Prince Pengcheng, whose name was Xiao Yan and courtesy name was Yanhe, was exceptionally intelligent from a young age, set apart from others. In the ninth year of Taihe, he was appointed as the Prince of Shiping and was also given the titles of Attendant and Grand General of the Western Campaign. When Xiao Yan was born, his mother, Lady Pan, had died, and that year his grandfather, Emperor Xiaowu of Song, also passed away. When Xiao Yan was a little older, he requested to hold mourning ceremonies for his mother and grandfather. However, Empress Dowager Wenming disagreed; thus, Xiao Yan mourned deeply for three years, refraining from any celebratory activities. His father's brother, Emperor Ming of Song, was deeply impressed by his filial piety. Xiao Yan was very intelligent, loved learning, and was devoted to his studies, voraciously reading and particularly enjoying writing. Later, Emperor Ming reformed the system, dismissing Xiao Yan from his positions as Attendant and General, and appointing him as Grand Master of Ceremonies. Not long after, he was reappointed as Attendant, serving in the palace and participating in state affairs, being involved in all important matters. When the Emperor went south to battle, Xiao Yan was appointed as the General of the Army, leading the imperial troops and serving as the Emperor's guard. Later, the court established a five-rank nobility system, and Xiao Yan was granted a fief consisting of two thousand households, promoted to Chief of the Imperial Secretariat, while keeping his position as Attendant, and finally was renamed as Prince Pengcheng. The Emperor and the ministers ascended the Golden Pavilion, looking at the lush paulownia trees and bamboo behind the palace. The Emperor sighed and remarked, "Phoenixes do not roost on anything but paulownia trees, and do not eat anything but bamboo. Now that the paulownia trees and bamboo are so lush, can they truly attract phoenixes?" Xie Tiao replied, "Phoenixes come in response to auspicious signs; how could they come because of bamboo and paulownia trees?" The Emperor asked, "Why do you say that?" Xie Tiao said, "In the time of Emperor Shun, phoenixes came; in the rise of the Zhou Dynasty, the yuèjuāo bird cried on Qishan. I have never heard of phoenixes arriving due to bamboo and paulownia trees." The Emperor laughed and said, "I'm not truly expecting it to come."
Later, the emperor hosted a banquet for the ministers in the Qinghui Hall. As night fell, they moved to the edge of the Liuhua Pond under the trees to continue feasting. The emperor said, "At the beginning of the banquet, everyone was very serious. As the wine flowed and the time grew late, we have not fully enjoyed ourselves yet. I am reluctant to part with this beautiful moment, so I have invited all of you here again." The emperor looked up at the lush paulownia leaves and recited, "'The paulownia and its seats, both distant and near, kind and virtuous gentlemen, all uphold decorum.'" He continued, "Now, all you talented individuals under the trees are enough to inspire me to write poetry." He then ordered the Grand Minister of Ceremonies to read the poems written by the ministers in response to the imperial decree. When reading a poem by Xie Tiao, the emperor personally changed a character, saying, "In the past, Qi Xi recommended his son, and everyone praised his fairness. I now see that recommending you was not out of self-interest." Xie Tiao replied, "That my humble work receives such high regard from Your Majesty is entirely due to your grace, which has allowed me to gain a good reputation." The emperor said, "Even though only one character was changed, it still represents the essence of beautiful jade." Xie Tiao said, "I have heard that the Book of Songs, with its three hundred poems, can be distilled into a single sentence. Now, Your Majesty granting me to change one character is worth more than treasures from a fortified city."
Cousin Xie Lingyun was appointed as an imperial attendant. The emperor issued a decree saying, "You look even more dazzling when wearing the mink crown of Diao Chan. The country needs you now; how can you hesitate at such a critical moment? Think about how you can assist me well; you will definitely make a difference!" Later, the emperor visited the capital, passing Tongqi Mountain in Shangdang. There were more than ten tall pine trees by the road. At that time, Emperor Gaozu asked Xie Lingyun to present him with an umbrella, then continued on his way and improvised a poem, telling Xie Lingyun, "I just composed this poem; although it is not a seven-step poem, and I did not mention how far it is. You can also compose one and give it to me when you get to me." At that time, Xie Lingyun was still more than ten steps away from the emperor. He composed a poem as he walked, and completed it before reaching the emperor. The poem is as follows: "Ask the pine forest, how many winters has it seen? How do the mountains and rivers compare to the past, the wind and clouds are the same as ancient times?" Emperor Gaozu laughed heartily and said, "Your poem is a subtle reproach to me!" The emperor issued another decree: "Xie Lingyun's birth mother, Lady Pan, passed away early and did not receive the honor she deserved during her lifetime. Xie Lingyun has been grieving deeply over this matter. Now that he has expressed this poignant sentiment, it is truly sympathetic. His mother can be posthumously granted the title of Princess of Pengcheng to comfort the living and the dead." Xie Lingyun was also appointed as the Director of the Palace Library, while keeping his role as an imperial attendant.
Emperor Gaozu marched south to Hanyang, appointing Xie Lingyun as the Grand General of the Central Army and adding a band to play music. Xie Lingyun, feeling uneasy due to overwhelming favor, straightforwardly advised, "I have heard that one must consider both close and distant relationships, and must integrate different opinions in order to make progress. These are experiences summarized by the ancients, and I feel it's important to share this with you. I, Xie Lingyun, have been promoted without asking, which is completely different from the situation of Prince Chen Si and Cao Zhi. This isn't just because Cao Zhi is not my equal, but also because you are doing better than Emperor Wen of Wei." Emperor Gaozu laughed heartily, holding Xie Lingyun's hand and said, "The two Cao brothers are talented but jealous of each other, while you and I are connected by a bond of virtue. Your words are not embarrassing at all. Just focus on self-restraint and propriety, and that is enough. Don't overthink it."
Emperor Gaozu personally explained the mourning dress system in the Qinghui Hall, casually saying to his courtiers, "Yanhe and Jiyu are still young, yet they have become officials early without receiving family education or learning etiquette. They always want me to explain the mourning dress system. I think my explanation is too brief, so I have not agreed to their request. After a recent drinking session, I casually agreed, so I asked Yanzhao to come and explain the mourning dress system personally. I felt pretty nervous right before I had to speak." The Imperial Secretary Li Biao replied, "From ancient times to the present, no emperor has ever explained the etiquette system in person. Your Majesty is wise and accomplished, surpassing all previous emperors. To be able to personally listen to your teachings is truly a rare opportunity."
I was sent to conquer the north of Mian, and the Emperor graciously rewarded me with three thousand rolls of silk. He then appointed me as the Envoy, Commander of the Southern Expedition, Grand General of the Central Army, and bestowed me with the title of Kaifu. The Emperor also decreed, "Tomorrow we will battle with the enemy, so make sure to instruct the soldiers to uphold strict military discipline." I then took command of the army myself.
After a short while, two large birds were seen flying from the south, one flying towards the palace and the other towards the military camp; both were captured. I said to Emperor Gaozu, "At first there was only one bird; it got scared and fell to the ground when it saw our flag. I think this is a sign of great luck." Emperor Gaozu laughed and said, "Is it only the central army that can frighten birds with our might? I will also give you credit! This is great, just as the art of war teaches."
Early the next morning, we decisively defeated Cui Huijing and Xiao Yan. It rained heavily that night, and Emperor Gaozu said, "I have heard that armies often experience rain after winning battles. Now that we have captured Xinye and Nanyang, and defeated these bandits, indeed timely rain has come down. This saying is indeed accurate!" I replied, "This is the manifestation of water's virtue, completely in line with the will of heaven."
Emperor Gaozu asked me to write a victory announcement, but I declined, saying, "I heard that victory announcements are meant to be publicized nationwide, to let everyone know and promote our military achievements to impress the world. My abilities are limited; how can I possibly handle such a significant task?" Emperor Gaozu said, "You are not only following my orders, but also talented, so please proceed to write." After I finished writing, the style of the article closely resembled the Emperor's. Those who read it thought it was written by the Emperor himself. Emperor Gaozu said, "The article you wrote, everyone thinks I wrote it. If we weren't brothers, who could possibly tell the difference?" I replied, "Zixia was once highly regarded by the sage, and now I too am valued by you."
Upon arriving in Yuzhou, Gaozu wrote a letter to his family, saying: "Family values must be influenced subtly, and the rules of etiquette must be strictly observed. If you do not frequently advise with care, how can you earn everyone's respect? I have always wanted to appoint a patriarch to guide my family. Your status is noble, and you are also a middle supervisor, with the demeanor and capability to set an example. I have repeatedly verbally instructed you, but you always modestly declined. I find it hard to press the issue, so it has been delayed until now. Besides you, who else can I entrust with the vital responsibility of managing our clan? Therefore, I appoint you to be in charge of family affairs, with all the responsibility resting on your shoulders. If anyone does not follow the teachings, report back to me immediately, and I will deal with it accordingly. If a member of the clan commits a mistake and you conceal it, I will punish you. Only through your strict requirements can everyone make corrections. I do not regret my decision."
The next day, Xie personally went to see Gaozu and said: "I have complied with your orders, specifically tasked with overseeing family matters and correcting violations. I've heard the saying 'if oneself is upright, no commands are needed to make others comply; if oneself is not upright, even if orders are given, others will not obey.' There's a lack of respect for the hierarchy within our family, and our interactions with others do not conform to etiquette norms. Every time I ask for help, I receive your tolerance. I didn't expect that this time your orders would leave me without an exemption. I still hope that you can be compassionate and relieve me of this heavy burden."
Gaozu said: "You make a valid point, then go ahead and do it well!" Xie requested to use a portion of his annual salary, official salary, and family relief funds to support the military and the country. Gaozu decreed: "You are sacrificing personal interests for the country, which is a profound principle. However, you are still my relative, so you have reduced your salary to help the country. Let's put your official salary on hold for now, and you'll only receive one-third of the family relief and national support funds."
Emperor Gaozu was feeling unwell, and Crown Prince Xie had to take care of the emperor's daily needs as well as handle state affairs. The people throughout the realm were all loyal to him, with no dissent. The most famous doctor at the time was Xu Jian (徐謇), who had returned to his hometown in Luoyang. The Crown Prince hurriedly summoned him back. Then he took Xu Jian aside, held his hand, and cried, saying, "The emperor's condition is very dangerous now, which is critical to the fate of the country. I hope you will do your best to find a way to cure him. If the emperor recovers, the country will be peaceful, and you will receive unforeseen rewards. But if he cannot be cured, the consequences would be dire, not just a matter of honor, but a matter of life and death! You must give it your all!" Everyone present also cried. Xu Jian was eager to treat the emperor right away, but the Crown Prince, considering Emperor Gaozu's weak health, only allowed him to first adjust the emperor's diet.
The Crown Prince also secretly set up an altar by the Ru River, following the practice of Duke Zhou, offering prayers to heaven, earth, and his ancestors, asking to exchange his own life for Emperor Gaozu's safety. The following day, Emperor Gaozu's condition showed signs of improvement. From Xuanhu to Ye City, the Crown Prince remained by Emperor Gaozu's side, never leaving his side, day or night. Whatever Emperor Gaozu ate, the Crown Prince would taste it first and then feed it to him.
After the emperor's return to the capital, he gathered all the officials in the Xuanji Hall and held a ceremony to bestow rewards for their merits. The emperor had an attendant proclaim the imperial edict: "You assisted the six major armies in pacifying the chaos in Jingchu, and your contributions in the north of the Mian River have always been beneficial to the state. When conquering Xinye, you came up with brilliant strategies to capture the city; stationed in Dengcheng, you achieved great victories. Your contributions are unparalleled among all the generals. You should be given additional rewards, and your merits will not be overlooked."
The emperor said to Xie Xie: "I have endured countless hardships alongside you all in my early years, and have also gone through separations and reunions. I often feel that feelings can wane with the changing circumstances. Recently, my situation has been critical, like autumn leaves that might fall at any moment. If it weren't for your constant concern, devoted filial piety, and diligent care, who else could provide such personal care and prepare medicinal meals ahead of time as you do? Whenever I think of these things, my heart is overwhelmed with feelings." Xie Xie answered sadly, crying: "We, your subjects, have always faced difficult fates, enduring the trials and tribulations of the world. It is thanks to Your Majesty's nurturing that we have the chance to serve our country. Who could have imagined that heaven would turn against you, leading to your declining health, which has caused worry among the people, whose fates are tied to yours? You toil day and night; how can such hardship even be put into words?" Due to Xie Xie's contributions in the campaign to pacify Huijing and others, the emperor awarded him an additional five hundred households of land.
The emperor issued another decree saying, "Since a young age, my body has been weak, and over the years, I have been exhausted both physically and mentally. I fell ill in Ru Ying. My sixth brother, Xie Xie, has been as filial as the Duke of Zhou in the Zhou Dynasty. Your filial piety rivals that of Ji Dan. You often forego your own rest and meals, personally taking care of everything and persuading me to take medicine and drink soup with all your heart and soul. Your sincerity and hard work have been instrumental in my recovery, all thanks to your blessings! You also manage state affairs, and all the officials rely on you. You coordinate various parties and handle all kinds of matters, ensuring the smooth operation of the country's affairs. You reassure the troops during floods and guard the borders during emergencies. Your efforts to stabilize both internal and external affairs have been invaluable. Your service to me embodies 'loyalty and filial piety'; your hard work in assisting me has truly safeguarded the nation. You should be rewarded accordingly to recognize your contributions, with a grant of an additional one thousand households!" Xie Xie humbly declined, saying, "I have received this favor due to my relationship with Your Majesty, sharing in both honor and disgrace. Rewarding me in this way goes against my wishes and might draw criticism. I request to retract the decree to avoid any potential controversy." The emperor said, "Your private filial piety and public loyalty, along with your recent diligence and concerns, have been widely acknowledged. Just accept the reward!" The emperor then appointed Xie Xie as Minister of Works and Grand Preceptor to the Crown Prince, while maintaining his position as Palace Attendant.
The emperor fell ill, and Xiao Baojuan rebelled, posing a critical situation. The emperor instructed Xie Fei to lead the troops to suppress the rebellion and oversee all military forces. Xie Fei respectfully declined, saying, "Your Majesty, you are unwell, and I do not have the capacity to lead the troops. The army needs someone to manage it, but I am truly unable. It would be more appropriate for another prince to lead the troops."
The emperor said, "It all depends on you to handle the rebellion and take care of my illness! I am seriously ill and feeling very anxious. Besides you, who else can pacify the army and defend the country? I can’t just find anyone to take your place; that would only make you uneasy. The country is counting on you now! Zhuge Liang and Huo Qubing were both entrusted with assisting in governance as outsiders, let alone you, who are my relative!"
Upon arriving in Yuyang, the emperor's condition worsened. He told Xie Xu, "My illness is worsening; you must do your best!" When the army reached the horse farm, just a few miles from the enemy camp, Chen Xianda and his men fought and defeated the enemy. Xie Xu was preparing to organize the army to attack the enemy camp, but the enemy fled that night.
The emperor, gravely ill, told Xie Xu, "Life's length is predetermined; life and death are fated. I am no longer able. Although Chen Xianda defeated the enemy, the fate of the country depends on this battle! The fate of the state is now in your hands! Huo Qubing was able to assist in governance as an outsider, let alone you, who are my relative; you must work even harder!"
Xie Xu cried and said, "Ordinary people are willing to be loyal to their friends, let alone me, who has received the emperor's grace and Your Majesty's love. I should do my best and be loyal. However, my position is too high, my power too great, my reputation too well-known; the emperor is bound to be wary of me. It is like Duke of Zhou avoiding the world; King Cheng once doubted him. If Your Majesty trusts me but cannot see things through to the end, that would be disastrous. I am not seeking wealth and status, nor am I lazy; I just hope Your Majesty can see things clearly and not let my success lead to disaster."
The emperor remained silent for a long time and said, "I've thought about what you said, and it makes a lot of sense." Then, the emperor wrote a message to Emperor Shizong, saying: "Your sixth uncle, Xie, is honest and upright, with great character; he looks down on wealth and fame, uninterested in worldly gains, steadfast like pine and bamboo. I knew him well when I was younger, and we often talked about life’s principles. He has often asked to leave the burdens of court life behind and seek tranquility, but since he's my older brother, I can't bear to let him go. How can I let him stay stuck in an official job, forever caught in the worldly trap? After I'm gone, I'll let him quit and leave the crown behind, so he can be true to himself. Don't doubt Zhou Gongdan's loyalty like King Cheng did; that wouldn't be good, right? You’re a good son; don’t go against my wishes." "Your sixth uncle, Xie, is pure in character and as clean as white clouds; he despises glory and wealth, with a heart as strong as pine and bamboo. In my youth, I was close to him, sharing thoughts about life. He often asked to leave the burdens of court life behind, and I've been hesitant to let him go too far. How can I let him stay stuck in an official job, forever caught in the worldly trap? After I'm gone, let him quit and leave the crown behind, so he can be true to himself. Isn't it better not to doubt Ji Dan's wisdom like King Cheng did? You’re a good son; don’t go against my wishes."
The founding emperor passed away in the palace residence. We handled the funeral in secret; only I, the Right Minister, Prince Cheng of Rencheng, and a few trusted aides knew about it. We placed the founding emperor's body in a carriage, and everything appeared normal to the outside world, as if the emperor were merely ill. We continued to handle memorials and official documents. It took several days to reach Wancheng, and only in the evening did we transfer the founding emperor's body from the carriage to the county hall, where we dressed him in his funeral garments and placed him on a funeral couch. No one inside or outside the army knew about this. I then sent Zhang Ru, an attendant from the Palace Library, to welcome the new emperor to the funeral. The official mourning period began in Luyang when the funeral chariot arrived, and everyone began to wear mourning clothes.
After the new emperor ascended the throne, I knelt and presented the founding emperor’s last will to him. Prince Xixian of Xianyang suspected me of plotting against him and held me outside Luyang County for quite some time before allowing me to enter. He said to me, "This time, you not only worked hard, but also faced extreme danger!" I felt anger and replied, "Brother, you have extensive experience and are older, so you can see the danger in it; but I feel no danger at all, like holding a snake while riding a tiger." Xixian said, "You only hate me for arriving late!" From the founding emperor's illness, I had stayed by his side, personally taking care of his diet, daily needs, and medicine, day and night, even neglecting to change my clothes, with disheveled hair and a grimy face. When the emperor was seriously ill, he had an extremely volatile temper and often vented his anger on others. I was often scolded by him; his words were extremely harsh; he would quickly punish his attendants, even ordering executions. I consistently showed him respect and obedience, wholeheartedly assisting him and resolving many issues.
After Emperor Gaozu's death, Chen Xianda and others began to flee. I was worried that the news of his death would leak and cause unrest. Though I was heartbroken, I put on a brave face, and I maintained my usual demeanor. Upon arriving in Luyang, many officials in the Eastern Palace questioned my loyalty and watched me closely. However, I treated everyone sincerely and with respect, and ultimately, no problems arose. I proposed a posthumous title for Emperor Gaozu to Emperor Shizong: "According to the records of the 'Posthumous Title System,' 'those who harmonize the times are called filial,' 'those who bring peace to the five ancestors are called filial,' 'those who are virtuous and knowledgeable are called cultured,' and 'those who govern the universe are called cultured.' I believe the late Emperor's virtues perfectly embody the terms 'filial' and 'cultured,' so I suggest the title of Emperor Filial and Cultured, with the temple name of Gaozu and the tomb name of Changling." Emperor Shizong approved my proposal.
After Emperor Shizong buried Emperor Gaozu (Emperor Wen), he insisted on keeping Gao Huan as Prime Minister. Gao Huan repeatedly expressed to Emperor Shizong his desire to resign and retreat into seclusion to fulfill his long-held wish. Emperor Shizong was very saddened and disagreed each time. Gao Huan submitted requests multiple times, with sincere and compelling reasons for his resignation. Emperor Shizong found it hard to go against the late emperor's wishes and ultimately agreed to his request, but still intended to assign him to a remote post. Thus, he appointed Gao Huan as an envoy with special authority, chamberlain, commander of military affairs in the seven provinces of Jiding, Youying, and Anping, General of Cavalry, and governor of Dingzhou.
Gao Huan still declined and once again expressed his desire to resign in person. Emperor Shizong strongly disagreed, so Gao Huan went ahead and took office. Minister of Personnel Wang Su and his colleagues submitted a memorial stating, "We have heard that recognizing achievements and setting examples is to inherit the will of the late king; being close to meritorious officials and treating their families well is in accordance with the norms of propriety. Therefore, Ji Dan assisted King Cheng of Zhou, bringing honor to his ancestors; Dongping King Liu Kang assisted Emperor Wen of Han and received special favor. Prince of Pengcheng Gao Huan, with integrity and impressive character, has helped the emperor govern the realm and pacified the rebellions in the Han and Mian river basins. After the death of the late emperor, he quickly quelled the rebellions, stabilized the south, and supported the ascension of the rightful heir, ushering in a prosperous era for the Wei state. His contributions and virtues are worthy of praise. We believe that his fief should be increased by one thousand five hundred households." The emperor issued a decree saying, "After reading the memorial, I feel deeply saddened. Just one thousand five hundred households is nowhere near enough to express my reward for his contributions, so let's go with what the memorial suggested." Gao Huan repeatedly submitted letters of refusal before Emperor Shizong finally agreed.
Emperor Shizong also wrote to Gao Huan saying, "I always remember the late emperor's last wishes, feeling completely heartbroken. Time passes so quickly; winter has arrived before we know it. I often think of you and hope you'll come to the capital for my guidance. Father, you have already resigned and returned to seclusion, and I shouldn’t try to keep you here. You have been serving the country away from home, going through tough times. I've sent my chief scribe Liu Daobin to convey how much I miss you, hoping you can come to the capital to see me; I'll definitely be waiting for you in the capital. Let us share our sorrow together; it is not a long journey." That’s when Gao Huan finally made his way to the capital to see the emperor.
In the early Jingming period, Xiao Baojuan appointed Pei Shuye as the governor of Yuzhou, and Shouchun City surrendered to the court. The court issued an edict appointing Wang Xie as the commander of all military operations in the south, while his other official titles remained the same, and he, along with the Minister of Personnel Wang Su, welcomed the surrender of Shouchun. The edict stated: "It is very difficult to select suitable officials for the five types of governance in managing the country; if one is not both virtuous and diligent, no one can be competent. Wang Su, you have gained the emperor's trust through your noble character, taking on the important role of a protector, serving in the border regions, and returning to the court to assist the emperor, achieving internal and external harmony, winning the trust of both the people and the gods. Now that you command the army, your prestige should be even higher, so we specially grant you the position of Minister of State to highlight your achievements and prestige." Another edict was issued allowing Wang Xie to concurrently hold the position of governor of Yangzhou in addition to his current office.
Wang Xie implemented lenient laws and simplified administration, using rituals to educate the populace, allowing them to thrive, and ensuring stability and harmony across the region. However, Hu Jinglüe, the commander of the Jian'an garrison under Yangzhou's jurisdiction, still remained loyal to Xiao Baojuan and refused to surrender. Wang Xie then led a large combined army to confront him, and Hu Jinglüe eventually capitulated. After Wang Xie arrived in Shouchun, he pacified the region between the eastern city garrisons and Yangshi, subdued Jian'an to the west, and even the mountain tribes submitted to the court, with the number of enemies captured or killed reaching tens of thousands. The court then elevated Wang Xie to the rank of Grand General, allowing him to concurrently serve as Minister of State, while his other official titles remained the same, and increased his land grant by eight hundred households.
Xiao Baojuan sent General Chen Bozhi to deploy troops at Feikou, while Hu Song occupied Liangcheng. The naval forces also established defenses along the Huai River, extending for more than two hundred miles. Wang Xie mobilized his soldiers and divided his forces to assault various encampments. Chen Bozhi and Hu Song led their armies into battle but were defeated by Wang Xie's troops, sustaining nine thousand casualties and capturing ten thousand. Chen Bozhi and the others narrowly escaped and took refuge at the beacon tower. Wang Xie then ordered various generals to launch repeated assaults, and Chen Bozhi ultimately faced a crushing defeat, fleeing in disarray. The Huainan region was ultimately brought under control. The court issued a decree stating: "The royal family supports the emperor, and your merits are unmatched. I am somewhat uninformed and rely heavily on your assistance. Shouchun has just been pacified, and the task of suppressing the rebellion is of utmost importance, so you are appointed to personally lead the army to pacify the area south of the Huai River. You have worked tirelessly day and night in the sweltering heat for quite some time, and your health is sure to take a toll. I think of you constantly and hope to see you soon. You have crafted effective battle strategies and achieved impressive results, garnering praise for your contributions from both military and civilian spheres, which deserves commendation. Although victory is imminent, to spare you from excessive fatigue, I have specifically sent the Deputy Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, Zheng Daozhao, to offer you support." Consequently, the court summoned Wang Xie back to the capital.
Liu Xie governed the region with great generosity, not at all harsh. The people of Huainan fondly remember his kindness and still think of him. When Liu Xie first pacified Shouchun, he captured Xiao Baojuan, Wang Guo, the governor of Ruyin, and Yu Ji, the magistrate of Yuzhou. Liu Xie treated them with great courtesy, often sharing meals and drinks with them. Seizing the opportunity, Wang Guo said, "We old folks have been wandering around for a lifetime, our hair has turned gray. Now that we are older, how much longer can we live? Now that we have received the grace of the court, we should do our utmost to serve the court, even if it is in a small way. But we have hundreds of mouths to feed back home. Our lives depend on the court's decisions. We humbly ask that you allow us to return south of the Yangtze River to express our gratitude." Liu Xie sympathized with their plight and agreed. Wang Guo thanked him again, saying, "Your Highness's kindness towards us surpasses even that shown to the country's scholars. As we return, we will forever remember your kindness. Please permit our army to return to the court and head back to the south of the Yangtze River." And so, they returned home. This shows just how beloved Liu Xie was by the people in distant lands.
Liu Xie arrived in the capital, where Emperor Shizong received him in the Eastern Hall, issuing a decree: "Before the phoenix arrived, the people's lives were hard, so we had to call on you to strategize and pacify the borders. Those clueless rebels dared to stir up trouble in the Huai River and Chu region. Uncle, you are brave and skilled in battle, wise and resourceful. You quickly quelled the rebellion and returned victorious. We have been very worried about you, but now that you are back, we are much relieved." Liu Xie thanked him and said, "As a general, I only pacified the people, old and new, without achieving great feats or spreading blessings far and wide. I allowed those rebels to take advantage, leading a ragtag bunch to disrupt the border fortifications. This not only let you down but also disappointed the court ministers. According to the standards of the Spring and Autumn Period, as a general, I should take responsibility. Thanks to Your Majesty's kindness and forgiveness, I have been spared punishment." Liu Xie repeatedly submitted requests to resign from his roles as Grand Marshal and Minister of Works, as well as the fief the court had granted me, wanting to return to Zhongshan. The Emperor issued a decree denying his request. Instead, he appointed him as the Recorder of the Imperial Secretariat and Palace Attendant, while his position as Minister of Works remained unchanged. Liu Xie firmly declined but was unable to escape. Liu Xie was known for his integrity and simplicity, never chasing after power or personal gain. Emperor Gaozu valued his abilities and character, trying to convince him to stay on several occasions. Even Emperor Gaozu's dying decree was repeatedly rejected by Emperor Shizong, but Liu Xie kept refusing, often sighing sadly. With the emperor's persistent orders, he finally gave in.
King Xi of Xianyang is becoming more and more arrogant and domineering, and has committed numerous misdeeds. King Xiang of Beihai reported his actions to Emperor Shizong, who harbored deep concerns about him. King Beihai also said that Chancellor Xie has gained too much popularity and should not remain in his position, advising Emperor Shizong to follow the instructions of the founding emperor. Xi also pressured Yu Lie to command troops in Hengzhou, despite Yu Lie's reluctance; they forced him to go, which infuriated Yu Lie. Yu Lie's son, Yu Zhong, often served at Shizong's side and secretly told Shizong, "It's difficult to discern the intentions of those princes; they should be dealt with, and you should take over the rule as soon as possible."
At that time, it was the time for a sacrificial ceremony, and the noble officials were observing fasts at the temple. Shizong dispatched Yu Lie with over sixty guards to bring Xi, Xie, and Xiang to the Guangji Hall to meet with him. Shizong said to Xie, "Recently, the affairs on the northern and southern borders have been busy, and there is no time for you to retire in peace. You have always maintained your integrity; which immortal dares to defy the late emperor's will for so long? Now do as your uncle (referring to Gao Daoyin's retirement) suggests."
Xie replied, "The late emperor did not find me lacking in ability and bestowed many favors upon me. I have consistently worked diligently and responsibly in both public and private matters. Since Your Majesty ascended the throne, I have repeatedly requested to resign, but have faced suppression from the chancellors and have not received Your Majesty's permission. Last summer, I risked your displeasure by requesting to leave the court, and you graciously permitted me to serve in Dingzhou. After returning to Luoyang last year, I was ordered to command the army in the Huai and Fei regions. Although I have not achieved much, at least I have not been punished. Shortly after my return, you entrusted me with important tasks again, which I truly find overwhelming. I have requested to resign many times, and have also received your approval. Your unwavering filial piety, following the late emperor's will, would reflect your wisdom and fulfill my desires. Reflecting on all this, I am genuinely overwhelmed with mixed emotions."
Then, Emperor Shizong issued an edict stating: "Your Highness, you have always preferred tranquility and do not wish to engage in worldly matters. The late emperor held this in high regard and did not want to force you; the will clearly permits you to retire and enjoy a peaceful life. You have always upheld a noble character, and I cannot go against your wishes. Now, you may resign from your official duties and return home to enjoy your pastoral life. Your noble character remains unwavering; the gentlemanly virtues symbolized by the 'Bin' and 'Li' hexagrams are even more difficult to achieve. However, your household has just been established, and funds are still limited; it will take some time to finish the construction. I will send someone to assist you, provide materials, and construct the house to your specifications as soon as possible, ensuring it is simple and in line with your wishes." As a result, Xie composed "The Fly Rhapsody" to convey his sentiments and mock those who spread malicious rumors.
The emperor sought to appoint Xie as the Grand Tutor again, but Xie firmly declined. The emperor then issued a decree stating: "Heaven and earth have their divisions of labor, and the positions of rulers and subjects are thereby determined; when each side performs its duties, harmony and mutual support between rulers and subjects can be achieved. Since ancient times, which monarch who unified the world did not rely on wise teachers and assisting ministers to harmonize yin and yang, governing the country and its people well? There have indeed been those who achieved success and then retired, but this is merely 'focusing solely on oneself while neglecting the larger order,' the way of those who retreat to secluded places. However, wise and virtuous individuals would not behave this way. They would endure hardship to comfort the people and work tirelessly to help the masses; this is what is meant by 'the wise foreseeing and the later knowing, being pure in the same dust as the world.' I inherited the throne at a young age, relying entirely on your assistance, and you should rightfully serve long-term as a minister to oversee internal and external affairs. Yet you repeatedly decline, unwilling to accept my goodwill, which makes me very distressed. I am worried about droughts and floods in the country, the imbalance of yin and yang, so I earnestly request your help in governing the country, so that it can shine brightly. Moreover, as the Grand Tutor, you can maintain your integrity. Duke Zhou assisted King Cheng and continued to hold important positions, while Jiang Shang remained in high office even in old age. You are highly virtuous and esteemed, with talents that surpass others; I have specifically sent a courtier to sincerely persuade you." The emperor also wrote a letter to Xie, which said: "Respectfully speaking: I have received your reply, and you continue to decline with humility, but I know that you lack the ability and your political talents are insufficient; the heavy responsibility of governing the country can only be shouldered by relatives and elders like you. My father's virtue is very high, and your teachings are greatly respected by everyone; how can you turn your back on national affairs for the sake of lofty ideals? I hope you can agree to my request and fulfill my sincere wish." Xie had no option but to accept the emperor's request.
Recently, the emperor has been making frequent visits to Gao Huan's home. Later, the King of Jingzhao and the King of Guangping were misbehaving and disregarding the rules, so the emperor ordered the Imperial Guard to confine several princes to their own homes. Gao Huan submitted a letter of counsel, but the emperor ignored it. With no entertainment options and unable to meet friends, Gao Huan could only stay at home feeling gloomy with his wife and children.
Later, when laws and regulations needed to be formulated, Gao Huan, along with King Gaoyang, several ministers, and some talented scholars, gathered every five days to discuss whether the legal provisions should be set this way. Gao Huan had previously served the late emperor, and being intelligent and well-read, his decisions earned him great respect from everyone. In addition, he was handsome and dignified, like a celestial being, and his every gesture was measured, making it a pleasure to watch him speak and act. Later, he became a palace attendant. Gao Huan had a particular passion for studying history and read books whenever he had free time, never stopping. He even authored a book that covered everything from ancient emperors and generals to the descendants of the Wei dynasty, totaling thirty volumes, titled "Essentials of History." He was meticulous and prudent, never making mistakes, and even during his downtime at home, he never allowed himself to be lazy. He held great respect for Confucian scholars and was especially courteous towards them. He lived a life of integrity and frugality, never accepting bribes at home.
Gao Huan was dutiful to his parents and reported to the court, arranging his uncle Pan Senggu to be the governor of Yeling in Jizhou. As a result, King Yuyu of Jingzhao rebelled, and Pan Senggu was compelled to join in. Gao Zhao, the Minister of Works, was known for his violent temper and penchant for causing harm. To make matters worse, Gao Zhao's niece became a consort of the emperor. After the death of Empress Shun, the emperor intended to make Gao Zhao's niece the empress, but Gao Huan strongly opposed. Gao Zhao repeatedly slandered Gao Huan before the emperor, but the emperor did not buy it. Later, because Pan Senggu participated in the rebellion of King Yuyu, Gao Zhao falsely accused Gao Huan of secretly colluding with King Yuyu and making contact with southern tribes. Gao Huan's colleagues, Wei Yan, the General of the Guards, and Gao Zuzhen, the former Minister of Defense, were also dragged into it by Gao Zhao, who claimed they were involved too. Gao Zhao first sent Yuan Hui, the Palace Attendant, to accuse Gao Huan before the emperor, but Yuan Hui refused. He then sent the Guard Commander Yuan Zhen to speak. The emperor asked Yuan Hui, who said that Gao Huan was innocent. The emperor then turned to Gao Zhao, who presented Wei Yan and Gao Zuzhen as witnesses. This time, the emperor believed him. In September of the first year of Yongping, the emperor summoned Gao Yun, King Gaoyang Yong, King Guangyang Jia, King Qinghe Yi, King Guangping Huai, and Gao Zhao to the palace. At that time, Gao Yun's wife was giving birth, so Gao Yun refused to go. The emperor's messengers came one after another to urge him, so Gao Yun had no choice but to arrange for a carriage. Anxious and apprehensive, he said goodbye to his wife and climbed into the carriage. As they passed through the East Yegate and crossed a small bridge, the ox suddenly stopped moving, so Gao Yun struck the ox a few times. After a while, another messenger arrived to reprimand Gao Yun for his lateness. Gao Yun had no choice but to unhitch the ox, and everyone had to pull the carriage into the palace to join the banquet. By late at night, everyone was drunk and began to disperse.
Before long, Yuanzhen came with soldiers carrying poisoned wine. Gao Yun said, "I am loyal to the court; what crime have I committed to be killed? If I could see the emperor one last time, I could die in peace!" Yuanzhen replied, "See the emperor? You won't be seeing the emperor! Just drink the wine like a good boy!" Gao Yun said, "The emperor is wise and should not unjustly kill me. Please tell me what crime I have committed; let me have a chance to defend myself!" The soldiers struck Gao Yun twice with the butt of their swords. Gao Yun shouted, "Heaven! I am loyal, yet I end up being killed!" The soldiers then made him drink the poisoned wine and proceeded to kill him.
The next morning, Gao Yun's body wrapped in a mattress was carried out from the screen door and taken back to the mansion. It was publicly announced that the prince had died from excessive drinking. Gao Yun's wife, Lady Li, the daughter of Sikong Li Chong, cried out loudly, "Gao Zhao, you kill innocents! Justice will prevail, and you’ll meet a terrible end someday!" Later, Gao Zhao was indeed executed for his crimes, and everyone recognized the consequences. Emperor Shizong held a mourning ceremony for him in the East Hall, bestowing the finest burial goods from the East Garden, a set of court clothing, 800,000 coins, 2,000 pieces of cloth, and 500 pounds of candles. He also appointed a high official to handle the funeral affairs.
Ah, Prince Xie, who had made great contributions to the country, was inexplicably murdered, leaving the common people feeling wronged! People on the streets, both men and women, cried out, "Lord Gao, you wrongly killed such a good prince!" None of the ministers in the court felt anything but disheartened.
Later, the court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of Huangyue (Yellow Mace), Shichijie (Commissioner with Authority), and Dudu of Military Affairs, and also posthumously appointed him as Situ Gong, Shizhong, and Taishi, with the title of Wang. The funeral arrangements were also of high standard, with a nine-lou carriage (the emperor's ceremonial carriage), one hundred Hu Ben troops (the emperor's elite guards) as escort, as well as feathered banners, trumpets, and luxurious carriages.
The relevant department requested that Liu Fang, the Minister of Rites, bestow a posthumous title upon King Xie. Liu Fang said: "King Tingde has been filial since childhood, exceptionally talented, and intelligent. He was self-taught and had his own ideas, and his moral character was noble, all of which were innate and incomparable to ordinary people. After entering public service, his achievements were outstanding; after becoming a high official, he actively promoted the Five Constant Virtues of Confucianism. When there was an urgent situation in Hanbei and the emperor wanted to suppress the rebels, he personally took care of the emperor's daily life while leading the army. After the emperor's death, there was deep sorrow in the court and among the people, and he was deeply grieved, sparing no effort in escorting the coffin, organizing the army, and escorting the coffin all the way to Luyang for proper burial, demonstrating great care, rivaling even Huo Guang of the Zhou Dynasty. He assisted the new ruler in stabilizing the country, governing Shanzhou and Hengzhou, earning a reputation in Yan and Zhao, pacifying Jiangxi, and deterring the southern Yue. He handled political affairs with remarkable achievements, diligence, and great contributions, was gentle, kind-hearted, loyal, and generous, led a disciplined life, remaining consistent throughout. After achieving great success, he retired with a noble character, impressing the emperor and becoming a role model for future generations. According to the "Posthumous Title Law," the posthumous title for those who defended the country and achieved great merit is 'Wu,' and the posthumous title for those who were good at seeking advice and understanding matters is 'Xuan,' so his posthumous title is 'Wu Xuan Wang.'
After Emperor Zhuang ascended to the throne, he posthumously honored him with the title of Emperor Wenmu, and his consort, Lady Li, was honored as Empress Wenmu. His spirit tablet was transferred to the Grand Ancestral Temple, where he was given the temple name Suzu. This is documented in the "Biography of Wang Yu of Linhuai." Later, during the reign of the former Emperor Fei, his spirit tablet was removed.
Shao, styled Zine, was his legitimate son and inherited the title. He was skilled in martial arts and had a strong character from a young age. When Emperor Suzong of Tang first began to rule, Xiao Yan sent troops to invade the borders. Shao submitted a memorial stating, "The remnants of the usurping dynasty are like wandering souls and restless ghosts, peering at our borders. They have been waging war for an extended period, costing us enormous sums of money every day, which is truly exhausting the people and squandering our resources! I have been blessed by my ancestors and enjoy a generous salary, and I hope to offer my modest abilities in service to the country. My fief is in Xuzhou, situated relatively close to the battlefield. I am willing to contribute nine thousand measures of grain, six hundred bolts of silk, and two hundred officials to serve as military supplies." Empress Dowager Ling appreciated his loyalty but did not agree to his request. He was initially appointed as the Deputy Minister of the Imperial Clan. Later, he was promoted to the position of Envoy with a special edict, Acting Cavalry Commandant, General of the Eastern Pacification, and Governor of Qingzhou. At that time, residents of Qizhou, including Liu Jun and Fang Qing, stirred up rebellion in the Sanqi region. Xiao Yan once again sent generals Peng Qun and Wang Bian to harass the borders, and Shao effectively defended multiple times.
At the close of the reign of Emperor Xiaochang, Empress Dowager Ling acted improperly, resulting in widespread chaos across the realm, and Shao began to have other ideas. Wang Yuan Yanming from Anfeng reported him, and Shao was summoned back to the court to serve as the Deputy Censor. After Emperor Zhuang ascended to the throne, he was honored with the title of Supreme King. Shortly thereafter, he was murdered in He Yin. After his death, he was posthumously bestowed the title of Emperor Xiaoxuan, and his wife, Lady Li, was posthumously honored with the title of Empress Wengong. They had two sons.
Shao's son, also named Shao and styled Shizhou, inherited the title. At the end of the Wuding era of Northern Wei, he served as the Governor of Sizhou. After Northern Qi capitulated, his title was demoted.
Shao's other son, known as Shi Shao, was appointed as the Prince of Wu'an during the early years of the Northern Wei Wuding era, with a fief of 1,000 households. In the later years of Wuding, he served as the Deputy Minister of the Central Secretariat. After the Northern Qi dynasty took over, his title was also downgraded.
Shao's nephew, Shi Zhi, known as Fangyan, had a great reputation from a young age and was highly esteemed by the King of Qinghe Wenxian. He initially served as a Gentleman of the Imperial Guard, then rose to Deputy Minister of the Central Secretariat, and later became the Regular Attendant of the Imperial Guard, eventually reaching the position of Attendant of the Yellow Gate. Empress Dowager Ling decreed: "The late Grand Tutor, Duke Wuxuan of Pengcheng, whose courtesy name was Dao Longde Sheng, had great achievements, cooperated tacitly with the previous dynasty, assisted the young emperor, supported the emperor through difficult times, and showed loyalty reminiscent of the Han dynasty's northern campaigns; he served the late emperor with utmost dedication, embodying the loyalty, filial piety, and righteousness of the Southern County of Lu. His contributions ensured the stability of the state and the consolidation of the imperial foundation. However, he was modest and turned down many rewards and titles, accepting only the initial ones. This does not reflect the practice of remembering old favors, rewarding achievements, and commending virtues! Based on the number of households he was previously enfeoffed, his three sons were enfeoffed as Dukes of the County, each with a fief of 1,000 households, in order to console his spirit in heaven and slightly demonstrate the court's regulations." As a result, Zhi was enfeoffed as the Duke of Kaiguo County in Zhending. He later served as Champion General and Inspector of Liangzhou. Shortly after falling ill, he lived a leisurely life in Nanzheng and did not leave behind any notable political achievements. He was later summoned back to the capital and died there. Posthumously, he was granted the titles of Regular Attendant of the Household Cavalry, General of Annan, Chief of the Capital Officials, and Inspector of Jizhou. After Emperor Xiaozhuang ascended the throne, he was posthumously enfeoffed as the Prince of Chenliu with a fief of 2,000 households, and posthumously appointed as the Acting Yellow Battle-axe, Grand Tutor, Grand Marshal, and Grand Commandant, with the addition of ceremonial trappings.
Shao Zikuan, styled Simeng, inherited the title of a Marquis. He was first appointed as a Cavalry Attendant and General of Pacification, then promoted to Palace Attendant and General of Suppression. In the third year of the Yong'an era, he was killed by Erzhu Zhao in Jinyang. He died without leaving any descendants, resulting in the revocation of his title. In the early years of Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei, he was posthumously granted the title of Commissioner, Cavalier Attendant, Commander-in-Chief of the Three Provinces of Qing, Qi, and Ji, Grand General Who Guards the North, and Inspector of Qingzhou, later posthumously appointed as Duke of the State. Shao Zhi's younger brother, Shao Gang, styled Jinming, was granted the title of Prince Fuyang in the early years of Emperor Xiaozhuang, with a fief comprising one thousand households. By the end of the Wuding period, he held the position of Minor in the Imperial Clan. After the Northern Qi dynasty, his title was downgraded. Shao Zhi's younger brother, Shao Zhi, was granted the title of Prince Linluo in the early years of Emperor Xiaozhuang, with a fief comprising one thousand households. He died in the third year of Yong'an. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei, he was posthumously appointed as Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, Chief Clerk of the Left, and equivalent to the Three Excellencies. This individual was named Shao, with the style name Zheng, handsome in appearance and gentle in character. When Emperor Suzong of Tang was newly emperor, he was titled Duke of Bacheng, with a fief comprising one thousand households. Later, he became Cavalry Attendant and Minor of the Tai Chang. When Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang ascended the throne, he was appointed as Minister of State and also titled Prince Shiping. Unfortunately, both he and his brother Shao ultimately met with their deaths. Posthumously, he was posthumously awarded the title of Acting Yellow Battle-Ax, Palace Attendant, Commander-in-Chief of All Military Affairs, Grand General, and Director of the Imperial Secretariat, without any change to his title of Prince Shiping. The funeral was conducted with great ceremony, featuring a nine-tiered carriage, a yellow canopy with left and right banners, feathered boas and trumpet players in front and back, and one hundred Tiger Guards, armed with swords, serving as escorts, and was posthumously honored with the title of Zhen. His son was named Qin, styled Shidao, who inherited his title. During the reign of Emperor Wuzong of Tang, he became Cavalry Attendant. Later, after the Prince of Qi of the Later Tang usurped the throne, his title was demoted.
Historical records state that King Wu Xuan (referring to Shao) was inherently filial, loyal, upright, and had distinct views on both civil and military matters. His contributions to the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty were significant! He was able to foresee danger during peaceful times and manage both past and present affairs effectively, much like the Duke of Zhou loyally assisting King Cheng and like Huo Guang's dedicated service to Emperor Zhao of Han. He embodied all these virtues. Unfortunately, his remarkable achievements intimidated the emperor, leading to unrest among the populace. Some unfavorable rumors reached the emperor, and ultimately, he was unable to realize his ambitions. Alas, similar to King Cheng of Zhou and Emperor Zhao of Han, it's not easy to find capable ministers to assist!
