Li Xiaobo hailed from Zhao County. His father, Li Zeng, was the younger brother of Duke Gao Ping. In his youth, he studied the "Zheng's Rites" and "Zuo's Spring and Autumn" and made a living by teaching. The county summoned him three times to take up an official position, but he declined each time. When his students urged him, he replied, "Although the position of official is held by outstanding talents chosen from our village, ultimately, it is merely a county position. Serving others in a subservient role is no easy task!" Later, when the province summoned him to take on the role of chief clerk, he sighed after just one month in office, saying, "Liang Shujing once remarked: the official positions in provinces and counties are merely a waste of effort. The principles of righteousness cannot be implemented; this is my own concern." So he returned home to resume his teaching.
When Emperor Taizu was in power, the court summoned him to become a scholar and later appointed him as the governor of Zhao County. He governed the region with an iron fist, causing bandits and robbers to flee in terror. Emperor Taizong greatly appreciated him. At that time, the Dingling tribe in Bingzhou frequently harassed the Shandong region, but knowing that Li Zeng could command the unwavering support of the people, the Dingling tribe feared to cross the borders. Once, bandits caught a dead deer in the territory of Changshan, thinking it was a deer from Zhao County. The bandit leader berated his men and ordered them to return the deer to where it belonged. The nearby counties then composed a song that went, "A deer pretending to be from Zhao County is better than the grain from Changshan." This illustrates the high regard in which Li Zeng was held at the time. After Li Zeng's death, the court posthumously conferred upon him the title of General of Pacifying the South and Governor of Jingzhou, and bestowed upon him the posthumous title "Yi."
Li Xiaobo inherited his father's career at a young age, and he was well-versed in a wide range of subjects. He was dignified in appearance and conducted himself with great decorum. His brother Li Shun recommended him to the Emperor, and as a result, the Emperor summoned him. After seeing Li Xiaobo, the Emperor was very impressed and said to Li Shun, "This is truly the outstanding talent in your family!" Later, Li Xiaobo was promoted to the position of Secretary of State, then to a minister, and was granted the title of Viscount of Nanchang. He was promoted to General Jianwei and entrusted by the Emperor with handling confidential military affairs, who trusted and favored him greatly. His involvement in planning and decision-making was highly confidential, unknown to the people at that time. He was later promoted to the position of Minister of the North. Due to his numerous successful military campaigns and strategic acumen, he was subsequently elevated to the title of Marquis of Shouguang and appointed General Jianyi.
Emperor Song Wendi was planning a southern expedition and was set to depart from Pengcheng. His son, Liu Jun, who was serving as the General of Anbei, Governor of Xuzhou, and Prince of Wuling, sent General Ma Wengong with over ten thousand infantry and cavalry to Xiaocheng. However, the vanguard was defeated, and while Ma Wengong fled, his subordinate Kuai Ying was captured.
Upon hearing that the Emperor was planning a southern tour, Emperor Song Wendi sent his brother, Liu Yigong, who was the Grand Commandant and Prince of Jiangxia, with troops to Pengcheng. When Emperor Song Wu (Emperor Shizu) arrived in Pengcheng, he ascended the tomb of Yafu (Zhang Liang) to observe the situation inside the city. He then had Kuai Ying brought to the Xiaoshi Gate, where he proclaimed Emperor Song Wu's edict, offered words of comfort to Liu Yigong, and had him report on the defeat in Xiaocheng. When Liu Yigong asked Kuai Ying about the Wei Emperor's presence, Kuai Ying replied that he had personally come and was currently in the southwest of the city, commanding an army of over four hundred thousand.
Liu Jun also sent two sets of wine utensils, a hundred sugarcanes, and requested camels.
The next morning, Emperor Shizu went to the grave of his father, the late emperor, to pay his respects again. He then sent Xiaobo to a small market in Pengcheng, and Xiang Yu also sent his chief historian Zhang Chang to meet with Xiaobo. Xiaobo asked Zhang Chang from a distance, "May I ask your surname?" Zhang Chang replied, "My surname is Zhang." Xiaobo said, "You must be the chief historian Zhang, right?" Zhang Chang asked, "How do you know my identity?" Xiaobo said, "Since you are here, how could you not recognize me?"
Zhang Chang then asked Xiaobo, "What is your name, and what position do you hold in the court?" Xiaobo replied, "I'm just an ordinary soldier in the army; there's really nothing to ask about. However, I have the strength to match you." Xiaobo added, "Our emperor has issued an order: 'The Grand Commandant and the General of Anbei may temporarily leave the city. If I want to see you, I will not attack Pengcheng anymore. Why make the soldiers work so hard when the city is still heavily guarded?' We've brought gifts like camels and sable fur." Zhang Chang said, "The emperor's orders apply only to your country; how can they possibly apply here?" Xiaobo said, "Isn't your Grand Commandant and General of Anbei a subject of the emperor?" Zhang Chang said, "Yes." Xiaobo said, "Our court governs all nations and lands under heaven, and no one dares to disobey. Even if you're the ruler of a neighboring country, why shouldn't you accept the edict from a subject of your neighbor?"
Xiaobo asked Zhang Chang once more, "Why did you suddenly close the city gates and cut off the bridges?" Zhang Chang replied, "The two Chu kings believe that the Wei fortifications are not yet properly established, and the soldiers are exhausted. Here, we have one hundred thousand elite troops, each eager to make achievements. We fear that a hasty battle could lead to chaos, so we temporarily closed the city gates. Once the soldiers and horses are well-rested, we will discuss battlefield strategies together and choose a date for the decisive battle." Xiaobo said, "Military orders are as solid as mountains, and the main general's duty should be carried out according to the rules. Why close the city gates and cut off the bridges? How could there possibly be a hundred thousand troops in the city? We have a million fine horses too, so why boast about military strength?" Zhang Chang said, "Setting up obstacles isn't just about following the rules. If I wanted to boast about your military strength, I would say a million. The reason I said one hundred thousand is because these are the troops usually kept by the two Chu kings. There are also people, craftsmen, and armies from several other states in the city, not to mention them. What we’re really comparing is manpower, not horses. Moreover, the northern region is known for breeding horses. What superior horses do you have to brag about?" Xiaobo said, "Setting up obstacles is indeed as you said. Opening and closing city gates have their own rules. What’s the point of cutting off the bridges? Defending the city is your strength, while field battles are mine; I rely on cavalry, just like you rely on the city walls." In Pengcheng, there was a man named Beisi who had visited the capital before. Yigong sent someone to check it out, and Beisi recognized him. Beisi approached Xiaobo and said, "Minister Li, you’ve worked hard on the journey." Xiaobo said, "This matter should be known to everyone." Beisi replied, "Exactly because everyone knows, we’re even more thankful for your hard work." Xiaobo said, "Thank you for your kindness."
As soon as the door opened, Chang Ping came out to greet them, then received the gifts bestowed by the court. Xiaobo said, "The Emperor has given the Grand Marshal a sable coat and bestowed camels, mules, horses, wine, and various delicacies upon the General of Anbei. These items should be enjoyed by everyone together." Chang Ping replied, "The two princes have informed the Wei Emperor of the situation and know that he wishes to see us. We have also been hoping to meet in person, but we are currently serving on the border by orders, and as loyal subjects, we cannot privately contact anyone from outside, so we cannot meet in private." Yi Gong offered a set of leather trousers and a leather coat, as well as two pots of good wine and one hundred sugar canes. Xiaobo continued, "The Emperor also has a decree: 'The Grand Marshal and the General of Anbei have not received news from the south for a long time; they must be very worried. If you wish to send a messenger, the court will send an escort; if you need to send a message on horseback, the court will provide horses.'" Chang Ping said, "The road conditions here are very complicated; messengers have to travel back and forth every day, and there's no need to trouble the Wei Emperor any further." Xiaobo said, "I know there is a water route; it seems to have been cut off by the so-called 'White Bandits'." Chang Ping said, "You wear white, so people call you 'White Bandit'." Xiaobo laughed heartily, "These 'White Bandits' these days seem to be different from the Yellow Turbans and Red Eyebrows of the past." Chang Ping said, "The Yellow Turbans and Red Eyebrows are not in Jiangnan." Xiaobo said, "Although they are not in Jiangnan, they're not too far from Xuzhou either."
Xiao Bo asked again, "You were in contact with General Anbei before; why haven't you replied for so long?" Chang Ping said, "The two princes hold high status and are far away on the frontier; it's not easy to report news to them." Xiao Bo said, "Duke Zhou valued the common people so much that he personally addressed their difficulties; how can the two princes feel so distant?" Chang Ping replied, "Duke Zhou personally solving the difficulties of the common people was not aimed at neighboring countries." Xiao Bo said, "If we value our own country this much, neighboring countries should be even more attentive. Moreover, when guests arrive, the host should be courteous." Chang Ping said, "Yesterday I saw many guests visiting, but they were not treated with any courtesy." Xiao Bo said, "It's not that the guests are impolite, but that the host is too rushed and didn't properly host them."
Xiao Bo continued, "The emperor has issued another decree: 'Cheng Tianzuo is just an ordinary person and not really a talent from the Jiangnan region. He is relatively close to Ru Yang, was shot nine times and fell into Liang River; it was I who sent someone to rescue him. Generally, people would miss their family and want to reunite with them. I heard that his brother is here; why not let him come out to see him for a bit? I originally planned to let him go back; how could I deliberately keep someone here?'" Chang Ping said, "I know the emperor wants the Cheng brothers to reunite; I have already sent someone to notify him, but he firmly refuses to come." Xiao Bo said, "Is there news of a father and son or brothers, yet they refuse to meet? This is worse than beasts!"
"How have the customs and habits around here come to be like this?"
The emperor sent someone to give Yigong and Jun each a piece of wool felt fabric, nine kinds of salt, and some chickpeas. Xiao Bo remarked, "The emperor has decreed: 'These salts each have their own uses. The white salt and cooking salt are for the emperor himself; black salt treats bloating, ground into a powder weighing six zhu and taken with wine; hu salt treats eye pain; rong salt treats various sores; the four types of red salt, mixed salt, smelly salt, and horse tooth salt are not meant for consumption. Why haven't the Grand Marshal and General Anbei come to see me? While it's hard to express our friendship in words, they should at least see how I've changed in weight and height, know my age, and get a sense of my character.'"
Chang said, "The emperor of Wei has long prepared gifts for our exchanges, and Minister Li has personally come with the decree, so there’s no need to worry about insufficient expression of our friendship, which is why no one was sent to deliver a message." Yigong presented ten candles, and Jun offered a piece of brocade.
Xiao Bo said, "You're from the south—why are you wearing those straw sandals? If you dress like this, how will the soldiers see you?" Chang replied, "You are right; I am indeed ashamed. But I was entrusted with this important task because I am not skilled in martial affairs, leading the army in battle, and I haven't had time to worry about my appearance."
Xiao Bo remarked, "King Yongchang has recently been stationed in Chang'an and is currently leading 80,000 elite troops directly advancing on Huainan. Shouchun has also shut its gates in self-defense and dares not resist. Previously, when Liu Kangzu's head was delivered, King Yongchang saw Wang Xuanmo, who is well aware of the situation and is merely an average talent. Why grant him such significant power, only for him to suffer defeats? The army has advanced over 700 miles into enemy territory without facing any substantial resistance. Although Zoushan is strategically important, the enemy's vanguard was swiftly defeated by Cui Xieli upon engagement, and the soldiers were dragged out. The emperor requested that his life be spared, and he is here now. After that, he underestimated the situation and advanced carelessly, sending Ma Wengong to Xiaoxian, hoping to intimidate the enemy into fleeing at the mere sight. The local people are outraged, stating that during peaceful times, we pay our rents and taxes, yet now, in our time of need, you fail to protect us."
Chang answered, "I know that King Yongchang has already passed through Huainan. I haven't received any reliable news about Liu Kangzu's defeat. Wang Xuanmo is a southern general who isn't particularly skilled; he's only leading the vanguard because he hails from the north. The army hasn't arrived yet, but the river is nearly frozen. Xuanmo probably sensed the unfavorable situation and retreated, which is reasonable. However, the nighttime retreat caused panic among the troops. My family's Xuanhu is a small city defended by a junior general, Chen Xian. The Wei Kingdom has been besieging us with all their might for several days now. Hu Sheng led a small force of fewer than three regiments and defeated the Wei Kingdom at Heshe River, forcing the Wei officials and soldiers to scatter. We have no shame in the Battle of Huatai. Zoushan may be a small stronghold, but its terrain is somewhat challenging, and most of the people by the river are newly surrendered, just starting to accept our rule. Thieves haven't been dealt with yet, so we sent Cui Xie to calm them down. Even though we've lost the defense now, what real loss is there for the country? Is it really something to brag about for the Wei Emperor to send a hundred thousand troops against Cui Xie? I heard the people of Xiaoxian are taking refuge in the mountains, so I just sent Ma Wengong with ten teams to greet them. Ma Wengong previously led three teams to attack and then retreated to the enemy's camp. Ji Xuanjing brought over a hundred boats to Liucheng, which made the Wei army flee. Failing because of underestimating the enemy isn't something to worry about. The folks in the Wangjing area by the river should look out for one another during this war. If the Wei army invades and things go wrong, what can the people complain about if the officials fail to protect them? We traveled seven hundred miles into enemy territory without encountering resistance, thanks to the brilliant tactics of the Grand Marshal and the clever strategies of Prince Wuling. Although I have not been involved in military affairs, there are some things about warfare that are best left unsaid."
Xiaobo said, "All this talk of yours is just empty talk, passing the buck back and forth; it's just a bunch of sophistry; you're out of ideas. The Emperor will not besiege this city; he will personally lead the army straight to Guabu. If things go well in the South, we won’t need to attack this city; if things go badly in the South, we won't want Pengcheng. I’m heading South now; I want my horse to drink from the Yangtze River."
Chang replied, "I've got my own plans about whether to stay or go. If the Wei Emperor really can let his horse drink from the Yangtze, that would be completely unacceptable."
Xiaobo said, "From North to South, it's all just about the ups and downs of life. Letting a horse drink from the Yangtze? That goes beyond just being unacceptable."
Chang was about to return to the city and said to Xiaobo, "I hope the war wraps up soon, and we can meet again. If you make it back to the Song Dynasty, today marks the start of our friendship."
Xiaobo said, "I will go to Jianye first to wait for you. I’m worried that by then you and the two princes might be captured together, pleading with the Emperor for mercy, and there will be no time to consider these things."
Xiaobo was an elegant and graceful man, articulate and smooth in his speech, and everyone around him admired him. The Emperor was quite pleased, so he promoted him to Duke of Xuancheng.
In the second year of Xing'an, he was appointed as the Imperial Commissioner, Cavalry Commandant, General Who Pacifies the West, and Inspector of Qinzhou. He passed away in the fifth year of the Tai'an era, and Emperor Gaozong was deeply saddened, posthumously appointing him as Grand General who Guards the South, Inspector of Dingzhou, and gave him the posthumous title of Duke Wen Zhao.
Xiao Bo was a generous and cultured individual, well-versed in political affairs, and was greatly respected by everyone in the court and among the people, regardless of their status. Emperor Gongzong once suggested to Emperor Shizong that he should broadly recruit talented individuals, but Emperor Shizong replied, "Having a Xiao Bo is enough to govern the world; why go to such lengths? Even if we really sought others, would we be able to find someone like him?" This illustrates Emperor Shizong's deep appreciation for him. Whenever significant issues arose in the court, he would personally write memorials to express his candid advice; even if his opinions were not adopted, he would reiterate them. After finishing his memorials, he would destroy the drafts, so that his family would never see them. In court discussions, he always adhered to principles, allowing others to express themselves freely, regardless of the accuracy of their statements, without interrupting them. When he met Emperor Shizong, he would openly share his insights and strengths, never concealing others' names or claiming credit for himself. As a result, scholars and officials held him in high regard for his integrity and noble character. Since the execution of Cui Hao, all major military and national decisions were made by Xiao Bo. Emperor Shizong's trust in him was nearly comparable to that in Cui Hao, regarding him as a chancellor. He offered advice and remedies for the state but never sought the limelight, so most people at the time remained unaware of his contributions. On the day he passed away, people from all around mourned deeply. Xiao Bo's esteemed reputation spread far and wide. When Li Biao was dispatched to Jiangnan, Xiao Ze asked him, "Is Xiao Bo far from you?" This indicates that Xiao Bo's reputation extended even to distant lands. Xiao Bo's wife was the daughter of Cui Ze, a virtuous woman who gave him a son named Yuan Xian. After the death of the Cui family, Xiao Bo married Zhai but did not make her his primary wife. Zhai harbored jealousy towards Yuan Xian, and later, when disaster struck, Yuan Xian was harmed, causing people to suspect Zhai was responsible. Yuan Xian was ambitious, and his untimely death was a great loss for the people. Zhai gave birth to two sons, Anmin and Anshang, both of whom displayed good character.
An Min inherited the title of Marquis of Shouguang and served as the Minister of Works and Grand Sima. After his death, he was posthumously granted the title of Governor of Yingzhou. He had no sons, so his title was revoked. An Shang served as the Governor of Julu and also passed away early. An Min's younger brother, Leopard, submitted a memorial in the third year of the Zhengguang era saying:...
It is said that there has always been a tradition in the state of rewarding meritorious officials; wise rulers throughout the ages have always understood the rise and fall of fortunes and the continuity or severance of lineages. Therefore, those families that accumulate virtue and merit are recorded in the "Spring and Autumn Annals" as being able to receive protection for ten generations; those who achieve great feats and possess noble character will have their descendants protected by the nation. Our Emperor Taiwu is truly wise and martial, radiating brilliance that lights up the entire realm! He pacified Liaodong in the east, recaptured Yumen Pass in the west, defeated the enemies in the north, and even made the horses drink from the Yangtze River in the south!
My father, Duke Xiao Bo of Xuancheng, was fortunate to serve under Emperor Taiwu, always by the emperor's side, offering advice and strategies, and was deeply trusted and valued by the emperor. At that time, the crown prince was regent and requested the summoning of talented individuals. The emperor issued a decree saying, "I already have someone like Xiao Bo, sufficient to govern the world; is there any need to look for others?" The favor my father received was unprecedented. Therefore, the emperor rewarded him with many valuables and conferred upon him the title of duke, the edict stated: "During the inspection of Jiangyang, he repeatedly presented brilliant strategies; the six armies achieved great victories, also thanks to his contributions." My father later led troops to support the emperor and was set to receive significant rewards, but Emperor Taiwu passed away. The emperor's coffin was just beginning to be transported to the tomb when my father was also appointed as a local official. Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne while still very young and had not yet had the opportunity to honor my father's achievements posthumously.
My father passed away, and his contributions were not fully acknowledged during his lifetime, nor were his ambitions realized. Both the court officials and the common people lamented his untimely death. As I think about our family's decline, I am filled with profound sorrow. My father was favored in the previous dynasty, his achievements recorded in the royal annals; logically, the title should have been passed down, but now the succession has been cut off, which causes me great pain. I looked into historical precedents and found that Guangchuan Wang Zun and Taiyuan Gong Yuan Daocao, among others, had their lines cut off despite their contributions to the previous dynasty. The court either allowed their collateral relatives to inherit the title or permitted younger brothers to inherit, to honor their contributions and ensure their legacies lived on. Moreover, my father was held in high regard by the court during his lifetime, skillfully orchestrating affairs behind the scenes with notable achievements and a strong reputation, comparable to those individuals. The Han Dynasty was known for generously rewarding loyal subjects, and the Wei Dynasty bestowed generous rewards upon accomplished individuals like Zhang Liao and Xu Huang, and did not neglect the descendants of Xun Yu and Guo Jia. Now, other families have posthumously honored their ancestors from the previous dynasty, while my father's title has been cut off in this era of enlightenment; the thought of this fills me with deep regret and sorrow.
I heard that in the Zhengzhi period, there was an edict to posthumously honor those deceased officials who had contributed to the country, to honor the worthy and recognize their contributions. In the first year of Xiping, among the ten requests made by the late King Cheng of Rencheng, there was also a request to posthumously honor the meritorious officials of the previous dynasty, which turned into a major event back then and set a great example for future generations. Who in office wouldn’t appreciate this? This not only encourages the present but also serves as a warning for the future. Moreover, the Liu family's forged historical texts circulated in the court, and upon careful examination of their content, it is all baseless slander; the envoys mentioned in the books do not even have their names and titles written down, showing how unreliable they are. Even in the "Biography of Zhang Chang," there’s a brief mention of my father’s words and actions, although some parts were omitted. Zhang Chang clearly intended to elevate himself; however, my father's talent remains difficult to overshadow, and the book still praises my father, which not only benefited society back then but also highlights the country’s glory even after my father’s death. Please take a look at this book; the truth will be clear. This way, our struggling family can rise again, and my father’s spirit will be at peace. In the end, I still didn’t inherit the title. My brother, Xie, also known as Yuanshan, continued the family studies and is respected in the village. In simple terms, my older brother Xie, or Yuanshan, is a top student and a respected figure in our hometown.
During Emperor Shizu's reign, he ordered the counties to recommend capable individuals, and Xiang participated in the examination. His examination paper pleased the emperor greatly, and he was directly appointed as a Doctor of the Central Secretariat. At that time, the southern regions had not yet fully submitted to the imperial court, so the emperor personally led troops into battle and sent General Han Yuanxing to lead the army from Qingzhou, allowing Xiang to serve as a military advisor. They advanced to Chenzhou and Ruzhou, where more than 7,000 households in the Huai Bei region surrendered to the forces. The emperor relocated them to southern Yanzhou and Yuzhou, establishing Huaiyang County for their resettlement, and appointed Xiang as the governor, also granting him the title of General of Shuoyuan. Later, more than ten thousand refugees sought his protection. He encouraged everyone to engage in agriculture and sericulture, and the common people enjoyed more stable lives. The emperor was very pleased and rewarded him with fine clothes and horses. He was later promoted to the governor of Hejian, and everyone said he was both imposing and benevolent.
During Emperor Shizu's reign, he asked each state and county to recommend outstanding talents. Xiaobo participated in the examination and performed exceptionally well, being directly promoted to a Doctor of the Central Secretariat. At that time, the southern regions had not yet been completely pacified, and the emperor personally led troops into battle, sending General Han Yuanxing to lead the army, while also appointing Xiaobo as a military advisor. They advanced to Chenzhou and Ruzhou, where many common people surrendered, and the emperor relocated them to the areas of Yanzhou and Yuzhou, establishing Huaiyang County for their resettlement, and appointed Xiaobo as governor, granting him the title of General of Shuoyuan. Many refugees came to seek his protection, and he encouraged everyone to farm and raise silkworms, resulting in an improvement in their lives. The emperor highly valued him and presented him with fine clothes and horses. He was later promoted and became the governor of Hejian, and everyone said he was both imposing and benevolent.
In the Tai'an years, his career continued to progress. He was summoned by the court and appointed as a Deputy Minister of the Central Secretariat. As a result, over a thousand common people petitioned the emperor to allow him to remain in Hejian for a few more years, but the emperor did not agree. He later died in office, and after his death, he was posthumously appointed Inspector of Dingzhou and Pingjizi, with the posthumous name of Xian.
Later, he was appointed as an official in the court. Many common folk petitioned the emperor, requesting that he allow him to remain in the local area, but sadly, the emperor declined. He later passed away, and the emperor posthumously named him the governor of Dingzhou and bestowed upon him a very high posthumous title. His son, Anshi, was remarkably bright from a young age. In the second year of the Xing'an era, the emperor summoned the sons of officials and scholars, seeking to select outstanding children as students. Anshi was only eleven years old at the time, and when the emperor saw that he was still young, he asked him some questions. Anshi articulated his grandfather's achievements clearly, and the emperor immediately accepted him as a student. Every time the emperor visited the Guozijian, he would ask Anshi questions individually. The emperor also said, "As long as you study hard, you will definitely become wealthy and honored in the future." After Anshi's father passed away, he was renowned for his filial piety. During the Tian'an era, he was appointed Zhongsan Dafu. Due to his gentle, quick-witted, and cautious demeanor, the emperor was very fond of him. He was later promoted to Zhu Ke Ling.
Anshi was clever and bright from a young age. One year, the emperor summoned the sons of the ministers, wanting to select some outstanding children to enter the palace as students. Anshi was only eleven years old at that time, and the emperor, seeing his young age, asked him a few questions. As a result, when Anshi talked about his grandfather's deeds, he spoke eloquently, and the emperor immediately admitted him. The emperor often inspected the school and would ask Anshi questions individually each time. The emperor also said, "As long as you study hard, you will surely achieve great success in the future!" After his father's death, Anshi was very serious about his filial piety. Later, he became a Zhongsan Dafu, and the emperor liked him very much, promoting him further.
Xiao Ze sent Liu Zuan to pay tribute. When Liu Zuan and the others saw that Anshi was good-looking and had graceful manners, they remarked to one another, "Without gentlemen like Anshi, how could the country be well-governed?" They subsequently referred to Anshi as "Dian Ke."
Anshi said: "The rituals and music of the Three Dynasties differ, and the music of the Five Emperors is also different. Why should I be addressed with the official titles of the Qin Dynasty?" Liu Zuan asked: "How many different titles have there been for this position across the dynasties?" Anshi replied: "In the Zhou Dynasty, it was referred to as 'Zhangke'; in the Qin Dynasty, it was changed to 'Dianke'; in the Han Dynasty, it was called 'Honglu'; and now it is called 'Zhuke'. Stop fixating on those civil and military officials and the long-gone Qin Dynasty." Liu Zuan then pointed to Fangshan and asked, "Is this mountain far from Yanran Mountain?" Anshi said, "It's about the same distance as from Shitoushan to Panyu."
The country sent envoys to Jiangnan, often bringing out treasures from the palace for the wealthy and influential in the capital to purchase, allowing the envoys to trade freely. When the envoys arrived at the Jin Yu shop to ask about the prices, Liu Zuan said, "The gold and jade from the north are very cheap, probably because these things are produced in the mountains?" Anshi said, "Our court does not value gold and jade, so they are as cheap as rubble. Moreover, the emperor is virtuous, and even heaven is moved, so there are no precious gems in the mountains; therefore, there are no mountains, no gold, and no jade." Liu Zuan originally planned to set up a large market in the area, but after hearing Anshi's words, he felt embarrassed and decided to abandon the idea. Later, Liu Zuan was promoted to be the Chief Guest Attendant.
The common people were starving and fleeing everywhere, while the wealthy and influential took the opportunity to seize their land. Anshi submitted a letter to the emperor: "I have heard that measuring land and dividing fields is the fundamental plan for governing the country; the balance of land between cities and villages is essential for a strong nation. The equal-field system has been implemented for a long time, and there are also limitations on the amount of land. This is done to prevent land from being left idle and to spare the people from unnecessary toil. Even wealthy families shouldn't be allowed to monopolize all the fertile land; even the poorest households should have a little land of their own. This is the only way we can truly care for the poor, restrain the desires of the greedy, avoid excessive disparity between the rich and the poor, and ensure that everyone can live and work in peace."
"Now I see that in many counties and districts, because of bad years, many people are fleeing, selling their farms and homes, and moving to other places to live, with some families unable to return to their hometowns for generations. It is only after grassroots officials like village leaders and township chiefs are established that they return to their original villages, but their homes have become dilapidated, and the mulberry trees have been replanted. A long time has passed, making it easy for cases of misappropriation to occur. Powerful families seize the opportunity to oppress the common people, some referencing examples from the Wei and Jin dynasties, while others point to cases involving relatives and friends. Moreover, as time goes by, the village elders also become confused about the situation; although there is much evidence, it is difficult to discern the truth of the evidence. Everyone is intertwined, making it difficult to discern the truth of the evidence, leading to indecision among the judges, as lawsuits drag on for years without resolution. Fertile fields lie fallow with no one to cultivate them, mulberry trees wither without anyone to harvest them, and the number of opportunists and lawsuits continues to grow. In this way, how can ordinary people make ends meet?
I believe that even though restoring the fields and farms to their original state is challenging, land should be re-measured, and the area and ownership of the land should be carefully verified; land distribution should align with the available labor force so that the common people can rely on the land for their livelihood, and the wealthy should no longer be allowed to hoard extra land. This way, equitable benefits can reach everyone, and every household can become prosperous. There should be a time limit for resolving disputed land; issues that have dragged on for too long are hard to resolve and should be awarded to the current owners. This way, those with ulterior motives will no longer hold onto fantasies, and honest farmers can protect themselves from being bullied."
Emperor Gaozu adopted his suggestion, and this led to the establishment of the equal land system.
He was appointed as the General of Anping Commandery, the Prefect of Xiangzhou, and was also granted the title of Duke of Zhaojun. He placed great importance on the development of agriculture and prohibited inappropriate sacrificial rites. Those who had contributed to the welfare of the people, such as Ximen Bao and Shi Qi, had their temples renovated by him. He also recommended to the court Song Fan from Guangping and Lu Shiqing from Yangping, praising them as loyal subjects of the court.
Initially, there was a man named Li Bo in Guangping, whose family had great influence and often oppressed the people. The previous prefect, Xue Daopiao, personally led troops to suppress him, but Li Bo and over thirty of his nephews resisted and defeated Xue Daopiao's army. From then on, the area became a sanctuary for fugitives, resulting in significant harm to both the community and individuals. The locals said, "Li Bo's younger sister, Yongrong, rides a horse in a skirt, as swift as the wind sweeping through the clouds, shooting arrows left and right. If women are this formidable, what can we expect from men!" An Shi came up with a plan to lure Li Bo and his nephews to Ye City, where they were all killed, restoring stability to Xiangzhou. He later resigned from his position due to illness and passed away at home in the seventeenth year of Taihe.
An Shi's wife was Lady Cui of Boling, who bore him a son named Jia. Because of her intense jealousy and fiery temper, Lady Cui was divorced. An Shi later married Princess Cangshui and had two sons: Mi and Yu.
His son Jia, who was styled Juluo, was well-versed in historical texts, eloquent, straightforward, and one of the most capable individuals of his time. During the Yanchang period, he first served as a military aide in the Ministry of Education, and later rose to the position of Chief Secretary and Registrar of the Ministry of Education. The Grand Preceptor and Prince Gaoyang also recommended him to be their assistant, and he became the official chief registrar.
At that time, many people gave up their secular lives and became monks and nuns, leading to a decrease in the population. Cui Yang presented a memorial to the emperor, saying: "Rituals are used to educate the people, and laws are used to guide future generations. Different approaches yield different outcomes. Therefore, among the three thousand crimes, the greatest offense is being unfilial, and the greatest offense within unfilial behavior is discontinuing ancestral sacrifices. Since discontinuing ancestral sacrifices is such a serious offense, how can we casually indulge those who violate rituals and allow them to pursue Buddhism? Even if Buddhism has its merits, it shouldn't be permitted this way! Even if leaving the secular life is allowed, it must be regulated by rituals. Abandoning elderly parents, giving up family, and not fulfilling filial duties not only contradict human feelings but also breaches rituals, damages ethical morals, and cuts off the family line. Going against current rituals while seeking future benefits, Confucius said, 'If you do not even know if you will live, how can you know about the afterlife?' This is quite true and sufficient to explain the issue. How can one abandon honorable political affairs and turn to the veneration of spirits and deities? Furthermore, the south is not yet completely pacified, and there are still many corvee duties, as people are trying to evade them. If they are allowed to become monks and nuns, there is concern that more people will forsake filial piety and compassion, and this trend will affect every household."
Seng Xian, the Commander of Monks, and others were furious at Cui Yang's claim that Buddhism was a "ghost religion." They believed that Cui Yang was slandering Buddhism, so they went to the Empress Dowager in tears to complain. The Empress Dowager questioned Cui Yang. Cui Yang explained, "I actually want to make Buddhism more clear and accessible to both laypeople and monks, without intending to exclude or slander true Buddhist teachings. Furthermore, the term 'ghosts' refers to spiritually enlightened beings. Ancient historical records refer to the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors as 'ghosts.' Heaven and Earth are referred to as deities, while deceased humans are called ghosts. The Book of Changes states, 'understand the nature of ghosts'; the Duke of Zhou boasted of 'being able to serve ghosts'; and the Book of Rites says, 'bright places have rites and music, dark places have ghosts.' Thus, being open and aboveboard is termed 'dignified,' while being dark and mysterious is labeled 'ghost religion.' Since Buddhism is neither celestial nor terrestrial; it is a doctrine for humanity meant to enlighten people, its principles are more subtle. Calling it 'ghost religion' does not, in my view, constitute slander. Moreover, those who strive for goodness and follow Buddhism as their guide simply have not yet reached its highest realm."
Even though the Empress Dowager recognized Cui Yang's correctness, she still took Seng Xian and the others' feelings into account and thus imposed a fine of one or two gold pieces on Cui Yang.
First, he was promoted to Gentleman of the Secretariat and then granted the title of General of the Fubo. Later, he followed Xiao Baoyin to the west to fight, and Li Yang was appointed as the commander of the army and also awarded the title of General Ningyuan. Li Yang had an excellent reputation in his hometown, recruiting many brave soldiers, with hundreds of cavalry eager to follow him. Li Yang spent his entire savings to support them and led these soldiers on a western expedition. When Xiao Baoyin saw Li Yang arrive, he patted him on the shoulder and said, "Ziyuan, now that you’re here, my plans are bound to succeed!" Therefore, every time they won a battle, the soldiers in the army referred to him as "Li Gongqi." Xiao Baoyin also recommended Li Yang for the position of Left Chancellor and appointed him as a deputy general, allowing him to participate in important military decisions and actions. Later, Xiao Baoyin recommended him to be the Deputy Minister of the Central Secretariat. After returning to court, he was appointed as the Zhenyuan General and the Governor of Qizhou, but he declined the appointment and was ultimately dismissed. He was killed in Heyin during the Jianyi years at the age of forty. Initially, he was posthumously awarded the titles of Zhendong General, Right Minister of the Secretariat, and Governor of Yanzhou; during the Taichang years, he was again posthumously awarded the titles of Regular Attendant of the Three Ranks, General of the Cavalry, Yitong Sansi, and Governor of Jizhou.
Li Yang was an ambitious person who enjoyed drinking and was especially kind to his friends and family. He often told his younger brother Li Yu, "It’s enough for scholars and gentlemen to read and study, to examine ancient and modern texts; why must they delve into the classics and become antiquarians?" He had a very close relationship with his brother Li Mi. After Li Mi passed away, Li Yang was heartbroken, fainted from grief, and took a long time to wake up, went days without eating and lost a considerable amount of weight over the course of a year. Everyone felt sorrowful for the deep brotherly bond they shared. Li Yang had three sons. His eldest son was named Li Yisheng, who served as a military assistant during the Wuding years. Li Yang's brother Li Mi, courtesy name Yonghe, is mentioned in the "Biographies of Eccentric Scholars."
Mi Diyu, whose courtesy name was Yongmu, was a particularly studious and calm person who was well-versed in the classics. He initially served as an editorial assistant, then became an aide to Prince Guangping, who treated him exceptionally well. At that time, the scholar Xu Zunming was lecturing in Shandong with many students. Prince Guangping sent Mi Diyu to test Xu Zunming, asking him several questions related to the Five Classics, to which Xu Zunming only answered a few. Mi Diyu later rose in rank and became a Doctor of the National University. From the establishment of the National University, many scholars were not very active in teaching, but Mi Diyu taught diligently every day. He was modest and generous, exuding the qualities of a Confucian scholar. He was later promoted to a junior official in the Ministry of Justice and was also appointed as a Champion General, then became a court attendant. During the early years of the Yongxi era, his brother passed away, so he returned home to take care of his orphaned nephew. In the early years of Yongxi, he was appointed as a court attendant, Grand General, Left Chief Clerk, and concurrently as the Minister of the Imperial Clan, and shortly after became a Supervisor in the Yellow Gate. In the third year of spring, he lectured on the "Book of Rites" in the Xianyang Hall, and the Emperor requested him to give the lecture. He explained everything thoroughly and answered all questions fluently, creating an engaging and enjoyable atmosphere. The Emperor and the royal relatives were all full of praise after listening. Not long after, he passed away and was posthumously honored as a court attendant, Commander of military affairs in Dingji, Xiangcang, Yin, and five other provinces, as well as a General of the Valiant Cavalry, Left Chief Clerk, Chief of the Three Offices, and Governor of Dingzhou. His son was named Shiqian and served as a military advisor in the Household Department. Li Chong, courtesy name Sishun, was from Longxi and was the son of the Duke of Dunhuang. He lost his father at a young age and was raised by his elder brother, Li Cheng, who was the Prefect of Xingyang. His elder brother often said, "This child will have a bright future; our family's hopes are all on him!" Li Chong was steady and dignified, and later followed his elder brother to take up official positions. At that time, many officials' children oppressed the common people and looted at will, but Li Chong and his elder brother's son, Li Shao, were both honest and upright, never exploiting others, which earned them praise from the people.
In the final years of Emperor Xian, Li Chong became a student of the Central Secretariat. He was very particular about his conduct and did not engage in casual associations with others, which earned him great respect from his peers. In the early years of Emperor Gaozu, he was promoted to the role of secretary in the Central Secretariat, in charge of court documents. Thanks to his high efficiency and strong capabilities, he gradually won the emperor's favor. He was later promoted to Inner Secretary and then to Southern Minister of Affairs.
In the past, there was no three-long system; there were only overlords and protectors, so many common people concealed their population numbers, with fifty families or thirty families counted as one household. The governance of the people through the three-long system has been in practice for a long time, which is why it was established and reported to the court. Empress Dowager Wen saw it and thought it was a good idea, so she summoned the ministers for discussion. The Minister of the Interior, Zheng Xi, and the Secretary of State, Gao You, among others, said, "Chong wants to establish the three-long system to unify the methods of the world. On the surface, it seems feasible, but in reality, it is difficult to implement." Zheng Xi added, "If you don't believe me, just try it. If it fails, you'll know my words were not wrong." The Grand Commandant, Yuan Pi, said, "I believe that if this system is implemented, it will benefit both the state and the people." Everyone said that it was the season for tax collection, and they needed to account for households, but the old and new households had not yet been clearly distinguished, so the common people would definitely voice their complaints. It was suggested to wait until after autumn, during the winter when farming was less busy, to send people to implement it, which would be more appropriate. Chong said, "The common people are like water; you can guide them, but you cannot let them know your intentions. If we do not take this opportunity, the common people will only see the establishment of the three-long system and the household registration as troublesome, without understanding the benefits of lighter labor and lower taxes, and they will certainly resent it. It should be implemented during tax collection so that they understand that the taxes are equitable. By making them aware of what’s going on and showing them the benefits, it’ll be easier to implement in line with what the people want." The Literary Official, Fu Siyu, then said, "Local customs vary, and the geographical environment is different. The nine-rank official system has been around for a long time; suddenly changing the system may cause chaos." The Empress Dowager said, "By establishing the three-long system, we can set fixed standards for taxes and fixed quotas for labor; we can identify those who rely on connections to evade regulations, and those who try to game the system can also be held accountable. Why can't we do this?" Although the ministers had some differing opinions, they all agreed that reform was difficult, and there were no other objections. Thus, the three-long system was set up, benefiting both the state and the common folk.
Chong was promoted to the position of Chief Minister and granted the title of Cavalry Commandant, while his role in the Ministry of Rites stayed the same. Soon after, he was further promoted to Minister of the South and granted the title of Shunyang Hou. Chong received the favor of Empress Wenming, and his rewards grew steadily, reaching hundreds of thousands of coins each month. Later, he was elevated to Duke of Longxi, and the court secretly sent many treasures and imperial items to fill his home with riches, unbeknownst to outsiders. Chong's family had been quite poor, but they became wealthy from that point on. However, he was humble and cautious, generously sharing his wealth and doing good deeds. He was generous to his relatives and neighbors. He treated people with humility and cared for the poor, elderly, and those who had fallen from power, many of whom he helped rise in status. At that time, people praised him for this.
At first, Brother Chong (we'll refer to him as Lao Chong for simplicity) had a few disagreements with Lai Chong, the governor of Henan, both of whom had come from Liangzhou to the court. Later, Lao Chong found a way to set Lai Chong up for a crime, leading to Lai Chong starving to death in prison. Worse still, Lai Chong's son, Lai Hu, turned against him and accused Lao Chong of corruption and bribery, which led to the arrest and imprisonment of Lao Chong and his brothers. Fortunately, they were eventually released during a general amnesty, but Lao Chong was still haunted by this incident.
Over time, Lao Chong's position grew larger, and he held significant power, overseeing matters both inside and outside the court. At that time, Lai Hu held a low-ranking official position as a Southward Lang, and he constantly feared Lao Chong would seek revenge, wanting to resign and leave. However, Lao Chong comforted him each time, urging him not to worry too much. Eventually, Lai Hu was caught for corruption, and he felt sure that this time he was done for. Unexpectedly, Lao Chong took it upon himself to report to the emperor, explaining their past grievances and asking the emperor to let Lai Hu go. This way, Lai Hu narrowly escaped disaster. Lao Chong was genuinely generous to those close to him.
Lao Chong had a nephew named Yin Shisun, who was from a very poor family and often visited Lao Chong's home, as if he were one of his own sons or nephews. One day, someone wanted to use Yin Shisun to request an official position from Lao Chong through backdoor means, and even sent a horse to Lao Chong. Yin Shisun accepted the horse but didn't mention it to Lao Chong. Later, he found an excuse to borrow the horse. Eventually, the horse's owner discovered that Lao Chong was riding his horse, yet he had not received the official position, so he explained the whole matter to Lao Chong. Upon hearing this, Lao Chong was greatly shocked, immediately apprehended Yin Shisun, wrote a memorial and reported the incident to the emperor. In the end, Yin Shisun was sentenced to death. Lao Chong handled matters strictly even with his own people, demonstrating his fairness and impartiality in his dealings, treating everyone equally regardless of their relationships.
At that time, it was customary for ministers to address the emperor by name. However, Emperor Gaozu always referred to Lao Chong as "Zhongshu" and never addressed him by name, reflecting Gaozu's high regard for Lao Chong. After Empress Dowager Wen passed away, during the mourning period, Emperor Gaozu specially summoned Lao Chong and became even closer to him. When establishing rituals and regulations, refining texts, and setting priorities, although Emperor Gaozu personally wrote some of it, everything had to go through Lao Chong's review and decision. Lao Chong was loyal to the emperor, dedicated and diligent, always looking worried, which was evident on his face. Even the old ministers and royal relatives were no match for Lao Chong's diligence and sense of responsibility; everyone admired his intelligence, decisiveness, and meticulousness, and respected him wholeheartedly. Thus, people all over the world praised him, even people from distant regions admired him greatly. Emperor Gaozu also trusted and respected him very much, and the bond between the emperor and his minister was exceptionally strong.
Later, the court reorganized its officials and established a five-rank nobility system. Lao Chong participated in the formulation of the laws and regulations. He was conferred the title of Duke of Xingyang, with a fief consisting of eight hundred households, and was appointed Minister of Justice. Shortly after, he was promoted to Grand Chamberlain, Minister of Personnel, and General of Xianyang. After the Eastern Palace was completed, he was appointed Grand Tutor for the Crown Prince. Emperor Gaozu initially referred to the "Rites of Zhou" to establish a hierarchy for wives and concubines, and he conferred the title of Lady upon Lao Chong's daughter.
The imperial edict came down, stating: "In the beginning, when Emperor Huang ascended the throne, he built magnificent palaces; later, through the three dynasties of Xia, Shang, and Zhou, the style of palaces evolved from generation to generation. However, the simple thatched huts and earthen steps of Huangdi's time could exemplify the virtues of ancient emperors, while the tall palaces and towers reflect the majesty of later emperors. This is mainly because both elegance and simplicity have their own ceremonial norms. Therefore, after King Cheng of Zhou inherited the throne, he built the Ming Hall in the Eastern Capital; after Liu Bang, known as Emperor Gaozu of Han, established the Han Dynasty, he built the Weiyang Palace in Chang'an. They did this to demonstrate royal majesty and to honor the emperor's virtues, not to seek luxury or waste the people's labor!"
Now I have inherited the legacy of my ancestors, the nation's prosperity is flourishing, and I am fighting to quell rebellions. I haven't had the chance to properly construct the palace; the current size of the palace is quite inadequate. The foundation laid by Emperor Taizu has a general framework but has undergone numerous renovations and alterations over the years. Even now, whenever we hold large sacrificial ceremonies to welcome emissaries from all directions, we feel that the palace lacks grandeur and feels somewhat shabby. My abilities are limited, and I have inherited a great legacy. Now that the country is in a time of peace and prosperity, it is indeed the right moment to properly construct the palace according to the rules of my ancestors. The Ming Hall and the Grand Ancestral Temple have already been built, and in recent years the country has been relatively prosperous, with the people living and working in peace. Therefore, I plan to take this spring to renovate the main hall. However, we must avoid starting construction in unsuitable seasons, which is quite a headache. The northern weather is cold and differs from the south; if we don't start in spring and finish by summer, the workload is immense, the foundation is deep, and it cannot be completed at all.
To get this done well, we need to appoint the right people; capable individuals must be in charge of designing a solid plan. Minister of Works, you are knowledgeable and experienced, so let him serve as the chief craftsman responsible for the palace construction; Sikong and Duke Changle, you will also supervise the construction together. Regarding the specifics of how to renovate and restore the Tai Chi Hall, I will provide further instructions.
The emperor is to lead a southern expedition, promoting Chong to the position of General of the National Defense, commanding the army to accompany him. From the capital to Luoyang, it has been raining heavily without pause. The emperor still commanded the entire army to march. Emperor Gaozu, in military uniform, personally held the reins and rode on horseback, as the ministers knelt before him. Emperor Gaozu said, "The plan for the southern expedition has long been discussed, and now the general has set off. Do you have any objections?"
Charging forward, he said, "As ministers, we cannot make plans from behind the scenes, sitting idly while allowing the south to fall into rebellion and usurp the throne; this is our responsibility! Your Majesty, in order to unify the nation, has personally led the royal army southward, and we are willing to go through fire and water to serve you loyally. However, since leaving the capital, it has been raining heavily, and both the soldiers and horses are exhausted. The journey is long, and the flooding is quite severe. Moreover, in the Yiluo River basin, some small rivers are difficult to traverse, let alone the vast Yangtze River, which is in the south. If we need to build ships, we must stop, which would only tire the army more, lead to insufficient supplies, and put us in a dilemma. It would be better to return to the capital; that would make more sense."
Emperor Gaozu said, "I have already considered everyone's concerns. You see the rain merely as an obstacle, but the weather can actually be predicted. Why do I say this? It is dry in summer, rainy in autumn, and it will definitely clear up in early winter. In about ten days, if the rain does not stop, that would be fate; if it stops, then we can continue the southern campaign without issue. In ancient times, not attacking a country in mourning referred to states of equal status among vassals, not to a war for national unification. Now that we have come this far, how can we stop our journey?"
Chong stepped forward again and said, "This southern expedition is opposed by the people of the world; only Your Majesty wishes to proceed. The 'Book of Han' states: 'If I alone ride a thousand-mile horse, where will I ultimately end up?' I have this thought but cannot voice it; I can only ask Your Majesty to reconsider, even at the cost of my life." Emperor Gaozu was furious: "I am about to unify the nation and create a prosperous era, yet you scholars constantly question my decisions. Military law is as unyielding as a rock; you need not say more!" With that, he spurred his horse and rode away.
At that moment, General King Anding Xiu, Left Minister Wang Cheng, and others were all crying and desperately advising against it. Only then did Gaozu speak to the ministers: "Now that we have already begun to act, if we abandon it now, how will we explain it to future generations? If we return to the capital, how can we justify it to posterity? I think of our ancestors who lived in desolate lands for generations, and for a better life, went south despite the opinions of many, enjoying endless prosperity. Did they not consider the implications of easily giving up their ancestral graves? Do the ministers today not have such thoughts? This is due to the mandate of heaven, and the royal enterprise needs to be completed! If we don't go south to conquer, we might as well move the capital here to Luoyang; the time has come. What do you all think, ministers? We need to vote; once decided, we cannot go back. Those who wish to move the capital stand on the left, and those who do not stand on the right." King Anding Xiu and others all stood on the right.
King Zhen of Nan'an stepped forward and said, "Fools fail to see the potential for success, while the wise can foresee their beginnings. Those who practice benevolence do not cater to the world, and those who achieve great things don't seek the approval of the masses; only extraordinary people can accomplish extraordinary matters. Moving the capital to Luoyang to continue the royal enterprise, choosing Luoyang as the imperial capital, was done by Duke Zhou in the past, and it is only right for Your Majesty to follow his example now. Moreover, the most important thing in the world is the royal palace, and what the people value most are the royal tombs. Please take care of your health, Your Majesty, and comfort the hopes of the people; establish the capital in the Central Plains and give up the southern expedition. This is our collective wish and a blessing for everyone!" The ministers all shouted "Long live!"
Old Liu, or Liu Bang, initially planned to move south, worried that everyone would be reluctant to leave their hometown, so he publicly announced a major initiative to unify everyone’s thinking. Outwardly, it was presented as a southern expedition, but in fact, it was just moving. Those older ministers were attached to their homeland and were very unwilling in their hearts, yet fearing to offend Liu Bang, they didn't dare to speak up, which led to the decision to move the capital to Luoyang.
There was an official named Chong who said to Liu Bang, "Your Majesty, you are currently following the system of the Duke of Zhou and seeking to stabilize the realm as the Zhou Dynasty did. However, building the imperial tombs cannot wait until they are finished before moving there; building city walls and fortifications can't just be done on horseback. I hope you can temporarily return to the northern capital so we, your ministers, can plan and build properly. Once the projects are done, we can hold a grand ceremony and then move south with a proper procession, which would be more fitting." Liu Bang replied, "I plan to tour around and make a quick stop in Ye City. Once spring arrives, I should return; that wouldn't be right." Therefore, he did not return to the north. Later, Liu Bang appointed Chong as General of the Southern Town, while keeping his roles as Imperial Attendant and Junior Tutor the same, and put him in charge of building Luoyang. He also changed his title to Marquis of Yangping County, keeping the same number of households in his fief.
The emperor went south to suppress the rebellion and appointed me to concurrently serve as the Left Minister, staying in Luoyang. After crossing the Huai River, the emperor ordered Grand General Yuan Ying and General Liu Zao to lead troops against Hanzhong, and mobilized six thousand soldiers from the three states of Yongzhou, Jingzhou, and Qizhou, preparing to send them to Nanzheng for garrison. If Nanzheng is captured, more troops will be dispatched. I submitted a memorial advising, "Qinzhou has rugged terrain and is close to the areas where the Qiang and Yi tribes reside. Since the Western Army set out, logistics have been tight. In addition to rebellions by the Di and Hu tribes, troops need to be urgently deployed everywhere to transport supplies and weapons, which is still ongoing. Now, additional soldiers are to be allocated to garrison in Nanzheng, a location beyond the mountains. Even with generous treatment, they might still feel anxious and apprehensive. If Nanzheng is not ultimately captured, it will only increase public grievances, potentially leading to an alliance between the Hu and Yi tribes, with unpredictable consequences. I recommend secretly instructing the governors to wait until the city is captured before sending troops. Even so, I still believe this is unwise. Why? The western roads are treacherous, with a single road stretching for thousands of miles. Now, wanting to station troops deep beyond the border, isolated within the enemy's encirclement, we will not receive quick support if attacked. If supplies run out, we cannot deliver reinforcements in time. As the ancients said, 'Even with a long whip, you cannot reach the horse's belly.' Nanzheng is as important to the country as the horse's belly. Moreover, in previous sieges, sometimes it was not necessary to occupy a city even after its surrender; benevolent rulers sometimes appease the people and relinquish certain territories. Furthermore, the purpose of the emperor's military campaigns is to save the people, while the barbarian rebels hold the cities to protect their own territories. The levels of benevolence and righteousness in these two objectives differ. Our grace and virtue have already spread far and wide, so why the urgency to capture this city? Besides, Wei's influence now covers eight of the nine regions, with most of the people submitting to us, except for the areas north of the desert and south of the Yangtze. These areas yet to submit are closer to us, so why the rush for immediate action? We should wait until we have expanded our territory on a large scale, captured more cities, accumulated ample supplies, and established counties and appointed generals, adopting a strategy of assimilation. Currently, cities like Zhongli and Shouyang nearby remain unconquered, while cities like Zhecheng and Xinye are not yielding. We abandon the cities we've captured and execute the surrendered. The eastern front is not yet stable, so how can we defend the western front with troops so far away? If we really want to station troops, we might end up aiding the enemy. Additionally, we are now establishing our capital in the Central Plains, bordering the enemy, requiring a strong recruitment of elite soldiers to pacify the Jianghuai region. Hastily dispatching a small number of troops into perilous situations might deter people from enlisting in the future out of fear of the stationed troops, making it difficult to motivate them to fight bravely. In summary, not deploying troops is the wisest decision." The emperor heeded my advice.
The emperor returned to the capital and summoned the ministers before him, saying, "Why did I create so many official positions to begin with? It was because I was worried that if there were inept officials, things would pile up and delay important matters. If all the officials were smart and capable, power would be too centralized, and that could lead to problems. I might not be a genius, but I'm definitely not incompetent; you ministers, although not great sages, are also not wicked individuals. Let’s give reducing the number of official positions a shot for a year or two."
The emperor returned to the capital from Ye and took a leisurely boat ride on the Hongchi, telling his ministers, "I plan to open a waterway from here to Luoyang, so that when we march south in the future, we can directly enter Luoyang from here, then enter the Yellow River from Luoyang, the Bian River from the Yellow River, and the Huai River from the Bian River, all the way to the region of Huainan. Fighting on boats will be as easy as fighting in our own backyard; this is a crucial strategic plan for the country! If we can dig this waterway with less than twenty thousand troops in sixty days, we should start rolling it out gradually." Chong replied, "This way, soldiers won't have to travel long distances, and they can have a numerical advantage during battles." Later, Chong was promoted to Minister of Writing and continued to serve as the Junior Tutor. The emperor also granted him the title of Duke of Qingyuan County, with the same number of households as he had before. After Crown Prince Xun was deposed, Chong also stepped down from his role as Junior Tutor.
The emperor summoned all the ministers to the Qinghui Hall and said, "The greatest wealth of a wise ruler is his status and achievements, so music is played only after achieving success, and rituals are established only after ruling the world. Now that we have moved the capital to Luoyang, although the large-scale construction has not been completed, the main framework has been preliminarily established. However, there are still rebels in the south, and fierce barbarians are also nearby. I worry day and night about this, and I truly can't find peace! We have decided on a plan for a southern expedition, and my determination to go to battle is firm. If we follow the practices of recent times, the emperor should stay in the inner palace and not leave. If we follow the practices of ancient times, then the emperor should personally go to battle to ensure the country's stability and its continuation for seven hundred years. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, they did not go to war and quickly perished. A country's rise and fall depend on the ruler's virtue, not on their willingness to go to war. The only thing that is uncertain now is the timing of our campaign. Only immortals can predict fortunes, and I am not an immortal, so how can I know? However, recently those fortune tellers have all said that I will definitely be victorious if I go to battle now. This matter concerns the major affairs of the country, so we should discuss it together, speak freely, and not blindly agree with what I say, only to have different opinions afterwards."
Chong (Chongyuan) replied, "In war, we first need to make sure our personnel are prepared, and then look at the results of divination. Although the divination results are auspicious now, I'm afraid that the personnel preparations are not sufficient. This year's harvest has been poor, significantly less than in previous years, and the capital has just been relocated, with many matters still unsettled. Besides going to war, I don't think this is the right time. It would be wiser to wait until next autumn to take action."
The emperor said, "What Puyi (Chong) said does make sense. What I am worried about is the safety of the country. But the enemy is right in front of us, and we can't just sit back and wait for disaster; we should send troops. Puyi said that the personnel preparation is not sufficient, but we don't necessarily have to wait until everything is ready. I have been away from the capital for seventeen years, leading two hundred thousand troops, but have never left the capital region, which shows that the personnel situation is already sufficient; it's just that the timing hasn't been right. In the past few years, the timing was good, but the personnel preparation was insufficient, which led to our defeat. If we wait until the personnel preparation is sufficient, but the timing is not good, then what should we do? If we take your advice, would that mean we never go to war? If I do not achieve victory in the autumn campaign, the three ministers (referring to the advisors) will all be handed over to the judicial officials! Everyone must do their best!" After speaking, the emperor ended the meeting and left.
It is said that in the future, as the emperor's crown prince, also known as Emperor Taizong of Song, his father, Emperor Taizu of Song, hosted a banquet in Qinghuitang. Emperor Taizu said, "The heir to the throne is connected to the world, the people, and the universe; it honors our ancestors, brings joy to the common people, and pleases the heavens. So I specially invited you to come for a meal today; let's be happy." Emperor Taizu also said, "The way of heaven and earth has its highs and lows; there's no such thing as eternal peace. Even the heavens are like this, let alone people? So people rise and fall; that's been the way of things since ancient times. Think about the past, look at the present; it is truly a matter of great emotion!" Crown Prince Zhao Kuangyi replied, "When I became the crown prince, the common people felt very lucky. But when I was your teacher before, I couldn't meet your expectations, and I feel truly ashamed before heaven and earth! You're so generous and kind to even invite me to this banquet; I am truly happy and ashamed." Emperor Taizu said, "I haven't done a great job at governing the country as emperor; why are you blaming yourself as a teacher?"
The Minister of Documents suspects Yuan Ba and Mu Tai of guilt and directly reported to the emperor, saying: "Previously in Pengcheng Town, Yuan Ba and Mu Tai conspired together. Yuan Ba's adopted son, Jiang Shou, should face punishment alongside Yuan Ba. However, the Grand Marshal and Prince Xixianyang argue that according to the legal provisions, if an adopted son commits a crime without the knowledge of his biological father and brothers, they won't be held responsible. I have carefully studied the original intention of the legal provisions. An adopted son does not share a natural father-son bond with his biological father, nor is he a blood relative to the brothers. The nature of kinship is different, so the punishment for an adopted son is mitigated according to the legal provisions; therefore, even if the adopted son commits a crime, the biological father and brothers aren't implicated. However, if the biological father and brothers commit a crime, and the adopted son is not aware of it in advance, should he really be punished just for being an adopted son? That just doesn't make sense. I believe that if the biological father isn't held accountable, then the responsibility of the adopted son should be pursued; this is very clear. Moreover, the law only says that a father isn't punished for his son's crime, but does not say that the son is not punished for the father's crime, which implies a hierarchy. Prince Xixi and others believe: 'Although the law does not explicitly state, it can be inferred from the context that when seeking forgiveness, the father's crimes will be cited; when it comes to the adopted son, the son will be punished. This is a method of mutual inference. Both interpretations make sense, so there is no guilt. If we look at the situation from the perspective of the inheritance of legitimate sons, adopted sons are the same as biological sons, so father and son should be equally guilty; thus, it is clear that the punishment is unnecessary. Furthermore, regarding the commentary on adoption, it states: if there are other regulations, this law does not apply. There are also regulations that state: any person who receives a title, if they do not have a biological son, even if they have an adopted son to inherit, the title will be revoked after their death and cannot be inherited. This means that benefits cannot fall on oneself, but guilt must be shared. In this way, the situation evens out, and the meaning of the legal provisions contradicts itself. I don't think that's what the law really intended."
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The Grand Secretary went on, "I carefully reviewed the relevant regulations, and Yuan Ba and Mu Tai's crimes are beyond doubt. According to the provisions of the law and the circumstances, it is indeed justified." The Emperor decreed, "The opinions of the Grand Secretary are very clear based on the legal provisions; the Grand Commandant and others have misinterpreted the legal code. The reason why the adopted son should be punished along with them is that he has already separated from his biological father, so he can no longer be considered a member of the biological father's family. What kind of benefit is this, trying to take on something so huge? As for why the country does not allow him to inherit the title, it is because the title is hereditary and comes with specific regulations. Since the Emperor's bloodline has been cut off, the title is therefore revoked. How can this be seen as punishment or reward? Based on this situation, he should be put to death, but he can be specially pardoned."
This man, named Chong, is very clever and full of ideas. The construction of the Mingtang, the Yuanqiu, and the Taimei in Beijing, as well as the earliest foundation of the palace in Luoyang, the sacrificial sites in the suburbs, and the newly built palace and sleeping quarters, all owe a great deal to his contributions. He works exceptionally hard, full of energy and never slacks off. He handles documents every morning while also overseeing construction projects. His desk is piled high with files, and he’s always holding a carving knife, busy yet never feeling tired. However, his prominent relatives are all eager to climb the social ladder, forging alliances through marriage. Every sibling, nephew, and niece holds titles and official positions, and the family's annual income amounts to tens of thousands of bolts of cloth! Even if his relatives were deaf and blind, they could easily rise in ranks and become wealthy. People at the time thought he was somewhat lacking in this regard, a bit spineless.
He was forty years old, with hair and beard already turning gray, yet he didn't look a day older. When Li Biao entered Beijing, he was alone, without any support, but he was independent, not one to go with the flow, eager to make friends with talented people, and wholeheartedly supported Wang Meng. Wang Meng also valued Li Biao's talent and knowledge, politely accepted him, often praised him in front of Gaozu, and helped each other in both public and private matters. After receiving high regard from Gaozu, he felt he no longer needed Wang Meng and instead began to look down on him and pull away. Wang Meng merely watched in silence, no longer respecting him as before. Wang Meng was very unhappy.
Later, when Gaozu went on a southern expedition, Wang Meng and the Minister of Personnel, Prince Cheng of Rengcheng, together believed that Li Biao was arrogant and disrespectful, so they advised Gaozu to dismiss him. Wang Meng personally penned the impeachment memorial against Li Biao, without his family's knowledge; the language was quite harsh, and he felt guilty about it. After reading the memorial, Gaozu sighed deeply, then said, "Wang Meng's character could be seen as excessive, and Li Biao is indeed too much." Wang Meng was very angry at that moment, repeatedly rebuking Li Biao for his past mistakes, his eyes bulging, shouting loudly, even flipping the table over. He called all the censors, forced them to kneel, tied them up, and then yelled curses at them. Wang Meng was usually gentle, but this time he suddenly flew into a rage, fell ill and became confused, speaking incoherently, while pounding his chest and stamping his feet, accusing Li Biao of being a scoundrel.
The medicine was ineffective, and some claimed his liver had been damaged. More than ten days later, he died at the age of forty-nine. Emperor Gaozu held a mourning ceremony for him at Xuanhu, weeping uncontrollably. Emperor Gaozu issued a decree saying, "Wang Meng was a man of noble character, loyalty, integrity, and good education. He exhibited exemplary conduct and set a standard for the nation. During the Taihe period, when I was still young, he was entrusted with significant responsibilities to assist me in managing state affairs. He served in key positions, administered affairs with fairness, was loyal, honest, generous, and kind-hearted, deeply loved by the people. He can be regarded as a loyal minister and a pillar of the state. He was about to be promoted and honored for his merits, but he suddenly died, which filled me with deep sorrow. In recognition of his diligence and outstanding contributions, he was posthumously honored with the title of Minister of Works, awarded the East Garden Secret Instrument, a set of court clothes, one piece of clothing, along with three hundred thousand coins, five hundred bolts of cloth, and three hundred pounds of candles." The relevant authorities petitioned to posthumously confer upon him the title of Wenzheng Gong. He was interred at Fuzhou Mountain, in proximity to Du Yu's tomb, in accordance with Emperor Gaozu's wishes.
Later, Emperor Gaozu's entourage returned to Luoyang from Ye City and passed by Wang Meng's grave, and the guards reported this to him. Gaozu, bedridden, gazed at Wang Meng's tomb, covering his face as he wept for a long time. Gaozu issued an edict saying, "Minister Wenmu, with noble character and remarkable achievements, unfortunately passed away early and was buried in Mangshan. As I passed by his grave, I paid my respects and felt immense sorrow. I will send envoys to perform a grand sacrifice in his honor to express my sorrow." When Gaozu convened with the officials who stayed in the capital, they all discussed Wang Meng's death, and they couldn't help but shed tears as they spoke of their grief. Gaozu received reports from the officials who remained and learned of Wang Meng's illness. He said to Right Guard Song Bian, "The Minister wields state power and oversees court affairs, living modestly, aware of his long-standing favor. It is because of his loyalty and integrity that I entrusted him with important duties, allowing me to campaign without worries. I never anticipated he would fall ill so suddenly, and it deeply saddens me." Gaozu was deeply pained by Wang Meng's death.
Li Chong had six brothers, each born of four different mothers, which often led to quarrels and a strained relationship. When Li Chong became successful, he distributed his titles, salaries, and rewards among his brothers, and only then did the family finally find harmony. After their father passed away, the brothers lived together for over twenty years before eventually separating in Luoyang, yet their brotherly bond remained strong, and they never fell into conflict. This was all thanks to Li Chong!
Initially, Li Chong enjoyed the emperor's favor, and his brother's son, Shao Heng, appeared worried, fearing that Li Chong might fall from grace as a result. Later, as Li Chong's reputation grew, Shao Heng gradually felt reassured. After Li Chong became an official, he regarded his work as his responsibility, never shirking his duties at any stage. He was able to seize opportunities in a timely manner and follow the trends, and this was key to his success. The deeds of his son, Li Yan, and others are documented in the "Biographies of the Imperial Relatives."
The historical records say: the Yan and Zhao regions are known for producing many talents; indeed, there are many extraordinary individuals! Li Xiaobo's character and insight far surpassed those of ordinary individuals. The Northern Wei Emperor Shizong was volatile, suspicious, and decisive in his actions, and even went so far as to execute Cui Hao. However, Li Chong managed to gain entry into the emperor's inner circle, participate in state affairs, offer suggestions, and criticize mistakes without boundaries, which enabled him to remain in favor and ultimately achieve success and recognition. His wisdom and talent were certainly exceptional! An Shishi possessed great insight and refinement, a rare talent for that time. Li Zhang succeeded thanks to his bold character and exceptional abilities, while Li Yu rose to prominence due to his elegant and scholarly demeanor. Li Chong won the emperor's favor early on, becoming a trusted confidant, and his demeanor and talent were truly exceptional for that period. Ultimately, he collaborated effectively with the wise monarch, assisting Emperor Taihe, held the office of chancellor, took on significant responsibilities, enjoyed a harmonious family life, and made great contributions to the royal family. However, he could also be regarded as one of the disruptive ministers of the Wei dynasty.
