debates, after which Xu Chi elaborated on the main points, interspersed with some light-hearted conversation. Xu Chi was eloquent and unstoppable in debate, making it difficult for the others to respond, leading to nervousness and confusion in their speech. At this moment, Qi Gun began to present his own views, engaging in a lively debate with Xu Chi that greatly impressed Emperor Jianwen. Qi Gun was later promoted to the position of a Cavalry Official, and then to the position of a Cavalry Regular. After Emperor Jing ascended to the throne, Qi Gun was assigned to Jiangzhou as the Chief Historian, serving under Shen Tai in southern Yuzhou. After Shen Tai defected to Northern Qi, he forced Qi Gun to go with him, but Qi Gun later managed to escape back from Ye City. He then joined Cheng Wenji in the Northern Expedition and was captured by Western Wei during the Battle of Luoyang. It took him a long time to return to the Liang dynasty. Afterward, he also served as an assistant instructor at the Imperial College and was appointed as a military officer in the Prince Shixing's residence. In the thirteenth year of Taijian, Qi Gun passed away at the age of sixty-three. During the Liang dynasty, Qi Gun authored the "Records of the Three Rites and Their Significance," but unfortunately, it was lost in the chaos of war. Only the "Records of the Rites and Their Significance" in forty volumes have survived.
Zheng Zhuo, courtesy name Maozhao, came from Xin'an, Dongyang, Zhejiang. His grandfather Zheng Hui was the Prefect of Hengyang during the Liang Dynasty, and his father Zheng Jihui held positions as an Imperial Attendant and the Magistrate of Jian'an County. Zheng Zhuo was intelligent from a young age, aspiring to study the Confucian classics, and studied under Huang Kan in his youth. In the fifth year of the Day Tong reign of the Liang Dynasty, he officially began his career in government, serving as an attendant to the court. He was later promoted several times, holding positions such as Imperial Attendant, Vice Minister of the Censorate, and Military Secretary in the Prince of Andong's residence, as well as serving as a Military Secretary in the residence of the Prince of Shao Ling in the west. While Emperor Jianwen was on the throne, Zheng Zhuo was appointed as an Imperial Attendant and concurrently served as a National University Doctor. Shortly after, he was promoted to General of Wei Rong and also served as a Secretary in the Ministry of Personnel. During the reigns of Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Shizu, he successively served as a Military Adviser in the residences of the Prince of Andong and the Prince of Zhenbei, and later was promoted to Grand Master of the Palace Attendants, concurrently serving as a National University Doctor. Unfortunately, before he could take up his new position, he passed away in the thirteenth year of the Taijian period at the age of sixty-eight.
Zheng Zhuo was diligent and eager to learn, particularly excelling in the "Three Rituals." When he was young, he dreamt of meeting Huang Kan on the road, who told him to speak, and then spat on him. From then on, Zheng Zhuo's understanding of righteousness deepened significantly. Despite his family's poverty, he made a living by copying and annotating scriptures, working day and night, even sharpening his brush when it wore out. He lived frugally, taught diligently, often lecturing late into the night. When he got tired, he would lie on a melon to rest before getting up to continue studying. His perseverance in learning was truly admirable.
At that time, there were several other renowned scholars of Confucian rituals, including Zhang Ya from Jinling, Lu Xu from Wujun, Shen Dewei from Wuxing, and He Deji from Kuaiji.
Zhang Ya taught the "Three Rites" to Liu Wenshao, who served as a scribe in the royal palace during the Liang Dynasty. In the first year of Tianjia, he was appointed as a Lang of the Ministry of Rites, responsible for compiling Shen Wen'a's "Yizhu" and writing the Five Rites. Later, he was sent to Danyang County as the county magistrate and a military advisor in the royal palace. Zong Yuanrao, the Censor-in-Chief, recommended him to the court for the position of National Scholar.
Lu Xu studied "Three Rites Yi Zong" by Cui Ling'en in his youth. During the Liang Dynasty, the kingdom of Baekje requested a teacher of etiquette, and Lu Xu was dispatched. Upon his return, he was appointed as a Gesizhong and the county magistrate of Dingyang. In the early years of Tianjia, he served as a tutor to Prince Boma of Shixing, and later was promoted to Langzhong of the Ministry of Rites.
Shen Dewei, whose courtesy name was Huaiyuan, was known for his integrity from a young age. Towards the end of the Taiqing period of the Liang Dynasty, he retreated to Tianmu Mountain where he built a house. Despite the chaos in the country at the time, he diligently pursued his studies and eventually mastered the Confucian classics. In the first year of Tianjia, the court summoned him to the capital to teach the "Book of Rites" to the Crown Prince. Soon after, he became a professor at the Imperial Academy, and later was promoted to be an assistant professor at the National University. After his own studies, he would return to his room to lecture his students. His lectures attracted several hundred attendees, whether they were monks or commoners. He later became the Minister of Rites, while also serving as a scholar of the Five Rites, then as a Lang of the Ministry of Rites, and later as a Cibu Lang. Following his mother's death, he resigned to observe mourning at home. In the third year of Zhengming, he took up an official position in the Sui Dynasty, ultimately rising to the position of registrar at the Prince of Qin's residence. He passed away at the age of fifty-five.
He Deji, also known by his courtesy name Chengye, inherited the knowledge of the "Book of Rites" passed down through generations in his family. His grandfather He Wenfa and his father He Yan both served as Ministerial Assistants in the Ministry of Rites during the Liang Dynasty and were well-known at the time. In his youth, he went to the capital to study and stayed there for several years without returning home. He ran out of money, and his clothes were worn out, but he couldn't bring himself to wear old clothes. In the harsh winter, he wore just a thin garment, a short coat, and a pair of trousers. One day, he met a very elegantly dressed woman at the gate of the White Horse Temple. The woman beckoned him inside, took off her white silk scarf, and gave it to him, saying, "You will become a pillar of talent in the future, and you will not always be destitute, so I give this to you." He Deji asked for the woman's name, but she did not answer and left. He Deji had a profound understanding of the "Book of Rites" and often lectured on it. He gradually rose through the ranks and eventually became a Cibo Lang in the Ministry of Rites. Although He Deji did not hold a high official position, his family's three generations were all well-versed in Confucianism and had all served as Cibo Lang, and people at the time praised the enduring legacy of their family's scholarship.
Quan Huan, courtesy name Hongli, was from Qiantang in Wu County. In his youth, he diligently studied the "Book of Changes" under the scholar Chu Zhong. In the early years of the Taiqing period of the Liang Dynasty, he served as an Attendant to the Royal Court, followed by appointments as an assistant professor in the National University and concurrently as a clerk in the Ministry of Justice, specializing in teaching the "Book of Songs" and the "Book of Changes." In the first year of Shaotai, he was appointed as a Cibo Lang in the Ministry of Water. During the Taijian period, his official position continued to rise, and he eventually served as a military advisor in the Zhen Nan Shixing royal court, accompanying the royal court to Xiangzhou. He passed away at the age of seventy-four after a prolonged illness. Quan Huan was well-versed in the "Zhou Yi," "Laozi," and "Zhuangzi," and he was highly regarded by those studying metaphysics at the time.
Zhang Ji, courtesy name Zhiyan, was from Wucheng County in Qinghe Commandery. His grandfather, Zhang Sengbao, served as a Cavalry Attendant and Steward to the Prince in the Liang Dynasty. His father, Zhang Zhongyue, held roles as a Record Officer and Assistant in the Ministry of Rites at the Prince of Luling's Residence in the Liang Dynasty. Zhang Ji was intelligent and clever from a young age, full of ambition. At the age of fourteen, he had already thoroughly read the "Classic of Filial Piety" and the "Analects." He developed a keen interest in metaphysics, studying under Zhou Hongzheng from Runan, always offering new insights that impressed his elders. Under Emperor Wu of Liang, he was summoned to the court and appointed as a student of "Zhengyan" in the National University.
Once, Emperor Wu of Liang explained the textual meaning of the Qian and Kun hexagrams in the Book of Changes in the Hall of Literary Virtue, with Zhang Ji and others from Chenjun, like Yuan Xian, attending. The Emperor ordered a discussion, but none of the other Confucian scholars dared to speak up. It was only then that Zhang Ji adjusted his attire and confidently stepped forward, delivering a well-reasoned analysis with elegance. Emperor Wu of Liang greatly admired him, rewarding him with robes and silk, and saying, "This shows that you have made great achievements in studying ancient classics."
When Zhang Ji was young, his mother passed away, leaving behind a colorful embroidered scripture that she had made herself. When he grew up and learned about this, he would cry uncontrollably in front of the scripture during every festival or sacrifice, overcome with grief. Later, after his father's passing, he observed the mourning rituals even more faithfully than required. After completing the mourning period, he was summoned by the court and appointed as Left Attendant of the Kingdom of Xiangdong, later promoted to Field Officer, and eventually became a scholar at the Shilin Institute.
While Emperor Jianwen was still in the Eastern Palace, he once posed a question about the "Classic of Filial Piety" at the Shilin Hall. Zhang Ji's discussion was insightful and succinct, which greatly impressed Emperor Jianwen. Since then, every time Emperor Jianwen held a lecture, he would always send someone to invite Zhang Ji to join. Later, during Hou Jing's rebellion when the city was under siege, Zhang Ji continued to serve Crown Prince Ai in explaining the "Laozi" and "Zhuangzi" in the Wude Hall. After the fall of the capital of the Liang Dynasty, Zhang Ji faced numerous hardships to escape the chaos of war and never sided with Hou Jing. After Hou Jing was pacified, he was appointed as the magistrate of Lin'an County.
Old Zhang initially served as the emperor's secretary and later transferred to the Prince of Shixing's mansion as a minor official overseeing prisons. During the Tianjia period, he was promoted to assistant lecturer at the National University. At that time, a prominent scholar named Zhou Hongzheng was lecturing on the "Book of Changes" at the National University. Hongzheng's younger brother, Hongzhi, was also listening to the lecture. Old Zhang debated with Hongzheng, and Hongzheng couldn't refute him. As a result, Hongzhi, wearing a serious expression, loudly defended his brother and continued to argue with Old Zhang. Old Zhang said earnestly to Hongzhi, "Today we are discussing principles. Although I know it's normal for brothers to help each other, brotherly love should not interfere when discussing principles!" Hongzhi was not convinced and replied, "Why can't I help my teacher?" Everyone present burst into laughter. Later, Hongzheng would tell others, "Whenever I see Old Zhang, I get nervous!"
During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, Lao Zhang served as a military advisor in the Jian'an Prince's Mansion and also served as an academic in the East Palace. Later, he was transferred to the Wuling Prince's Mansion, still holding the position of military advisor and academic. When the current emperor was still in the East Palace, he invited the ministers to a meal. At that time, the emperor had a new jade-handled dusting brush made, and he remarked, "Although there are many talented people now, only Lao Zhang can use this dusting brush." Afterward, he gave the dusting brush to Lao Zhang and even asked him to lecture on "Zhuangzi" and "Laozi" in the Wenwen Hall. Emperor Gaozong personally attended the classes and presented him with a set of imperial robes. After the emperor ascended the throne, Lao Zhang became a military advisor in the Nanping Prince's Mansion and an academic in the East Palace. Not long after, he was promoted to the position of National Scholar, still retaining the position of academic. One time, the emperor visited Shanshi Temple in Zhongshan and asked the ministers to sit under the pine trees to the southwest of the temple. The emperor called Lao Zhang over and shared insights with him. At that time, the dusting brush had not arrived yet, so the emperor nonchalantly snapped off a pine branch and handed it to Lao Zhang, saying, "Use this as a substitute for the dusting brush for now!" Then, the emperor said to everyone, "This symbolizes Lao Zhang's future prospects!" Meaning that Lao Zhang would continue to rise in the future. In the third year of the Zhenguan era, Lao Zhang went to Chang'an and passed away there at the age of seventy-six years.
This Mr. Ji, has a particularly quiet disposition, does not seek fame or fortune, but has always yearned for a tranquil life. He created a mountain pond at his residence, cultivated flowers and fruit trees, and also taught his students the 'Zhou Yi', 'Laozi', and 'Zhuangzi'. His students included Lu Yuanlang and Zhu Mengbo from Wu County, the monks Facao of Yicheng Temple and Huixiu of Fayun Temple, as well as the Taoist Yao Sui from Zhizhen Taoist Temple. Mr. Ji authored numerous works, including 'Zhou Yi Yi' comprising thirty volumes, 'Shang Shu Yi' comprising fifteen volumes, 'Mao Shi Yi' comprising twenty volumes, 'Xiao Jing Yi' comprising eight volumes, 'Lun Yu Yi' comprising twenty volumes, 'Laozi Yi' comprising eleven volumes, 'Zhuangzi Neipian Yi' comprising twelve volumes, 'Zhuangzi Waipian Yi' comprising twenty volumes, 'Zhuangzi Zapian Yi' comprising ten volumes, 'Xuan Bu Tong Yi' comprising twelve volumes, and 'You Xuan Guilin' comprising twenty-four volumes. Later, the Emperor of the Liang Dynasty made a special effort to have all his works collected in the palace library. His son Zixiao served as a military officer in the office of the Prince of Shi'an.
Let's talk about Gu Yue, also known as Si Nan, who was from a salt merchant family in Wu County. His family lived in Xingpo, Huanggang, where there was a village school, so the Gu family was quite cultured. Gu Yue lost his parents at a young age and grew up by his own hard work and diligence. He was intelligent, articulate, and especially adept at interpreting the "Book of Songs," quoting and explaining obscure meanings. Prince Zhou She of the Liang Dynasty greatly admired him. He initially served as a historian in Yangzhou and later also served as the deputy to the Prince's Left Commandant. Gu Yue had a profound understanding of moral principles, especially excelling in debates. Both the Liang Dynasty's Prince of Nanping, Xiao Wei, and He Wenfa from Kuaiji valued him highly and invited him as a guest. He was subsequently appointed as a scholar of the Five Classics. In the first year of Shaotai, he was promoted to National Scholar. After the enthronement of Emperor Wudi, he was appointed as the military adviser to Prince Shixingwang, lecturing in the Eastern Palace. Because Gu Yue was older, the Emperor treated him with special favor, appointing him as a Yellow Gate Official and continuing to have him serve as a National Scholar, teaching the prince. After Emperor Fei ascended the throne, he was appointed as the Attendant Cavalry of the Imperial Guards and a Chamberlain of the Palace Library. Later, when Hua Jiao rebelled, Gu Yue was in Dongyang at the time, and someone falsely accused him in front of Emperor Gaozong, claiming he had rebellious intentions. As a result, he was imprisoned and dismissed from his official position. In the first year of Taijian, Gu Yue passed away at home at the age of seventy-eight.
At that time, there was a man from Dongyang named Gong Mengshu, who also studied the "Book of Songs" and excelled in discussing philosophical concepts. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty, he served as the county magistrate of Xunyang. Emperor Yuan greatly respected him during his time in Jiangzhou and personally learned from him. During the Chengsheng period, he also served as a Chamberlain of the Palace Library. In the early years of Tianjia, he was appointed as an Attendant Cavalry, as well as an assistant professor at the National University and a Grand Master of the Palace. He passed away in the Taijian period.
Shen Bu Hai, courtesy name Xia He, was from Wukang, Huzhou, Zhejiang. His grandfather, Shen Zong, served as the Minister of Rites in the Qi dynasty; his father, Shen Yi, was a military aide under the Prince of Shaoling in the Liang dynasty. Shen Bu Hai lost both parents when he was young, but he was upright and studious. At the age of fourteen, he was selected as a student of the National University and passed the imperial examination in the Confucian classics. He rose through the ranks and became a Doctor of the Imperial Academy in the Liang dynasty. Later, he was appointed as a military aide in the residence of the Prince of Luling, an advisor in the residence of the Prince of Changsha, and also served as the magistrate of Runan County. In the early Tianjia period, he was appointed as a military aide in the residence of the Prince of Hengyang and concurrently served as a scholar at the Jia De Hall.
Since the chaos of the late Liang dynasty, national schools had not been established. Shen Bu Hai wrote to the emperor, saying: "I believe that to cultivate talent for the country, nothing is more important than promoting Confucianism; to educate the people, education must be valued. Therefore, in ancient times, Dongjiao and Xixu, Confucianism flourished and continued for three generations; the schools prospered until the two capitals. Since the decline of Confucianism and the deterioration of society, people have been influenced by bad habits, indulging in pleasures without moderation. Therefore, schools must be established, examples set, enlightening people's minds, like dyeing with bluegrass or carving with jade, to harmonize relationships, maintain order between superiors and subordinates, clarify the values of loyalty and filial piety, and consolidate the relationship between rulers and subjects.
Lu was hard to invade because it placed great importance on rituals; Zheng quickly perished because it neglected music. In ancient times, during wars, people beat drums and moved weapons, and that was when the southern barbarians came to pay their respects; it was only after the Pan Palace was built that the Huai barbarians submitted. Thinking of the Confucian traditions along the banks of the Zhu and Si rivers, reminiscing about the glory of ancient Yan and Ji, both the country and the family should value education!
During the reign of Emperor Liang Zhao Taiqing, the court was in turmoil, with external invasions and internal strife. The sound of war drums could be heard in the morning, and the sight of beacons at night. Many learned scholars died or scattered, suffering fates worse than death. Classics like the "Wu Dian" and "Jiu Qiu" were neglected, the National University fell into decline, the Confucian Temple was left unrepaired, the ceremonies at Baocheng Hall were abandoned, and the ceremonial tools were left unused. The songs that once praised Confucianism also faded into silence, with this situation persisting for over a decade. The younger generation were oblivious to ancient learning and rituals, while older individuals who wished to learn could only lament that they had started too late.
When the new emperor ascended the throne, he ruled with righteousness and virtue, eradicating corruption and restoring peace and happiness to the people. It was essential to vigorously promote rituals and music, establish schools, follow ancient systems, visit the imperial academy, select officials' children for education, and have assistant scholars conduct daily lessons. They should carry book boxes, wear neat clothes, walk in an orderly manner, and study diligently, akin to the careful process of polishing jade, learning the Book of Songs and the Book of Rites. With just a year of effort, significant progress could be achieved, and within three years, substantial accomplishments could be reached. Only by identifying exceptional talents and applying their knowledge to serve the court could one rise to high positions and achieve great honor.
In ancient times, although the crown prince, despite his nobility, had to attend school alongside other students. During the Han Dynasty, this etiquette was not abolished. During the period of the Two Jin Dynasties, it was even further promoted, which reflects the strong tradition of respecting teachers and valuing education. Although the prince was intelligent and required little instruction, he should be humble and cautious, focus on studying the classics, show respect to his teachers, and follow the ancient rituals. Think of Confucius's old residence; although simple, it once echoed with the sound of books and the music of silk and bamboo. The legacy of the ancient sages deserves our deep reflection and emulation. Moreover, the region is now stable, and there is no war overseas. How can we not strive to create great achievements, promote the highest ideals, and allow Confucianism and metaphysics to flourish in this enlightened age, and ensure that this prosperous era continues in the spirit of Yao and Shun? I acknowledge my limited knowledge, and my words may not hold much weight; I feel presumptuous for speaking out, and my heart is filled with unease.
The emperor replied, "I have received your memorial. Since the old system was abolished, the essence of the Confucian classics risks being lost. After inheriting the throne, I have long sought to restore and promote it, but given the ongoing wars and the recent establishment of the nation, I have been worried that the customs and systems of the previous dynasty will one day disappear completely. You are quick-witted, outstanding in writing, able to consider the overall situation, and value education. I entrust this matter to you to carry out based on the current circumstances." The emperor also ordered the revision of musical scores, instructing him to compose eight musical pieces from each of the three dynasties, totaling twenty-eight compositions, to be performed by the music bureau.
He served as the local governor of Ganzhou for five years, then went to Beijing to become a junior official in the Ministry of Rites. Later, he was promoted to Doctor of the National University and also took charge of the Imperial Guard Bureau, and was ordered by the Emperor to revise the Five Rites of Ritual, oversee the drafting of official documents, and determine posthumous titles. During the Taijian era, he was appointed as the Chief Historian of the Heir Apparent of Renwu Nankang, in charge of managing affairs in Danyang County. He was later promoted to Attendant of the Imperial Secretariat and Minister of Imperial Supplies. Not long after, he was appointed as General Rongzhao and Chief Historian of Prince Wuling Mingwei, responsible for managing affairs in Wuxing County. Shortly after, he returned to the court, serving as an Attendant of the Imperial Secretariat and concurrently as the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Rites. He passed away at the age of sixty-three years.
He was proficient in the classics and history, skilled in composing, and despite his extensive knowledge, he had not a single published book at home. Every time he wrote, he did so without referring to any materials. The Prefect of Literature, Zhou Hongzheng from Runan, often praised him, saying, "Mr. Shen's heart is truly like that of a saint!" He wrote a hundred scrolls of "Five Rites Etiquette" and fourteen scrolls of "Collected Works."
His son, Shen Zhidao, styled Chongji, was well-known from a young age. He started his career as the registrar of Yangzhou, and soon also served as a Scholar of the Imperial Academy of Literature, later holding positions as a military secretary for the Prince of Andong Xincai. In the third year of the Zhengming era, he defected to the Sui Dynasty.
Wang Yuan-gui, courtesy name Zhengfan, was from Taiyuan Jinyang. His grandfather, Wang Daobao, once served as an Outer Cavalier of the Qi Dynasty and Prefect of Jin'an County; his father, Wang Wei, once served as the Middle Recorder of the Prince of Wuling's Mansion in the Liang Dynasty. Wang Yuan-gui became an orphan at the age of eight, and he followed his mother and two brothers to seek refuge with his uncle in Linhai County at the age of twelve. There was a wealthy landlord, Liu Zhen, in Linhai County, who wanted to accept this marriage proposal for his daughter with Wang Yuan-gui. Wang Yuan-gui's mother wanted to agree to this marriage because his brothers were still young and she sought a powerful support, but Wang Yuan-gui cried and begged his mother, saying, "Marriage should not override family ties; this is highly valued by the ancients. How can one marry someone unsuitable just for the sake of temporary security?" His words moved his mother, and she ultimately gave up on the idea.
Wang Yuan-gui was deeply filial, diligently caring for his mother, never leaving her side, day or night. During the Liang Dynasty, a flood struck Shanyin County, and many homes were washed away. Wang Yuan-gui had only a small boat, so he took his mother, sister, and his orphaned nephew aboard. He rowed the boat himself, placing the three children in the branches of a tall tree. They were not rescued until the waters receded. People at the time widely praised his filial devotion.
Yuan Gui loved learning from a young age, studying under Mr. Shen Wen'a from Wuxing. At the age of eighteen, he had already mastered texts such as the 'Zuo Zhuan', 'Xiao Jing', 'Analects', and 'Classic of Funeral Rites'. In the first year of the Daitong era of the Liang Dynasty, the court issued a decree for him to take the exam on the 'Spring and Autumn Annals', in which he scored highly, which earned him praise from prominent Confucian scholars. He initially served as the Left Attendant to the Prince of Xiangdong before being promoted to Assistant Cavalry Commandant. During Emperor Jianwen's time in the Eastern Palace, he was treated as an honored guest, frequently invited to explain the classics and was shown great respect. He was later appointed as a military secretary in the Prince of Xuan's mansion. When Hou Jing rebelled, chaos broke out, and he returned to Kuaiji with his family. During the Tianjia era, he was appointed as a military secretary at the Prince of Shixing's mansion, while also serving as an assistant at the Imperial College. He was later transferred to the Prince of Zhendong's mansion as a military secretary, continuing to serve as an assistant. When the Crown Prince of the Liang Dynasty (later Liang Houzhu) was in the Eastern Palace, he invited Yuan Gui to become a scholar, personally seeking his insights on the meanings of the 'Book of Rites', 'Zuo Zhuan', 'Classic of Funeral Rites', and other texts, rewarding him generously. He was later promoted to the Minister of Ceremonies. When Prince Xiao Bogu of Xin'an visited the palace, he happened to be teaching a class, and Prince Xiao requested him to explain the classics, which was regarded as a significant honor. Shortly after, Yuan Gui was promoted to the Minister of Ceremonies. Since the Liang Dynasty, many Confucian scholars studied the 'Zuo Zhuan', and they found it hard to challenge Jia Kui and Fu Qian's explanations of Du Yu. There were one hundred eighty questions, which Yuan Gui addressed one by one, resolving all doubts so that no one questioned them again. He always participated in major court ceremonies.
After his mother passed away, he resigned from his government post and returned home to observe the mourning rites. After the mourning period was over, he was appointed as a military aide in the Prince Poyang's mansion, and soon promoted to the position of an attendant to the prince. Later, he was transferred to the Prince Nanping's mansion as a military officer. Prince Nanping was in Jiangzhou, and Yuan Gui followed him there. Students traveled from far and wide to seek his guidance, with dozens or even hundreds of people coming from afar. In the third year of the Zhengming era of the Sui Dynasty, he submitted to the Sui Dynasty and served as a libationer in the Eastern Pavilion of the Prince Qin's mansion. He died in Guangling at the age of seventy-four. Yuan Gui wrote "Spring and Autumn Inscription," "Yi Ji" in eleven volumes, "Continuation of the Great Meaning of the Classics" in fourteen volumes, "Xiao Jing Yi Ji" in two volumes, "Zuo Zhuan Yin" in three volumes, and "Li Ji Yin" in two volumes. His son, Da Ye, was intelligent, talented, and well-known.
There was a man from Wu County named Lu Qing who had a passion for learning since childhood and understood various classics, especially proficient in the "Zuo Zhuan" of the Spring and Autumn Annals. He was very upright. Later, he became the Right Attendant of the Kingdom of Liang Wuling, then served as a military officer in the Mo Cao Xing of the Western Expedition Office, and finally became the magistrate of Lou County. During the turmoil at the end of the Liang Dynasty, he focused on studying Buddhist scriptures and various classics, studying each one meticulously. During the Tianjia period, the court summoned him to be a Cavalier Attendant to the Prince, but he turned them down. When the King of Yongyang became the governor of Wu County and heard of Lu Qing's reputation, he wanted to meet him. Lu Qing claimed to be sick and refused to go. At that time, Lu Qing's relative, Lu Rong, was serving as the Five Officials in the county, and Lu Qing had visited him before. The King of Yongyang disguised himself and visited Lu Rong's house, even secretly peering through a hole in the wall to watch Lu Qing. The King of Yongyang said to Lu Rong, "Look at Lu Qing's demeanor, so solemn and serious, he's truly enigmatic! Compared to figures like Yan Junping and Zheng Zizhen, he is far superior!" Later, both the Prince Poyang and the Prince Jin'an invited him to be their historian, but he turned them down. He built a small house and secluded himself, dedicating himself to chanting scriptures and reciting the Buddha's name, so very few people studied under him.
The historical texts comment that in order to cultivate one's character and strive for self-improvement, this principle must be followed; for the country to prosper and for families to be harmonious, good governance brings about peace and prosperity, and relationships among people become orderly as a result. Individuals like Shen Wena, who are devoted to teaching and nurturing students, are also esteemed scholars of their time. Shen Wena even reformed the system of rituals, which can be likened to Shusun Tong of the Han Dynasty.
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