Emperor Xiaowen, whose name was Yuan Hong, was the son of Emperor Xianwen, and his mother was Lady Li. On the eighth day of the eighth month in the first year of the Huangxing era, he was born in the Imperial Palace in Pingcheng. At that time, the palace was shining brightly, and the air was filled with a harmonious atmosphere; it was truly remarkable! Yuan Hong was born with fair skin and strikingly handsome features. He was intelligent and sensible from a young age, and as he grew older, he was known for his benevolence, righteousness, and filial piety. It was clear that he was fit to be an emperor, and his father, Emperor Xianwen, especially liked him. In the third year, during the summer of the sixth month, he was appointed as the Crown Prince.
In the fifth year, during the autumn of the eighth month, he ascended the throne at Taihua Hall and became emperor. He declared a general amnesty and changed the era name to Yanxing. On that day, Liu Yu even sent envoys to pay tribute. In the ninth month, he ordered that all officials and common people in the country could directly present their suggestions to him. Good suggestions that benefited the people and the governance of the country should be spoken out boldly, while bad suggestions that harmed the interests of the country and the people should also be voiced. In the same month, there was a man named Feng Bian in Gaoyang, Qingzhou, who claimed to be the Prince of Qi and incited over a thousand people to rebel, but they were eventually quashed by the local military forces. Some slaves from Goguryeo also surrendered, and the emperor granted them land and houses as rewards.
In the winter of the tenth month of the year Dinghai, the Chikole tribe in the Woye and Tongwan regions rebelled. Emperor sent Grand Commandant Wang Yuanhe of Longxi to suppress the rebellion, marching to Fohan and defeating the rebels, killing more than 30,000 and resettling the remaining rebels to Jizhou, Dingzhou, and Xiangzhou to serve in the military. In the tenth month of the year Gengyin, the Emperor appointed General Who Conquers the East, Prince Zhen of Nan'an, as Acting General, Commander of Military Affairs in Liangzhou and the Western Rong Tribes, leading the Protector of the Western Regions and the Three Excellencies to guard Liangzhou. During this time, a man named Cao Pingyuan from Shuofang also gathered a group of rebels, attacked Shilou Fortress, and killed a few military officers. Yuan Chongzu, under Liu Yu, led 20,000 soldiers from Yuzhou to attack Dongyanzhou and camped in Nancheng. After eleven days, Inspector Yu Luohou defeated them, and Yuan Chongzu fled back to Yuzhou. There was also a bandit named Sima Xiaojun who rebelled in Pingling, and the Qizhou Inspector, Prince Pingyuan of Wuchang, captured him. In the twelfth month of the year Yiyu, Emperor appointed Marshal Mu Liang as King of Zhaojun. On Renchen, the Emperor ordered the search for the descendants of Shun, finding Guigouzhi from Donglai Commandery, restoring his family's title for generations to come to honor Shun's great merit. He also restored the title of the Peacock. On the day Xinchou, King Mu Liang of Zhaojun was changed to King Changle. On the second day of the first month of the year 465 AD, the Hu people in Tongwan collectively rebelled and fled north. The Emperor ordered General Han Ba of Ningnan to lead troops to suppress the rebellion. At the same time, the leader of the tribes in Dayang, Huan Dan, submitted to the court, and the Emperor appointed him General Who Conquers the South and King of Xiangyang. The court granted amnesty to all criminals from the capital to the Hexi Corridor, south to Qinzhou and Jingzhou, west to Fuhang, and north to Liangzhou. The Emperor also sent Court Gentleman Xing You of the Cavalry as an envoy to Liu Yu.
On the second day of the second lunar month, the emperor issued an edict, saying: "Confucius, he was born extremely intelligent and was exceptionally wise, with a thorough understanding of principles. His thoughts shine brightly across the world. However, recently, the regions of the Huaihe River and Xuzhou have not completely submitted, and the temples of Confucius have also fallen into disrepair, which has led to the halt of sacrificial ceremonies, the disappearance of traditional rituals, and even the appearance of witches and evil spirits engaging in illegitimate sacrificial practices, killing and dancing. Those performers are also acting shamelessly. This is no way to honor the deities and uphold the sacred teachings! From now on, when making sacrifices at Confucius' temple, only wine and dried meat are allowed, women are not permitted to participate, and praying for unrealistic requests is strictly forbidden. Violators will be punished in accordance with the edict. As for the formal sacrificial activities of the court, they will continue as usual, with the sacrificial items being rich and clean, and the ceremonies being solemn. Local officials must strictly enforce the law, ensuring that the bans are truly effective." During this period, the Rouran tribe launched another invasion at the border. The emperor personally conducted a heavenly sacrifice in the northern suburbs and then ordered various generals to attack them. As a result, the Rouran forces retreated, and one of their generals, named Ada Gan, brought over a thousand households to surrender. The Eastern Xianbei tribe, after rebelling, sought refuge with the Rouran, and the emperor took command of the troops to pursue them, reaching Shiqi but ultimately returning empty-handed. On the twenty-seventh day of the second month, envoys from Goguryeo arrived to present tribute. In the third month, the emperor returned from his northern campaign. On the seventh day of the third month, the emperor appointed Wanan Guo, the Cavalry Commandant and Marshal, as the Grand Marshal and Grand General, granting him the title of Prince of Ancheng. On the ninth day of the third month, the emperor personally went to the fields to plow, symbolizing the significance of agriculture. Cao Pingyuan was captured by Shicheng County, escorted to the capital, and subsequently executed. Even the Chis and Xianbei tribes from Liangchuan plotted rebellion, and as a result, the court exiled them to the four provinces of Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Qizhou, and Yanzhou, becoming soldiers tasked with farming duties.
In April of the year 465, on Gengzi day, the emperor issued an edict ordering all businesspeople and acrobats to return to farming. The states and counties were told to urge the common people to plant more vegetables and fruits. After Gengzi day, on Xinhai day, Liu Yu sent envoys to pay tribute. On Guiyou day, the emperor issued another decree stating that monks were not allowed to leave the temples to wander around, and anyone going out must carry official documents. That month, Liu Yu died, and his son Liu Yu took the throne for himself and became emperor.
On Dingsi day in May, the emperor ordered that the military and guards were allowed to have seals and official documents, as well as horse seals. In June, the common people of Anzhou faced a hail disaster and requested tax relief and aid. On Bingshen day, the emperor issued a proclamation saying: “Recently, many tribute items selected by various states and counties do not reflect the actual situation. This has resulted in truly talented individuals being overlooked while mediocre ones are promoted. How can this be considered a selection of virtuous talents and the establishment of role models? This year's tribute selections are even more a mess. From now on, the selected personnel must be individuals of high moral character and outstanding abilities from each state and county.” On Runyue Renzi day, the Rouran tribe invaded Dunhuang, but the garrison commander Wei Duohou sent them packing. They then invaded Jinchang, where the defending general Xue Nu also repelled them. On Wuwu day, the emperor took a trip to the Yin Mountains.
In July, the common folk of Gwangju, led by Sun Yan and others, gathered more than a thousand people to revolt and colluded with Liu Yu. Governor Shusun Hui suppressed the uprising. On the day of Xin Chou, envoys from the Goryeo Kingdom came to pay tribute. On the day of Ren Yin, the emperor ordered each state, prefecture, and county to select two outstanding individuals who were distinguished and capable of addressing various inquiries to take part in military exercises in September, during which he would personally inquire about local customs and practices. On the day of Bing Chen in August, the Baekje Kingdom dispatched envoys to request military intervention against Goryeo. On the day of Xin You, envoys from the Didao Kingdom and the Kumohe Kingdom came to pay tribute, and envoys from the Changting Kingdom presented Shu horses. Fei of Hexi rebelled, but the commander of Bogulu Town defeated him. On the day of Xin Si in September, the emperor's entourage returned to the palace. On the day of Wu Shen, Wang Luhu, the commander of Tongwan Town and of Hejian, was executed for corruption and bribery. On the day of Ji You, the emperor ordered that the taxes from eleven provinces be allocated for the relief of disaster-stricken people and that granaries be opened for disaster relief. He also ordered that the displaced people return to their hometowns, with violators facing exile to the frontier.
In October, the Rouran once again invaded the borders, advancing to Wuyuan. In November, the retired emperor took personal command of the troops to confront them, preparing to cross the desert for a surprise attack. Upon hearing that a large army was coming, the Rouran people were frightened and fled north for over a thousand miles. Because the enemy fled too far to be caught, the troops were subsequently withdrawn. On the day of Ding Hai in the lunar calendar, the emperor bestowed the title of Prince of Guangchuan upon his uncle. On the day of Ren Chen, he sent envoys to various regions to assess conditions and inquire about the struggles of the common folk. The emperor attended court at Chongguang Palace once a month.
On the Gengxu day in December, the Emperor issued an edict that said: "The Book of Documents says: 'Examinations are to be held every three years, and after three examinations, promotions or demotions should be based on the results.' Recently, officials have been promoted too quickly, and officials have been replaced frequently in a short time. Local officials are not focused on serving the common people, only concerned with amassing wealth. The constant turnover of officials is not a good way to consolidate the hearts of the people and develop the country! From now on, local officials who are honest and selfless can remain in their positions for a long time, and if their achievements are outstanding, they can be promoted one rank. Those who are corrupt and exploit the people, even if they have just taken office for a short time, must be punished. These regulations should be written into law and followed forever." The edict also stated that the situation in Dai Commandery was similar to that in Fengpei Commandery, and the commoners who were sent to guard the border from Dai Commandery would be exempt from service.
On the Gengchen day in the third month, the Emperor sent the Assistant Gentleman of the Imperial Guard, Cui Yan, as an envoy to Liu Yu. On the Dinghai day, Chongguang Palace was renamed Ningguang Palace. On the Wuxu day, the retired Emperor returned from the northern campaign, hosted a victory banquet, and then went to the ancestral temple to offer sacrifices and restore the family status of those who lost their lives in battle. The Emperor also ordered that those who died for the country in the capital region should be honored by all counties and districts with their coffins and receive funeral expenses.
On the Wushen day in February, both Goryeo and Khitan sent envoys to pay tribute. On the Guichou day, the Emperor ordered local officials to lead the people diligently, without delaying the planting season. Neighbors should help each other, with the wealthy assisting the poor, and those with several cows can lend them to those without. If any area does not implement this order, no one in the family will be allowed to hold an official position. Local officials who fail to supervise and inspect will be removed from office.
On the Jiaxu day, the Emperor issued another decree stating that any county magistrate who could effectively deal with the bandits in their county would be allowed to oversee two counties and enjoy the salaries of both. Those who could manage two counties would be allowed to oversee three counties and be promoted to governor after three years. Officials of the second rank, who could manage two prefectures, would be allowed to oversee three prefectures and be promoted to inspector after three years. On Renwu day in March, the Emperor ordered that the grain stored in various warehouses be distributed as rewards to the impoverished people.
On the Wushen day in April, the Emperor ordered Lord Changsun Guan, the Minister of Works, along with others, to lead troops against the Shiyin of Tuyuhun. On the Renzi day, envoys from the Khitan state came to pay tribute. The Emperor also ordered the appointment of Kong Cheng, the 28th descendant of Confucius from the Lu region, as the Grand Minister of Chongsheng, and allocated him ten households specifically to maintain his residence.
On the Jiazi day in June, the Emperor issued an edict stating: "In the past few years, each county has summoned some common people to inquire about their evaluations of local officials, listening to both positive and negative feedback, intending to reward or punish based on the situation. However, very few received rewards, while many faced punishment. Such abuse of the law has led to the death of many, which is truly heart-wrenching. Now, I specially grant a pardon, announcing the absolution of all those reported by the common people from their crimes."
In July, the Emperor ordered that each household in the six prefectures of Henan was required to pay one bolt of silk, one pound of cotton, and thirty stone of grain. On the Yihai day, the Emperor went on an inspection of Yin Mountain. At this time, the Rouran forces invaded Dunhuang, and the garrison commander Le Luosheng defeated them, as detailed in the "Biography of the Rouran." Liu Yu of the Southern Song Dynasty sent troops to attack various states along the Huai River, and the Inspector of Xu Prefecture, Wei Yuan of Huaiyang, repelled them.
In August of the Jiyou year, Goryeo and Khitan countries sent envoys to pay tribute. On Gengshen, the emperor and the former emperor went on an inspection tour to Hexi. Shiyin of the Tuyuhun requested forgiveness and surrender, and the emperor agreed. In September of the Xinsi year, the emperor and the former emperor returned to the palace together. On Yihai, Liu Yu sent envoys to offer tribute. On Jihai, the emperor issued a decree stating: "From now on, for prisoners in the capital and all over the country whose crimes have not been judged, if they die in prison without any relatives, the government must provide them with clothing, bedding, coffins, and burial plots, and must not leave their bodies exposed." On Xinchou, the emperor ordered ten officials to conduct population inspections across various states and counties. If anyone still conceals information, the states, counties, villages, and household heads must be punished according to the law. The Khitan country sent envoys to pay tribute again.
In October, the emperor personally led troops to the south to fight. He ordered every ten people in each state and county to send one person to serve in the army, and each household to provide fifty stones of grain as army rations. Many, many other goods were sent as tribute by the capital. At this time, the Wudu King rebelled, attacking Chouchi. The emperor ordered Zhangsun Guan to return with troops to quell the rebellion.
On Wuyin in November, the emperor discovered that many officials across seven states in Henan were not adhering to the laws, which prevented the people from voicing their grievances. Therefore, he sent people to investigate and understand the situation, demoting those who warranted it and promoting those who deserved it. Orphans, widows, the destitute, and those unable to support themselves were exempt from their duties; those over eighty with at least one son at home were exempt from military service; those diligent in farming, filial to their parents, talented, and who contributed to the country with a good reputation in their villages were to have their names reported.
On Gui Si day, the Emperor embarked on a southern tour and arrived in Huaizhou. Wherever the Emperor went, he inquired about the hardships of the local people and rewarded the elderly, filial children, and hardworking farmers with cloth. On Geng Xu day in the twelfth month, the Emperor ordered the royal gardens beyond the pass to allow the common people to collect firewood and grass. On Ren Zi day, the Rouran tribe invaded the frontier, and two Xianbei tribes in Rouxuan Town also revolted. On Gui Chou day, the monk Hui Yin conspired to revolt and was executed. That year, many states and counties experienced floods and droughts, so the Emperor relieved the people from taxes and opened the granaries for disaster relief. In Xiangzhou, 2,845 people starved to death. Some Qiang people from the Tuyuhun tribe, led by Zhong Qikai, brought 2,300 households to submit to the court.
That year, a rogue named Liu Ju proclaimed himself emperor. The Governor of Qizhou and Prince of Wuchang, Pingyuan, captured him and beheaded him.
In the spring of AD 444, on Ding Chou day in the first month, the Shizhong, Grand Commandant, and Prince of Longxi, Yuan He, resigned from his post due to illness. On Xin Si day, envoys from the Sogdian country came to pay tribute. On Jia Chen day in the second month, the retired Emperor returned from his southern expedition. On Xin Hai day, the King of Tuyuhun, Shi Yin, sent his son Fei Doujin to serve as a court attendant and offered various precious gifts. On Xin Wei day, the court issued an edict banning the Cold Food Festival. On Ding Hai day in the third month, the Emperor appointed Xuchihu, the Attendant Cavalry Commander, to visit Liu Yu. Envoys from Goguryeo, Tuyuhun, Cao Li, and other nations came to pay tribute.
In the summer, on the Jiaxu day of May, the Rouran sent envoys to pay tribute. On the Yimao day in June, the emperor issued an edict stating: "I have inherited the legacy of past emperors, and we are currently in a time of peace and prosperity. Although I strive to learn, I still worry that my virtue is not broad enough, which could result in situations like the doorkeeper's execution. However, the common people can be cruel and ruthless, disregarding family bonds; when one person commits a crime, the whole family suffers punishment. As a father to my people, I feel deeply pained by this. From now on, unless it is rebellion, treason, violation of laws, or fleeing, the responsibility will only fall on the individual, and family members will no longer be implicated. Now my benevolence reaches far and wide, and cultural education is gradually unified, reducing penalties and loosening prohibitions—how wonderful is that?" The Khitan also sent envoys to pay tribute.
In the autumn, on the Gengwu day in July, the Goryeo sent envoys to pay tribute. On the Jimao day, the court announced a general amnesty. On the Guisi day, the Rouran invaded Dunhuang, and the garrison commander Wei Duo suffered a great defeat. On the Gengzi day in August, the Tuyuhun also sent envoys to pay tribute. On the Wushen day, a large-scale military review was conducted in the northern suburbs. In September, following a conflict between Liu Yu and court officials, the court ordered General Yuan Lan and four other generals to lead thirty thousand cavalry, with Prince Pi of Dongyang as support, to launch a campaign against Shu Han. On the Bingzi day, envoys from the Khitan, Kumo Xi, and other nations came to pay tribute.
In the winter, on the Gengzi day in October, Liu Yu sent envoys to pay tribute. In November, the court sent officials to inspect the seven provinces of Henan, to learn about local customs and reassure the newly loyal populace. On the Wuyin day, the Tuyuhun sent envoys to pay tribute. That year, thirteen provinces suffered from a severe famine; the court waived land rents for the people and opened granaries to aid the disaster victims. In December, the court ordered the execution of soldiers who had revolted in Julu City during the western campaign against Tuyuhun, while the other soldiers were reassigned to the towns of Rouxuan and Wuchuan. Over a thousand soldiers were executed.
In the spring of the year 618 AD, on the Gengzi day of the second month, Goguryeo sent envoys to offer tribute. On the Guichou day, the court ordered the establishment of an evaluation system, specifying reward and punishment criteria. On the Wuwu day in the intercalary month, the Tuyuhun country also sent envoys to offer tribute.
By summer, on the Dingchou day in the fourth month, Kucha sent envoys to offer tribute. On the Guiwei day, the court ordered all regions of the country to pay taxes as required, with each county strictly supervising and collecting them, and governors and officials personally inspecting and sending them to the capital. Violators will be dismissed and investigated. At the same time, the court also ordered the prohibition of breeding falcons and hawks, and permitted mutual reporting. On the Dingyou day in the fifth month, the Khitan and Khumo Xiongnu both sent envoys bearing prized horses. On the Bingwu day, the court appointed the Cavalier Attendant Xuchihu to go on a mission to Liu Yu. On the Dingwei day, the Emperor visited Wuzhou Mountain. On the Xinyou day, the Emperor visited Chelun Mountain. On the Gengwu day in the sixth month, the court ordered a ban on the slaughter of cattle and horses. On the Renshen day, the court granted clemency to all death row inmates in the capital and dispatched troops to prepare to deal with the Rouran.
In autumn, on the Dingmao day in the eighth month, Goguryeo, Tuyuhun, Doudouyu, and other countries all sent envoys to offer tribute. On the Guimao day in the ninth month, Jia Bonu from Luozhou and Tian Zhidu from Yuzhou gathered more than a thousand followers to rebel. Jia Bonu proclaimed himself the King of Hengnong, and Tian Zhidu the King of Shangluo. They attacked Luozhou at night. Officials and soldiers from the prefectures rose in resistance, and in Goushi they killed Jia Bonu and captured Tian Zhidu, escorting them to the capital.
In winter, in the tenth month, the Rouran country sent envoys to offer tribute. The Emperor held a grand military review in the northern suburbs. On the Bingyin day in the twelfth month, Prince Jianchang Changle was renamed Prince Anle. On the Jichou day, Prince Chengyang Changshou passed away. On the Gengyin day, Liu Yu sent envoys to offer tribute.
In February of the Chengming era, the second month of spring, envoys from the countries of Rouran, Goguryeo, Khitan, and Persia all came to pay tribute. Oh, in the same month, Sikong, who also held the title of Prince of Dongjun, was demoted to a common soldier due to committing an offense.
By the summer of May, a commoner named Song Fulong from Wuyi County in Jizhou gathered a group of followers and proclaimed himself King of Nanping. He was quickly captured and killed by the local officials and their soldiers. Coincidentally, that same month saw envoys from the Rouran come to pay tribute again. On the first day of June, the court declared martial law nationwide, dividing the troops in the capital into three divisions, with the first division heading out for expedition, and the rest following suit. Oh, misfortunes kept piling up; on Xinwei, the Empress Dowager died. Immediately after, on Renshen, a general amnesty was proclaimed across the nation, and the era name was changed. The Grand Marshal, Grand General, and Prince Ancheng, Wan Anguo, was executed for forging an imperial edict and murdering the Minister of the Department of Gods, Ximainu, in the Imperial Garden. On Wuyin, the Grand General of the Western Expedition and Prince Anle, Changle, was appointed Grand Commandant; the Left Chief Minister of Personnel and Duke of Nanping, Mochen, was appointed Minister of Works and elevated to King of Yidu; the Chief Minister of the Southern Bureau, Li Xin, was appointed Minister of War. The Empress Dowager was honored as Grand Empress Dowager and began presiding over court affairs.
On the first day of July, the court posthumously honored the Emperor's birth mother, Lady Li Guiren, as Empress Si. Prince Tianci of Ruyin was appointed as Grand General of the West Expedition and concurrently as the Imperial Secretary (equivalent to a senior advisor). The Goryeo, Khitan, and Ruru kingdoms sent envoys to pay tribute again. Unfortunately, there was also bad news this month: Prince Kongque of Puyang committed a crime and was sentenced to death. On the first day of August, the Emperor decreed, "I have inherited the legacy and great achievements of my predecessor, and I intend to carry forward the legacy of my predecessor and govern the country better. All ministers, you must work hard to help me address any shortcomings. If you have any good suggestions for the benefit of the country and the people, please bring them forward promptly!" On the day of Renwu, the Ruru Kingdom came to pay tribute again. On the day of Jiashen, many of the silkworms raised in Chang'an died, so the court granted the people a 50% tax exemption. On the ninth day of September, the court issued a general amnesty for the capital's residents. The Goryeo, Khitan, and Qidan kingdoms sent envoys to pay tribute. On the day of Guichou, the Dangchang and Xiwangjin kingdoms also sent envoys to pay tribute. On the day of Dingsi in October, the Emperor ordered the construction of the Qibao Yong'an Hall, which was a significant undertaking. The next day, on the day of Yichou, the Emperor officially promoted the title of Grand General of the West Expedition and the nominal Prince of Dongyang, Yuanpi, to a full prince, which was regarded as a promotion.
On the day of Jiwei, the emperor issued a decree, which stated in essence: "I have inherited the throne and must govern the world well, with the aim of promoting good customs for the common people to enjoy better lives. I hope to hear honest voices in the court, and that the people can speak freely without any reservations. From now on, all officials, including the common people, can now submit petitions to me directly, boldly offering suggestions and freely criticizing my shortcomings. If there are good suggestions that can improve the people's livelihood and improve social customs, all departments must promptly report them to me. I will personally review them and discuss their feasibility with the Minister of Three Affairs, and then adopt and implement them." This decree encourages everyone to actively offer advice and strategies for the country's development.
On the day of Xinwei, the emperor also personally visited the Jianming Buddhist Temple and granted a general amnesty, releasing a group of criminals, which was a good deed. By the way, Lord Luo Ba from Jinan was also promoted to king, truly a series of joyous events! In November, the Rurur Kingdom sent envoys to pay tribute, indicating that our country's prestige is very high! On the day of Wuzi, the emperor appointed several important officials: Grand Chancellor, Prince Anle Wang Changle was made Governor of Dingzhou, Prince Jingzhao Tui was made Governor of Qingzhou, and Minister of Works Li Xin was made Governor of Xuzhou. These three were also granted the title of "Governor with the same rank as the Three Departments," demonstrating the importance the emperor places on them.
On the first day of the first month in the first year of Taihe, the emperor issued an edict saying: "I inherited the throne at a young age and have always been concerned about my ability to fulfill this role, but Heaven has continually bestowed blessings upon me, and auspicious signs have appeared on earth, with favorable weather and harmony between people and nature. How could someone as ignorant as I achieve this? This is the blessings of the deities and our ancestors! Now that the new year has begun, I feel a great responsibility and should seize the opportunity of the coming spring to reform our politics, thereby marking the beginning of the first year of Taihe."
On the Xinhai day of the first lunar month, the emperor issued another decree, saying: "Now those officials responsible for governing the people are working alongside me to manage the realm. Therefore, we should reduce corvée labor, provide more encouragement, inspect the water conservancy situation in various places, fully utilize land resources, encourage farmers to work hard in their fields and women to weave diligently. If labor is conscripted arbitrarily and delays the farming season, those responsible will be held accountable. If the people do not follow education, are lazy and neglect farming and sericulture, they will be punished according to the law." In the first month of that year, the emperor also ordered the construction of the Taihe Hall and Anchang Hall. On the Jiyou day of the first month, the residents of Lueyang in Qinzhou gathered over five thousand households, declaring themselves as the "Rebel King." There was a famine in the Yunzhong area, and the court opened the granaries to provide relief to the disaster victims.
On the Bingyin day of the second month, the people of Quanhui and Tanyou in Hanchuan led a group to pledge their allegiance to the court, and the court settled them in Bingzhou. On the Xinwei day of the second month, the governors of Qinzhou and Yizhou, Wudugong Weiluohou, led troops to subdue Wang Yuanshou, defeated him, captured his wife and children, and escorted them to the capital. On the Guiwei day of the second month, Goryeo, Khitan, and Khumo Xian sent envoys to offer tribute. On the Gengzi day of the third month, the emperor appointed the Grand General of the West, the governor of Yongzhou, and Prince Pi of Dongyang as the Minister of Works. On the Bingwu day of the third month, the emperor issued a decree, saying: "My governance has many shortcomings, which has led to a series of disasters. Last year, there was an epidemic of cattle plague, causing the death of many cattle, which will undoubtedly affect this year's harvest. Now the spring plowing has begun, everyone must work hard. Command all regions to supervise farming in the fields; those with cattle must work harder than in previous years, and those without cattle must put in more effort than in previous years. One person should cultivate forty mu of land, and a man of moderate strength should cultivate twenty mu of land. People shouldn't be overworked, and the land shouldn't be left uncultivated." Khumo Xian and Khitan sent envoys to offer tribute again.
On the Bingyin day in April, the Rouran sent envoys to pay tribute. On the Dingmao day in April, the emperor went to Baideng Mountain for a leisure trip. On the Renshen day in April, the emperor visited Guoshan again for leisure. King Liang of Le'an passed away. The emperor reinstated the title of the former King of Dongjun, Lu Dingguo. On the Yiyou day in May, the emperor went to Wuzhou Mountain to pray for rain, and soon after, heavy rain began to fall. The Rouran sent envoys again to pay tribute.
In the first few days of July, a high-ranking official, a prince who held several important positions, was pushed to his death. What a pity! A few days later, the court officially defined three levels of capital punishment. A few days after that, the Taihe Hall and the Anchang Hall were finally finished, and the Zhuming Gate and the Sixian Gate were also repaired together. This month, Liu Yu also died, and his brother Liu Zhun actually usurped the throne to become emperor.
In the first few days of August, the emperor declared a nationwide amnesty, and everyone was thrilled. A few days later, the emperor spoke again, saying, "Those who engage in trade, those who work, and those who serve should each stay in their own positions. However, some officials are abusing their power, tainting the clean waters. From now on, only the head of the department can arrange those who work at home, and subordinate officials can only arrange in order of rank. Those who have been rewarded for great contributions and defending the country are not subject to this limit." Not long after, the usurper Liu Zhun even sent people to pay tribute, truly shameless!
In the first few days of September, the Rouran also sent envoys to pay tribute. A few days later, the emperor ordered the ministers to discuss and formulate new laws and regulations in the Taihua Hall. A few days later, the kingdom of Goryeo sent envoys to pay tribute as well. A few days later, construction began on the Yongle Youguan Hall in the Northern Garden, and a pool called Shenyuan was also excavated. During this time, countries like Cheduoluo, Xitianzhu, Shewei, and Diefuluo also sent envoys to pay tribute, truly a bustling scene!
On the Guiyou day in October, the emperor hosted a banquet for elderly people over seventy years old in the Taihua Palace in the capital city and rewarded them with clothes. In the same month, both the Khitans and the Qidan sent envoys to pay tribute. The emperor also decreed that the sons of those over seventy would be exempt from military service. The country of Kucha also sent envoys to pay tribute. Yang Shu, the brother of Yang Wendu, the commander of Jalu Garrison under Liu Zhun, was sent to launch a surprise attack on Chouchi.
On the day of Bingzi, the emperor ordered the execution of Li Xin, the governor of Xuzhou. The Khitans and the Qidan sent envoys to pay tribute again. In the eleventh month of Guiwei, the emperor ordered the Western General Pi Huanxi, Duke of Guangchuan; General Liang Chounu of Zhenxi; General Yang Lingzhen of Pingxi; and others to lead a 40,000-strong army to attack Yang Shu. On the day of Yixu, the Tuyuhun country sent envoys to pay tribute. On the day of Dinghai, there was a commoner in Huaizhou named Yi Qigouchu, who claimed to be a descendant of Yao and declared himself king, gathering a group of people in the Chongshan area. The governor of Luozhou, Feng Xi, led troops to pacify him. In the intercalary month, Pi Huanxi and others' army arrived at Jian'an, where Yang Shu, realizing the situation was turning against him, abandoned the city and fled. On the day of Guihai, the country of Sutepo sent envoys to pay tribute. On the day of Gengzi, the emperor ordered Li Changren, the Chamberlain for Imperial Equipage, to be sent as an envoy to Liu Zhun.
On the day of Renyin in December, Pi Huanxi captured Jalu, killed Yang Wendu, and sent his head to the capital. On the day of Jiachen, both Yuankuo and the Tuyuhun country sent envoys to pay tribute. On the day of Dingwei, the emperor ordered that due to floods, droughts, and locust plagues in many states and counties, the people were starving, prompting him to order the granaries opened to provide relief for the victims of the disasters. At the same time, he appointed Prince Xiuxiu as Yitong Sansi.
On the 5th day of the first month in the second year, the emperor bestowed the title of Beiping King on Feng Xi, the second son of Prince Changli. On the 10th day, Tuyuhun sent envoys to pay tribute. On the 12th day of the second month, the emperor visited Tangquan in Daizhou for leisure. Wherever he went, he inquired about the hardships of the people and even rewarded palace maids to the poor and unmarried. On the 16th day, Rouran sent envoys to pay tribute. On the 19th day, the emperor returned to the palace in his carriage. On the 22nd day of the third month, the emperor appointed Liang Miji as the King of Dangchang. On the first day of the fourth month, the emperor visited Guoshan for leisure. The following day, he returned to the palace. On the 6th day, Liu Zhun sent people to present tributes. During this time, the capital experienced a drought. On the 10th day, the emperor personally visited Beiyuan to pray for rain, reduced his meals, and avoided staying in the main hall. On the 12th day, it finally rained heavily, alleviating the drought. As a result, the emperor granted amnesty to the people of the capital. In the month of May, the emperor issued a decree stating that the high cost of marriage dowries has delayed marriages and extravagant funeral expenses burdened the living. Ancient wise kings recognized these issues and employed rituals to regulate them. Nowadays, common people are becoming increasingly extravagant, exceeding the limits in weddings and funerals, leading to a widening wealth gap and loss of distinction between the noble and the lowly. Moreover, the royal family, nobles, and commoners are intermarrying indiscriminately. The previous emperor had issued a decree to prohibit this practice, but the common people have continued this practice without correction. Therefore, I will now reestablish laws based on earlier regulations, and violators will face punishment. On the 6th day of the sixth month, the emperor visited Luye Yuan for leisure. On the 7th day, Prince Ruo died.
On the fifth day of the seventh month, Kucha sent envoys to offer tribute, bringing seventy fine camels. Liu Zhun sent troops to attack Chouchi, but they were repelled by Yang Guangxiang, the Prefect of Yinping. In the eighth month, the emperor sent officials to inspect various regions to gain insight into the struggles of ordinary people. On the twenty-second day of the eighth month, the emperor ordered the end of tributes of rare birds and exotic animals from various provinces. On the twenty-third day of the eighth month, envoys from Wujiguo came to pay tribute. On the fourth day of the ninth month, the emperor granted amnesty in the capital. Kucha sent envoys again to offer tribute, bringing many fine horses, camels, and treasures.
In a certain year, on the day of Renchen in October, the emperor ordered the Imperial Guard Chamberlain, Zheng Xi, to deliver a letter to Liu Zhun. On the day of Gengxu in November, the emperor issued a statement: "The establishment of titles by the court is meant to reward meritorious officials, and the establishment of laws is to punish criminals. This is a timeless principle, both past and present, and the foundation of governing the country. Provincial governors are officials in charge of managing the people, but recently, they have all been negligent, accepting bribes, abusing power for personal gain, leading to rampant theft and frequent robberies. Various misdeeds have reached my ears. I have inherited a time of peace and prosperity, a once-in-a-thousand-years opportunity, and I hope to promote and innovate government affairs; I also hope that all officials can fulfill their duties, share my worries, and create a better future together. I hope everyone can restrain themselves, reflect on their mistakes, in order to live up to our ancestors and let the people see the virtuous governance of the court. Relevant departments must set clear regulations to align with my intentions." On the day of Guisi in December, Prince of South County, Li Hui, was executed. In that year, many provinces experienced floods and droughts, causing widespread hunger among the people. The court ordered the opening of granaries to aid the disaster-stricken people.
On the Gui Chou day of the first month in the third year of spring, the Kun De Liu He Hall was completed. On the day of Geng Shen, the emperor ordered the inspectors to be dismissed. On the Xin Si day in the second month, the emperor and the Empress Dowager went to the hot springs in Dai County to learn about the people's hardships and arranged marriages for palace maids with the lonely, elderly, and poor. On the Ji Hai day, they returned to the palace. On the Ren Yin day, the Qian Xiang Liu He Hall was finished. On the Jia Chen day in the third month, the court granted a general amnesty across the capital. On the Wu Wu day, both Tuyuhun and Goryeo sent envoys to pay their respects.
On the Ren Shen day in the fourth month, Liu Zhun sent envoys to pay tribute. On the Gui Wei day, King Le Liang of Le Ping died. On the Xin Mao day, the Rouran state sent envoys to pay their respects. On the Bing Shen day, the emperor visited Guo Mountain for some leisure time. On the Ji Hai day, he returned to the palace. On the Geng Zi day, Duke Wei Yuan of Huaiyang was executed. The Tuyuhun state sent envoys to tribute with fifty yaks. The governor of Yongzhou, Wang Mu Chen, committed a crime and was executed.
On the Ding Si day in the fifth month, the emperor prayed for rain in the Northern Garden and closed the Yang Gate, which brought timely rain that day. On the Xin You day, the emperor ordered, "Ancient emperors respected the elderly and esteemed the virtuous, humbly accepting advice. Although my abilities are limited, I have always valued these good traditions. I’m giving each elder statesman a set of clothes, five pounds of cotton, and five bolts of silk."
On the Xin Wei day in the sixth month, due to famine among the people of Yongzhou, the court ordered the granaries to be opened to help those affected by the disaster. They also built the Wen Shi Pavilion and Ling Quan Hall on Fang Mountain.
On the Ren Yin day in the seventh month of a certain year, the emperor ordered that elderly and sick palace maids in the palace would be exempt from service. On the Ren Shen day in the eighth month, the emperor encouraged ministers to speak freely and express their thoughts without holding back. On the Yi Hai day, the emperor went to Fang Mountain for leisure and had the Si Yuan Buddhist Temple constructed. On the Ding Chou day, the emperor made his way back to the palace.
On the day of Renzi in September, the emperor promoted several ministers all at once: Shizhong, Situ, and Wang Pi of Dongyang were appointed as Grand Commanders (太尉); Shizhong, Right Deputy Minister (尚书右仆射), and Duke Chen Jian of Zhao County were promoted to Situ and also elevated to King of Wei County; Shizhong, Minister, and Duke Gou Tui of Henan were promoted to Sikong and also elevated to King of Hedong; Shizhong, Minister, and Duke Wang Rui of Taiyuan were promoted to King of Zhongshan; Shizhong, Minister, and Duke Zhang You of Longdong were promoted to King of Xinping. On the day of Jiwai, the governor of Dingzhou, Prince Chang Le of Anle, committed a crime and was summoned back to the capital, where he was put to death. On the day of Gengshen, Wang Yuanhe of Longxi passed away. The countries of Goryeo, Tuyuhun, Didaoyu, Khitan, Kumo Xie, and Kucha all sent envoys to pay tribute.
In winter, on the day of Jisi in October, at the beginning of the month, the emperor issued a decree to grant amnesty nationwide. On the day of Guimao in November, the emperor rewarded the poor, elderly, and sick people in the capital—those unable to care for themselves—with clothing and fabric, with varying amounts given based on their circumstances. On the day of Guichou, the emperor promoted Jia Liangjun Gong Yuanjia to a nominal king and sent him with two armies to Huaiyin; Longxi Gong Yuanchen also took three armies to Guangling; and Hedong Gong Xue Huzai took three armies to Shouchun. At that time, the Rouran people launched an invasion from the south with over a hundred thousand cavalry but retreated after reaching the border. In December, the countries of Sogdiana, Zhouyi, He Gong, Diefuluo, Yuan Kuo, and Xi Wan Jin also sent envoys to pay tribute. That year, on the islands, Xiao Daocheng deposed their monarch, Liu Zhun, declared himself emperor, and named his reign "Qi."
In January of the year 454 AD, on the day of Guimao, the Qianxiang Liuhedian was completed. During this time, the Qiang people in Taoyang rebelled, and the general in Fuhan Town suppressed the rebellion. Officials in Longxi, including Yuan Chen, captured the Matou Barracks controlled by Xiao Daocheng. On the day of Yimao, King Guangchuan passed away. The leader of the Di tribe in Yongzhou, King Qinan, rebelled, killed the magistrate of Meiyang County, and was subsequently captured and executed by local officials and troops. On the day of Dingsi, the court ordered the closure of facilities for raising eagles and falcons, and converted the land into the Baode Temple. On the day of Wuwu, Prince Xiangcheng, Han Tui, committed an offense, was stripped of his title, and exiled to the frontier. The Xuzhou governor appointed by Xiao Daocheng, Cui Wenzhong, launched an attack on Huainan and captured Chamei Barracks. In the second month, the court sent the Minister of Personnel, You Minggen, to lead two thousand cavalry south to suppress the rebellion. On the day of Guisi, the emperor issued a decree saying, "I inherit the throne, ruling over the world, rising early and retiring late each day, being cautious and careful, as if walking on thin ice. Now it is the season of spring plowing, all things are growing, but the heavens have not bestowed sufficient rain, fearing a poor harvest and impending famine for the people, I am very worried! Therefore, I command the worship of the mountain and river deities and the rain-bringing gods, repair the temples, and offer sacrifices of livestock and jade discs. We must attend to the suffering of the people and offer comfort across all regions." On the day of Bingwu in March, the court ordered the Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, Feng Xi, to lead the army to welcome back the various troops led by the pretender to the Liang throne, Jia, and others. On the day of Yimao, envoys from the Rouran state came to pay tribute to the court.
On the day of Ji Mao in April, the Emperor personally visited the Tingwei and Jifang prisons to inspect the prisoners. The Emperor decreed, "Tingwei is a symbol of justice in the realm, affecting the life and death of the people. I can only practice benevolent governance thanks to the diligent work of the prison officials. If a man does not plow the fields, he will go hungry; if a woman does not weave cloth, she will freeze. Now is the busy farming season, and the people are all working hard, but there are many people who have been detained. They should be released back to farming based on the severity of their crimes." On Xin Si day, the Emperor visited Baideng Mountain. On Jia Shen day, the court ordered that impoverished families with no surplus food or wealth would receive a year's worth of grain. On the first day of the fifth lunar month, the Emperor conducted an inspection at the volcano. On Ren Yin day, the Emperor returned to the palace. On Ding Mao day in June, due to heavy rain, the court pardoned the prisoners in the capital and distributed millions of pieces of silk, satin, and fabric, along with war trophies from the southern campaign to officials below the royal ministers.
In the autumn of the year 477 AD, on the day of Xin Hai in July (specific date), the Emperor visited the volcano for inspection. The next day, on Ren Zi day, the volcano was renamed Dongming Temple. Then, the Emperor ordered the gathering of the elderly in the capital, rewarding them with brocade, clothing, canes, rice, honey, flour, and exempting their families from labor obligations. In total, the tribute items amounted to tens of thousands of catties! On Ding Hai day in the leap month, the Emperor visited the tiger enclosure, where he personally interrogated the prisoners, releasing those with lesser crimes. On Ren Chen day, Prince Dunqiu, Li Zhongkui, was sentenced to death for his crimes. Xiao Daocheng seized Jiaocheng and requested to surrender to the court.
On the 8th day of the eighth month in the year of Dingyou, the emperor ordered the Xu Zhou governor and the nominal King Jia of Liang to go and meet Xiao Daocheng. General Lang Datan was sent to lead three armies from Qucheng, General Bai Tu led two armies from Haixi, General Yuan Tai led two armies from Liankou, General Feng Pi led three armies from Jiaocheng, and General Zhen Nan He Luo led the army from Xiacao, surrounding the area from all directions. On the Jia Chen day, the emperor went to Fangshan. On the Wushen day, the emperor went to the Stone Cave Temple on Wuzhou Mountain. On the Geng Xu day, the emperor returned to the palace. On the Yi Mao day, the emperor ordered all states to set up ice houses for emergency needs. The Liangzhou governor under Xiao Daocheng, Cui Huijing, sent the chief of staff Pei Shubao to lead the army to attack Wuxing, but was defeated by the Di tribe leader Yang Shu of Guancheng, so Pei Shubao retreated back to Nanzheng. In September, Prefect Chang Yuanzhen of Ruanan and Dragon Cavalry General Hu Qinggou under Xiao Daocheng surrendered to the court along with their troops. On the Yi Hai day, the Siyi Hall was finished. On the Ren Wu day, the Dongming Temple was completed as well. On the Wu Zi day, the emperor issued a decree saying, "In the deep winter season, with heavy snowfall, those imprisoned in jail and those responsible for transporting supplies may freeze and starve, which deeply troubles me. I order officials to visit the prisons and other places where prisoners are held, carefully inspect them, provide food and warm clothing to those in need, and replace heavy shackles with lighter ones." The nominal King Jia of Liang defeated Xiao Daocheng's generals Lu Shaozhi and Xuan Yuandu at Qushan, and the garrison chief of Xiacao deserted the city and escaped.
In the winter of the tenth month of the Dingwei era, the emperor issued an order appointing King Feng Xi of Changli as the governor of the Western Road, to march from Yiyang alongside General Huan Dan, who was leading the Southern Campaign; General He Luo of the Southern Garrison advanced eastward from Xiacai, aiming for Zhongli. Huan Fu of Lanling killed his county magistrate and colluded with Huan He of Changlu and bandits Zhang and Yan, who operated in the Taishan area, occupying Wugu and supporting Sima Lang as their leader. The emperor ordered Wang Wei Yuan and others from Huaiyang to launch a campaign against them. That year, due to floods and droughts in eighteen states and prefectures, the people were suffering from starvation, and the court ordered the granaries opened to provide relief to the disaster victims.
On the first day of the first month in 465 AD, the emperor made a southern tour, which was a momentous occasion! On the fourteenth day, he arrived in Zhongshan. The emperor personally visited the elderly, to understand the hardships faced by ordinary people and to empathize with their plight!
On the first day of the second month, the emperor issued a general amnesty, and this was fantastic news! For those who were filial to their parents, harmonious with siblings, worked diligently, as well as orphans, widows, and impoverished people who could not take care of themselves, food and cloth were distributed in varying quantities. The elderly palace maids and eunuchs were also sent back home to be reunited with their families. On the seventeenth day, the emperor went to Xindu again to assess the people's conditions, just as he did in Zhongshan. On the twenty-first day, he returned to Zhongshan. On the twenty-seventh day, the emperor held a military drill by the Tang River to demonstrate the strength of the nation. On the twenty-eighth day, the emperor returned to the capital. During this time, a notable event took place: a monk named Faxiu plotted a rebellion and was executed! Meanwhile, the troops involved in the southern campaign defeated the guerrilla general Huan Kang of Xiao Daocheng in Huaiyang. The governor of Yazhou, Yuan Chongzu, attacked Xiacai again but was defeated by King Feng Xi of Changli. King Jia of Liangjun was even more formidable, achieving a great victory over Xiao Daocheng's army and capturing over thirty thousand enemy troops, escorting them to the capital.
On the first day of March, the emperor went to Sichuan again. On the third of March, he conducted another military exercise along the banks of Yunshui. The emperor inspected local officials along the way, promoting those who deserved promotion and demoting those who deserved to be demoted, restoring order in the bureaucracy! On the eighth of March, the emperor returned to the palace. The emperor also issued a decree stating that Faxiu had spread heretical words to mislead the public, making baseless claims, along with Inspector Zhang Qiu and over a hundred others, colluding with slaves to plot a rebellion. According to the law, their three clans should be exterminated, but considering their ignorance, the emperor showed leniency, decreeing that if three clans were punished, only the direct descendants would face execution; if one clan was punished, only the individual would be executed.
On the fourteenth of April, the emperor went to Fangshan for leisure. He built a solid stone chamber on the mountain and erected a monument in the courtyard of the stone chamber; he also documented the sacrificial rites for the Empress Dowager in a golden ledger and constructed the Jianxuan Hall. On the seventeenth of April, the emperor rewarded the ministers with over ten thousand captives taken from the southern campaign. On the nineteenth of April, the emperor issued a decree saying, “Recently, the rainfall has been poor, and the crops have withered. All corpses must be buried and cannot be left exposed. In areas with temples, prayers can be offered.” During this time, King Rencheng Yun passed away.
On the seventh day of May, the emperor issued a decree saying, “Recently, border wars have been incessant, and the burdens on the people have been overwhelming. Many have committed crimes due to this, and there are many lawsuits. The common people are unable to live well; I am deeply troubled!” In these times, the lives of common folks were tough too! During this period, there was a rebellion, and the provincial army defeated them, with the leader fleeing to Yuzhou. On the sixth of June, King Zhongshan Rui passed away. On the tenth of June, the emperor conferred the title of Prince of Qijun to his uncle Jian and the title of Prince of Anfeng on Meng.
In the autumn of a certain year, on July 1st, Xiao Daocheng sent people to pay tribute. On July 8th, Ta Ji, the leader of the Ruru tribe, surrendered along with his people. On July 11th, Ban Qiti proposed five suggestions regarding population management and household registration. On September 7th, a military parade ceremony was held in the southern suburbs, and the emperor hosted a banquet for his courtiers. Xiao Daocheng sent Che Senglang to the banquet, but Che Senglang declined because his seat was behind Yin Lingdan, who had been sent by Liu Zhun. Consequently, Liu Zhun's subordinate Jie Fengjun killed Che Senglang during the banquet! The emperor ordered the execution of Jie Fengjun and his accomplices. On July 12th, Feng Dan, Feng Xi's son, was appointed as the King of Nanping. In Yanzhou, Sima Lang was executed, and his head was sent to the capital.
In the winter, on October 10th, the Ruru Kingdom sent tribute again. On December 10th, the emperor ordered the granaries opened to provide relief for the famine-stricken people in the twelve provinces.
In the spring of the second year, on the eleventh day of the first month, a general amnesty was granted. On the eighth day of the second month, the emperor issued a decree stating: "The Lingqiu County is small and barren, located on a major road where officials and people pass through, incurring many expenses. When I toured here before, I saw that the people were very hardworking, so I hereby exempt them from fifteen years of taxes!" On the tenth day of the second month, Prince Bailan of the Tuyuhun was falsely accused and executed. On the fourteenth day of the second month, the emperor issued a decree stating: "Xiao Daocheng has been causing trouble in the Jianghuai region, constantly engaging in battles. The people in seven states are suffering due to forced labor, going against the principle of light taxation. I sympathize with them, so I exempt them from three years of labor service!" On the nineteenth day of the second month, the country of Doudou sent tribute. On the twenty-fourth day of the second month, the emperor rewarded diligent and meritorious nobles with food and cloth, with varying amounts. On the seventh day of the third month, the emperor went hunting in the tiger reserve, then issued a decree: "Tigers and wolves are too vicious, eating meat and harming living beings. During the capture, injuries often occur. It is not beneficial and wastes a lot of money, so hunting for tribute is no longer allowed!" On the eighth day of the third month, the emperor visited the Shanshikou Cave Temple in Wuzhou and gave clothing to poor elderly individuals. On the ninth day of the third month, the emperor went to Fangshan. That month, Xiao Daocheng died, and his son Xiao Ze seized the throne.
In the summer, on the third day of the fourth month, the emperor rewarded lonely elderly individuals in the capital with food and cloth, with varying amounts. In June, the Rouran sent tribute once more.
In the autumn of the seventh month, fifty thousand laborers were recruited from various states to repair the roads in Lingqiu. On the first day of the eighth month, the emperor sent envoys to disaster-stricken areas nationwide to assess taxes from the populace. For those who are poor and struggling to survive, the court distributed food and cloth to assist them. On the day of the eighth month, the emperor lifted the restrictions on mountains and marshes. On the day of the ninth month, descendants of Diyang were appointed as the King of Wudu.
In the winter, on the Yimao day of November, envoys from the Tuyuhun state came to pay tribute. On the Dinghai day in December, the emperor issued an edict stating: "My ability to govern the country is limited, and my policies are not perfect enough. I have failed to heed the heavenly signs and avert disasters. Last autumn, constant rains and floods brought great suffering to the people, who cried out in distress. My heart is deeply pained, so I have sent envoys to various places for disaster relief. However, those local officials do not consider the people's welfare; they only think about completing their tasks, putting on a show while being ineffective, which is utterly unacceptable! Now, the taxes that have not yet been collected and future rents will be exempted for the time being. Officials at all levels must strive to persuade the people to pay taxes and work towards a bountiful harvest; this is the only way to repay my heartfelt concern!"
After the new year, in the spring, on the Gengshen day of the first month, the emperor issued another edict, saying: "I have always wanted to understand the suffering of the people in order to improve governance and better manage the country. However, my perspective is limited, and my understanding is not comprehensive enough. Therefore, I specifically asked the provincial envoys, scholars, and clerks about the harsh and tyrannical practices of local officials, but their responses were mostly false and greatly contradicted my intentions. According to the law, they should be sentenced to death as a warning to others. However, taking their circumstances into account, I will spare them from the death penalty and allow them to return home. This matter must be made known to everyone, so that everyone knows that if the same mistakes are made in the future, they will not be forgiven!" On the Dingmao day of the first month, the emperor ordered the residents of Qingzhou, Qizhou, Guangzhou, and Dongxuzhou to each deliver twenty shi of grain to be sent to Xiaqiu and Langya, and also exempted them from one year's rent. On the Jiaxu day in March, because of famine affecting the people of Jizhou and Dingzhou, the emperor ordered the counties and districts to set up porridge kitchens along the roads for relief and also ordered the borders to be opened to allow the people to come and go freely.
In April during the summer, the Emperor went on an inspection tour to Mount Guo and bestowed clothing and food to elderly and disabled people he encountered along the way. On the day of April, the Emperor returned to the imperial palace. On the day of the intercalary month of Gui Chou, a prince was born, and the Emperor issued a general amnesty. On the first day of May, the Emperor visited the Shishi Cave Buddhist temple in Wuzhou. In June, Dingzhou reported that they distributed porridge to assist famine victims, saving over nine hundred and forty-seven thousand lives.
In July, the Emperor and the Empress Dowager went to Shen Yuan Chi for leisure. The next day, they went to Fangshan. The Emperor then ordered envoys Li Biao and Lan Ying to visit Xiao Ze. Meanwhile, Prince Luoba of Jinan was reappointed as Prince of Zhao Jun.
In September, the Emperor issued another decree, which stated: "I have inherited the legacy of my ancestors, working diligently day and night, fearful of any negligence. Even though I have begun to personally govern, I still feel inadequate in my considerations, especially in handling memorials and cases, always worried about making mistakes. Therefore, from now on, when officials present their matters, they should not only propose feasible suggestions but also point out shortcomings, rather than merely offering superficial agreement. In this manner, my mistakes will be brought to light for all to see." During this period, Jizhou reported that they distributed porridge to famine victims, saving over seven hundred fifty-one thousand seven hundred lives.
In October, the Imperial Shrine was finally completed. In November, Xiao Ze dispatched envoys to pay tribute. In December, the emperor issued another imperial edict, which stated: "Unpretentious social customs existed in ancient times, and ritual education was implemented in recent times. Therefore, the Xia and Shang dynasties did not taboo intermarriage among clans, while the Zhou dynasty began to prohibit intermarriage among those of the same surname. These are examples of education changing with the times and governance changing with circumstances. Our dynasty has just been established; the Central Plains region has not been completely unified, and we have been busy pacifying rebellions, rectifying the court's rules, and dealing with numerous affairs; there simply hasn't been time to address those outdated customs and habits. Later, these customs have been perpetuated and remain unchanged to this day. I have ruled for a century now; it is time to promote benevolent governance, consider changing old customs, and establish new trends. From this point forward, all intermarriage among those of the same surname is strictly prohibited, and those who violate it will be punished for disloyalty and unfilial conduct." On the same day, the emperor also ordered the lifting of restrictions on Linluo Mountain, allowing the common people to use the resources on the mountain together. In addition, hearing that the people of the thirteen provinces were facing famine, the emperor ordered the opening of the granaries to aid the disaster-stricken people.
In the first month of the second year of spring, the emperor appointed Lord Longxi Yuan Chen and Lu Rui, the Minister of the Ministry of Works, as envoys to the east and west, sending them to various places to inspect and commend good deeds, and punish those who do evil. In February, envoys from the Ruru country came to pay tribute.
In early April, I visited Fangshan. A few days later, I returned to the palace. Then I went to Xuanhongchi, followed by Duoshan. Finally, I returned to the palace. In early May, orders were issued to distribute relief grain to the garrison in the seven provinces of Henan. Later, the palace dispatched Li Biao, the Minister of the Guards, and Lan Ying, the Associate Director, as envoys to Xiao Ze.
In early June, the emperor issued a decree saying, "Establishing official positions and the salary system for officials is very important. The 'Book of Rites' already contains regulations regarding salaries, and the Han Dynasty has always had a system of official salaries. During the Wei and Jin periods, they also followed the previous system to govern the country. Since the chaos in the Central Plains, this system has been interrupted, and the previous court has not had the chance to restore it. I constantly think about the suffering of the people, working day and night, with great concern. Therefore, I have decided to restore the old system and begin distributing official salaries. At the same time, in order to simplify civil affairs, various minor taxes on merchants have been abolished. Each household will now contribute three bolts of cloth and two sheng and nine dou of grain as part of the official salary system. The tax per household has also been increased to two bolts of cloth, which can also be used for trade. While there may be some short-term challenges, there will be significant long-term benefits. After the distribution of salaries, anyone caught embezzling or accepting bribes of one bolt of cloth or more will face execution. Now, to reform the system, we should start anew, as if creating the world from scratch, so we should grant amnesty to everyone, giving them a fresh start." There was a flood in Wuzhou, which destroyed many homes of ordinary people. In early July, I visited the Fangshan Stone Cave Temple.
Once, in early August, the emperor proclaimed: “Being an emperor is a heavy responsibility. If I do not broadly listen to everyone’s opinions, how can I govern the country effectively? There are numerous national matters, and without widely adopting suggestions, how can I accomplish great things? Ancient wise rulers recognized this truth, which is why they humbly welcomed advice and thoughtfully reflected on their errors. For instance, during the reign of Emperor Yao, the advisory drum was established, and during Emperor Shun’s reign, the wood of slander was set up, all to gather opinions from all corners and ensure peace in the realm. Now, I have inherited the land established by my forebears and am enjoying a time of peace and prosperity, and I have been endeavoring to learn from the exemplary practices of my predecessors. When I first became emperor, I ordered that people throughout the nation could freely share their thoughts and provide their suggestions to make up for my shortcomings. Although my decree has been conveyed, very few suggestions have truly met the criteria. Therefore, I reformed the system, drawing on ancient regulations to reestablish the salary and penal systems. However, the balance between leniency and strictness has not been well maintained; some people still have differing opinions, those who wish to speak cannot voice their opinions, and those who wish to advise cannot find a way, resulting in my flawed decisions and a lack of clarity below. Now, I decree that all officials, merchants, and common citizens may submit their opinions in writing. Suggestions beneficial to the nation and its people will be accepted; those harmful to the nation and detrimental to the populace will be rejected. Everyone must be bold enough to speak frankly and not hide anything; language should be concise and clear, and reasoning should be practical and solid. I will personally review these memorials to grasp the national situation and public sentiment, ensuring that those who speak boldly are not punished, and that those who hear these words take note.”
On a day in early September, Xiao Ze sent someone to pay tribute. A few days later, the emperor proclaimed another decree: “The salary system has been established and must be distributed promptly, starting in October, with payments to be made quarterly.” As a result, the salaries of officials across the nation were distributed, each varying in amount.
In October, the Goryeo Kingdom also sent envoys to pay tribute. Wang Jizong, the commander of the Shuangcheng garrison under Xiao Ze, submitted to the court. One day in November, the emperor sent Li Biao, the Cavalier Attendant, and Lan Ying, the Attendant Officer, to Xiao Ze. In December, the emperor heard that fifteen states and counties were suffering from drought and floods, causing the people to starve. He sent officials to investigate on-site, understand the people's sufferings, and ordered to open the granaries to provide relief to the disaster victims.
In the ninth year of the calendar, on the Wuyin day of the first month of spring, the emperor issued a decree saying: "The notion of prophecies has been around since the ancient times of the Three Dynasties. It is not the proper way to govern the country, but merely a tool exploited by malevolent forces. From now on, all prophecies, secret texts, and the book called 'Confucius' Closed Room Records' must be destroyed! Those who hide them will be sentenced to death. In addition, sorcerers who make false predictions of good and bad fortune in the name of gods and ghosts, as well as divination activities in the streets and alleys that do not conform to the orthodox scriptures, must be strictly prohibited!" On the day of Guiwei, the emperor invited his courtiers to the Dahua Palace and bestowed upon them the "Imperial Edict." On the day of Jihai in the second month, the emperor ordered that the titles and stipends of princes, grandsons, great-grandsons, and princesses shall be categorized into different ranks. Jia Shao, the second son of Prince Guangyang Jian, was named the heir to Prince Guangyang. On the day of Yisi, the emperor issued another decree saying: "In the past, wise and virtuous rulers have always listened to the opinions of the people, sought frank and honest advice, set up banners and music, and sought the opinions of the people. Although I have already implemented the salary system and reduced some penalties, I may not have considered everything thoroughly, so I am willing to accept honest criticism and aspire to showcase my political acumen. Officials, scholars, and businesspeople and merchants can submit their opinions without hiding anything!" On the Bingshen day of the third month, envoys from Dangchang came to pay tribute. The emperor appointed his brother Xi as the King of Xianyang, Gan as the King of Henan, Yu as the King of Guangling, Yong as the King of Yingchuan, Xie as the King of Shiping, and Xiang as the King of Beihai.
In the fourth month of the summer season, on the Gui Chou day, the emperor visited Fangshan for leisure. On the Jia Yin day, he returned to the palace. In the fifth month, both Goryeo and Xiao Ze sent envoys to pay tribute. On Xin Hai day in the sixth month, the emperor returned to Fangshan for another leisure visit and also visited Lingquan Pool on the way. On the Ding Si day, he returned to the palace.
In the seventh month of autumn, on the Bing Yin day (new moon), the emperor ordered the construction of a new palace gate. On the Gui Wei day, the emperor sent envoys to confer the title of king of Dangchang to Mi Cheng, the nephew of King Liang Miji. On the Wu Zi day, the emperor visited Yuchi for leisure and ascended Qingyuangang. On the Jia Wu day, he returned to the palace.
In the eighth month, on the Ji Hai day, the emperor visited Maze for leisure. On the Jia Yin day, the emperor climbed Niutou Mountain. On the Geng Shen day, the emperor issued a decree stating: "Several states have been hit by floods, famine is rampant, and some are even selling their children. This is a divine condemnation directed at me, and the responsibility rests solely on me. The people are innocent and yet they have to suffer such pain. I am deeply troubled by this and restless day and night, to the point of forgetting to eat and sleep. Since the sixth year of Taihe, I have returned the famine victims purchased from Ding, Ji, You, and Xiang to their families, including those who had been sold as wives. If they do not wish to remain, I have permitted them to leave." On the Jia Zi day, the emperor returned to the palace.
On a day in October in a certain year, the emperor issued a decree stating: "I have been emperor for fifteen years. Whenever I review the classics left by my predecessors and study the experiences of statecraft, I find that although the nation is well-stocked and the people seem to be living in peace and contentment, upon closer reflection, this tranquility cannot last long. Currently, the moral fabric of society is deteriorating; the wealthy and powerful are consolidating land, the poor are left destitute, land resources are wasted, and the common people even lose their lives over a few acres of land or abandon their livelihoods due to famine. How can we expect peace and prosperity for the people? Therefore, I am now sending envoys to inspect various regions, to collaborate with local officials for equitable land distribution, and to hold them accountable for the land distribution, while also encouraging everyone to develop agriculture and sericulture to revitalize the people's livelihood."
The next day, on the day of Wu Shen, the nations of Goryeo and Tuyuhun sent envoys to pay their respects. On the day of Xin You, the court's senior officials, including the Chamberlain, the Minister of Works, and Prince Chen Jian of Wei, passed away. The emperor then appointed the Assistant Gentleman Li Biao and the Secretary Lang Gongsun A Liu to offer condolences to Xiao Ze. By the day of Yi Mao in December, the Chamberlain, Prince of Huainan, was appointed Minister of Works. At this time, the Rouran tribe launched an invasion at the borders, and the emperor ordered King Cheng of Rencheng to lead troops to suppress them. That year, thirteen places in the capital and various states experienced floods and droughts, resulting in poor harvests. The states of Dangchang, Goryeo, Tuyuhun, and others also sent envoys to pay their respects.
