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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Chen （陳書）

Published: 06 January 2025

Created: 06 January 2025

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Zhao Zhili, courtesy name Qidan, was from Tianshui, Gansu. His father, Zhao Xiaomu, served as a county magistrate during the Liang Dynasty. Zhao Zhili was well-versed in various books and was skilled in clerical script. When the founder was campaigning against Yuan Jingzhong, he was recommended and appointed as a military scribe. Zhao Zhili was quick and proficient in writing articles, always able to complete drafting military orders promptly and in accordance with the leader's intentions. He often served by the founder's side, deeply trusted, participating in all plans and frequently offering his own suggestions. After the suppression of the Hou Jing rebellion, Zhao Zhili was appointed as Chancellor of the Palace Library and granted the title of Viscount of Shiping County, with a fief of three hundred households. After the founder became the Minister of Military Affairs, he appointed Zhao Zhili as a cavalry attendant. When the founder took over the government, Zhao Zhili was promoted to Yellow Gate Attendant, concurrently serving as Minister of the Imperial Clan. After the founder's accession, Zhao Zhili was further promoted to Regular Cavalry Attendant, serving in the palace. Shortly after, he was promoted to Mounted Attendant, acting as Minister of the Imperial Clan and overseeing military affairs. In the first year of Tianjia, he was granted the title of Count, with his fief increased to seven hundred households. After the suppression of the Wang Lin rebellion, he was appointed as the Commissioner of Military Affairs in Wuzhou, General of Mingwei Command, and Governor of Wuzhou. Zhao Zhili was a calm and resourceful individual. Whenever the court faced major issues, the emperor would send a decree to solicit his opinions. After his term ended, he was appointed as General of Mingwei and Right Guard General to the Crown Prince. Later, he was promoted to Right Guard General, concurrently serving as General of the Vanguard. He died six years later at the age of forty-seven. The court posthumously promoted him to Imperial Attendant and bestowed upon him the posthumous title of 'Loyal.' His son, Zhao Yungong, succeeded his title.

Cai Jingli, also known by his courtesy name Maoshi, was a native of Kaocheng in Ji'yang, Henan. His grandfather Cai Dian served as Left Minister of Civil Affairs during the Liang Dynasty; his father Cai Datong served as General of Light Chariots and military advisor to the Prince of Yueyang, responsible for the selection of officials in the capital. Cai Jingli was intelligent and filial from a young age. Although his family was poor, he was diligent in his studies and had a talent for writing official documents. He served as an assistant official in several royal mansions when he first started his career and was later dispatched to Haiyang County as the county magistrate, gaining notable political achievements and a strong reputation. During Hou Jing's rebellion, when Emperor Jianwen of Liang was imprisoned by Hou Jing, Cai Jingli and Prince Sui of Nankang, Xiao Hui, secretly conspired to rescue Emperor Jianwen and escape. However, their plan was exposed, leading to his arrest. Fortunately, he was protected by the rebel Wang Wei and was able to escape. Afterward, he traveled widely and eventually reached Jingkou. Once Hou Jing's rebellion was suppressed, Gaozu was stationed in Zhufang and heard of his reputation, so he wrote him an invitation letter. Cai Jingli responded to the messenger promptly, writing smoothly and without needing any revisions. He said: "Hey, I received your letter and was truly delighted after reading it! I've always believed that, like a fine steed, one needs to meet a discerning eye to truly showcase one's talents, and good things must be recognized by someone. But for me, as expressed in the Odes of Clouds and Han and the Odes of Xian You Yi De, I had long since given up on making a name for myself in the Bashu region. I'm like uncarved zimu and qimu; how can I possibly compare to fine timber?"

Think about it, General. You are full of vigor and exceptional abilities, just as the country faces a crisis. You are determined to solve many difficult problems, bring peace to Hengshan and Wuling, administer the source of the Yangtze River, and clear the Jiupai rivers. Leading a hundred thousand strong army, well-equipped, you swear loyalty to the court, unite all righteous men, quickly quell the rebellion, and relieve the people from the ravages of war. Although the Han Dynasty's Zhou Bo and Guan Ying pacified the rebellion, the court primarily depended on Zhou Bo, the Marquis of Jiang; the Jin Dynasty suppressed the rebellion, both internally and externally relying on Tao Kan, but compared to your achievements, what are they worth?

You are dressed in magnificent official attire, the carriages and horses are endless as you arrive at the north gate. You return in triumph, with continuous singing along the way, the border is peaceful, the people live in peace and contentment, nothing is lost on the road, market prices are stable. Your merits and political achievements are unparalleled; my literary skills are truly inadequate to describe them. Therefore, people from all corners of the realm admire you and come to pay their respects.

Among these people, there are wise men from the court, high-ranking officials, talents from Qi and Chu, talents from Jing and Wu, warriors who are both brave and ambitious, capable of anything, skilled in archery, superb in swordsmanship, conquering cities and territories like Wen Yang, using fire to attack enemy ships like Huang Gai, victorious in every battle, awe-inspiring. Scholars, all well-versed and talented, with excellent literary skills, writing even better than Yang Xiong, recording events better than Sima Qian, able to swiftly deliver messages to Liaocheng, and discussing state affairs to make the enemy retreat.

There are also orators of unmatched eloquence, able to instantly change people's emotions; strategists with abundant wisdom, able to quickly turn the tide. They govern the people with the love of Zilu, expand the territory with the achievements of Zichan, judge cases like Zilu, fair and upright, speak like Mao Sui, daring to speak directly, go on missions like Lin Xiangru, never dishonoring their mission. They are loyal and grateful, upright and selfless, heroes and champions from across the realm, all united under your leadership.

General Ming dismounted, took off his saddle, moved the table aside, and paused his meal. He recommended the meritorious official for promotion to honor him; he also built him a comfortable residence where he could live in peace. The general held little regard for money but placed great value on the integrity of talented individuals, treated talented individuals with humility, and held great respect for scholars. He was truly remarkable! Absolutely remarkable! "General Ming dismounted, moved the table aside, paused his meal, promoted to honor, built a residence, valued integrity over money, and humbly respected scholars—truly magnificent!" This general is a great leader! Personally dismounting to welcome, pausing his own tasks, and taking the time to reward this meritorious soldier. Promotion and honor are a must, and setting him up with a comfortable place to live and relax is essential. Just look at him—he's not stingy at all, viewing money as something trivial, but he values talent above all else, showing immense respect for talent and maintaining a particularly humble attitude. His demeanor and broad-mindedness are truly admirable! "General Ming dismounted, moved the table aside, paused his meal, promoted to honor, built a residence, valued integrity over money, and humbly respected scholars—truly magnificent!"

I heard that during the Warring States period, generals and prime ministers liked to make friends with guests, and those high-ranking officials also valued making friends. They were all talented individuals, which is why they were able to achieve their prominent positions. As long as suitable positions were arranged according to each person's abilities, allowing them to do their best and entrusting them with important tasks, everyone would work diligently. Those who were idle all day accomplished nothing. I have been studying during the autumn and winter seasons, but I feel ashamed that I have not been able to dedicate myself to becoming even a minor official, nor do I have any special talents. I live in poverty, with no reputation, a low official position, and a meager salary. How could I possibly achieve anything significant? Since the chaos in the world, the situation has been difficult, and those in power have been indulging in pleasure, facing danger as if walking on thin ice. Now that the country is prospering again and the situation is improving, I am fortunate to have survived and can now eat and dress properly, which I consider a recovery.

However, the court has not completely returned to calmness. The areas of Wan and Luo are desolate, and we few are barely the remnants of the army. In the summer, we don't even have half a dou of rice and can only borrow money from old friends to get by. Although this place is good, I find it hard to part with this place. I greatly admire your noble character, General, and have come to visit you, hoping you will be willing to see me and that you will not mind my rudeness if introduced by a few friends, giving me a chance to stay. I feel like a chicken trying to wade into a pond of mandarin ducks, wanting to compare rubble with magnificent things, which is quite presumptuous of me. In the past, when I traveled to the State of Qin, I happened to meet someone who appreciated me; when I went to the State of Zhao, I was also treated well. Now, although I am in a difficult situation, I cannot compare to those people at all. How could I possibly compare to someone like Fan Kuai? But I am like a small vine clinging to a tall pine tree; and like a tiny gnat, flying alongside a spirited horse.

I truly do not wish to be presumptuous; I just want to work under your command, even if it means doing some menial tasks. To serve you, General, even in the smallest of ways, would be more than enough for me. I already consider myself fortunate to have the chance to change my fate. "The sea is never too deep, nor the mountains too high," I take the liberty of opening my heart to you, hoping you can see my sincerity.

After receiving the letter, Gaozu was greatly impressed and responded. That very day, he appointed him as a deputy military officer in the Northern Court while retaining his role as a secretary. Legend has it that when Wang Chang was the governor of Wuxing County in Hengyang, he was still very young. Wuxing was his hometown, and the elders and fellow villagers all knew him. People of various identities were there. The emperor worried that his youth might hinder his understanding of social etiquette, so he sent Jingli to assist him. Jingli later became an official in the Ministry of Personnel and returned to serve as a deputy in the Wang mansion.

When the emperor planned to confront Wang Sengbian, he only consulted with Hou Andu and a select few. Jingli was completely unaware of this plan. After the matter was completed, the emperor tasked Jingli with drafting the document for the campaign. Jingli wrote it down immediately, with passionate and stirring language that delighted the emperor. Wang Sengbian was killed, and the emperor began to assist in governing. Jingli was promoted to an official position, continuing to oversee office affairs. In the first year of Shaotai, Jingli was elevated to the position of Yellow Gate Attendant, and he also managed the affairs of the prime minister's office. After the emperor ascended the throne, Jingli was promoted to be the secretary-general, responsible for drafting edicts. In the second year of Yongding, Jingli was demoted to the position of attendant in the Ministry of Personnel because his brother-in-law Liu Yan cheated the Zhou dynasty of the reward for the Baoan horses, accused by the chief censor Shen Jiong.

Three years later, the emperor died. At that time, there were formidable enemies outside, the crown prince was stationed at Nanwan, and there were no senior officials in the court. The empress dowager summoned Jing Li, Jiang Daquan, and Du Leng to discuss their decision to keep the death a secret and quickly summon the crown prince back. Jing Li personally coordinated with eunuchs and palace maids to secretly prepare for the funeral. It was very hot in the summer at the time, so they had to make a temporary coffin out of wax to prevent the sound of woodcutting from being heard outside. Other official documents and edicts continued to be issued as usual. After the crown prince ascended the throne, Jing Li was appointed Secretary Supervisor and continued to serve as a close aide. For his significant contributions, he was granted the title of Marquis of Xinfeng County, with a fief of four hundred households. He was later promoted to several higher ranks and became a Cavalier In Regular Attendance. When the emperor killed Hou Andu, Jing Li also advised the emperor to do so. In the third year of Tianjia, Jing Li was promoted to the Left Guard of the Crown Prince due to his merits and was granted the title of Marquis with an additional fief of one hundred households. His positions as Cavalier In Regular Attendance and close aide were retained. In the sixth year, Jing Li's brother-in-law Liu Qia exploited Jing Li's influence to commit numerous wrongdoings, including accepting one hundred rolls of silk from Ouyang Wuwei, which led to Jing Li's dismissal. After the deposed emperor ascended to the throne, he appointed Jing Li as the military advisor to the Prince of Zhendong Poyang, holding the position of Consultant to the Imperial Secretariat, and also concurrently served as the Minister of the Imperial Household, overseeing the warehouses. Later, when Hua Jiao rebelled, the court appointed Jing Li as the General of Wusheng to assist General Wu Mingche in battle. After the rebellion of Hua Jiao was quelled, General Wu Mingche unexpectedly killed Yang Wentong, the Intendant of Ancheng, while in the army, and the accounts were disorganized when handling surrendered soldiers, prisoners, and seized weapons and equipment. Jing Li was in the army at the time but failed to stop this chaos in time, so he was implicated and arrested for investigation. After a long time, he was pardoned and reappointed as the military advisor to the Prince of Zhendong Poyang, essentially returning to his former position.

After Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, Jing Li was promoted and became the Chief Historian to the Prince of Xuanhui Yuzhang, as well as the Prefect of Kuaiji County, overseeing the affairs of Dongyangzhou. After his term ended, he was promoted as Rongzhao General, Chief Historian of Xuanyi Changsha Wang, and the Prefect of Xunyang, also responsible for the affairs of Jiangzhou. However, due to illness, he resigned from this position and never took office. Later, he returned to the court and served as the Imperial Secretariat and Palace Attendant, mainly responsible for drafting and issuing edicts, while keeping his previous fief. Shortly after, he was promoted to the position of Left Guard of the Crown Prince, while retaining his previous positions.

In the fifth year of Taijian, General Wu Mingche launched a successful northern campaign, defeating Liang Shiyi of the Zhou Dynasty in Luliang, killing and capturing tens of thousands, and was preparing to continue the attack on Pengcheng. At this time, Emperor Gaozong was intent on capturing Henan, believing it was achievable with the right strategy. However, Jing Li argued that the army was exhausted and the soldiers were becoming overconfident, and it was not suitable to engage in further distant expeditions. Emperor Gaozong was very angry, thinking Jing Li had put a damper on his enthusiasm. Even though Jing Li was a veteran courtier, the emperor was still displeased and demoted him to Xuan Yuan General and Interior Minister of Yuzhang. Before he could take office, he was accused of corruption and serious misconduct during his time in office. The emperor ordered an investigation, and Jing Li confessed to half of the charges.

Then Deputy Imperial Censor Zong Yuanrao submitted a memorial stating, "I have heard that one should be loyal to their duties and maintain integrity and self-discipline in their conduct and actions. If one violates these principles, they should be punished without exception. It has been found that General Xuan Yuan, the Interior Minister of Yuzhang, and the Marquis of Xinfeng County, Jing Li, have engaged in serious corruption while assisting Prince Xing and participating in national affairs due to the Emperor's favor. During the Tianjia reign, he was already involved in corruption. The Emperor, out of old affection, allowed him to resume his official position, even promoted him and bestowed him with titles. However, he failed to amend his ways and instead became even more corrupt, engaging in bribery that became widely known. This has happened once already; how can we allow it to happen again? After discussion, we believe Jing Li should be dismissed from his post and stripped of his titles and fiefdom. This is our memorial." The Emperor approved. Jing Li was then demoted to Kuaiji. Later, after Wu Mingche's defeat in battle, the Emperor recalled Jing Li's previous words. That day, Jing Li was summoned back and reappointed as a military advisor to Prince Zixi of Southern Poyang. A few days later, he was promoted to Supervisor of the Left Cavalry and Deputy Imperial Censor, his titles were restored, and he was appointed as Minister of Revenue. In ancient times, officials typically took office in the afternoon. On the day Jing Li took office, the Emperor happened to be at Xuanwu Temple, where all officials in office were required to attend a banquet. The Emperor, concerned that Jing Li might arrive late, intentionally had him assume his duties early, demonstrating his high regard for him. That year, Jing Li passed away at the age of sixty after a prolonged illness. The court posthumously appointed him as Minister of Ceremonies and honored him with the title of Jing. Thirteen years later, Jing Li was reburied, and the court posthumously appointed him as Chief General. In the first year of the Zhengming era, Jing Li was posthumously honored at the Emperor's ancestral temple. The following year, the Emperor personally visited Jing Li's family and posthumously appointed him as Palace Attendant and General Who Calms the Army, bestowing upon him the title of Zhongjing. He also gifted him a set of musical instruments and had a stele erected at his tomb. Jing Li's writings, which did not seek ornate language, were skilled in narrative and quick in response, earning him considerable fame at the time. He left behind a collection of thirty volumes of writings.

Liu Shizhi is a native of the State of Pei. His family background is prestigious. His grandfather, Xi Zhi, once served as a consultant to the military for the Prince of Jin'an in Qi and as the Administrator of Huainan, and had a distinguished record. Emperor Wu of Qi even issued several edicts praising him. His father, Jing Yan, was the Left Chancellor of the Imperial Secretariat and the Minister of Agriculture in the Liang Dynasty. Liu Shizhi was studious from a young age, talented, well-read, and a fluent writer, with a proper demeanor, and he was very familiar with the court's rules and regulations. During the Liang Dynasty, he served as a military consultant at the royal court. During the Shaotai period, Emperor Gaozu (referring to Emperor Wu of Liang, Xiao Yan) was in power and appointed Liu Shizhi as an official in the Imperial Secretariat, responsible for drafting edicts and decrees. At that time, following the turmoil of war, many ceremonial practices had been lost. Emperor Gaozu became Prime Minister, received the Nine Bestowments, and later ascended the throne as emperor. These rituals and ceremonies were all established by Liu Shizhi. After Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, Liu Shizhi still served as an official. He was straightforward and blunt, which often offended others. Although he did not receive any promotions, the emperor trusted him deeply and assigned him important tasks, and his suggestions and reforms were very beneficial to the country.

On the sixth day after the death of Emperor Gaozu, there was a debate about whether the guards of the imperial coffin should wear auspicious or mourning attire. The scholar Shen Wena argued that they should wear auspicious attire. Shizhi said, "Since it is called 'mourning attire,' it means preparing for a funeral ceremony, and the accompanying items for the coffin should all be plain white. Although there are no official guards for the emperor now, we can refer to the example when the Crown Prince Zhaoming of Liang passed away; at that time, the guards wore mourning attire, only the armor remained unchanged; this can serve as a reference. I believe that on the sixth day of mourning, the guards of the coffin should wear mourning attire." The official in the Imperial Secretariat, Cai Jingli, also said, "Although we cannot completely copy it, the ceremonial procession at the mausoleum has auspicious and ominous distinctions; 'mourning attire' has only ominous without auspicious. The civil and military guards cannot wear jade earrings and sable robes separately; it stands to reason that they should wear mourning attire." The officials in the Imperial Secretariat, Jiang Dezao, Xie Qi, and others also agreed with Shizhi's opinion.

Shen Wena said, "I consulted the records of the Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty's 'Shanling Ceremony': 'When the coffin is taken into the Zigong Hall, it is reported by each attendant.' Also, the 'Chengfu Ceremony' records: 'The Lingyu Zigong allows the guards and incense offerings.' I also consulted the records of the 'Lingyu Zigong Procession Ceremony': 'The officials guarding the coffin wear auspicious attire during the procession.' He also said, 'The guards of the Zigong wear mourning attire, in the funeral procession.' In other words, in the palace, there are regulations for whether the officials guarding the coffin wear auspicious or mourning attire." Because the opinions of both parties differed, they asked Left Minister Xu Ling to arbitrate.

Xu Ling said, "The Zigong enters the mountain tomb, and the spirit tablet is enshrined in the ancestral temple. There is a distinction between auspicious and inauspicious, so it is easy to determine what clothing to wear. Judging from the procession of the Shanling Ceremony, from the guiding personnel of officials and ministers to the military guards, the drummers, umbrella bearers, and charioteers, all wear auspicious attire. How could the guards alone wear mourning attire? This is quite clear. If officials and attendants all wear mourning attire, then what is the difference between them and the Zigong ceremonial procession? If civil officials wear auspicious attire while administrative personnel wear mourning attire, how can they carry the canopy and ride in the imperial carriage while wearing mourning attire? I side with the scholar on this."

Master Zhi said again: "The Left Minister mentioned that when the coffin enters the burial mountain, the tablet of the deceased is enshrined in the ancestral temple; there must be processions for both auspicious and inauspicious occasions. 'Chengfu' cannot wear inauspicious attire. The scholars continue to uphold their previous judgment, which ultimately pertains to the burial rites. If the dragon carriage is used for the funeral, the imperial palanquin should also be prepared simultaneously, and there are already auspicious and inauspicious processions. Judging 'Chengfu' in this way, I still have some concerns. The system of funeral rites is regulated from the emperor to the common people. According to Wang Wenxian's 'Mourning Attire Record': 'For officials of the third rank, there are twenty people serving the coffin; for officials of the fourth rank and below to scholars, there are ten people serving the coffin. They all wear white cloth garments and hats. The number of female attendants is the same as the male attendants, but they wear full mourning attire. Someone asked why the attire of the inner and outer attendants serving the coffin is different. The answer is, according to the etiquette of ruler and subjects, the outer attendants wear slashed mourning attire, while the inner attendants wear full mourning attire. In recent years, due to constant wars, the etiquette has been simplified. Below the feudal lords, officials are insignificant, and as for serving the coffin, it is mostly out of loyalty. The etiquette between ruler and subjects is incomplete, and there is indeed a lack of funds for full mourning attire, so they wear ordinary clothes, only changing their hats. The women serving the coffin are all humble servants. The etiquette of ruler and concubines is already very pure, so their attire should be complete.' Even the imperial dynasty's regulations are not like this. By analogy, it is known that slashed mourning attire should be worn. Those serving the coffin, like guards, since they wear white hats, there is no reason to wear red clothes. Moreover, the Prince Liang Zhaoming's 'Rites and Ceremonies' is still preserved; these two articles can be used as evidence and reference. Moreover, etiquette originates from human emotions and can be found in its basis. When a commoner has a funeral, after setting up the spirit tablet, hanging curtains, and changing their usual appearance, reed mats and grass sheds are signs of inauspicious rites. In the hall, relatives and friends all come, wearing mourning attire made of sackcloth, with different orders of crying. Those wearing black caps do not participate in the mourning rituals, and those not wearing plain clothes are not considered mourners. Would you see students and former officials running around in silk clothes, with concubines on the left and maids on the right, mixing red and purple clothes? Moreover, the whole country is in a state of emergency, and the mood of the people is the same. The military all wear plain clothes, so the funeral attire should be uniform. All households are ordered to open their doors in the morning, not to paint white lime on the red doors; all officials stop working, and changing their attire is more crude than the red covering of a carriage, and the dazzling processions, adorned with jade, are not what is appropriate. According to the etiquette classics, there is no precedent. How can the processions of 'Chengfu' be compared to the etiquette surrounding the burial rites? The term 'Chengfu' fundamentally refers to the completion of the funeral rites, with both officials inside and outside changing into auspicious attire, except for the guards. How can this be called 'Chengfu'? If there are no guards for the coffin, then it's fine, but if there are, they must wear mourning attire."

Not provided.

Xie Qi said, "The spirit tablet (灵位) is enshrined in the ancestral temple, and the coffin is placed in the tomb, just as the Left Minister said. However, there is a distinction between the procession of the tomb, while those following the spirit carriage wear regular clothing and those following the coffin wear mourning attire. Even the rituals observed by scholars follow this system, which relates to the tomb and is unrelated to 'mourning attire (成服).' Now, the coffin and spirit tablet are both at the west steps, referred to as 'mourning attire (成服),' without a procession. From the lowest official to the nobility, everyone must wear mourning attire within the realm, following the example of the passing of Prince Zhaoming of Liang. How can we expect all the people to wear deep mourning attire, while the officials closest to the emperor, from attendants to imperial guards, wear jade ornaments and blue clothing, indistinguishable from usual celebratory clothing? Since the Left Minister drew conclusions based on the tomb, I believe this differs from 'mourning attire.' If the guards and officials that day were indistinguishable, and only those directly attending the coffin—such as the chief scribe, the announcer, Qigan, and Yingchi—should have their attire unchanged."

Cai Jingli added, "The guards originally numbered five hundred and were at home in regular clothes that day, and then escorted the emperor to the court in the provincial capital. How could they suddenly change into jade ornaments? If other officials were assigned to wear the jade ornaments, then there would be individuals not in 'mourning attire' that day. There are two interpretations of good and bad omens regarding the tomb, with 'mourning attire' seen as inauspicious rather than auspicious. Therefore, I concur with the previous opinion and endorse Master Liu's perspective."

Jiang Dezao said again: "I think that on the day of the ancestors' burial, everything was carried out from beginning to end. The nobles need to show their gratitude and honor; there are auspicious ceremonies, and perhaps because of this, private imitations have emerged, leading to established customs. The clothes worn were originally intended to turn good fortune into misfortune, so there is no reason to still wear luxurious clothes. Liu Sheren referred to Wang Weijun's 'Funeral Rites' and referenced the story of Liang Zhaoming. These clear pieces of evidence have been reviewed. The scholars and left ministers have voiced their opinions. Since no evidence has been obtained, further inquiries about the detailed situation should be made to consult with the Eight Officials, Zhanshi, Taichang, Zhongcheng, and Zhongshu Yu.

As for Liu Shizhi, he was appointed Hongluqing, but he remained the same as when he served as a Middle Book Sheren. In the first year of Tianjia, he was dismissed for committing an offense. Initially, Emperor Shizu ordered him to write the 'Annals of the Emperor' from the autumn of the second year of Yongding to the winter of the first year of Tianjia, totaling ten volumes. Later, he became the Middle Book Sheren again, continuing to draft edicts. In the first year of Tiankang, Emperor Shizu was in poor health, and Liu Shizhi, along with other officials, served by the emperor's side, attending to his diet, daily needs, and medical care. After Emperor Shizu's death, Liu Shizhi participated in the ceremony of assisting the new emperor as per the posthumous edict. When Gaozong ascended to the position of Shangshu Ling, Liu Shizhi entered the court to assist him. In the first year of Guangda, Liu Shizhi and others actually had the attendant Yin Buneng forge an edict, trying to get Emperor Gaozong back to the Eastern Palace. After the incident was exposed, Liu Shizhi was sentenced to death in Beiyu."

Next, let's talk about Xie Qi, who was from Shan Yin in Kuaiji. His father, Xie Da, was a Doctor of the Imperial Academy in the Liang Dynasty. Xie Qi was bright and eager to learn from a young age, gaining fame during the Liang Dynasty. He served as an Attendant Gentleman of the Yellow Gate and as the Magistrate of Shan Yin County. When the Hou Jing rebellion broke out, Xie Qi fled to Dongyang. After Hou Jing was quelled, he sought refuge with Zhang Biao. While Zhang Biao was in Wu County and Kuaiji, he entrusted all affairs to Xie Qi. Every time Zhang Biao went on a campaign, he always left Xie Qi in charge of the county's affairs and handling various logistical tasks. Following Zhang Biao's defeat, Emperor Gaozu recognized Xie Qi's abilities, entrusted him with confidential matters, and appointed him as the Deputy Director of the Secretariat. During that period, wars were frequent, and military supplies were often in short supply, which earned him the Emperor's esteem. In the first year of Yongding, he was appointed as an Attendant Gentleman of the Yellow Gate and a Gentleman of the Palace Secretariat, continuing to serve as the Deputy Director. In the second year of Tianjia, Xie Qi passed away and was posthumously honored as a Cavalier In Regular Attendance. Xie Qi's younger brother, Xie Qiao, was also a dedicated scholar at the time. Historical records indicate that Emperor Gaozu established the country and quelled the chaos; his military achievements laid the groundwork for his success, while his civil governance played a crucial role. Zhao Zhili and Cai Jingli had joined him early on and were key contributors to the establishment of his great enterprise. Liu Shizhi was well-versed but lacked the ability to adapt. Though he sought to uphold his integrity, he ultimately faced a tragic fate, which was quite unwise!

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Chen （陳書）

Published: 06 January 2025

Created: 06 January 2025

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Chen Ni, style name Gongzheng, was a distant relative of Emperor Gaozu. He grew up in poverty and hardship but had a righteous character and exceptional memory. When Emperor Gaozu led a campaign to Jiaozhi in the south, Chen Ni followed him. Later, during the suppression of the rebel Hou Jing in Yuzhang, Emperor Gaozu appointed Chen Ni as the Prefect of Luozhou, where he was responsible for logistics together with Hu Ying, including the supply of military provisions and handling various affairs. While Emperor Gaozu was stationed in Zhufang, Chen Ni was promoted to Infantry Colonel and concurrently appointed as the magistrate of Qu'a County.

In the first year of the Shaotai era, Chen Ni was conferred the title of General Zhenwei and appointed as the Administrator of Yixing. In the second year of the Shaotai era, he was recalled to the court and appointed as the Minister of Imperial Guards, then further promoted to the position of Attendant of the Palace, General Mingwei, and appointed as the governor of Yongzhou, while also managing the affairs of Nanxuzhou.

When Emperor Gaozu of Han ascended the throne, he issued a decree saying, "The descendants of our Liu clan are the legitimate descendants of the Zhou dynasty and are the solid foundation of our Han dynasty, close family members. Therefore, in the past when we formed alliances, only those of other surnames could become empresses, and when expanding our territories, only those surnamed Liu could become kings. This was to unite family members and strengthen our power, following the excellent traditions of previous emperors and the customs of past generations. My sons Ni and Bao, grandsons Chao, Xuan, Sheng, Xiang, as well as Jingya and Jingtai, you are all my relatives who have dedicated yourselves to serving the imperial family. You deserve rewards to honor our ancestors and bring glory to our family name."

You are granted the title of Duke of Yongxiu County; you are granted the title of Duke of Zhongling County; you are granted the title of Duke of Jiancheng County; you are granted the title of Duke of Shangrao County; you are granted the title of Duke of Qianhua County; you will continue to hold your previous title; you are granted the title of Duke of Yuzhang County; you are granted the title of Duke of Suixing County; you are granted the title of Duke of Yihuang County; you are granted the title of Duke of Ningdu County; you are granted the title of Duke of Pinggu County. Each county will grant you five hundred households. He also planned to appoint you as General of Light Cavalry, while maintaining your position as Inspector of Southern Xuzhou and your title as Cavalry Commandant.

In that year, he was also appointed as the Assistant Cavalry Commandant and Deputy General. Three years later, he was again assigned to oversee Southern Xuzhou in his original position. After Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, he was appointed as the Prefect of Danyang, while retaining his position as Assistant Cavalry Commandant. Later, due to certain issues, he was dismissed and managed a commandery as a commoner, but soon regained his former position. In the first year of Tianjia, he passed away at the age of fifty-eight. The court posthumously honored him with the title of General and arranged for his funeral according to the standards for generals, providing the corresponding salary. He was posthumously honored with the title 'Ding.' Two years later, he was honored at the temple of Emperor Gaozu. His son, Dang, inherited his title.

Chen Xiang, styled Wenji, became a monk in his youth. He wrote well and spoke elegantly and with refinement. When Emperor Gaozu waged war against Hou Jing, he summoned him, ordered him to remove his monk's robe and don military attire, and provided him with troops to help quell the rebellion in the capital.

When Emperor Gaozu was on an expedition to the east to conquer Du Gan, Chen Xiang was sent to manage the three counties of Anji, Yuanxiang, and Guzhang separately. After Du Gan was pacified, for his contributions, he was appointed as a Cavalry Officer, a Valiant General, a General of Majestic Trust, and the Governor of Qingzhou. He also merged the counties of Guzhang and Guangde to establish the Guangliang Commandery, and was appointed as the Prefect. After Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, he renamed Guangliang Commandery to Chenliu Commandery, and Chen Xiang continued to serve as the Prefect of Chenliu. In the second year of Yongding, he was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Suixing County, with a fief of five hundred households. In the same year, he was promoted to General of Mingwei and an Imperial Palace Attendant. In the third year of Yongding, he followed Hou Andu to defeat the general Chang Zhong'ai of Wang Lin at Gongting Lake.

After Emperor Shizu succeeded to the throne, Chen Xiang was appointed as the Prefect of Xuancheng, with no change in his military position. Wang Lin occupied Zhakou and defended it, while Chen Xiang followed Wu Mingche to attack Pancheng, attempting to assault Wang Lin's hometown, but failed. They then entered Nanhu and made their way back to the military camp on foot from Poyang. After Wang Lin was pacified, both Chen Xiang and Wu Mingche were recognized for their contributions. In the first year of Tianjia, as per usual practice, his fief was increased to a total of fifteen hundred households. He continued to serve as an Imperial Palace Attendant and concurrently as the General of the Right Guard. In the third year of Tianjia, he was sent on an external mission to serve as a General of Valiant Cavalry, Commander of Military Affairs in Wuzhou, General of Benevolence, and the Governor of Wuzhou.

Zhou Di rebelled in Linqian, and Chen Xiang departed Wuzhou and took a shortcut to launch a surprise attack on Zhou Di's camp at Rucheng, capturing his wife and children. Zhou Di fled after his defeat, and Chen Xiang returned to Wuzhou to continue his garrison. In the fifth year of Tianjia, Zhou Di rebelled again in Linqian, and the court appointed Chen Xiang as the Commander, leading the land and naval forces to suppress Zhou Di. When the army reached Nancheng and encountered the rebels, they were defeated, and Chen Xiang was killed in action at the age of forty-two. Because the military operation failed, he was not granted a posthumous title. His son, Chen Zhengli, inherited his title.

Chen Huiji, courtesy name Yuanfang, was the great-grandson of Gaozu. He was well-read, talented, and had a strong personality. During the suppression of the Hou Jing rebellion, Huiji followed along. Later, he was appointed as a military officer. After the rebellion was quelled, he participated in the campaign against Du Gang. He was then appointed as General of Zhenwei and Gentleman of the Yellow Gate. After Gaozu ascended the throne, he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Yihuang County, with a fief of five hundred households, and appointed as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate.

When Emperor Shizu ascended the throne, Huiji was appointed as the county magistrate of Anji County. He was later promoted to Deputy General of Mingwei. When Sikong Zhang Zhaoda was on a campaign against Anshu City, Huiji served as the naval commander and burned the enemy's boats made of green mud in Jingzhou. In the first year of Guangda, in recognition of his achievements, he was appointed as Commissioner, Attendant Cavalry of Tongzhi, General of Xuanyuan, Governor of Fengzhou, with his fief increased to one thousand households.

In the tenth year of Taijian, Wu Mingche marched north to subdue the defeated, and Huiji was appointed as Commissioner, General of Zhiwu, Commander of Yuanjiang, Governor of Yanzhou, with his fief increased to two thousand households, while his other positions remained unchanged. At that time, the Zhou army took advantage of the victory and occupied the Huainan region, which also faced disturbances in the Jiangnan region. Huiji quickly assembled his troops and returned to the capital via the sea. He was then appointed as Commissioner, Attendant Cavalry of Sanqi, General of Xuanyi, Commander of Yingshou and Bazhou, Governor of Yingshou, with his fief increased to two thousand five hundred households.

In the second year of Zhide, Huiji was promoted to Commissioner, Attendant Cavalry of Sanqi, General of Yunhui, Commander of Jingzhou and Xinzhou, Governor of Jingzhou, and was also granted a troupe of musicians, with his fief increased to three thousand households. In the first year of Zhenming, Xiao Cong and the Left Deputy of the Imperial Secretariat, Prince Anping Xiao Yan, Prince Jinxi Xiao Huan, and others, led more than twenty thousand men, women, and children to surrender to Huiji, who welcomed them with his troops. In the same year, for his efforts in receiving the surrender, Huiji was further appointed as Palace Attendant, Golden Purple Grand Master of Splendor, Director of Household Affairs with Equal Rank, General Who Conquers the West, with his fief increased to six thousand households, while his other positions remained unchanged.

The Sui army crossed the Yangtze River, and Marshal Yang Su led his troops from Baxia. Hui Ji sent his generals Lv Zhongsu, Lu Lun, and others to hold the line, but they were defeated. Yang Su took advantage of the victory and seized control of Matou. At the same time, Sui generals Han Qinh and He Ruobi had already crossed the Yangtze River and occupied Jiangshan. Upon hearing this news, Hui Ji left his chief advisor Chen Wensheng and other generals to defend the city, while he led thirty thousand soldiers and over a thousand warships down the Yangtze River, eager to launch a swift attack on Taicheng. When they reached Hankou, they found themselves unable to advance due to the army of Prince Qin (Yang Guang) blocking their path. As a result, he surrendered alongside Xiangzhou Governor Wang Shuwen, Baozhou Governor Bi Bao, and others. After surrendering to the Sui Dynasty, he was granted the title of Yitong Sansi as per regulations. He passed away shortly after. His son was named Zhengping and had some literary talent. Historians note: "The Book of Songs" states, "The ancestral city, do not let the city decay." It also says, "The melons are lush, the vines entwined." The Western Capital (Chang'an) is rich in old friends, and there are many prominent people from Nanyang in the Eastern Capital (Luoyang). What accounts for this?

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Chen （陳書）

Published: 06 January 2025

Created: 06 January 2025

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Chang, known as Hengyang Xianwang and styled Jingye, was the sixth son of Gaozu. Towards the end of the Taiqing period of the Liang Dynasty, when Gaozu was campaigning south against Li Ben, he let Chang and Empress Xuan follow Shen Ke back to Wuxing. When Gaozu went east to campaign against Hou Jing, Chang, Empress Xuan, and Emperor Shizu were all captured by Hou Jing. After Hou Jing was defeated, Chang was appointed as the Prince of Changchengguo and the Prefect of Wuxing when he was just sixteen.

Chang was very handsome, with a remarkable demeanor, and was intelligent and clever. He was well-versed in political matters. Gaozu sent Xie Zhe from Chen County and Cai Jing from Jiyang to assist Chang in governing Wuxing County, and sent Du Zhiwei from Wu County to teach Chang. Chang had an exceptional memory for reading, understood the principles in books thoroughly, and was adept at analyzing problems. Later, he went to Jingzhou with Gaozu, and Liang Yuandi appointed him as a Cavalier Attendant in the Imperial Guard. When Jingzhou fell, he moved to the Guanzhong region with Gaozu. Due to Gaozu's relationship, Western Wei treated them very politely.

After Gaozu became emperor, he sent envoys to Western Wei multiple times to request the return of Gaozong and Chang. The Zhou Dynasty agreed, but they were only allowed to return after Gaozu's death. At that time, Wang Lin was causing unrest in the central and lower Yangtze River region, and Chang stayed in Anlu. After Wang Lin was subdued, in the second month of the first year of Tianjia, Chang set off from Anlu, crossed the Yangtze River at Lushan Crossing. At this time, Prince Baling Xiao Yan and other officials submitted a joint memorial:

Hengyang Xianwang Chang, Nankang Minwang Tan Lang, sons Fang Tai and Fang Qing

I've heard that the descendants are the backbone of the nation; the prosperity of the Zhou Dynasty serves as a prime example: the enfeoffment of vassal states, the strengthening of borders— the Han Dynasty also did the same— so that they could continue for generations, all relying on vassal states like Xingguo and Weiguo. It is by the strength of the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins that the stability of the dynasty can be maintained.

Your Majesty, you are wise and valiant, with remarkable virtue. Your wisdom is profound and unfathomable, rivaling the very forces of nature. When the dynasty was newly established and the situation was difficult, you assisted the emperor, upheld justice, and commanded respect across the realm, maintaining internal stability. This is why the glory of the Great Yu era was revived, protecting the people. However, after the passing of the emperor, the army was on distant expeditions, the heir was cut off from the court, and there was uncertainty about the succession, endangering the royal ancestral temple and the stability of the kingdom. Later, the heir to the throne returned to the capital, and after careful deliberation among the ministers, it was decided to ascend the throne to honor our ancestors and usher in a prosperous era, gaining the support of the people, ensuring peace for the imperial tomb, and gradually restoring the strength of the country. These are all positive signs today, signifying the will of heaven and the people's desires. Wang Lin has rebelled, committing countless crimes and evading justice for far too long. Now, he has colluded with barbarians, causing chaos and spreading flags of warships along the rivers, with the army running rampant, the people exhausted, the treasury empty, and the entire nation gripped by anxiety. Border defenses are also in jeopardy. You work tirelessly, overseeing state affairs personally, issuing decrees, defeating the rebel forces, and restoring national unity. Your grand vision is coming to fruition, and the call for benevolence and righteousness resonates throughout the land. Your virtuous leadership uplifts everyone, and the people respond enthusiastically. Your accomplishments eclipse those of Great Yu, and your conduct exceeds that of Emperor Yao. This not only secures stability for the kingdom but also guarantees the welfare of the people!

The sixth prince, Chang, was sent to the border as a hostage at a young age. After signing the agreement, he fell into the hands of the enemy and was trapped beyond the pass, leaving him unable to return. Your Majesty, your love for your son is profound, and you have always wished to accommodate him, but you must also consider the affairs of the state! Selflessness, fairness, and justice are the most important. How can personal feelings overshadow the affairs of the state? We must adhere to the traditions of our ancestors, imitating the wise monarchs of ancient times, such as the feudal lords of the Zhou Dynasty and the relatives of the Han Dynasty. Xiangzhou is strategically important, related to the country's defense, and only those of proven loyalty can hold positions there. Therefore, Chang should be sent there, and a grand ceremony should be held. After discussion, we have decided to appoint Chang as the Governor of Xiangzhou, General of the Cavalry, Prince of Hengyang County, with a fief of five thousand households, three covered carriages, an honor guard, and twenty sword-bearing guards. This imperial edict can now be executed.

The Emperor said, "It can be done." In March, he arrived at the borders of Xiangzhou, and the Emperor sent people to welcome him along the way. However, while crossing the river, the boat capsized, and he drowned.

On the Gengyin day in April, my father's coffin arrived in the capital. The Emperor personally came out to pay his respects.

The emperor then issued a decree, saying: "Recognizing merit, honoring family ties, this is the tradition of the generations, and the rule of the emperors of the past. The newly appointed commander, Cavalry Attendant, Commander of Military Affairs in Xiangzhou, General of Cavalry, Governor of Xiangzhou, Prince of Hengyang, Chang, he is intelligent and wise, of noble character, filial and respectful to the core, his intelligence and wisdom evident. In the late years of the Liang Dynasty, the world was in chaos, the ancestral shrines and state altars were on the verge of collapse, the Western Capital was lost, and he was trapped in the Guanlong area. When the Great Zhou Dynasty was just established, the border minority tribes rebelled again, envoys could not go to pay respects, and there was no communication at all, only watching them fight like crows and white rabbits. Now, all officials have worked together to overcome many difficulties and obstacles, easily recapturing the capital without needing to take a detour. The Zhou Dynasty values maintaining friendly relations, only then was he able to return safely; we only heard this news this morning, finally feeling at ease. Repaying kindness is easier said than done, but I failed to assist him properly; when a person dies, everything is over, and his sudden death makes me even more sorrowful. The sorrow of bidding farewell at the mouth of the Yangtze River is still fresh in my memory, the longing for him on Mount Hengshan is irreplaceable; quietly thinking of him, my heart feels like it's being sliced open. The funeral should be solemnly handled to honor my grief. Posthumously bestow upon him the title of Palace Attendant, Acting Yellow Battle-axe, Commander of military affairs both domestically and abroad, Grand Preceptor, Governor of Yangzhou. Reward him with the secret treasures of Dongyuan and Wuming, the nine-tiered ceremonial carriage, the left standard of the Yellow Chamber, and one hundred guards, chariots, and feathered banners and musicians. The funeral specifications will follow the standards of the Eastern Ping Xian Wang of the Han Dynasty and the Yuzhang Wenxian Wang of the Qi Dynasty. Then, appoint the Grand Minister of Works to welcome and escort the coffin, with the Grand Herald assisting with the escort; the court will handle all funeral arrangements." Finally, since he had no sons, Emperor Taizu permitted his seventh son, Boxin, to be adopted as his heir.

Prince Tan Lang of Nankang, the younger brother of his great-grandmother, was the son of Duke Xiu Xian of Zhong Zhuang. Xiu Xian was very ambitious and full of ambition when he was young. Emperor Jianwen of the Liang Dynasty held him in high regard even as a crown prince. During the Taiqing period, Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty came to terms with Hou Jing and fought against enemies from the north, sending Xiu Xian to recruit soldiers. Xiu Xian successfully recruited over a thousand soldiers and was appointed chief commander of Wende. He passed away shortly thereafter. After the founding of the Chen Dynasty by Chen Baxian, the founder of the Chen Dynasty, he often praised Xiu Xian, saying, "If my brother were still alive, capturing the Yellow River and Luoyang would be a piece of cake!" After Emperor Jing of the Liang Dynasty took the throne, he posthumously granted Xiu Xian the titles of attendant and governor, general of the Valiant Cavalry, governor of Nanxu Province, Duke of Wukang County, with a fief of one thousand households. After Chen Baxian usurped the throne, he posthumously conferred upon him the titles of attendant, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Minister of Education, and Prince of Nankang County, with a fief of two thousand households, and conferred the posthumous title of Zhong Zhuang.

Tan Lang lost his father when he was very young, and Chen Baxian, the founder, especially favored him, even more than his own sons. Tan Lang was courageous and exceptionally wise, adept at calming and managing others. After the suppression of the Hou Jing rebellion, Tan Lang began his career as an assistant in the Imperial Library. When Chen Baxian crossed the Yangtze River to lay siege to Guangling, a man named Dongfang Guang rebelled in the Suyu area, so Tan Lang and Du Sengming were dispatched from the Huai River to Sishui to provide support. When reinforcements from Qi arrived in force, Tan Lang and Du Sengming constructed fortifications to resist. Eventually, they received orders to return to the capital, leading thirty thousand households of the Suyu rebels across the Yangtze River. After Chen Baxian executed Wang Sengbian, he assigned Tan Lang to guard Jingkou and manage the prefectural affairs. In the first year of the Shaotai era, Tan Lang was appointed Deputy Director of the Imperial Library while concurrently serving as Governor of Nanxu Province.

Two years later, Xu Sihui and Ren Yue led Qi State's army to attack the capital and requested peace talks, also requesting that the Emperor send his nephews as hostages. At that time, many regions across the country had not yet submitted to the court, the capital's military strength was weak, and food supply was insufficient. Both civil and military officials in the court felt that it was necessary to make peace with Qi State and calm things down. The Emperor found this situation challenging, but he could not go against everyone's wishes, so he said in the court, "As the Emperor, I am powerless. I have been powerless to defeat the invaders in the Central Plains. Now, all the ministers in the court are wanting to quickly end the war, establish friendly relations with Qi State, and stabilize the borders. If I go against everyone's opinions, they will accuse me of being only concerned for my own nephews. Therefore, I have decided to send Tan Lang as a hostage. However, Qi State is notoriously untrustworthy. They will definitely act deceitfully, believing we are weak and easily fooled, and they will definitely go back on their word. If the Qi State army really attacks, all the ministers must fight with me to resist!"

The Emperor was worried that Tan Lang might be afraid and run away halfway, so he personally led the troops to meet him at Jingkou. After sending Tan Lang back to the capital, he sent him to Qi State as a hostage. As expected, the Qi State indeed betrayed their promise and later sent Xiao Gui and others to join Xu Sihui in crossing the river to attack the Southern Dynasty. The Emperor engaged them in battle and achieved a resounding victory, capturing Xiao Gui, Dongfang Lao, and others. The Qi State requested to cede territory and pay reparations, and also sent horses and cattle to redeem the captives, but the Emperor outright refused. Xiao Gui and the others were executed, and the Qi State also executed Tan Lang in Jinyang when he was only twenty-eight years old. At that time, the Southern Dynasty had already cut ties with Qi State, leaving them unaware of the situation. After ascending the throne, the Emperor posthumously honored Tan Lang as the Prince of Nankang, granting him the same honors as a loyal and valiant prince. Only in the second year of Tianjia did the Qi State send envoys to negotiate peace, and the Southern Dynasty finally became aware of Tan Lang's death.

Emperor Shizu decreed: "Remembering our ancestors and handling the affairs of the future with caution are ancient teachings. Prince Nan Kang Tan Lang was intelligent and virtuous, filial to his parents. He went to the state of Qi as a hostage to ease the crisis at that time. Just as the country was flourishing, he had not yet returned. I have been worrying about him day and night, missing him constantly. As soon as the envoys from Qi arrived, the news of his death arrived. I was overwhelmed with grief, more intense than the usual sorrow. He should be posthumously awarded a higher title to honor his ancestors. He is posthumously appointed as Grand Minister, General of Pacification, Supervisor of the Imperial Household with Equal Rank, and Governor of Nan Xu Province, who is posthumously titled the Compassionate King." Then Jiang Dezao and Liu Shizhi, who were concurrently serving as Minister of Rites, were sent to meet Tan Lang's coffin. It took until the spring of the third year for the coffin to be returned to the capital.

Before Tan Lang went to Qi to serve as an official, he had two sons: Fang Tai and Fang Qing. Later, when he went to Qi, he took two concubines with him and had two more sons in the north: Fang Hua and Fang Kuang, whom he also brought back.

Fang Tai was rough and unruly from a young age, hanging out with idle troublemakers and drifting. However, because he was the son of Prince Nan Kang Tan Lang, the emperor was particularly lenient with him and rarely punished him. In the first year of Tianjia, the emperor decreed: "Prince Nan Kang Tan Lang went to Qi and returned with an unpredictable mind. The national temple is currently under construction and requires someone to preside over the sacrifices. Let his eldest son Fang Tai be the heir to the title of Prince of Nan Kang." Later, when it was heard that Tan Lang had died, Fang Tai inherited the title of Prince of Nan Kang. Not long after, he was appointed as General of Pacification, Intendant of Danyang, and was assigned subordinates. In the fourth year of the Taijian era, he was promoted to the position of Commissioner, Commander of the nineteen prefectures of Guang, Heng, Jiao, Yue, Cheng, Ding, Ming, Xin, He, Luo, De, Yi, Huang, Li, An, Jian, Shi, Ya, as well as the Middle General of Pacification of Yue, and Governor of Guangzhou, wielding great power.

As a result, this guy, after becoming an official, was especially cruel, causing public outcry. He was reported to the court and got kicked out of his job. Not long after, he was given the title of Governor of Yuzhang Commandery, with some staff under him. During his time in office in Yuzhang, he didn't care about the people's suffering. As his term was about to end, he let his guys repeatedly rob the locals, set fire to homes, loot everywhere, and strong-armed the rich into paying up. When it was time for him to be transferred, he dragged his feet and wouldn't leave. Upon returning to the capital, the emperor told him to be the Minister of Ceremonies, keeping his General title and staff. Before he could take up his new position, he got called out by Chief Censor Zong Yuanrao and was dismissed from office once again, having to head home with just his title.

In the eleventh year, Fang Tai first got the General of Ningyuan gig, working right in the palace. Not long after, he was promoted to Cavalier Attendant, with a few staff members under him. In August of that year, Emperor Gaozong went to Dazhuangguan for entertainment and put on a big military parade, ordering General Ren Zhong to lead a hundred thousand foot soldiers and cavalry to form formations at Xuanwu Lake, while General Chen Jing led five hundred warships to cruise on the Guabu River. Emperor Gaozong stood at Xuanwu Gate to check it out, then threw a banquet for the officials to enjoy together. After watching the military parade, the emperor hit up Leyou Garden to enjoy some music and jam on instruments. Later, the emperor checked out the troops, then headed back to the palace.

At this time, Fang Tai was about to follow the emperor, but suddenly claimed that his mother was ill and he couldn't attend. As a result, he sneaked away into the countryside to engage in the abduction of women. He was caught by local authorities. What's even more outrageous is that he resisted with weapons and even injured the imperial guards. This incident was reported to the emperor. When the emperor heard about it, he flew into a rage and had Fang Tai imprisoned. Initially, Fang Tai only confessed to abducting women, not admitting to injuring the guards. The emperor said, "If you don’t confess, I will uncover the truth!" Fang Tai had no choice but to admit it.

At this time, the Chief Imperial Censor Xu Junfu reported: "I have heard that a ruler's heart should show no mercy to those who err. The foundation of national governance should not violate the law out of sympathy. Although Prince Nangang Chen Fang Tai is estranged from the royal family, he still has familial ties, and he has no merits or achievements. Your Majesty has already forgiven his previous mistakes and reinstated him. But he committed such a grave offense while holding a high office! When the emperor was traveling, officials were busy and the army was in formation, but he committed such an offense, which is a great sin. He should be severely punished, dismissed, and investigated. After discussing, we request that the facts be handled, remove Fang Tai's official position, and strip him of his title and land." The emperor approved the memorial. Before long, his official position and title were reinstated.

During the Zhengming era, Fang Tai was appointed as an Attendant of the Palace, while retaining his generalship. Three years later, the Sui forces crossed the Yangtze River, and Fang Tai, along with General Zhongwu, the Governor of Nanyu Province Fan Meng, and Left Guard General Jiang Yuanxun, led the navy to patrol back and forth in the vicinity of Baixia (present-day Nanjing), cutting off the Sui forces' access to the river. The Sui army sent the marching commander and chief of staff, Gao Feng, to lead ships upstream. Fan Meng and Jiang Yuanxun surrendered, Fang Tai's troops dispersed, and Fang Tai had to abandon the ship and flee. When Taicheng was captured, he and the emperor entered Chang'an together. During the Daye era of the Sui Dynasty, he served as the Prefect of the Palace.

Fang Qing was intelligent and quick-witted from a young age, reading extensively across various subjects. As he grew older, he demonstrated significant talent and strategic acumen. During the Tianjia era, he was appointed as the Marquis of Linru County. Shortly after, he also served as an Imperial Censor, the Prince's Horsekeeper, concurrently serving as the Minister of Rites, and was on duty in the palace. In the ninth year of Taijian, he was appointed General of Light Chariots, Prefect of Dingzhou, and Military Governor of Dingzhou. After completing his term, he served as a Cavalier Attendant while also holding the position of Minister of Rites. In the second year of Zhide, he was promoted to General of Intelligent Warfare and Inspector of Wuzhou.

Initially, the Governor of Guangzhou, Ma Jing, had been in Lingnan for a long time, winning the hearts of the people and having a strong military force, causing suspicion from the court. Therefore, the court appointed Fang Qing as the General of Benevolent Might and the Governor of Guangzhou to employ military force against Ma Jing. Following Ma Jing's execution, Fang Qing was promoted to General of Xuan Yi. Fang Qing was renowned for his integrity and prudence, earning the deep affection of the people. Four years later, he was elevated to General of Yunhui.

In the third year of the Zhengming era, the Sui forces crossed the Yangtze River. Wang Yong, the governor of Hengzhou, sent Dai Zhilie, the governor of Gaozhou, to lead five hundred cavalry to meet Fang Qing, hoping to appoint him as the Governor-General in charge of military operations. I’m not quite sure what "Governor-General" specifically means, but it’s definitely an important title. At this time, Wei Guang, the Sui army commander, led his troops across the mountains and announced an imperial edict from Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, stating that if Lingnan was brought under control, Wang Yong and the governor of Fengzhou, Zheng Wanqing, would continue in their original positions. Hearing this, Fang Qing worried that Wang Yong might betray him, so he decided to resist Dai Zhilie and led his troops into battle. Dai Zhilie engaged Fang Qing in battle but was defeated. Fang Qing was killed in Guangzhou, and his wife and children were captured.

Wang Yong became the Prefect of Jinling during the Taijian period, was highly capable and well-respected. Later, when Ma Jing rebelled, the court appointed Wang Yong as the General of Superiority, the Governor of Eastern Hengzhou, and concurrently as the Internal Historian of Shixing County, to counter Ma Jing's forces. After Ma Jing was killed, Wang Yong was granted the title of Viscount of Longyang County for his contributions. When the Sui army reached the Yangtze River, the court appointed Wang Yong as the Commissioner with the title of General of Guangsheng, overseeing military operations across twenty-four states, including Hengzhou, Guangzhou, Jiaozhou, Guizhou, and Wuzhou, and sent him to reinforce the troops. Consequently, the capital fell, and Wang Yong issued orders within his jurisdiction to recruit soldiers for defense, stationing five thousand troops in the mountains under his brother Deng Hao's command. He also sent people to meet Ma Jing, hoping to leverage Ma Jing's name to gain military control. After Ma Jing's defeat, Wang Yong captured his wife and children, confiscated his property and rewarded his soldiers. He also ordered his subordinates Wang Zhongxuan and Zeng Xiaowu to meet the Western Hengzhou Governor, Prince Baoxin of Hengyang, who, fearing for his life, fled to Qingyuan County, only to be pursued and killed by Zeng Xiaowu. By this time, Wei Guang's army had already attacked the mountains, and Fengzhou Prefect Zheng Wanqing defended the city and refused to obey Wang Yong's orders. The women of the Gaoliang region took up arms in support of the Sui army and captured nearby counties, forcing Wang Yong to surrender with his army. Upon reaching Jingzhou, Wang Yong fell ill and died. The Sui Dynasty posthumously honored him with the titles of Grand General and Governor of Songzhou, and conferred upon him the title of Duke of Guiren County.

Zheng Wanqing was from Xingyang and was a relative of Shao Shu, the governor of Sizhou in the Liang Dynasty. His father, Min, defected to the Northern Wei after the Liang Dynasty collapsed. Zheng Wanqing was very intelligent and capable. During the time of Emperor Zhouwu, he served as City Grand Master and was later appointed as the governor of Wenzhou. During the Kaihuang period of the Sui Dynasty, he defected to the Sui Dynasty along with Sima Xiaonan. He was soon appointed as Cavalier Attendant, General of Zhao Wu, and the governor of Fengzhou. He implemented effective policies in Fengzhou, and local officials and people requested to erect a stele in his honor, which the court approved.

Initially, Zheng Wanqing was highly regarded by Emperor Wen of Sui during the Zhou Dynasty period before the Sui Dynasty was established. After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, he had always longed to return north. When Wang Yong killed Ma Jing, Zheng Wanqing led the state troops to resist Wang Yong and sent envoys through a secret passage to surrender to the Sui army. He was titled as Senior General and soon passed away.

Historians say: Xian Wang and Min Wang, their positions were prominent, shining like stars in the sky. Some were favored because of their close ties, some were favored and trusted as the emperor's adopted sons, but due to various obstacles, they ultimately failed to achieve their ambitions, passing away at a young age, which is regrettable! "Xian and Min, two kings, united in glory, some were intimate as sons, some were favored as sons, but due to various obstacles, they were unable to achieve success and passed away early. What a tragedy!"

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Chen （陳書）

Published: 06 January 2025

Created: 06 January 2025

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Xu Shipu, courtesy name Xingzong, was from Yufu, Badong in Hubei. His family had lived in Jingzhou for generations, whose ancestors served as generals, leading troops in battles against barbarian tribes and the Yanzhao. In Xu Shipu's generation, he was exceptionally brave, strong, and skilled in naval warfare. When Liang Yuan Emperor was the governor of Jingzhou, Xu Shipu assisted him in local affairs with his troops.

During the rebellion led by Hou Jing, Xu Shipu participated in the war to suppress the rebellion, gradually rising in ranks to become a Cavalry Attendant. He led a navy and fought alongside the Minister of Works, Lu Fa, against Hou Jing's forces at Chiting Lake. Facing the powerful army of Hou Jing, Xu Shipu constructed warships, paddle ships, fire boats, and water carts to strengthen his troops. Shortly before the battle, he personally led the charge on a large ship at the forefront, leading to a decisive victory over Hou Jing's forces and the capture of Hou Jing's commander, Ren Yue, forcing Hou Jing to flee. Subsequently, he joined Wang Sengbian in attacking Yingzhou, once again leading a large ship to the enemy's granary where the enemy general, Song Zixian, surrendered when he realized the situation. For his significant contributions, Xu Shipu was appointed as General-in-Chief, General of Trustworthy Warriors, Governor of Xinzhou, and granted the title of Marquis of Yufu County, with a fief consisting of five hundred households.

He continued to follow Wang Sengbian in the eastward campaign, always leading the charge. He also defeated Hou Jing's commander, Hou Zijian, at Hushu. After Hou Jing was pacified, Xu Shipu was appointed as Cavalry Attendant to the Imperial Secretariat, Governor of Hengzhou, and concurrently appointed as Prefect of Hedong, with his fief increased to one thousand households.

When the Western Wei army attacked Jingzhou, Xu Shipu defended Matao'an and occupied Longzhou. Emperor Liang Yuan appointed him as the attendant minister, Governor of Southern Military Affairs, General of the Guard, and provided him with a ceremonial guard. After Jiangling City was lost, Xu Shipu went to join Hou Jian. In the first year of the Shaotai era, the court summoned him to serve as attendant minister and General of the Left Guard. When Emperor Gaozu wanted to resist Wang Lin, all water warfare equipment was entrusted to Xu Shipu. Xu Shipu was very intelligent and was well-versed in previous warfare methods. The weapons and equipment he developed were improved according to the actual situation, and his ideas were very clever, beyond what others could come up with. In the second year of Yongding, he was promoted to General of the Guard. After Emperor Wendi succeeded to the throne, he was promoted to General of the Right. In the first year of Tianjia, his fief increased by five hundred households. The following year, he was appointed as commander-in-chief of Xuancheng County, General of Anxi, and prefect of Xuancheng, holding the rank of two thousand stones. Later, he returned to the court and served as the Forward General and Right Grandee. Shortly after, he lost his sight due to illness and resigned from office. He passed away in the fourth year of Tianjia at the age of fifty-five. The court posthumously restored his original official position and conferred the title of Marquis Huan. My brother Shixiu followed Shipu to campaign from the Liang Dynasty and also earned numerous military accolades. In the end, he became a Cavalier Attendant and General of Anyuan, Marquis of Zhixian County, with a fief of eight hundred households. In the second year of Guangda, he accompanied Commander Chunyu Liang in a campaign against Hua Jiao. After his death, he was posthumously granted the title of Cavalier Attendant and the posthumous title "Zhuang."

Lu Xida, style name Zhitong, was a native of Meixian in Fufeng. His grandfather, Fei, served as Palace Cavalry Supervisor during the Qi dynasty, General of Anyuan, Governor of Hengzhou, and was titled Marquis of Yangtang. His father, Yizhi, served as Cloud Banner General, Prefect of Xincai County, and Prefect of Yiyang County during the Liang dynasty. Xida was known for his filial piety (a virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors) from a young age, initially serving as a junior military officer under the Prince of Nanping during the Liang dynasty. During the rebellion of Hou Jing, Xida united with the elders of his village to defend Xincai, working hard to farm and stockpile food. At that time, the war and famine caused an estimated 80 to 90 percent of the population in the capital and upstream areas to starve to death, and those who survived fled home with their elderly and children. Xida distributed food to everyone, saving many lives, and established camps in Xincai to accommodate them. He also recruited troops from five counties, including Jinxi, to control these areas. He sent his younger brother Guangda to join Wang Sengbian in attacking Hou Jing. After the suppression of the rebellion, Emperor Yuan of Liang appointed him as General of Holding Authority, General of Benevolent Might, and Governor of North Jiangzhou. After Emperor Jing ascended the throne, Wang Lin occupied the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, while Liu Yi, Yu Xiaoqing, Zhou Di, and others led rebellions in various regions. Xida brought peace to the five counties and earned the people's trust, with soldiers willing to serve under him. Wang Lin appointed Xida as the General Who Pacifies the North, while Gaozu also appointed Zhao Zhili as the General Who Conquers the West and Governor of Jiangzhou. Both sides sent musicians and dancers to entertain him, but Xida declined both appointments. Gaozu sent General of the Safeguarding the West Shen Tai to attack Wang Lin, but the attack was ultimately unsuccessful. The Qi dynasty sent the Grand Marshal Murong Shaozong with thirty thousand troops to attack the towns of Yunkou and others, fielding a formidable force. Xida engaged them in battle and defeated the Qi army, nearly costing Murong Shaozong his life.

Wang Lin wanted to launch an attack, but Xida controlled the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Wang Lin was afraid he would become a liability, so he sent people to try to win him over multiple times, but Xida never agreed. Unable to proceed with the attack, Wang Lin allied with the state of Qi to launch a two-pronged attack, and Qi even sent Prince Gao Yue of Qinghe to assist. They were at a stalemate for over a year, and later, Wang Lin's generals, Mei Tianyang and others, fearful of punishment, secretly let the Qi army into the city. Xida crossed the Yangtze River with several thousand troops to seek refuge with Emperor Gaozu.

When Emperor Gaozu saw him, he was very happy and said, "Why are you here so late?" Xida replied, "I was guarding the upstream, hoping to become a barrier for the country. Your Majesty has already shown me great kindness by granting me an official position. Although Shen Tai attacked me with great power, I have sought refuge with Your Majesty because of your magnanimity, just like Emperor Gaozu of Han!" Emperor Gaozu sighed, "You are right!" and appointed him as General of Pacifying the South, Cavalier Attendant, Inspector of North Jiangzhou, and Marquis of Pengze County. Later, when Emperor Wen ascended the throne, he promoted him to General Who Maintains the Left.

Although Xida was generous and charitable, he remained humble despite his wealth and status. He had a particular fondness for poetry and often gathered talented individuals to share and appreciate it together. Later, he was promoted to General Who Maintains the South and Inspector of Wuzhou. When his mother passed away, he was overcome with grief, which led to a decline in his health, resulting in his eventual death at the age of thirty-eight. He was posthumously promoted to General Who Maintains the Left, Inspector of Jiangzhou, and bestowed the posthumous title of Marquis Xiao. His son, Wang Lan, inherited his title. His brother, Wang Guangda, also has a separate biography.

Zhou Fu, courtesy name Zhongyuan, was from Linchuan and hailed from a prominent family in the area. Zhou Fu was short in stature, almost as if his clothes were too big for him, but he was brave and highly capable, standing out among his peers. He was generous, charitable, and loved making friends. Aspiring young people were eager to follow him.

During the rebellion led by Hou Jing, there was a man named Zhou Xu in his hometown who gathered a group to fight the bandits. The Chief Minister of the Liang Dynasty, Prince Shixing Xiao Yi, handed over the county to Zhou Xu. Some of Zhou Xu's men wanted to seize Xiao Yi's belongings, but Xiao Fu stepped up to protect Xiao Yi and personally escorted him to Yuzhang. At that time, Marquis Guanning Xiao Yong, Marquis Changle Xiao Ji, and Marquis Fengcheng Xiao Tai were all in hiding, and upon hearing of Xiao Fu's loyalty, they all ran to seek refuge with him. Xiao Fu took pity on them, respected them, cared for them well, and even sent them west. However, not long after, Zhou Xu's generals rebelled again for power and profit, killed Zhou Xu, and surrendered to Zhou Di.

Zhou Di lacked influence, so he relied on the reputation of Xiao Fu's family to win over his subordinates. Xiao Fu himself had no significant power, but he showed great respect to Zhou Di, who came to trust him deeply. Xiao Fu gradually built up his own military force. When Zhou Di occupied Gongtang in Linqing, Xiao Fu guarded the old Linqing County. After Hou Jing was defeated, Emperor Liang Yuan appointed Xiao Fu as the Imperial Commissioner, Cavalier Attendant, General of the Loyal Martial Forces, Governor of Ningzhou, and also appointed him as the Marquis of Xifeng County with a fief of one thousand households.

After Emperor Gaozu took the throne, Wang Lin occupied the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and Yu Xiaoqing and Wang Lin's subordinates Li Xiaoqin and others besieged Zhou Di. Xiao Fu led his troops to help Zhou Di. Zhou Di captured Yu Xiaoqing and his men, and Xiao Fu made great contributions. Later, Xiong Tanlang killed Zhou Wenyu, occupied Yuzhang, and led tens of thousands of troops to attack Xiao Fu, besieging the city. Xiao Fu fought back and achieved a great victory, chasing him for more than fifty li, and Xiong Tanlang fled alone. Xiao Fu seized all his military supplies. Xiong Tanlang fled to Bashan County, gathered a new group, and Xiao Fu, Zhou Di, and Huang Fabian besieged and killed him. After Wang Lin was pacified, Xiao Fu was appointed as Cavalier Attendant, General Who Pacifies the West, and Prefect of Yuzhang.

At that time, the local warlords in Jiangzhou to the south relied on their own territory, appointed officials without authorization, and blatantly ignored the court's orders. The court was too preoccupied to deal with them, so they just turned a blind eye. Only Xiao Fu took the initiative to go to the capital to see the emperor. In the second year of Tianjia, he was promoted to General of Anxi. The court also provided him with a drum and wind ensemble and a female musicians' troupe, permitting him to return to Yuzhang to maintain his post.

Zhou Di, who was originally of lowly status, suddenly rose to prominence. Feeling aggrieved, Zhou Di rebelled, sending his brother Fang Xing to confront Fu. Fu clashed with Fang Xing and emerged victorious. Then, Fu joined forces with Commander Wu Mingche to take on Zhou Di, defeating him and capturing his brother Fang Xing and other leaders. The court appointed Fu as General of Anxi and Prefect of Linchuan, while the other officials retained their positions. Not long after, the court elevated Fu to Commissioner, Commander of the Southern and Northern Yuzhou Armies, General of the South, and Governor of Nanyu Province, and granted him an additional five hundred households of land, while also retaining his titles as Palace Attendant and for the musicians.

Five years later, Zhou Di raised another army and returned to attack Dongxing. The emperor sent General Zhang Zhaoda to suppress Zhou Di, and Fu followed along on the expedition. When they reached Dingchuan County, they confronted Zhou Di. Zhou Di deceived Fu, claiming, "I used to be of one heart and one mind with you; we are all one family. How could I want to harm you? I wish to surrender and return to the court now; I want you to help me explain my true intentions to the court. Let's first take an oath together to demonstrate our sincerity." Fu believed it to be true and agreed. Just as they were about to take the oath at the altar, Zhou Di betrayed him and killed him; he was just 35 years old. The court issued a decree stating that Fu, the Grand Commandant and Governor of Southern Yuzhou, accepted the court's appointment and embarked on a long expedition. After a long time, he violated some regulations, was overly trusting, and ultimately fell victim to treachery. However, he had always been diligent and had achieved numerous military successes on the battlefield, and we deeply regret this. His land rents will be retained, a certain amount of compensation will be given, and he will be buried back in the capital." He was posthumously honored with the title "Tuo." His son Zhi'an inherited his title.

Fu's elder brother, Tuan, together occupied their hometown and both became Prefects of Linchuan.

Xun Lang, also known as Shenming, was from Xuchang, Henan. His grandfather, Xun Yanzu, served as the Prefect of Yingchuan during the Liang Dynasty, and his father, Xun Boda, served as the Minister of the Guards. Xun Lang displayed bravery and military talent from a young age, initially serving as an officer in Prince Luling's army during the Liang Dynasty. Later, during the rebellion of Hou Jing, Xun Lang recruited soldiers and occupied the area around Chaohu, temporarily remaining independent of any faction. After the fall of Jiankang City (now Nanjing), Emperor Jianwen secretly issued a decree appointing Xun Lang as General of the Cloud Banners and Governor of Yuzhou, enabling him to collaborate with other regional armies to confront Hou Jing. Hou Jing dispatched Song Zixian, Ren Yue, and others to assault Xun Lang several times, but Xun Lang took advantage of the mountainous terrain, constructed strong fortifications, and Song Zixian was unable to defeat him.

At that time, there was a famine in the capital, and the common people fled south of the Yangtze River in search of a livelihood. Xun Lang recruited many soldiers, even stripped off his own clothes to give to the soldiers, and distributed food to them, providing relief for them; the number of soldiers under his command swelled to tens of thousands. After Hou Jing's defeat in Baling, Xun Lang dispatched troops from Rushu Mouth to intercept Hou Jing and defeated his rear guard. Later, Wang Sengbian launched an eastern campaign, and Xun Lang sent his generals Fan Baosheng and his brother Xun Xiao to lead two thousand soldiers to support. Once Hou Jing was subdued, Xun Lang single-handedly defeated the Qi Dynasty general Guo Yuanjian at Chichu Mountain. In the second year of the Liang Dynasty's Chengsheng era, Xun Lang led more than ten thousand households across the Yangtze River and stationed in Xuancheng County. Emperor Yuan of Liang appointed Xun Lang as Commissioner, Cavalry Attendant Officer, General of Annan, Commander of Southern Yanzhou, and Governor of Southern Yanzhou. Before he could assume office, Jingzhou fell.

After the Chen Dynasty came to power, the Qi Dynasty sent Xiao Gui, Dongfang Lao, and others to attack and captured Shitou City. Xun Lang hurried from Xuancheng to provide support, and alongside Hou Andu and others, he defeated the Qi army. In the first year of the Yongding era, Emperor Wu of Chen bestowed upon Xun Lang the title of Marquis of Xingning County, granting him a fief of two thousand households, and also appointed Xun Lang's elder brother, Xun Ang, as Left Guard General, and his younger brother, Xun Gui, as Right Guard General of the Crown Prince. Shortly after, Emperor Wu of Chen sent Xun Lang to follow Emperor Wu, the founder of the Chen Dynasty, to confront Wang Lin in southern Anhui.

After Emperor Chen Wu died, Empress Dowager Xuan and her attendant Cai Jingli secretly concealed his death. Xun Lang's younger brother, Xun Xiao, learned about this in the palace and planned to lead their family soldiers in an attack on the imperial palace. When the plot was uncovered, Cai Jingli killed Xun Xiao and imprisoned Xun Lang. After Emperor Chen Wen ascended to the throne, he released them all. Emperor Chen Wen treated Xun Lang favorably and had him join forces with Hou An and others to resist Wang Lin. After Wang Lin was pacified, Xun Lang was promoted to General of Maintaining Order, General of Pacifying the North, Cavalier Attendant, Commander of the military affairs of Huozhou, Jinzhou, and Hezhou, and Governor of Hezhou. In the sixth year of Tianjia, Xun Lang died at the age of forty-eight. The court posthumously conferred on him the title of Governor of Nanyu Province and granted him the posthumous title of "Zhuang." His son, Xun Fashang, inherited his title. Fashang was spirited from a young age, excelling in both civil and military affairs. He started as the magistrate of Jiangning and later inherited the title of Marquis of Xingning County. In the fifth year of Taijian, he accompanied Wu Mingche north to fight. He quickly rose through the ranks, becoming the Cavalry Supervisor and then serving as the magistrate of Jing County, the Governor of Liangzhou, and the Governor of Ancheng. During the Zhengming period, he commanded the military affairs of Yingshou, Bashou, and Wuzhou, and also served as the Governor of Yingshou. Later, after the Sui army crossed the Yangtze River, Fashang surrendered to the Sui Dynasty under the command of the Qin Prince in the Handong Circuit. Under the Sui Dynasty, he successively held the position of Governor of Shaozhou, Guanzhou, Mianzhou, and Fengzhou, and also served as the Prefect of Badong Commandery and Dunhuang Commandery.

Zhou Jiong, style name Wenzhao, was a native of Ancheng in Runan. His grandfather Zhou Qiang served as the Crown Prince's Attendant of the Qi Kingdom and the Governor of Liangzhou; his father Zhou Lingqi served as the Senior Official of the Imperial Secretariat of the Liang Dynasty, as well as the Governors of Luzhou and Guizhou, and was granted the title of Marquis of Baocheng County. Zhou Jiong was straightforward and righteous since childhood, with the bearing of a general. During the Datong period of the Liang Dynasty, he became the Senior Official of the Imperial Secretariat and the Zhu Yi Zhige. In the first year of Taiqing, he was appointed as the Governor of Yiyang. Later, when Hou Jing rebelled, the Emperor ordered him to be reassigned as the Governor of Xiyang and bestowed upon him the title of Count of Xiling County. Hou Jing sent his nephew Simu to guard Qian'an, and Zhou Jiong led his troops in a surprise attack, defeating Simu and capturing and killing him. For his achievements, he was appointed as the Jie, Governor of Gaozhou. At that time, Zhou Jiong controlled both Wuchang and Xiyang Counties, recruiting soldiers and horses, and built a formidable military force. Hou Jing's general Ren Yue attacked Fanshan, and Zhou Jiong and Xu Wensheng, the Chief Official of Ningzhou, jointly defeated Ren Yue, killing his subordinates Chiluo Zitong, Zhao Jialou, and others. Then they pursued and won victory after victory, almost annihilating Ren Yue's army. In the first year of Chengsheng, Zhou Jiong was promoted to the position of Jie, Commander of Jiangzhou and Dingzhou Military Affairs, General of Military Affairs, Governor of Jiangzhou, and was also ennobled as a Marquis with a fief comprising five hundred households.

After Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, Wang Lin occupied the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and Zhou Jiong led the provincial troops to ally with him. Later, Wang Lin sent Cao Qing and others to attack Zhou Di and ordered Zhou Jiong to flank the enemy, but they suffered defeat at the hands of Hou Andu, and Zhou Jiong was captured and sent to the capital. Emperor Wen of Sui released him and appointed him as the Rongwei General, Governor of Dingzhou, and concurrently as the Prefect of both Xiyang County and Wuchang County.

In the year 560 AD, a man named Liu Yi rebelled in Dongyang, and the emperor summoned Wu Mingche back to the capital to quell the rebellion. However, before Wu Mingche could arrive, Liu Yi had already been subdued, and Wu Mingche returned to his original position. In the year 561 AD, Wu Mingche participated in suppressing the rebellion of Hua Jiao, achieving notable success, and was appointed as an official as an attendant cavalier. In 563 AD, he was promoted to the General of the Staff of Authority, the Dragon Rider General, and an attendant cavalier. Five years later, he was promoted again, becoming the Commissioner of the Western Road and the Governor of Military Affairs, responsible for military affairs in the six states of Anzhou, Qizhou, Jiangzhou, Hengzhou, Sizhou, and Dingzhou, and granted the title of Marquis of Longyuan, with his fiefdom increasing to one thousand households. In the same year, Wu Mingche followed the governor to the north to campaign against the enemy, winning battles all the way, capturing twelve cities in just one month! At this time, the state of Qi sent the Left Minister of Personnel, Lu Qian, to lead a large army of twenty thousand troops from Bajzhou and Qizhou, where they encountered Wu Mingche. Wu Mingche was very clever; he left behind some elderly, weak, and ill individuals along with supplies to mislead the enemy, while leading the elite troops to attack the rear of the Qi army via a small road, resulting in a decisive victory and the capture of countless weapons, equipment, horses, and donkeys. Next, he attacked Bajzhou and captured it as well. Consequently, many cities north of the Yangtze River and the populace of Guyang surrendered en masse, and the leaders of the uprising were executed. Wu Mingche was subsequently promoted to General of Peace and War, as well as an attendant cavalier, with an increase of five hundred households, and the emperor commanded his return to court.

At the beginning, Tian Longsheng, the Governor of Dingzhou under Xiao Cha, surrendered and was appointed as General Zhenyuan, Governor of Dingzhou, and King of Chiting by the emperor. However, after Wu Mingche returned to the court, Tian Longsheng betrayed and defected along with the six northern provinces and seven towns, joining the Qi state. The Qi state sent Prince Gao Jing'an of Liyang to support Tian Longsheng. Therefore, the emperor appointed Wu Mingche as the Grand Commander of the Northern Jiangbei region, commanding all troops to attack Tian Longsheng. Tian Longsheng had General Tian Longyan lead twenty thousand troops to set up defenses at Tingchuan, with Gao Jing'an providing support at Shuilin and Yinshan, while Tian Longsheng himself stationed his troops in the valley. Wu Mingche divided his forces to deal with their armies, leading his elite troops to launch the first attack on Tian Longsheng. As a result, Tian Longsheng was defeated, and when the situation worsened, Tian Longyan fled. Wu Mingche caught up and killed Tian Longyan, while Gao Jing'an also fled. Consequently, the entire Northern Jiangbei region was reclaimed. Thanks to this great victory, Wu Mingche's fiefdom was expanded by two thousand households, and he was additionally appointed as General of Pingbei and Governor of Dingzhou, while retaining his original position as Grand Commander. The emperor also granted him a troupe of female musicians. In the year 570 AD, Wu Mingche passed away at the age of sixty-four. After his death, he was posthumously appointed as the Governor of Sizhou, enfeoffed as Duke of Wuchang County, and posthumously honored with the title "Zhuang". His son Wu Faseng inherited his title and later served as the Prefect of Xuancheng.

Historians note that some of these individuals had already made their mark in the past, while others had taken over their hometowns. They were all quite shrewd, seizing opportunities to climb up the ranks, eventually becoming local officials, and even being enfeoffed as marquises and appointed as ministers. It's quite a sight to behold! Just think about it, Zhang Er and Chen Yu had a close relationship like brothers; Zhou Fu and Zhou Di also vowed to be as good as brothers. But what happened in the end? For the sake of power and profit, they ended up turning against each other, killing each other, even more fiercely than the enmity between the Hu and Yue peoples! This all stems from the struggle for power and profit—truly despicable!