In ancient times, the Yellow Emperor, Huangdi, had 25 sons; some served as officials in the Central Plains, while others were appointed to manage remote areas. One of his younger sons, named Changyi, was appointed to the north, where there was a great mountain called Xianbei. He took the mountain as his name and established a nation. His descendants continued to lead and governed the vast, boundless grasslands north of Youzhou. They lived by herding, migrating, and hunting, with simple and honest customs and a straightforward way of life, lacking in culture, keeping records by carving notches in wood. The stories passed down through generations were akin to how historians write history books, transmitted from one generation to the next. The Yellow Emperor was known as the King of Earthly Virtue; the people of the north called earth "Tuo" and descendants "Ba," thus, Changyi's descendants adopted "Tuoba" as their surname. Among his descendants was a man named Shijun, who held an official position during the reign of Emperor Yao. He once drove away the drought goddess Nüba from the north of the Weak Water, which earned him the people's gratitude, and Emperor Shun praised him, granting him the title of "Agriculture Ancestor." From the times of Yao, Shun, and Yu to the Qin and Han dynasties, tribes such as the Xunyu, Xianyun, Shanjiong, and Xiongnu repeatedly harassed the Central Plains, but Shijun's descendants rarely interacted with the Central Plains dynasties, which is why they were not well-documented in official histories. After sixty-seven generations, Tuoba Mao came to prominence; he was known for his intelligence and bravery, famous far and wide, governing thirty-six small kingdoms and ninety-nine prominent clans, commanding respect throughout the north. Eventually, he passed on. Next, Tuoba Dai took the throne and also passed away. Then Tuoba Guan ascended to the throne and died. Following that, Tuoba Lou took the throne and passed away. After him, Tuoba Yue ascended the throne and also passed away. Then Tuoba Tuiyin took the throne. He led his clan south to a region near a large lake that stretched over a thousand miles, with dark, wet land that was quite poor. He planned to migrate further south, but before he could embark on his journey, he passed away. Next, Tuoba Li ascended to the throne and passed away. Then Tuoba Yi took the throne and also passed away.
Then, Tuoba Si became the emperor and then died. Next, Tuoba Ji became the emperor and then died. After that, Tuoba Gai became the emperor and then died. Then, Tuoba Kuai became the emperor and then died. Finally, Tuoba Lin became the emperor. At that time, a divine being said to him, "This place is too desolate and not suitable for a capital; you should relocate." Tuoba Lin was old by then, so he handed the throne to his son.
Emperor Shengwu, named Jiefen, was asked by Emperor Xian to move south, but the journey was arduous, and he nearly gave up. At that time, a mythical beast appeared, resembling a horse and sounding like an ox, leading the way. After several years, they settled in the former territory of the Xiongnu. The strategy of this migration was mostly devised by Emperor Xuan and Emperor Xian, and it became known as "tuī yín," which likely means "to probe" today.
Legend has it that Emperor Shengwu once led tens of thousands of cavalry in a hunt through the mountains and marshes when a carriage suddenly fell from the sky! When the carriage landed, he saw a stunning woman with many attendants. The Emperor Shengwu was surprised and asked her identity. The woman replied, "I am a heavenly maiden, sent to marry you." They spent the night together. The next morning, the heavenly maiden asked to depart, saying, "We'll meet here again at this time next year." After saying that, she left as fast as the wind. When the appointed time came, Emperor Shengwu returned to the original place and indeed saw the heavenly maiden again. The heavenly maiden handed the newborn son to Emperor Shengwu and said, "This is your son; raise him well. Your descendants will become emperors." After saying that, she disappeared. This son became the progenitor. So, a saying circulated at that time: "Emperor Jiefen had no family by marriage, and Emperor Liwei had no maternal uncles." Eventually, Emperor Shengwu passed away.
The ancestor Shenyuan Emperor, whose name was Liwei, was born intelligent and wise.
In the first year of his reign, it was the Gengzi year. Prior to that, the western region was frequently invaded, and the people scattered everywhere, seeking refuge with Lord Dou Bin of the Deer Tribe. The ancestor, Li Wei, was exceptionally talented and ambitious, and people at that time failed to see his true potential. Later, he and Dou Bin together attacked the west, but they were defeated; he lost his horse and had no choice but to escape on foot. Surprisingly, the ancestor gave his mount to Dou Bin. After Dou Bin returned to the tribe, he ordered a search for the person who had given him the horse, promising a hefty reward, but the ancestor kept his identity a secret. It was only after a long time that Dou Bin learned the truth, was taken aback, and wanted to divide half of the country with the ancestor. The ancestor declined the offer, instead accepting Dou Bin's daughter. Dou Bin still wanted to repay the ancestor's kindness, so he inquired what the ancestor desired. The ancestor requested to lead his followers to live in the northern part of Changchuan, and Dou Bin respectfully agreed. Over a decade later, the ancestor's benevolent governance was widely recognized, and the people who had scattered before all returned to him.
In the twenty-ninth year, before Dou Bin's passing, he advised his two sons to assist the ancestor well. However, his sons did not listen and secretly plotted a rebellion. The ancestor eliminated them and integrated their army, and other tribal leaders a
In 42 AD, my grandfather sent my father, Emperor Wen, to the Wei Kingdom to explore the local customs and culture. At that time, it was the second year of the Jingyuan era in Wei. My father, also known as the Desert Khan, was still the crown prince and stayed in Luoyang, who was regarded as a distinguished guest by the Wei Kingdom. We maintained constant exchanges with Wei, which sent us a substantial amount of gold, silver, cloth, and silk every year, totaling in the tens of thousands. My grandfather interacted sincerely and faithfully with neighboring states, never resorting to tricks for temporary gain, and was generous and kind, earning the respect of people from all walks of life. Eventually, the Wei Kingdom was succeeded by the Jin Kingdom, and the Jin Emperor Wu graciously escorted him back.
In 48 AD, my father returned from Jin.
In 56 AD, my father traveled to Jin again, returning in winter. Jin presented us with a large amount of brocade, blankets, silk, colored fabric, cotton, and satin, which was extremely generous, including over a hundred carts, horses, cattle, and sheep. While passing through Bingzhou, the Jin general Wei Guan believed my father was too formidable and could pose a future threat, so he secretly informed Emperor Wu of Jin of his desire to detain my father and prevent his departure. Emperor Wu of Jin believed this would breach trust and refused to agree. Wei Guan then devised another plan, saying he would bribe our country's officials with gold, silver, and brocade to incite infighting among them. Emperor Wu agreed, and thus my father was detained. Consequently, our officials and tribal leaders all accepted Wei Guan's bribes.
Fifty-eight years passed before he finally returned to his country. When the founder heard that he had returned, he was very happy and sent his ministers to the Yin Pavilion to welcome him. After drinking a lot of wine, the emperor looked up at the birds flying overhead and said to the ministers, "I will shoot it down for you." He took a casual shot, and the bird fell to the ground. At that time, their country lacked such archery skills, and everyone was very surprised, whispering among themselves, "The prince dresses like the people of the Southern Xia, and he also possesses some strange skills. If he inherits the throne and changes the old customs, we old ministers will surely face difficulties, not as good as those princes who grew up in the country; they are more simple and honest." Everyone thought it made sense. So they began to create rifts between the prince and the founder, conspired against him, and rushed back to report first. The founder asked them, "How has my son progressed after staying in other countries for so long?" The ministers replied, "The prince possesses extraordinary talent; he managed to shoot down a bird in flight with a bare bow. This is like the bizarre sorcery of the Jin Kingdom, a sign of unrest and a threat to the people. We hope you can investigate carefully." Since the emperor returned from the Jin Kingdom, the other princes were increasingly favored, the founder was growing older, now over a hundred, and feeling somewhat suspicious after hearing the ministers’ words. So he said, "Those who pose a threat must be dealt with." The ministers rushed to Sainan and assassinated the emperor. Later, the founder deeply regretted it. The emperor stood eight feet tall, strikingly handsome and charming. During his time in the Jin Kingdom, many handsome and talented courtiers were his friends, and everyone admired him greatly. Later, he was posthumously honored by the people.
That year, the founding ancestor fell seriously ill. King Kuxian of the Wuhuan tribe, relying on his power, had previously accepted bribes from Wei Guan, so he wanted to sow discord among the tribes, even sharpening his blades in the court. When the ministers asked him what he was up to, he replied, "The Emperor hates you ministers for falsely accusing the Crown Prince, and now he wants to kill the firstborn of all of you." The ministers believed him and quickly dispersed. The founding ancestor passed away shortly after, having reigned for fifty-eight years and lived to the age of 104. After his death, Emperor Taizu honored him as the founding ancestor.
Emperor Zhang, whose name was Xiluli, was the son of the founding ancestor. The various tribes began to rebel one after another, and the country was in chaos. He died after reigning as emperor for nine years.
Emperor Ping, whose name was Chuoli, was the younger brother of Emperor Zhang. He was a strong and strategic leader, held in high regard. In his seventh year of reign, the Yuwen clan leader of the Xiongnu tribe was killed by his subordinates, and his brother Pubo was installed as the new leader. The Emperor arranged for his daughter to marry Pubo's son, Qiu Buqin. Emperor Ping passed away after seven years of reign.
Emperor Si, who chose not to use his name, was the youngest son of Emperor Wen. He was intelligent, wise, and greatly respected by his brothers. His rule was characterized by leniency and simplicity, earning him the adoration of the people. He passed away after reigning for one year.
Emperor Zhao, without mentioning his name, was the son of the founder. He divided the country into three parts: he led one part himself, residing in the eastern region, to the north of Shanggu and to the west of Ruyuan, bordering the Yuwen tribe to the east; he appointed Emperor Wen's eldest son, Emperor Huan, without mentioning his name, to lead one part, residing north of Daijun's Canhe Slope; and he appointed Emperor Huan's younger brother, Emperor Mu, without mentioning his name, to lead one part, residing in the ancient city of Shengle, located in Dingxiang. Since our founding ancestor, we have maintained friendly relations with the Jin Dynasty, where the people lived in peace and prosperity, the country strong, and with over four hundred thousand battle-ready cavalry. This year, Emperor Mu began to send troops to Bingzhou, relocating some of the various Hu tribes to Yunzhong, Wuyuan, and Shuofang. He also crossed the Yellow River, attacking tribes such as the Xiongnu and Wuhuan. From eighty li north of Xingcheng to the original Great Wall, boundary markers were erected along the way to demarcate the border with the Jin Dynasty.
In the second year, Emperor Wen and Empress Feng were laid to rest. Emperor Si wanted to move Emperor Wen's tomb, but died before he could do so. His wish was finally fulfilled at this time. The King of Chengdu of the Jin Dynasty sent Tian Si, a Lang official, to pay his respects; the King of Hejian sent Sima Jinli to pay his respects; and the governor of Bingzhou sent Liang Tian to pay his respects. There were two hundred thousand guests, both near and far, who attended the funeral.
In the third year, Emperor Huan undertook an inspection across the northern desert and also launched conquests against some western states.
In the fourth year, Lou Daren Beijin, the leader of the Xianbei tribe in the east, moved to Liaodong.
In the fifth year, the son of Yuwen Mohui, Xunni Yan, came to pay tribute. The Emperor, pleased with his sincerity, arranged for his eldest daughter to marry him.
In the seventh year, Emperor Huan returned from his western expedition, with over twenty countries surrendering, which took a total of five years, and only now returning to the east.
In the tenth year, Emperor Hui of Jin was forced to stay in Yecheng by Sima Ying, the King of Chengdu. A branch of the Xiongnu tribe, Liu Yuan, rebelled in Lishi and declared himself the King of the Han. Sima Teng, the governor of Bingzhou, came to request support. Emperor Huan led over 100,000 cavalry troops into battle, and the Emperor sent additional troops, defeating Liu Yuan's army in the West River and Shangdang areas. As soon as Emperor Hui returned to Luoyang, Sima Teng bid farewell before returning. Emperor Huan and Sima Teng returned after swearing an oath on the east bank of the Fen River. Then they sent Fu Xiang Weixiong and Duanfan to build a pavilion with stones on the west side of Canhepo and erected a stele to record this battle.
In the eleventh year, Liu Yuan attacked Sima Teng, and Sima Teng sought help from the court again. Emperor Huan of Han sent thousands of light cavalry to rescue, resulting in the killing of Liu Yuan's general, Qi Wutun. Liu Yuan fled south to Puzi. The court conferred the title of Great Chanyu on Emperor Huan of Han and gave him a gold seal and purple ribbon.
That year, Emperor Huan of Han died. Emperor Huan was a hero, tall and burly; ordinary horses could not carry him. He usually rode in a covered carriage, pulled by a large ox, with the ox's horns capable of carrying a stone of grain! Legend has it that Emperor Huan was once poisoned, and an elm tree grew where he vomited. However, Canhepo had no elm trees at that time, so people thought it was strange, and the story has persisted to this day. Emperor Huan held the title of Great Chanyu for eleven years. Later, Duke Wei Cao of Dingxiang erected a stele in Dahangcheng to praise his achievements. His son Pugen succeeded him.
In the twelfth year, Li Xiong of the Qiang people declared himself Emperor in Shu, calling himself Emperor Dacheng.
In the thirteenth year, Emperor Zhao died. The Xianbei leader Murong Hui sent envoys to offer tribute. That year, the Jiehu Shile and the Jin Dynasty's horse herdsman Jisang rebelled.
Emperor Mu was exceptionally intelligent, courageous, and skilled in martial arts. After Emperor Zhao's death, he took control of the three governing departments and achieved unification.
In the first year, Liu Yuan proclaimed himself Emperor, calling himself the Emperor of Great Han.
In the year 3 AD during Emperor Mu's reign, Liu Kun, the Governor of Bingzhou, sent his son Liu Zun as a hostage. Emperor Mu was pleased and generously rewarded him. The leader of the Bai tribe rebelled and fled to Xihe, and Liu Hu of the Tiefu tribe raised an army in response, attacking Liu Kun's newly established county and Yanmen County. Liu Kun sought Emperor Mu's help, who sent his son, Emperor Pingwen, to lead twenty thousand cavalry to assist him in battle. The Bai tribe was defeated, followed by an attack on Liu Hu, resulting in the total annihilation of his forces. Liu Hu and his remaining troops crossed the Yellow River, fleeing to Shuofang to hide. Emperor Huai of Jin conferred the titles of Grand Chanyu and Duke of Dai upon Emperor Mu. Emperor Mu felt the territory was too distant from the court and lacked ties with the local populace, so he requested the territories of Juzhu and Xingbei from Liu Kun. Liu Kun, who relied on Emperor Mu, was pleased with this request and relocated the inhabitants of Mayi, Yinguang, Loufan, Fanshi, and Duo counties to Xingnan, constructed new cities, and dedicated the land to Emperor Mu. This territory bordered Dai County to the east and Xihe and Shuofang to the west, covering a radius of several hundred miles. Emperor Mu subsequently relocated one hundred thousand households to settle there. Liu Kun again requested Emperor Mu's assistance to help Luoyang. Emperor Mu sent twenty thousand infantry and cavalry to support, but the Jin Dynasty's Grand Tutor, Sima Yue of Donghai, reported a famine in Luoyang, leading to the troops' withdrawal. That same year, Liu Yuan died, and his son Liu Cong ascended to the throne. In the year 310 AD, Xing Yan, a commander under Liu Kun, rebelled in the newly established region of Jinyang and conspired with Liu Cong. The emperor dispatched troops to quell the rebellion, which forced Liu Cong to flee in fear.
In the year 311 AD, Liu Kun sent a messenger to request support from the court, wanting to join forces against Liu Cong and Shi Le. The emperor valued Liu Kun's loyalty and agreed to his request. Consequently, Liu Cong sent his son, Liu Can, to attack Jinyang, killing Liu Kun's parents and seizing control of the city. Liu Kun rushed to inform the emperor, who was furious and sent his eldest son, Sima Liuxiu, Huan Di's son, Sima Pugen, as well as Wei Xiong, Fan Ban, Ji Dan, and others as the vanguard troops. The emperor personally led an army of two hundred thousand troops in pursuit. Fearing the emperor's wrath, Liu Can burned the supplies and made a desperate escape. The emperor ordered pursuit, killing Liu Can's generals Liu Ru, Liu Feng, Jian Ling, Zhang Ping, and Xing Yan, with bodies littered across the landscape for hundreds of miles. Liu Kun came to thank the emperor, who welcomed him with great honor. Liu Kun requested to continue the march, but the emperor replied, "I arrived too late, causing the death of your parents; I feel deeply remorseful. Now that you have recovered the provinces and counties, but we have traveled a long way, and the soldiers and horses are exhausted. Let's rest for now. The enemy cannot be wiped out in one go!" Then, the emperor rewarded Liu Kun with over a thousand cattle, horses, and sheep, a hundred carriages, and left behind elite troops to guard Jinyang before returning to Luoyang. In the same year, the Governor of Yongzhou, Jia Pi, and the Prefect of Jingzhao, Yan Ding, because Emperor Huai of Jin was captured by Liu Cong, proclaimed Huai Emperor's brother, Prince Qin Sima Ye, as the crown prince and established a provisional government in Chang'an. The emperor once again declared martial law and made an agreement with Liu Kun to march together again. The emperor ordered Liu Kun to establish the Xing Tai in Jinyang, command all troops, and himself lead one hundred thousand cavalry south from Jiangu in Xihe, while the Jin army advanced east from Puban, meeting in Pingyang to utilize Liu Cong's supplies to facilitate the return of Emperor Huai of Jin. Unfortunately, this plan ultimately fell through.
In the year 312, the emperor built the Northern Capital at Shengle and renovated the old Pingcheng to serve as the Southern Capital. The emperor ascended the western mountain of Pingcheng to observe the terrain and found the location unsatisfactory, so he moved another hundred miles to the south and built a new Pingcheng along the banks of the Lishui River. The Jin Dynasty people referred to it as Little Pingcheng and appointed his eldest son, Sima Liuxiu, to garrison there and oversee the southern defenses.
In 313, the emperor once again scheduled a meeting with Liu Kun in Pingyang. However, at this point, Shi Le had captured Wang Jun, and within Shi Le’s territory, there were many Xiongnu and other nomadic tribes, totaling more than ten thousand households, most of whom were related to Shi Le. Upon hearing that Shi Le had breached Youzhou, these Xiongnu and other tribes plotted to rebel in support of Shi Le. As a result, their conspiracy was uncovered, and they were all executed. Consequently, the plan to attack Liu Cong had to be abandoned.
Eight years later, Emperor Min of Jin appointed him King of Dai and assigned officials to help him govern Dai County and Changshan County. The King of Dai nursed resentment and plotted to suppress the rebellions of Shi Le and Liu Cong. Previously, local customs were quite lax, and the common people were unaware of any prohibitions. However, since he became king, he began enforcing harsh punishments and strict laws, resulting in many commoners b
After nine years, King Dai summoned Liu Xiu, but Liu Xiu failed to appear. King Dai was furious and personally led troops to attack, but unexpectedly faced defeat. He then disguised himself and blended in with the common folk, but not long after, he died. Pugen, who had been stationed at the border, rushed to provide support upon hearing the news and attacked and defeated Liu Xiu. Wei Xiong and Ji Dan, along with the Jin people and over three hundred households of the Wuwan, fled south to Bingzhou with Liu Zun. Pugen died a month after ascending the throne. Pugen's son was declared king immediately after his birth, but this child tragically died that winter. In that year, Li Xiong sent envoys to pay tribute to the court.
Later, Emperor Pingwen of the Yu family ascended the throne; he was the son of the previous King Dai (Si Di). He was tall and strong, with notable military prowess.
The first year was the Dingchou year.
In the second year, Liu Hu occupied Shuofang and invaded the western border. King Dai personally went to battle and achieved a great victory, causing Liu Hu to flee for his life. Liu Hu's brother Lu Gu led his tribe to surrender, and King Dai married his daughter to him. In the west, he occupied the former territory of the Wusun, and in the east, he annexed the areas west of the Wujie, with nearly a million soldiers ready to take to the battlefield. At this time, Liu Cong died, and his son Liu Can seized the throne but was swiftly killed by his general, Jin Zhun. Then, Liu Yao of the Yuan clan usurped the throne again. When King Dai heard that Emperor Jin Min was slain by Liu Yao, he said to his ministers, "Now the Central Plains are leaderless; is Heaven about to assist me?" Liu Yao sent envoys to negotiate peace, but King Dai refused. That year, Sima Rui declared himself emperor in the south of the Yangtze River.
In the third year, Shi Le declared himself King of Zhao and sent envoys to negotiate peace, seeking a brotherly bond with King Dai. King Dai executed his envoy to sever relations with him.
In the fourth year, Zhang Mao, the governor of Liangzhou, was quietly appointed as the governor of Liangzhou and sent envoys to pay tribute to the court.
Five years into his reign, Sima Rui of the Jin Dynasty sent envoy Han Chang to grant titles to the Prince of Dai, who refused. He reorganized the army and trained the troops, seemingly planning to pacify the Southern Xia. The Empress of Emperor Huan, fearing for her son's position due to the Prince of Dai's popularity with the people, had him killed, resulting in his death along with several dozen ministers. After the Tianxing era began, the Prince of Dai was posthumously named Emperor Taizu.
Emperor Hui, named He Nuli, was the second son of Emperor Huan. The year he ascended the throne was marked as the fifth year of the Yuan era. Initially, he did not assume power; the Empress Dowager ruled on his behalf and even sent envoys to negotiate peace with Shi Le, which people referred to as "the envoy of the female state."
Two years later, Sima Rui died, and his son Sima Shao usurped the throne. Four years later, Emperor Hui began to take on governance. As the people of various tribes had not yet fully surrendered, he ordered the construction of a city on Dongmugen Mountain and moved the capital there. That year, Zhang Mao died, and his brother's son, Zhang Jun, took the throne and sent envoys to pay tribute.
Five years later, Emperor Hui passed away. In the same year, Sima Shao also died as well, and his son Sima Yan usurped the throne.
Emperor Yang, named He Na Li, was the younger brother of Emperor Hui. The year he ascended the throne was designated as the fifth year of the Yuan era. Three years later, Shi Le sent Shi Hu to lead five thousand cavalry to attack the borders. Emperor Yang fought them north of Gu Zhu Pass but was defeated and was forced to move the capital to Da Ning. At that time, Emperor Lie was staying with his uncle's Helan tribe. Emperor Yang sent someone to invite Emperor Lie back, but the Helan tribe leader Ai Tou protected Emperor Lie. Angrily, Emperor Yang allied with the Yuwen tribe to attack Ai Tou. As a result, the Yuwen forces suffered defeat, and Emperor Yang returned to Da Ning.
Four years later, Shi Le captured Liu Yao. Five years later, Emperor Yang relocated to the Yuwen tribe. The leaders of the Helan tribe and other tribes backed Emperor Lie.
Emperor Lie, named Yi Huai Li, was the eldest son of Emperor Pingwen. The year he ascended the throne was designated as the fifth year of the Yuan era. When Shi Le sent envoys to negotiate peace, Emperor Lie sent his brother, Emperor Zhao Cheng, along with more than five thousand households to Xiangguo (present-day Xiangyang, Henan). Two years later, Shi Le usurped the throne and declared himself Emperor of Da Zhao. Five years later, Shi Le passed away, and his son Shi Hong took the throne. Mu Rong Kuai also died, and his son Mu Rong Huang succeeded him. Six years later, Shi Hu overthrew Shi Hong and declared himself emperor. Li Xiong died, and his nephew Li Ban succeeded him. Li Xiong's son Li Qi killed Li Ban and became emperor himself. Seven years later, Ai Tou was executed after being summoned by Emperor Yang, which led to further unrest among the people. Emperor Yang returned from the Yuwen tribe to his homeland, and the leaders of various tribes rallied behind him once more. Emperor Yang ascended the throne again, marking this year as the seventh year of the Houyuan era. Emperor Lie was arranged to reside in Ye City, and Shi Hu gifted him a residence, entertainers, servants, and various riches. Three years later, Shi Hu sent General Li Mu to escort Emperor Lie to Da Ning with five thousand cavalry. At that time, more than six thousand households turned against Emperor Yang, forcing him to move to the territory of the Murong tribe. Emperor Lie ascended the throne again, marking this year as the third year of the Houyuan era. A year later, Emperor Lie died.
Shiyu Qian, who later became Emperor Zhao Cheng, was the second son of King Wen. He grew tall and strong from a young age, known for his generosity and kindness, with his emotions rarely showing on his face. He towered at eight feet tall, had a high nose bridge, and a face that bore the majesty of a dragon; his hair reached the ground, and when he lay down, his nipples brushed against the bedding. Before Emperor Lie's death, he instructed, "You must establish Shiyu Qian as the heir to bring stability to the country." After Emperor Lie's death, Shiyu Qian's brother, Gu, personally went to Ye City to welcome him, and the brothers made their way back to the kingdom together. This is well-documented in "The Biography of Gu." In November, nineteen-year-old Shiyu Qian ascended the throne in northern Fanji, signifying the founding year of the nation. That year, Li Xiong's brother, Li Shou, killed Li Qi and declared himself King of Han.
In the spring of the following year, Shiyu Qian began to appoint officials to manage various affairs. From the eastern region of Wei Mo to the western region of Po Luo Na, many came to pledge their allegiance to him. In May, he convened ministers at Canhebei to discuss the proposal to establish the capital at Liyuan Chuan. After several days of fruitless deliberation, they ultimately decided against the plan, following the Empress Dowager's suggestion. This incident is chronicled in "The Biography of the Empress." He then married the younger sister of Murong Yuanzhen as his empress.
In the spring of the third year, he moved the capital to the Shengle Palace in Yunzhong County. In September of the fourth year, he constructed Shengle City, located eight miles south of the old city. That winter, Empress Murong passed away. In October, Liu Hu attacked the western border, and Shiyu Qian sent troops to confront him, achieving a great victory and forcing Liu Hu to make a hasty retreat. Liu Hu later died, and his son Liu Wuhuan succeeded him and surrendered to Shiyu Qian, who arranged for his daughter to marry Liu Wuhuan. In December, Murong Yuanzhen sent envoys to offer tribute and recommended his granddaughter.
In May of the fifth year, Shi Yijian inspected Canhebei. On the seventh day of the seventh month, all the tribes gathered there to set up an altar for sacrificial offerings, hold military exercises, and archery competitions, which later became a customary practice. In August, he returned to Yunchong City. That autumn, Sima Yan passed away, and his brother Sima Yue seized power. In August of the sixth year, Murong Yuanzhen sent envoys to propose his daughter for marriage. That year, Li Shou died, and his son Li Shi usurped the throne and also sent envoys to pay tribute.
In February of the seventh year, Shi Yijian sent Chancellor Changsun Zhi to welcome Murong Yuanzhen's daughter. In June, the queen arrived in Helong City. In July, Murong Yuanzhen sent envoys to formally propose marriage, and Shi Yijian agreed. In September, Shi Yijian married his daughter to Murong Yuanzhen. That year, Sima Yue died, and his son Sima Dan usurped the throne. In the eighth year, Murong Yuanzhen sent envoys to pay tribute. That year, Zhang Jun declared himself the King of Liang without authorization.
In the ninth year, Shi Hu sent envoys to pay tribute. That year, Zhang Jun died, and his son Zhang Chonghua ascended the throne. In the tenth year, the emperor dispatched envoys to Ye City to assess the situation. That year, Sima Dan apprehended Li Shi. Zhang Chonghua also sent envoys to pay tribute.
In the eleventh year, Murong Yuanzhen passed away, and his son Murong Jun took the throne. In the twelfth year, the emperor undertook a western journey and turned back upon reaching the Yellow River. That year, Shi Hu died, and his son Shi Shi ascended the throne. Shi Shi's brother, Shi Zun, murdered Shi Shi and proclaimed himself emperor. Subsequently, Shi Zun's brother, Shi Jian, murdered Shi Zun and claimed the title of emperor.
In the thirteenth year, Ran Min, a resident of Wei County, murdered Shi Jian and declared himself emperor.
In the fourteenth year, the Emperor said: "The Shi Hu Group has already declined and perished, and Ran Min is stirring up trouble once more. The Central Plains are in turmoil, and no one can restore order. I will personally lead the troops to restore peace!" He then ordered all military divisions to prepare and await the command to march. Some ministers advised the Emperor: "Now that the Central Plains are in turmoil, it is indeed necessary to send troops, but we have heard that local warlords are rising in rebellion one after another, and it is impossible to pacify them all at once. If the fighting drags on for a long time, it might not bring lasting benefits and could instead result in losses." After hearing the advice, the Emperor halted the expedition plan. That year, the Di people, under Fu Jian's leadership, usurped power and proclaimed himself the Emperor of Da Qin.
In the fifteenth year, Murong Jun defeated Ran Min and also declared himself emperor, overstepping his bounds.
In the sixteenth year, Murong Jun sent envoys to pay tribute. That year, Zhang Chonghua died, and his son Zhang Yaoling ascended the throne. Zhang Chonghua's half-brother, Zhang Zuo, murdered Zhang Yaoling and proclaimed himself Duke of Liang.
In the seventeenth year, the Emperor sent envoys to confer with Murong Jun. Zhang Zuo again declared himself King of Liang, established officials, and sent envoys to pay tribute.
In the eighteenth year, Empress Dowager Wang died. That year, Fu Jian died, and his son Fu Sheng ascended the throne. Yao Xiang of the Qiang people declared himself General and Grand Chanyu. Zhang Guan and Song Hun killed Zhang Zuo and supported Zhang Chonghua's younger son, Zhang Xuanjing, as the King of Liang.
In the nineteenth year, in the first month, Liu Wuhuan died, and his brother Liu Antou ascended the throne, secretly plotting a rebellion. In the second month, the Emperor toured the west and reached the Yellow River. He sent someone to persuade Liu Antou to surrender, and Liu agreed. In winter, Murong Jun requested a marriage alliance, and the Emperor agreed.
In May of the twentieth year, Murong Jun delivered marriage gifts. That year, Fu Jian assassinated Fu Sheng and proclaimed himself emperor. Fu Mei, a subordinate of Fu Jian, killed Yao Xiang.
In the year 221 AD, many people from the Yantou tribe rebelled. Yantou, terrified, fled eastward. When they reached the river to cross, the ice gave way, causing half of them to fall in. The survivors sought refuge with Yantou's brother, Xiwuqi. At first, when Yantou rebelled, Xiwuqi and his eleven brothers were serving next to the emperor, who sent them home, hoping to sow distrust among them and turn them against each other. Instead, Xiwuqi managed to rally the rebels. Left with no options, Yantou surrendered, and the emperor treated him as he had before.
In the spring of 222 AD, the emperor embarked on an eastern tour, reaching Sanggan River. In March, Murong Jun sent envoys to pay tribute. In April, the emperor returned to Yunchong. Xiwuqi died, and his brother Weichen ascended the throne. In August, Weichen sent his son to pay tribute.
In the summer of 223 AD, in June, Empress Murong passed away. In July, Weichen attended the funeral and seized the opportunity to propose marriage, which the emperor accepted. That year, Murong Jun passed away, and his son Murong Wei ascended the throne, sending envoys to convey his condolences.
In the spring of 224 AD, Weichen sent envoys to pay court. That year, Sima Dan died, and his son Sima Qianling usurped the throne.
In 225 AD, the emperor journeyed south, reaching Junziji. In October, he toured the Dai region. In November, Murong Wei recommended his daughter to enter the palace, to bolster the harem.
In October 226 AD, the emperor launched a campaign against the Gaoche and achieved a resounding victory, capturing more than ten thousand people and seizing over a million cattle, sheep, and horses. That year, Zhang Chonghua's brother, Zhang Tianxi, assassinated Xuan Jing and proclaimed himself emperor.
In the spring of 227 AD, the emperor's carriage returned to Yunchong. In November, the emperor mounted a campaign against the Meige tribe, defeated them, and confiscated millions of cattle, sheep, and horses.
In January 228 AD, Wei Chen plotted a rebellion and fled to Hedong. The Emperor led troops to confront him, but Wei Chen, fearing for his life, fled. In December, Fu Jian sent envoys to offer tribute. That year, Sima Qianling died, and his brother Sima Yi seized the throne and declared himself emperor.
In May 229 AD, the Emperor sent Yan Feng as an envoy to Fu Jian.
In October 230 AD, the Emperor launched a campaign against Wei Chen. At that time, the river had not yet fully frozen, so the Emperor used reeds to tie together the floating ice, connecting them. Although not strong, the Emperor scattered reeds on the ice, causing the ice to bond together, forming a floating bridge. The army crossed the river with ease and caught Wei Chen off guard, who fled west with his people. The Emperor recaptured his tribe, seizing tens of thousands of people and livestock.
In the spring of 231 AD, the Emperor returned to the capital from the western front, differently rewarding his soldiers.
In January 232 AD, the Emperor embarked on a southern tour to Junzijin. In October, he went on an inspection tour to Dai.
In November of 333 AD, we launched a campaign against Gaoche and dealt them a crushing defeat. That same year, Fu Jian captured Murong Wei.
In the spring of 334 AD, Changsun Jin attempted a rebellion but was swiftly eliminated by us. When he rebelled, he even charged towards the throne with a sword, but luckily the Crown Prince, later known as Emperor Xianming, Li Shi, quickly stopped him, though the Crown Prince was injured in the ribs. In May, the Crown Prince died, and he was posthumously honored with a title. In July, the Emperor's grandson Li Gui was born, and a general amnesty was proclaimed. That year, Huan Wen deposed Sima Yi, who was then made Duke of Haixi, while Huan Wen made Sima Yu's son, Sima Rui, emperor.
In 335 AD, Sima Yu died, and his son Sima Changming usurped the throne and became emperor.
In the summer of 336 AD, we sent the envoy Yan Feng to see Fu Jian.
In 337 AD, the Emperor led troops to confront Wei Chen, who fled to the south.
In the year 338 AD, Wei Chen requested assistance from Fu Jian. In 339 AD, Fu Jian sent his chancellor Fu Luo, along with an army of two hundred thousand and generals such as Zhu Tong, Zhang Hao, and Deng Qiang, to march against our borders. In November, during winter, the Bai and Dugu tribes engaged them in battle but were defeated. The southern leader Liu Kureng fled to Yunzong. The emperor then sent Liu Kureng with one hundred thousand cavalry to fight the enemy at Shiziling, but they still did not win. At that time, the emperor was also in poor health, and there were few reliable ministers in the court, so they had no choice but to retreat north of Yinshi Mountain. The Gao Che tribe had turned traitor, looting everywhere, and we were unable to find fodder. Later, we retreated to the southern desert region. Only after Fu Jian's army withdrew slightly did we dare to return. In December, we returned to Yunzong, and after more than ten days, the emperor passed away at the age of fifty-seven. The Taizu Emperor ascended the throne and posthumously honored him as Gaozu Emperor.
The emperor was generous, compassionate, intelligent, brave, and righteous. At that time, our country had very few silk fabrics, and a man named Xu Qian stole two rolls of silk. The guards reported the theft to the emperor, but he chose to keep the matter secret and told Yan Feng, "I can't bear to see his face; you must not make this public. If he were to feel ashamed and commit suicide over this, it would be an injustice. It is not right to disgrace a talent over a trivial matter of wealth." Previously, when the emperor was fighting the western rebels, he was struck in the eye by a stray arrow. After the rebels were subdued, the ministers captured the archers, and each one sought to execute them with daggers and knives. However, the emperor said, "They were just serving their lord; what crime have they committed?" Thus, he released them.
That year, Fu Jian vanquished Zhang Tianxi.
Historians say that emperors can prosper only because they have accumulated merits, done many good deeds, and attained a divine level of virtue, in order to conform to the will of heaven. The ancestors of the Wei dynasty lived in remote areas, serving as local leaders for generations, educating the people with simplicity, never vying for prominence in their era. The mother of Emperor Shenyuan was a celestial maiden who came down to earth, and Emperors Huan and Mu worked tirelessly to support the Jin dynasty. These extraordinary occurrences are no coincidence! Emperor Zhaocheng, with his talent and noble spirit, achieved victories across the board, and his reputation spread to distant regions. He changed the country's name, relocated the capital, and furthered the achievements of the Wei dynasty. In the end, the Wei dynasty lasted for 160 years and established a magnificent reign in the Central Plains region. There's a deeper significance to all of this.
