Yang Ni, courtesy name Jingwen, was from Wuzhong County in present-day Beijing. He had a strong passion for learning from a young age, immersing himself in various texts, and achieved fame comparable to that of Gu Hou Tianhu and Dunqiu Libiao. The Youzhou governor, Hu Ni, recognized Yang Ni's scholarly talents and refined character, and recommended him to the court. The court appointed him as a Secretary of the Classics, and he submitted a memorial advocating for the inclusion of Buddhism and Daoism in historical records. Later, he participated in the reformation of the Central Secretariat into the Imperial Academy. At that time, Gao Lü, the head of the Central Secretariat, and Li Chong, a court attendant, both regarded Yang Ni as knowledgeable and recommended him to become the dean of the Imperial Academy. Emperor Gaozu personally explained the classics in the garden hall and allowed Yang Ni to listen in, even rewarding him with a hundred bolts of cloth! Later, Yang Ni also held the concurrent position of Zhongzheng in Youzhou and simultaneously served as the governor of Yuyang. However, before officially taking office, he was dismissed for accepting bribes from locals during his time as Zhongzheng. Yang Ni often lamented: "When I was not an official, I didn't envy others at all. Now that I have lost my position, what difference does it make from before? This wasn't my original desire; fate truly is beyond my control!" He later returned to his hometown and ultimately passed away in Jizhou at the age of sixty-one. He left behind several thousand books and authored numerous essays on "Character Explanations," but sadly did not complete them before his passing. His great-grandson Chengqing, a scholar at the Imperial Academy, later compiled his notes into a twenty-volume work called "Character System," which has been preserved through the ages. His son, Yang Jie, courtesy name Tianzuo, held positions as a court attendant and a military officer in Jizhou, but unfortunately passed away at a young age. Yang Ni's cousins, Yang Minghu and his brother Yang Jizhi, were both quite famous at the time and served successively as the Sima of Youzhou. Yang Jizhi's son, Yang Fan, served as a regular attendant of the court. Yang Jizhi's cousin, Yang Jing, served as the governor of Fanyang and was very capable in his duties. After his death, he was posthumously honored as General Pingxi and governor of Dong Yizhou. Yang Jizhi's nephew, Yang Boqing, also served as the governor of Runan.
Boqing's paternal uncle is named Zao, whose courtesy name is Jingde. He lost his parents at a young age, but had lofty ambitions and read many books. During the Taihe period, he passed the imperial examination with excellent results. However, due to his mother falling ill, he returned home to take care of her. Later, he was summoned by the court to serve as a Doctor of the Imperial Secretariat and was also appointed as a ceremonial official, tasked with conducting rites at the temple of Yan Xuanwang in Chang'an. Upon his return, the court appointed him General of Ningyuan and granted him the title of Lord of Wei Chang. He was later selected as the Chief Judge of the Imperial Court and eventually promoted to the position of Assistant Minister of Examination. Subsequently, he was appointed as the Prefect of Jiande. Due to his modest means, the court also rewarded him with sixty bolts of cloth. Not long after, he was once again appointed General of Ningyuan, responsible for leading the army, defending against external threats, and pacifying the people, where he excelled in the border regions. After retiring and returning home, he was later appointed as the Chief Clerk of the Left General's Office in Yanzhou, and then as the Chief Clerk of the Andong General's Office in Yingzhou, and was also conferred the title of Yanglie General. In his old age, Zao retired to live a peaceful life with his family. During the Xiaochang period, he was captured by the local bandit chief Du Luozhou and later passed away due to illness. In the Yongxi period, the court posthumously conferred upon him the title of General Who Subdues the Barbarians and Inspector of Youzhou.
His son Zhen, whose courtesy name was Shigan, passed away at a young age. Zhen's younger brother Bi, whose courtesy name was Shifu, was very skilled in handling political affairs. He became the Deputy of the provincial governor and was also conferred the title of General of Light Chariots. Later, when Du Luozhou captured the city, Bi led his family across the Yellow River to escape to Qingzhou. During the rebellion of Xing Gao, the people of Qingzhou suspected Hebei residents of colluding with Xing Gao, resulting in Bi's death at the age of forty-eight. Boqing's other grandson Wei inherited his grandfather's title. Bi's younger brother Fei became the Deputy Minister of War during the Wuding period.
Zao's younger brother Lingxian was the Langzhongling for King You of Jingzhao. Because he participated in King You's rebellion, he fled and later avoided punishment due to a general amnesty, but his official position was removed. His son Shihe became the Sima of Qizhou Biaoqi during the Wuding period. Zao's other younger brother Yanxing became the Governor of Nanbianzhou. Yanxing's younger brother Gu, styled Jing'an, was easygoing and unconcerned with trivial matters. In his youth, he enjoyed befriending knights-errant and neglected his responsibilities. It wasn't until he turned twenty-six that he began to study seriously, read extensively, and showcase considerable literary talent.
During the Taihe period of the Song Dynasty, I followed the Grand General Song Wang Liu Chang to fight in Yiyang. At that time, I served as a legal officer in the government office and was temporarily appointed as the General of Lingjiang. Liu Chang was particularly strict and irritable, leading the army with strict discipline, and the soldiers were too frightened to speak. I boldly offered him suggestions and reasoned with him directly. As a result, Liu Chang was furious and threatened to have my head. He even sent me to guard the most dangerous road. However, I acted particularly bravely and decisively in the camp, while inside I remained calm and unafraid. Liu Chang was taken aback by my performance. After the army withdrew, he reported my actions to the emperor. In my thirties, I was appointed as a military officer in the Grand General's office, in charge of city defense and accompanied Liu Chang to guard Pengcheng, while also serving as the Chief Historian. Shortly after, due to a family funeral, I resigned from my post.
Later, Pei Shuye led the Huainan region to pledge allegiance to the court. The emperor then ordered General Pingnan, Yuan Kan, Marquis of Guangling, and Xie, Prince of Pengcheng, to guard Shou Chun together, and also appointed me as Yuan Kan's military aide. After returning from Shou Chun, I was appointed as the Ritual Officer of the West Pavilion in the Office of the Grand Commandant, while also serving as an official in the Ministry of Justice, participating in discussions on revising laws and regulations in the court. Later, I was appointed as a censor once more, while also serving as an imperial censor. I was subsequently promoted to the position of Imperial Secretary and impeached Prince Liu Huai of Guangping, Prince Liu Yue of Runan, and Princess Chang of Nanyang. When I went on a mission to Huaihuang, the local garrison officers were so frightened by my arrival that they fled. I also impeached Prefect of Hengnong Pei Can, leading to his removal from office.
The emperor is open to advice. One minister suggested, "I've heard that running a country isn't about having a lot of methods, but about executing them diligently. Right now, the priority should be to properly train the Crown Prince in the Eastern Palace, assign him a mentor for guidance and protection, to win the people's trust; to consolidate power and build strong ties with the royal family, diminish the influence of peripheral factions, laying the groundwork for the country's long-term stability; to elevate capable individuals and dismiss the incompetent, making sure that no talent goes unnoticed among the common folk, and ensuring that officials in the court do not hold positions undeservedly. The emperor should actively engage in governance, personally handle various matters, so the people have no complaints; to ease labor demands and cut taxes, fix schools and uphold traditional practices, prioritize agriculture, restrain commerce, put an end to pointless debates and trim unnecessary spending. This way, we can protect the people and relieve their hunger and hardships, please the heavens and bring joy to the people. Then we can gather weapons and train the military, learn naval warfare, defeat the Wu clan, set up rituals to honor heaven and earth, follow the practices of the early Qin and Tang dynasties, just like those wise ancient rulers, consolidate political power, honor our ancestors’ wishes, stand alongside the Three Emperors and measure up to the Five Emperors, wouldn’t that be glorious? I hold a humble position and have limited knowledge; I hope you'll forgive me if I misspeak. I'm just seizing this chance to share my thoughts with you. I respectfully ask Your Majesty to consider my suggestions carefully."
This memorial is quite long, so let's keep reading. In the beginning, the emperor delegated power to the ministers, not overly concerned with political affairs himself, and even enjoyed Buddhist rituals. Gao Zhao, the Minister of Works, relying on his royal status, dominated court politics; there were also Prince Xi of Xianyang and others who had some faults, causing a rift between the imperial family and the ministers; and the common people were suffering immensely. So Gao Zhao wrote a piece titled *Two Capitals: North and South*, describing the extravagance of hunting, fishing, and music in the Hengzhou region, contrasting it with the ceremonial system of the capital as a way to advise the emperor. There are too many specific details to go into here.
When Emperor Shizong was close to death, Commandant Wang Xian built a new house and invited his subordinates over for a feast. After a few drinks, Wang Xian asked Gu (whose full name is unknown), "How do you like this house?" Gu replied, "Although Yan Ying's house is simple, it has always been praised by later generations; and the Book of Changes also says that a luxurious house is prone to disasters. This house is just like an ordinary dorm; only those with virtue can endure. You should be more careful!" Wang Xian didn't respond much then, but he kept it in mind.
Some time later, Wang Xian asked Gu again, "Now that I have become the Minister of Public Works, the national treasury is full of money and provisions, what do you think?" Gu replied, "You're now taking a quarter of the officials' salaries, and the fines from various states and counties are all sent to the capital treasury, relying on these to enrich the treasury, which isn't a lot. Moreover, with corrupt ministers pocketing money, don’t you think there will be thieves? You must be careful!" Wang Xian was very unhappy after hearing this and started to resent Gu. Later, someone badmouthed Gu in front of Wang Xian, and Wang Xian took the opportunity to accuse Gu of withholding rice and wheat, getting him fired. After losing his position, Gu locked himself at home and focused on writing and composed a piece titled *Yan Ze Fu* to explain some deep and complex ideas, as well as the patterns of things flowing or getting stuck. In the fu, it says:
"Shao embodies the distant orbit of Zhou, first conferred upon the world at Heyang. He established a marquisate and ranked alongside the nobility, prospering alongside the royal family. Encountering the chaos of the changing seasons, he still strives to find his way in a good place. Forsaking the aid of the Marquis of Wei, he now takes root in a secluded area. From the brilliance of ancestors to my own modest existence. Fearing the collapse of the ancestral hall, afraid of its grand foundation crumbling. My heart trembles as if I were walking on thin ice. Climbing tall trees and singing, defying the dark valleys without any support. How light the body feels, yet how heavy the burden, fearing a fall into steep ravines. Relying on the guidance of divine wisdom, though obscure, I am still preserved. Grateful for the virtuous actions of my predecessors, protecting their descendants.
As the sun and moon continually change, why are the four seasons pressing in? Knowing the limit of life, sighing at the ceaseless passage of time. Enduring a succession of hardships, lamenting the accumulation of obstacles. With a heavy heart, unable to find solace, reflecting on the wisdom of the ancients."
After being relieved of his official duties, he lived a peaceful life, without blaming others, but instead writing his insights into his essays. These essays express his contemplation on the fate of life, as well as his helplessness and worry about his own situation.
In ancient times, some people were fishing by the Weishui River, while others were busy at Fuyan Mountain. He answered the call and hurried to the court, becoming a paragon of the Yin and Zhou dynasties. He worked diligently day and night, but in the end, he was sidelined by the various feudal states. His ideas were free-spirited and unconventional, which led to his rejection by society. Some vied for national power based on their noble status, while others abdicated and lived in seclusion, gathering wild vegetables. Some rode horses to attend court meetings, while others hid away waiting for the right moment. The Cao family took in Xin Pi, which resulted in Yuan Shao's downfall; Yuan Shao killed Tian Feng, yet the Cao family flourished because of it. Bao Shucai assisted Duke Huan of Qi and achieved success, while Han Xin abandoned his official position and lost his true nature. The State of Zhao produced wise rulers like Yao and Shun, yet they died young, leaving no prosperous era behind. Wei Yang dedicated himself to the country but met with disaster during the reforms; however, he initiated the great enterprise of the Qin state. Learning from the legal system of Gao Yao, he witnessed the early death of Liao's previous monarch. He was wrongfully imprisoned but was ultimately vindicated. Realizing that fortune and misfortune stem from the same source, and knowing that good and bad fortune arise from different paths. Examining the roots of rise and fall, sometimes one must yield first in order to rise later.
He relaxed against the window, gazing into the distance, driving four horses, and playing the guqin, finding joy in playing. He wore tattered clothes and lived in a humble alley, yet he immersed himself in studying the Six Arts in a thatched cottage. The Bo family meticulously planned and ultimately achieved high status; yet the convoluted schemes ultimately led to his disgrace. Xiao He achieved great success and enjoyed lasting blessings; Han Xin, despite his outstanding merits, attracted disaster. The development of events was tortuous and complex, making it difficult to see the deeper reasons behind them. Some amassed slander yet gained the monarch's favor; others accumulated praise yet ultimately fell out of favor. Some appeared discordant on the outside but were harmonious on the inside; others seemed close on the surface but were actually divided in heart and mind. Emotions and appearances often contradict each other, while physicality and insight frequently diverge.
In the morning, upon hearing rumors, one starts to question; first slandered, one becomes even more credible to others. Widow Ba prospered by letting the fawn go. Some are hailed as virtuous by the world, yet they conflict with the ruler's views. Some live in seclusion in the countryside, having been dismissed from office three times, yet still command respect. Some carry heavy burdens in service to the ruler; others rely on crutches, retreating into the deep mountains. Some grow timid at the sight of the enemy's banner, while others stay composed and play the lute in times of crisis. The great path begins with the small details, and notable achievements also stem from minor actions. One should reflect three times daily and ponder nine times. What is permissible, and what is not? What is right, and what is wrong?
Stone gave rise to the Xia Dynasty, while the eggs abandoned by the Yan bird gave birth to the Yin Shang. Birds huddle on the ice, some survive while others are left behind; tigers nurse their cubs, teaching them to write. This illustrates that the outcomes of events can often be unpredictable.
Bo Yi sails in a small boat, and the fish leap with joy; Ji Qian hides in the mountains, and the clouds provide him shelter. Some brandish weapons to vie for the throne, while others turn a deaf ear and resign. The path is winding, and outcomes vary; divine will is capricious, and omens are manifold. On the journey of life, some chase fame and fortune, while others seek solitude and peace, leading to varied outcomes.
Disciples become masters and betray their brothers; the father, a loyal minister, cooks his own son. Recognizing a shared fate among the three rulers, the signs are evident in their lineage. Beginning with mulberry trees, it shines brightly; ultimately, the dragon undergoes a transformation in Bayong.
The younger brother became a general yet was responsible for the elder brother's death; the father was a loyal minister but was executed. The three kings meet the same fate; Yu Si had foreseen this omen. He began his rise at Lousang and ultimately transformed into a dragon at Bayong. This illustrates that the arrangements of fate can sometimes be elusive, resulting in brotherly conflict and father-son rivalry, all of which are tragedies of history.
Celebrating at Changmen, lush cicada molts are found at Sanjiang. The waters surge violently against Lingzhou, as someone steals the soil, rendering the land barren. Gun was executed at Yushan, while Yu diligently worked to manage the floods. This illustrates that good and evil are ultimately rewarded, and governing a country requires tremendous effort.
Carving the Dragon Gate to open the river, dredging the Nine Rivers so they flow into the sea. Uniting the Nine Provinces in harmony, establishing the locations of the Five Capitals. Although father and son share the same blood, their careers and actions can diverge significantly. This indicates that historical changes can lead to significant transformations, and even between father and son, different choices can lead to different paths.
Sigh, treat setbacks as blessings, and think about the tragic fate of having one’s heart and liver cut out! Consider the fate of Wu Zixu, and recall Sima Qian's punishment! Focus solely on rising in rank and wealth, and look at the errors committed by the gentleman from the State of E! Regard benevolence and righteousness as shackles, and see how weary those who practice humility become! Consider being unrestrained as liberation, and think of the consequences of being estranged from one's family! Feel for the common people of the State of Yue who were slaughtered, but admire Fan Li’s successful escape! Respect the noble character of the Four Hao, while lamenting the perilous situations of Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou! Long to lead troops into battle and charge into the fray, returning honorably in a grand carriage, without looking back! Thinking of rewards while dreaming of donning the yellow robe for future ambitions! Some people envy the virtuous while maintaining their self-righteousness, while others usurp power and declare themselves kings. They wish to live in seclusion yet become famous throughout the world, desire integrity yet are instead slandered.
Sigh, the affairs of the world are unpredictable and ever-changing! With my heart in turmoil, I can only calm my mind and seek the patterns. I sit upright on a simple mat, beginning to divine and arrange the divination sticks. I hope the deities will bless me, guiding my path forward and helping me be more loyal and beneficial to my country. The turtle shell reveals auspicious signs, indicating the need to abandon vanity and uphold my duties. The yarrow stalks form a hexagram, suggesting I should keep a low profile and avoid rash actions. I trace the footsteps of ancient recluses, exploring the remnants of Pangu, the one who created the heavens and the earth. As I climb the famous mountains, I feel a sense of tranquility and detachment, away from the bustling city. According to the results of the divination, I get ready to set out early the next morning.
I plan to visit Xu You at Jishan, and to pay my respects to Boyi and Shuqi at Shouyangshan. I want to take in the majestic beauty of Songshan and Huashan, and gaze at the peaks of Hengshan and Jieshi. I will cross the turbulent rivers and lakes, climb Mount Yiwulu, and fully immerse myself in the experience. I will visit Dayu at Tushan and inquire about the affairs of the Sanmiao tribe at Sanwei Mountain. I will climb Cangwu Mountain to look far and seek out Ehuang and Nuying. I will follow the footsteps of Zhu Rong and ask about the whereabouts of the goddess of Luo River, Mi Fei.
I surge upward like a whirlwind, then quickly plunge down into the deep valley. Looking far along the Fushui River, I see the awe-inspiring grandeur and mystery of Yuyuan. "The ridge rises and the wind gallops, rushing down into the deep valley. Gazing far along the Fushui, I see the might of Yuyuan." I soar on the lofty Langfeng and encounter the Queen Mother of the West at Yanzhi Mountain. I ascend the Yao Platform to sing and sit in the Qiong Chamber to write poetry. I entrust my sentiments to the Chishui River, hoping it carries my thoughts, with the gentle spring breeze carrying my verses. "Ascending the Yao Platform to sing, sitting in the Qiong Chamber to compose poetry. Entrusting my fate to Chishui, attaching my words to the gentle breeze." I pass through the rugged peaks and enter the deep, dense forest. I gather exquisite jade at Zhongshan and collect precious gems in the land of Zhuzhe. "Emerging from the majestic Kunxiu, entering the dense and secluded Zilin. Picking jade from Zhongshan, collecting treasures from Zhuzhe."
I travel far with my feathered companions in search of the secret to immortality. I ride the clouds and mist, traversing the deep and unfathomable places, cleansing this tainted land. "Carrying my feathered companions far away, I explore the marvelous art of longevity. Riding the clouds and mist, I change the filth of the realm." I gaze upon the desolate, enigmatic gate, passing through the frigid threshold, a wave of melancholy surging within me. I exchange salutations with the immortals at the edge of the horizon, seeking mist and dust along the shore. "Beholding the desolation of the enigmatic gate, I pass through the frigid threshold and feel sorrow. I greet the sages at the edge of the sky, seeking mist and dust by the seaside." I gaze freely from the imperial platform, racing through the swirling wind and snow, crossing the tranquil, gentle waters, and ascending the perilous Mount Buzhou. "From the imperial platform, I gaze freely, traversing layers of ice and racing with the wind. Crossing the tranquil, gentle waters, I tread the steep paths of Buzhou." I use the nectar of the jade flower as food, the jade elixir as my drink, orchids as adornments, and white clouds as clothing.
I continue forward riding on colorful clouds, caressing the heavenly gate, pushing open the grand door. I solemnly summon the hundred deities, performing the "Zhonghuang" melody in the Purple Tenuity Palace. "Soaring with the scenic clouds, I ascend and open the door. I solemnly gather the hundred deities and sound the 'Zhonghuang' in the Purple Tenuity." I listen to the nine transformations of the "Juntian" melody, enraptured by the enchanting music, forgetting to return home. "Listening to the 'Juntian' and its nine changes, I indulge in the grand music and forget to return." However, my heart suddenly changed, my ambition wavered, and I began to long for the old capital, filled with reluctance. "Suddenly, my heart shifts and my ambition falters; I yearn for the old capital, filled with reluctance." I hold the radiant star as my banner, patrolling the Milky Way, exploring downstream. I raise the winding cloud banner, riding the swirling gentle breeze. "Holding the radiant star as my flag, I patrol the Milky Way and explore downstream. Raising the winding cloud banner, I ride the gentle breeze." I command Wang Liang to rein in the horses, instruct the Wind Master to steer the chariot, order the veil to clear the path, and command the river drum to ready the boats.
I was wandering near Ximu Mountain back then, and then I returned to Qingqiu. I went to visit the ancient hermits of Shouyang Mountain and even inquired about news from the doves. I saw people dressed simply, living leisurely. As I looked out at Luoyang, I saw it bustling with prosperity, and I could hear the sound of whizzing arrows as tributes were sent. My heart was both anxious and unsettled; my ambitions, like an unending thread, weighed heavily on me. Alas, the five great mountains towered into the clouds, while the waters of the four seas trickled softly. Those nine rivers twisted like ribbons, and then I saw the Yangtze, the Yellow River, and the other great rivers, their waters so deep. Sigh, the five great cities buzzed with noise and activity, yet I found them rather meaningless, having grown tired of them. Everywhere in all directions made me feel cramped and uneasy, with no place for me to really expand my horizons.
I started to puff out clouds of mist, no longer paying attention to mundane matters, and I turned jade scraps into elixirs in pursuit of immortality. I used sweet spring water to nourish my body and consumed the dewdrops in the air to stave off hunger. I rested against the long branches of the Jianmu tree and climbed the slender stems and leaves of the Muhua plant. I quenched my thirst with jade and chewed on the essence of Zhengyang for longevity. I learned calligraphy from the two immortals, Songqiao and Fuqiu Gong, and practiced cultivation with them, aiming for a higher realm.
Ah, I silently harbor many thoughts in my heart, yet find it difficult to express my deep emotions. My emotions waver in uncertainty, and my ambitions remain undecided. I have been wandering for a long time, reluctant to return, feeling a deep sense of melancholy and discontent. I long for my kind mother back home, and I also think of my late father's grave. I turn the cart around, ease my pace, and make my way home. My servant leads the horse, walking step by step, and the horse also seems reluctant to leave. I return to my hometown, shedding my burdens, and embrace a simple life in my humble home. I cultivate the fertile land in the fields to the east, fish in the lake to the north, and enjoy peaceful moments. I care for my mother, wife, and children, and they eagerly prepare delicious dishes to celebrate my birthday. In the morning, I enjoy drinking rough wine; in the evening, I relax while playing the guqin. I recite the Book of Songs and elegant music to refine my character, keeping the teachings of the Six Classics in mind. I hold Confucian teachings in high regard and strive for a hermit's detachment from the world. I hope my name for benevolence and righteousness may endure through future generations, leaving behind an immortal reputation. I never chase fame or status, nor do I yearn for glory or riches. I am like an unmoored boat, like an idle object set aside, accepting whatever comes my way. I don't chase fame or status, nor do I get caught up in trivialities, nor do I insist on perfection in everything. I go with the flow of nature, accepting my fate, allowing destiny to unfold. I align myself with the will of heaven, facing it calmly, and I won't let gains or losses wear me down. I steer clear of disputes, keeping my peace and silence, protecting the tranquility and emptiness within. I leave my hopes and ideals to future wise souls, without holding any resentment for the world's misunderstanding of me.
Chaos declares: By receiving the command of heaven, humans possess the greatest spirituality; the length of life and one's fortunes or misfortunes are all decreed by heaven; the exploration of life's origins ultimately leads to the realm of the sages; by aligning with the natural changes and surrendering to the dictates of fate, one can fulfill their responsibilities; filial piety towards parents and establishing a good reputation is the highest virtue; protecting oneself and one’s family is also a virtue; being consumed by worldly superficialities contradicts the essence of life; from start to finish, one should reflect on oneself as clearly as a mirror reflects water; if one’s aspirations do not align with reality, they should consider traveling far; let go of ideals and chase personal goals; travel the world and gain fame; if you feel physically and mentally drained, and your ambitions are thwarted, it means you have yet to grasp life’s true essence; so, I wish to return to my hometown to care for my dear mother; dedicate myself to honing my skills and become someone who lives without contention.
Next, he wrote two poems titled "Verses Against Slander and Favoritism."
Ah, what a blabbermouth! Full of lies and nothing but slander! Chattering all day long, just as irritating as flies! Turning white into black, straight from your mouth. You’re no venomous snake or fierce beast, so why is your venom so potent? You really can talk! You really can! What a remarkable talent you have! Spreading rumors far and wide, sowing discord, and echoing others' sentiments. Forming cliques for personal gain and patting each other on the back, slowly undermining others and tarnishing their reputation. A true gentleman values helping others achieve good; a gentleman feels shame in attacking others’ faults. Who do you think you are? Spreading rumors and slandering all day long, I haven’t done anything wrong, yet you talk so recklessly. Repeatedly spreading rumors, your nasty words drill into my ears like a cold wind. Even gentlemen enjoy hearing gossip, just afraid they might miss it. Heaven despises gossip the most, so brace yourself for misfortune! An undeserved disaster is coming your way!
Those idle individuals, unrestrained, include both the clever and the foolish among officials and citizens. I, with my limited understanding, do not grasp these principles. Slander and actions happen at the same time, just as rumors and disasters do. I should take this as a warning; I should feel remorse! Should I seek help from others? Integrity must begin with oneself.
Those who flatter and ingratiate themselves are social parasites! To please others, they disregard shame and grovel before them. They choose devious paths, afraid of being left behind, using this to elevate themselves. With narrow-minded ambitions, they take pleasure in wrongdoing. They run errands in the morning and again in the evening, sometimes riding horses and sometimes walking, hurrying around, sometimes joking, currying favor with the powerful. They stray from the right path and instead choose the wrong one. They do not understand righteousness and cannot speak properly. Their accomplices, their followers, are numerous. They are deceitful in their actions and flattering in their words. Like Qu Boyu and Qi Shi, they idolize those who are corrupt and flattering. Cunning and jealous, they pursue their selfish desires. People believe in them, rely on them, and ultimately fail because of them. If you're not careful from the start, what will the outcome be? Like Zai Gan, endlessly busy throughout the day. Like Liang Qiuju, foolish, and like Wang Fu, superficial. Yi Yin and Xi Gui, from different eras, yet equally formidable. Jiang Chong and Zhao Gao, with sweet words, seem very upright. Shu Diao and Shangguan Jie, independently developing their own power. Like these individuals, they feign virtue. They won't just ruin their country; they'll bring about its destruction.
Alas, you subordinates, your relatives and friends fail to see their faults, nor do they perceive their mistakes. They have been liked for many years and pampered for many days. Thinking of the ancients makes me anxious. All noble individuals should be cautious! The lesson of overturned carts is right in front of us! The words have been spoken, and events have already occurred. If we don't reflect, disaster is just around the corner!
After Emperor Suzong of Tang ascended to the throne, he appointed him as the Secretary of the Ministry of Personnel, responsible for evaluating the examination results of exemplary filial sons, starting from Gushi County. Later, when the army went to attack Xieshi, the emperor appointed him as a military advisor to Deputy Minister of War Li Ping. Li Ping found him to be exceptional and courageous, so he consulted him on major military matters. The emperor also placed him in command of the navy; he devised brilliant strategies, launching surprise attacks that captured the enemy's outer city. After the war ended, the Grand Tutor, Prince Li Xian of Qinghe, recommended him, and he became a Captain of Infantry and concurrently served as the Minister to Prince Li Yue of Runan. Not long after, he was subsequently promoted to General of Ningyuan.
At that time, Prince Li Yue of Runan was still young and indulgent, surrounded by unscrupulous individuals. Li Gu wrote a candid letter advising him and even provided examples of wise and foolish kings from history to persuade him. Li Yue was touched by his words and came to greatly respect him. Li Xian was also very pleased, feeling that this recommendation was indeed the right choice. In the second year of Xiping, Li Gu was appointed as the magistrate of Luoyang, while still retaining his position as general. He held considerable authority as the magistrate of Luoyang. After his mother passed away, he was heartbroken and fell ill, struggling to stand even with a cane. After the mourning period ended, he refused to eat meat or drink alcohol. At that time, Li Gu was already in his fifties, yet his profound grief over his mother's funeral moved his relatives in the village, who praised him profusely.
In the final days of the Year of the Divine Turtle, Li Xian, the King of Qinghe, became the Grand Marshal and requested Li Gu to serve as his assistant. At that time, Li Xian was assassinated, which caused widespread panic among both officials and the public. Li Xian's sons and his former students feared being implicated and hid away, even those who had been close to him were filled with anxiety. Since Li Gu had previously been summoned by Li Xian, he went alone to Li Xian's mourning hall, weeping and mourning for a long time before finally leaving. Hearing this, the official You Zhao lamented, "Could even Luan Bu or Wang Xiu have done better than he did? He truly is a gentleman!" Later, Wang Li Yue of Runan became the Grand Marshal, but he made several questionable appointments and abused his authority. Although Li Gu had previously served under Li Yue, he had since left his post but still submitted a candid letter of advice. This incident is documented in the "Biography of Li Yue." Li Yue again invited Li Gu to be his assistant, but Li Gu declined.
In 521 AD, King Jingzhao appointed a new Minister of State, conducting a large-scale recruitment of officials. He recognized Gu's potential and appointed him as an assistant, and promoted him to the rank of General of Zhenyuan. After managing the office affairs, Gu was promoted to General of the Front Army, while still retaining the position of General of Zhenyuan. Subsequently, he was also responsible for the rewards in Yangzhou. Earlier, during the Battle of Xieshi, Gu had charged into the fray and earned the first merit, but the court had not had the time to reward him then; it was only then that he and the Minister of Rites, Li Chong, jointly submitted a memorial to report his military accomplishments. Although Li Chong wielded significant power, Gu reasoned his case effectively and stood his ground, earning praise from those who witnessed it. In September 523 AD, Gu passed away at the age of fifty-seven years. The court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of General of State Support and Minor Minister of Rites, and he was posthumously honored with the name "Wen."
Gu was a person of uprightness and integrity, straightforward and unyielding, never afraid of the powerful, serving as an official with honesty, and with no surplus wealth at home. When he died, his family was left destitute, unable even to afford funeral expenses, relying entirely on friends and relatives to handle the arrangements. Earlier, Gu had written an essay titled "Final Arrangements," advocating for simple funerals. Before his death, he specifically instructed his sons to follow the rules he had established during his lifetime. Gu had three sons.
The eldest son was called Xiu Zhi, who served as a Court Attendant during the Wu Ding period of the Northern Wei.
Xiu Zhi's younger brother was called Quan Zhi, courtesy name Zi Heng. He was quite talented in his youth and was appointed as an acting military officer in the Ministry of Works. Unfortunately, he died young at the hands of one of his own students, and people at that time lamented his fate.
Jia Sibai, courtesy name Shi Xiu, was from Yidu in Qi County. His grandfather, Jia Yuanshou, served as a secretary to the Grand Chancellor during the time of Emperor Gao, known for his learning and virtue, and was well-known in his time. Sibai initially worked as a court attendant, later held the position of a military officer in the prince's guard, and ultimately was promoted to secretary to the Grand Chancellor. He was held in high regard by Emperor Gao, frequently accompanying him on military campaigns.
After Emperor Shizong ascended to the throne, he promoted Xie Sibao to the position of General of the State Guard because of his diligent work. Later, when King Cheng of Rencheng besieged Zhongli City, he appointed Xie Sibao as his military advisor, with the emperor's imperial seal in hand. As a result, King Cheng lost the battle, and Xie Sibao provided cover for the retreat. King Cheng considered Xie Sibao to be a scholar and believed he would not survive. When Xie Sibao returned, King Cheng was particularly happy and said, "I always thought that 'the benevolent must have courage' was mere empty words, but now I have seen it firsthand in the army!" Xie Sibao humbly attributed the defeat to his missteps and did not boast about his achievements; people at the time praised him as a wise elder. Later, the court appointed him Governor of Hanoi, but he did not accept it. Shortly after, he was appointed as Minor Official of the Ministry of Rites, but he resigned to observe a mourning period for his mother. After the mourning period ended, the court summoned him to serve as the Governor of Xingyang, where he made significant political achievements. He was then promoted to General of the Expedition and Inspector of Southern Qingzhou.
In his early years, Xie Sibao and his younger brother Xie Sitong studied under a teacher from Beihai, Yin Feng. Due to a lack of money for tuition, Yin Feng pawned their clothes to pay for their tuition. When Xie Sibao later became the provincial inspector, he sent a hundred bolts of silk to Yin Feng and even sent carriages to welcome him, but Yin Feng felt too embarrassed and did not go. People at the time praised him for this. Later, after the death of his father, Xie Sibao again resigned to observe mourning. After the mourning period ended, the court appointed him as General of the Expedition and Minor Official of the Ministry of Rites, and he was also made Left General and Inspector of Yanzhou.
During the reign of Emperor Suzong, Xie Sibao was summoned to serve as the Deputy Minister of the Yellow Gate Attendants. Xie Sibao requested to return to his hometown to pay homage to his ancestors' graves, and before he could take office, he was dismissed due to accusations made against him. Soon after, the court appointed him as General of the Right and Governor of Liangzhou. Xie Sibao felt that Liangzhou was too remote and was reluctant to go, claiming that his children were still unmarried. Empress Dowager Ling was not in favor, and her attendant Xu He interceded on his behalf, leading to Xie Sibao's reassignment as Chief of Staff to the Grand Commandant. He was then appointed as General of Eastern Expedition and Minister of Justice. Xie Sibao regarded himself as a scholar, lacking legal expertise, and rarely participated in political affairs. He was subsequently reassigned as Minister of the Imperial Guard.
At that time, there was a debate regarding the construction of the Ming Hall, and opinions varied. Sibao spoke up and said: "According to the 'Records of the Craft' in the Book of Zhou: the Xia Dynasty employed the Shi, the Shang Dynasty utilized the Zhongwu, and the Zhou Dynasty constructed the Ming Hall. All three types of buildings have five rooms. Zheng Xuan commented: 'These three types of buildings refer to ancestral temples, royal palaces, and the Ming Hall, respectively. Although the terminology varies, they all illustrate that their construction methods are the same.' If that is the case, then the Yin, Shang, and Xia Dynasties must have already had the Ming Hall. As for before Tang Yao and Yu Shun, there is no record of this. Dai De stated in the 'Book of Rites' that the Ming Hall has a total of nine rooms and twelve halls. Cai Yong said: 'The Ming Hall is the ancestral temple of the Son of Heaven, where sacrifices to meritorious subjects, elder care, and talent selection are conducted, totaling nine rooms and twelve halls.' However, Dai De's interpretation in the 'Book of Rites' is not widely endorsed. Furthermore, regarding the design of these nine rooms and twelve halls, it is likely challenging to find definitive evidence. The 'Book of Zhou' states that when establishing a capital, the ancestral temple is situated on the left, with the altars for soil and grain positioned on the right, with the Ming Hall located to the south of the capital; therefore, it cannot be the ancestral temple of the Son of Heaven. Therefore, the four halls and the Tai Room referred to in the 'Monthly Ordinances' of the 'Book of Rites' are called temples because the Son of Heaven temporarily performs sacrifices to the Five Emperors there."
Moreover, the "Zhou Li: Wang Zhi" states: "The Zhou Dynasty nurtured the national elders in Dongjiao." Zheng Xuan's commentary clarifies that Dongjiao refers to Piyong, which is situated to the east of the royal palace. The "Book of Songs: Da Ya" mentions: "It is bustling in the palace and solemn in the temple." Zheng Xuan notes: "The palace refers to the Piyong Palace, which assists the Son of Heaven. Elder care focuses on harmony, whereas sacrifices focus on respect." This suggests that neither elder care nor sacrifices occur in the Ming Tang. Furthermore, in the "Mencius," it is recorded that King Xuan of Qi said to Mencius: "I want to dismantle the Ming Tang." If the Ming Tang were a temple, dismantling it wouldn't even be an issue. Additionally, Cai Yong describes the design of the Ming Tang as follows: "The floor plan of the Ming Tang is square, with a side length of one hundred and forty feet, symbolizing Kun (Earth); the roof is circular, with a diameter of two hundred and sixteen feet, symbolizing Qian (Heaven); the side length is six zhang, and the diameter is nine zhang, symbolizing the numbers of Yin and Yang; the nine rooms symbolize the nine provinces; the building stands eighty-one feet tall, symbolizing the number of Huangzhong; the twenty-eight pillars symbolize the twenty-eight lunar mansions; the outer width is twenty-four zhang, symbolizing the qi of heaven and earth." All of these are designed according to the numbers of heaven and earth, Yin and Yang, but why does the number of rooms symbolize the nine provinces? Wouldn't it be better to use five rooms to symbolize the five elements? In this light, Cai Yong's explanation seems inconsistent, and the claim of nine rooms might not hold up. Although the "Kao Gong Ji" is a supplementary and comprehensive book, it has been passed down for a long time, and scholars have consistently agreed on its interpretations over the years. Isn't it better for us to start fresh? Furthermore, books such as the "Xiao Jing Yuan Shen Qi," "Wujing Yaoyi," and "Old Rituals Diagram" all state there are five rooms, and Xu and Liu's views align with the "Kao Gong Ji."
If the court wants to discard the ancient and modern interpretations and establish a new standard, that is also possible. However, if it intends to inherit the previous regulations and follow the practices of the ancients, it should not discard the systems of the Yin, Shang, and Zhou dynasties in favor of dubious modern interpretations. Furthermore, the reform of the system reached its peak during the period of the Three Dynasties, making it hard to assess the reliability of later interpretations. Zheng Xuan stated: "The Hall of Brightness of the Zhou Dynasty had five rooms, each representing an emperor, corresponding to the number of the five elements. The 'Rites of Zhou' was built according to this number. Even if the implementation differs now, it is merely a reflection of changing times." I believe Zheng Xuan's statement is quite credible. The 'Monthly Ordinances' does not mention nine rooms; the setup of the Hall of Brightness was originally designed to consist of five rooms. The right side of Qingyang Hall aligns with the left side of Ming Hall, the right side of Ming Hall is the left side of Zongzhang Hall, the right side of Zongzhang Hall is the left side of Xuantang, and the right side of Xuantang is the left side of Qingyang Hall. Thus, there remain five rooms, while there are twelve administrative institutions. I believe the system of five rooms can be followed. As for the shape, size, and height of the Hall of Brightness, they can be determined based on the actual situation at the time. The nine rooms mentioned by Dai De, Cai Yong's temple school, Zi Gan's spirit platform, Pei Yi's single room, and other various interpretations should not be adopted." Everyone felt that his argument was quite reasonable.
He was later promoted to the role of Minister of Rites while concurrently serving as the Minister of Finance, and finally officially became the Minister of the Imperial Secretariat. At that time, the Grand Preceptor Cui Guang was seriously ill and submitted a recommendation for Li Sibai to take on the role of a lecturer, and the Chamberlain Feng Yuanxing to serve as a reader. Thus, Li Sibai entered the palace to teach Emperor Suzong the "Du's Spring and Autumn." Although Li Sibai was well-versed in classical studies in his youth, he neglected his studies after entering officialdom and only now began to invite Confucian scholars to teach day and night. He was humble and amiable, treating scholars with great respect; even on the street, he would stop his carriage and dismount to warmly receive them, always maintaining a gentle and humble demeanor, never showing signs of fatigue. Someone said to Li Sibai, "You're in a high position now; how can you not be proud?" Li Sibai replied, "I was not proud even when my position was low; how could I be proud now? What is so strange about that?" People back then found this commendable. However, because he had gained the favor of Yuan Cha, he faced criticism, with some accusing him of seeking power. In the first year of the Xiaochang era, Li Sibai passed away and was posthumously named General Who Pacifies the East, Governor of Qingzhou, and was also posthumously honored as Right Deputy Minister of the Secretariat with the posthumous name Wen Zhen. His son, Li Yanshi, later served as the Governor of Huaiyang during the Wuding era.
Li Sitong, the younger brother of Li Sibao, was given the courtesy name Shiming. From a young age, he had lofty aspirations, a virtuous character, and a fondness for historical texts. His first official position was as an attendant in the Kingdom of Pengcheng, and he later served as the Deputy Governor of Qingzhou, having been promoted five times, eventually becoming the Minister of Examination. After some time, he was further promoted to General of Zhenyuan and Zhongsan Dafu, acting as the Governor of Xingyang. Soon after, he officially took on the role of Governor. Subsequently, he was appointed as General of Pingnan and Inspector of Xiangzhou. Although he did not achieve remarkable political accomplishments, the people lived and worked in peace during his administration. During the rebellion of Yuan Hao, neither Li Sitong nor the Inspector of Guangzhou, Zheng Guanghu, surrendered. After Emperor Zhuang returned to the palace, he granted Li Sitong the title of Duke of Yingling County, with a fief of two hundred households, and appointed him as General of the Guard, Attendant Minister of the Yellow Gate, and Dazhongzheng of Qingzhou. He was later promoted to General of Zhendong and Jinzi Guanglu Dafu, while still holding the position of Attendant Minister of the Yellow Gate. Not long after, he was further elevated to Grand General of Cavalry and Chariots and Left Guanglu Dafu. After the capital moved to Ye City, he was appointed as Attendant Minister of the Yellow Gate, while concurrently serving as Attendant Minister and Special Envoy of Henan. He also served as a lecturer alongside Han Zixi, the Grand Master, lecturing on the "Du Shi Chunqiu" to Emperor Jing. He was later promoted to Sanqi Changshi and concurrently served as Minister of War. Soon, he was appointed as Attendant Minister. In the second year of Xinghe, Li Sitong passed away and was posthumously granted the title of Envoy with Authority, Commander of Military Affairs in Qing, Xu, and Guang Provinces, Grand General of the Cavalry, Right Prime Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, Duke of Situ, and Inspector of Qingzhou, with the posthumous title of Wenxian.
At first, when Sitong was serving as Deputy Governor, Cui Guangshao from Qinghe was the first to serve as the Administrative Officer. Relying on his prestigious family background, Cui Guangshao felt disgruntled at being subordinate to Sitong. Upon hearing that Sitong was returning to his hometown, he simply resigned from his post. The people in the prefecture were indignant on behalf of Sitong. Later, after Cui Guangshao died, he left a will instructing his descendants not to request the court for posthumous honors. However, Sitong submitted a memorial to denounce Cui Guangshao’s character, and as a result, the court immediately granted him a posthumous title. People at the time were astonished and impressed by this.
When Si Tong was serving as a lecturer, Wei Jilong, a doctor from Liaoxi, insisted on the Fu family theories and submitted a memorial disputing sixty-three points from the "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Du Family." Si Tong countered with eleven points that highlighted the errors of Wei Jilong. The two engaged in mutual debates, and their accumulated writings eventually filled ten volumes. The court ordered the National Academy to convene scholars to investigate this matter, but before the results could be announced, Si Tong passed away. After Si Tong's death, Yao Wen'an from Wei County and Qin Daojing from Yeling continued to expound upon Si Tong's viewpoints. Wei Jilong also passed away shortly thereafter, and Liu Xiuheng from Fuyang emerged to support Wei Jilong's views. To this day, the matter has not reached a final conclusion.
Li Shuhu hailed from Cang County in Bohai. His great-grandfather, Li Jin, was summoned by the court alongside Gao Yun during the reign of Emperor Shenzu of the Northern Wei and held the position of Assistant to the Grand Commandant for the Southern Campaign. Shuhu was studious and well-informed, possessing great insight and wisdom, earning him widespread admiration from the local populace. During the Taihe era, he was appointed as a Doctor of the Central Secretariat and had a good relationship with Cui Guang from Qinghe and Xing Luan from Hejian, and was later promoted to the position of Councilor. After some time, he was promoted to Assistant to the Grand Commandant and later transferred to the roles of Doctor of the National Academy and local magistrate, concurrently serving as the magistrate of Yeling. He was recognized for his integrity and fairness, earning a stellar reputation. Later, he also served as an Assistant Cavalry Officer and the Grand General of Taiji. Upon completing his duties, the court appointed him as the Governor of Gaoyang, which he resolutely declined. Soon after, he was appointed as the General of Xianwu and the military advisor to Prince Yong of Gaoyang, who greatly valued his talents and integrity. Subsequently, he was appointed as an Acting Governor and the Acting Inspector of Huazhou, gaining deep respect from the local populace. He passed away in the fourth year of Yongping, at the age of fifty-four. The court posthumously awarded him the title of Champion General and the role of Inspector of South Qingzhou, with the posthumous name Mu.
His brother Li Shubao was recommended by the local government as a scholar and was appointed as the Director of the Duanqiu Principality, later promoted to Deputy Minister of Ceremonies. During the Yan Chang period, Shubao was implicated due to his brother Li Taihu and cousin Li Guibo participating in the rebellion led by Shamen Faqing, which resulted in the capture of several counties. As a result, Shubao was implicated and died in prison in Luoyang due to illness.
His son Li Bozhou rose to the rank of Grand Minister of Ceremonies.
Shubao's cousin Li Feng held positions as Minister and Doctor of the National University. Because his brother Li Tong participated in the rebellion of Wang Yu of Jingzhao, he was removed from his position by the court.
Feng's son Changren, styled Jing'an, was quite well-educated. He passed the scholar examination with outstanding results. Later, he was later promoted to Deputy Minister of the Central Secretariat. He rose through the ranks, eventually becoming General Pingnan and Prefect of Pei County, and then Prefect of Pengcheng. He also helped Wei Yuan quell the rebellion in the south, and the emperor awarded him the title of Marquis of Yanling. He was subsequently summoned to serve as an Outside Attendant and sent on a mission to Liu Zhun. Upon his return, due to illness, he was appointed as the Grand Historian of Beihai, and the emperor also bestowed upon him medicinal herbs. He served in three counties and was greatly supported by both the common people and the officials. Not long after, he passed away. Later, the court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of General of Annam, Minister of War, and Governor of Jizhou, while his noble rank remained unchanged.
His brother Feng Congshu, styled Daoxing, was also an educated man. He was recommended by the local government as a scholar. He was appointed as a Doctor of Rites and was dispatched to Chang'an to perform sacrifices at the temple of King Yanxuan. Upon his return, he was appointed as a Minister of Rites, and the emperor granted him the title of Marquis of Xue County, after which he gradually advanced to the position of Prefect of Jianxing. He later passed away.
Chang Ren's son, Feng Zi Xiang, whose courtesy name was Meng Ze, was known for his integrity and simplicity, and had a dignified presence, having read many books. He initially inherited his father's title and served as an official in the Xuzhou Pingdong Prefecture. He was later promoted to a position in Jizhou, where he worked diligently and achieved significant accomplishments. After some time, he was appointed Cavalry Attendant and awarded the title of General Ning Shuo, and soon after, he was promoted to the position of Minister of the Imperial Secretariat. He was then dispatched to serve as the Grand Tutor of Qingzhou, Advisor to the Governor, and Acting General of North Xuzhou, as well as a Grand Master of the Palace. King Wenxiang of Qi summoned him to serve as an Advisor to the Grand Tutor and further conferred upon him the title of General of the Eastern Expedition. In the second year of Xinghe, he concurrently held the position of Cavalry Attendant and was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to Xiao Yan. He passed away in the third year of Xinghe, and the court posthumously conferred upon him the title of General of the Flying Cavalry, the rank of Yi Tong San Si, and the governorship of Jizhou, with the posthumous name Wen Jian, due to his son Zi Zhen's contributions to the righteous army.
His son, Feng Zi Zhen, held various positions including Chief Minister of the Ministry of Works, Governor of Wuyi, Right Chief Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, and Governor of Yangping. He later held a central government position as an official in the Ministry of Personnel. Afterward, he was sent out to serve as General of the Flying Cavalry and Governor of Yanzhou. He was executed for corrupt practices and bribery.
Lu Shiqing, courtesy name Borui, was from Qingyuan in Yangping. His grandfather, Lu Chuo, had served as the governor of Zhangzhou. Lu Shiqing was quite capable and was as well-known as Song Fan from Guangping; the local people praised him, and the governor of Xiangzhou, Li Anshi, specifically recommended him. During the Taihe era, the court appointed him as a court official. Lu Shiqing felt that his older brother, Lu Wenju, was more talented and esteemed, so he declined the position, but the emperor subsequently promoted both brothers. Later, Lu Shiqing gradually rose through the ranks, becoming the Minister of Rites, then transferred to the position of Left Minister, and was assigned to work in Yingchuan County. Afterward, he was appointed as the chief historian of the Office of Pacification under King Anding of Huazhou. Not long after, after his mother's death, he resigned from his official position to observe mourning. After the mourning period was over, he was again appointed as the chief historian for Wang Chen of Hejian in Dingzhou. This Wang Chen of Hejian was greedy and tyrannical, committing various misdeeds, and Lu Shiqing frequently offered him candid advice. At the age of forty-eight, Lu Shiqing passed away. The court posthumously awarded him the titles of Left General and Governor of Anzhou Province, with the posthumous name Xiang. His son, Lu Zubi, later became a palace attendant. Lu Shiqing's younger brother, Lu Zhongxin, was passionate about learning. He served as a military advisor to the Grand Marshal and gradually rose through the ranks to become a commander of the carriage and an official in the cabinet. When King Zhangwu Rong was campaigning against Ge Rong, Lu Zhongxin served as the chief historian of his command. As a result, when King Zhangwu was defeated and died, Lu Zhongxin was relieved of his duties. Lu Zhongxin's younger brother, Lu Siliue, courtesy name Shuyue, was well-educated and ambitious. He served as a military advisor in the Cavalry of the Eastern Commandery of Jizhou. His son, Lu Zuyi, became a professor at the Imperial Academy during the Wuding era. Lu Siliue's younger brother, Lu Siling, courtesy name Jijun, initially served as a military advisor to the Minister of Works in Guangyang and later was promoted to military advisor in the Ministry of Works, Secretary of Education, General of Weiyuan, and Minister of Rites, finally transferring to the position of Right Minister.
The world is not peaceful, Your Majesty; I have a few heartfelt words to share with you. I heard that the most important matters of state are sacrifices and warfare. Whether a war can be won depends entirely on the generals. In ancient times, the rulers who governed the world did not necessarily have to select talents from the common people, and their methods of governance were not all the same; the warlords who ruled over regions didn't always rely on elite troops, yet they still managed to achieve victory. Even wise rulers like King Tang and King Wu needed capable advisors like Yi Yin and Jiang Wang to assist them; even saintly monarchs like Yao and Shun required able ministers like Ji and Qi to help. Choosing the right people can easily restore peace to the realm; if the wrong people are chosen, even the Three Rivers region will become a battlefield. Why is that? It is easy to start a war, but it is difficult to quell the chaos!
In recent years, most of the generals have been descendants of favored courtiers, and the commanding officers leading the army have all climbed to their positions through their relationships with the powerful. These noble offspring have never set foot on a battlefield; they only know how to drink and ride horses, feeling smug and arrogant, constantly boasting about going to war. But when they actually reach the battlefield, they are terrified, their previous ambitions and aspirations completely disappear. As a result, they can only let the weak soldiers charge into battle, while the strong soldiers hide in the back to save themselves. With poor weapons and equipment, along with a lack of coordination, using incompetent people as generals and leading untrained soldiers to attack dangerous places and fight against seasoned enemies on the battlefield, how can they expect to win? Therefore, the soldiers know that defeat is inevitable, so they flee as soon as they assemble; the generals, fearing the enemy, hesitate and refuse to advance.
The state believes official positions are not high enough, so it keeps promoting officials and granting titles. It also feels that the rewards are too few, so it daily showers gold and silver treasures. The national treasury is empty, and the people's wealth has been drained. As a result, bandits are becoming more numerous and bolder, and countless common people have died or been injured, struggling to make ends meet. Your Majesty sighs, and I feel the same sadness; can we even sleep soundly anymore? Even though I'm in a lowly position, I can't rest easy! I've heard that true filial piety comes from loyalty, and people of integrity often act decisively. "Virtue can inspire loyalty, and kindness can motivate the brave." As long as Your Majesty values talented individuals and gets rid of the incompetent, distinguishes rewards and punishments, selects capable soldiers, strengthens training, makes sure weapons and equipment are top-notch, draws up detailed battle plans, lets strategists come up with plans, and sends articulate individuals to negotiate with the enemy, explaining what’s at stake and showing them the ups and downs of war. If they still do not repent, we'll send our righteous army after these rebels, just like chopping down mushrooms with a sharp axe or burning hair in a furnace! Even a fool knows this can be sorted out in no time! Although I may not be the sharpest tool in the shed, I still risk my life to give you this advice.
First, he was appointed as the Acting Cavalry General, the General of Pacification, and the Governor of Yangping. Wow, he was climbing the ranks fast! Later, he was also assigned to oversee Qinghe County in Jizhou, Yangping County in Xiangzhou, and Pingyuan County in Qizhou, forming a new Southern Jizhou, and he was appointed as the Left General, the Inspector of Southern Jizhou, the Acting General of Eastern Peace, and the Commander. This was the height of his power! At that time, Ge Rong sent his Qinghe Governor Ji Hu to occupy Gaotang City and win over the rebellious locals. Si Ling immediately ordered to assemble a covert army with his subordinates and local civilians to launch a surprise night attack, catching Ji Hu by surprise and delivering a crushing defeat before slowly returning to the south with his troops. After that, the court assigned Si Ling to oversee the refugees in Jizhou. Once Ge Rong was eliminated, Si Ling returned to Pingyuan County to continue his defense. Later, he was promoted to the General of the Eastern Expedition and the Grand Minister of Gold and Purple, and then further promoted to the General of the Guards and the Right Grand Minister, enjoying a successful career! Unfortunately, in March of the third year of Tianping, he died at the age of fifty-one. After his death, the court posthumously awarded him the titles of General of the Cavalry and Inspector of Dingzhou.
His uncle, Lu Jinglue, was appointed directly as a Doctor in the Central Secretariat due to family connections. During the Taihe period, he became a Minister and the Chief Officer of his county. Later, he was sent out and served successively as the Governor of Wei County and Pingyuan County in Qizhou. He eventually died.
Lu Jinglue's younger brother, Lu Xiong, styled Zhonglue, was exceptionally handsome and remarkable. He rose to the position of Attendant due to his military achievements. Emperor Gaozu once remarked in front of his ministers: "Lu Zhonglue is very suitable to be a Minister." As a result, Li Chong, the Chief Minister, said: "He is more suited to be a military officer." So the matter was dropped. Later, he was transferred to serve as the Chief Military Officer for Wang Xianyang, and then promoted to the General of Fubo and the Commander of the Carriages. He eventually died, and the court posthumously awarded him the title of Governor of Dunqiu.
Lu Jinglüe was a descendant of Lu Fachang and was known for his good character from a young age. He served as a county magistrate but sadly passed away young. Li Shenjun, known as Yi Tong, was an old friend of Lu Fachang, and he often lamented, "Among the Lu family's forebears, Lu Fachang was truly a distinguished scholar. I thought he had a bright future ahead, but did not expect him to pass away so early. Life is full of surprises!"
Fang Liang, styled Jinggao, was from Qinghe. His father, Fang Fayan, had served as the magistrate of Qiao County. Fang Liang loved to study from a young age and was also a person of integrity. During the Taihe period, he passed the scholar examination and became a junior official. He later rose to the position of secretary and also took on the role of special assistant. At that time, the Deputy Minister of the Central Secretariat, Song Bian, was sent on a mission to Xiao Ze, and Fang Liang accompanied him. After returning, he was appointed as a minister with the rank of 2,000 stones and Middle Justice in Jizhou, while also taking on the role of special assistant. He was then dispatched to Goryeo. As a result, the Goryeo king pretended to be ill and refused to meet him. As a result of this incident, Fang Liang was demoted to a common guard.
Later, he was appointed to the Governor of Jibei and then promoted to the Governor of Pingyuan, becoming known for his integrity and sternness. At that time, the Inspector of Jizhou, Wang Yu, rebelled, and Pingyuan County bordered Jizhou. Wang Yu sent someone to persuade Fang Liang to surrender, offering high positions and generous rewards. Without hesitation, Fang Liang killed the envoy and took immediate measures to fortify his defenses. Wang Yu was furious and sent the general Zhang Ling to lead troops against Fang Liang. Fang Liang rallied his soldiers and the people, explaining the righteousness of their cause, then went out of the city to engage in battle, leading to a decisive defeat for Wang Yu's forces. Not long after, he was dismissed for unspecified reasons. After his mourning period was over, he was appointed as the Left General and the Governor of Ji County, and later promoted to the Front General and the Inspector of Eastern Jingzhou. He was dedicated to his duties, pacifying the people and governing the region, ensuring the local populace and ethnic minorities could live and work in peace. At that time, the Inspector of Bianzhou could secure an official position for his own son, but Fang Liang recommended his disciple Fang Chao for the position of Fengzhaoqing, earning praise from everyone. Afterward, he was promoted to General of Pingdong and Inspector of Cangzhou, and later entered court to serve as a Grand Minister, also being granted the title of General of Andong. In the second year of Yong'an, Fang Liang died at the age of seventy-one, and the court posthumously awarded him the titles of General of Pacification and Inspector of Qizhou.
His son Fang Jian, courtesy name Yuan Yue, was a Grand Minister of Rites when he died. Fang Liang's younger brother Fang Quan, courtesy name Feng Ju, had served as a Secretary of State and Prefect of a province. After his death, he was posthumously honored as General of Pacification and Inspector of Qizhou. Fang Quan's younger brother Fang Yue, courtesy name Ji Xin, initially served as an attendant to Prince Huai of Guangping, later promoted to Military Advisor in Eastern Ping Prefecture, Qingzhou, and was also awarded the title of General of Expanding Might. He was subsequently promoted to Prefect of Gaoyang, then to Prefect of Guangchuan, and was further honored as General of Suppressing Distant Lands. During the Putai era, Zhang Qiong, the Inspector of Jizhou, submitted a memorial to the court to establish Nankinghe County within his jurisdiction and requested that Fang Yue be appointed as Prefect, which the court approved. He served as Prefect of three counties in total and was deeply respected by both the common people and officials. Later, he was promoted to General of Eastern Pacification and Grand Minister of Rites. He passed away in the second year of the Xinghe era at the age of seventy, and the court posthumously honored him as General of Eastern Conquest and Inspector of Jizhou.
Fang Liang's eldest son Fang Chao, courtesy name Bo Ying, served as an Assistant Military Advisor and Grand Administrator of Jizhou during the Wuding era. Fang Chao's younger brother Fang Zhao served as Chief Clerk to the General of Cavalry in Huaizhou.
Cao Shibiao, courtesy name Jing Sheng, was from Weixian County in Eastern Wei. He was the ninth descendant of Cao Xiu, the Grand Marshal of Wei. His grandfather Cao Mu and his father Cao Qing were both very learned. Cao Shibiao lost his father when he was young, but he was noted for his politeness, integrity, writing skills, and extensive reading.
In the year 499, the Minister of Personnel, Cui Cheng, recommended Cao Shibiao as an assistant professor at the Imperial Academy, but he wasn't particularly pleased. Later, he was transferred to the Grand Tutor's Office as a clerk. He was friends with Jia Sibai from Wuwei, Lu Tong from Fanyang, and Xin Xiong from Longxi. The court official Cui Guang was a respected figure in their hometown and often praised him. Later, when he fell ill, he returned home to recuperate. During the Yongping era, he was appointed Sima of the Left General's Office in Yanzhou, but he didn't like the position and resigned, claiming illness. During the Yanchang era, he was appointed Governor of Qinghe. He was known for being honest and frugal, and the common people supported him greatly. During the Zhengguang era, he was appointed Front General and a Regular Attendant. When Grand General Yuan Ji of Jingzhao led a western campaign, he took him on as a military officer in charge of naval operations, a pretty complicated job, but everyone thought he did a great job. After returning to the capital from the western expedition, he was appointed Grand Historian of the Ministry of Works. During the Xiaochang era, Qingzhou and Qizhou experienced several years of rebellion, and the court dispatched Cao Shibiao to calm the rebels. After the pacification, he returned to the capital and was promoted to Right Minister of Personnel. Later, he was appointed General Who Conquers the Enemy and became Governor of Yuzhou. At that time, Xiao Yan sent Zhan Sengzhen to take East Yuzhou, and local citizens Liu Huo and Zheng Bian revolted at the border. The court then sent Yuan Zigong to take over as Governor of Yuzhou, while Shibiao was appointed Acting Inspector of Southeast Road, leading Yuan Anping, Yuan Xianbo, and Huangfu Denglin in the fight against the rebels.
At that time, the bandit forces were strong, completely blocking Xiaoyin Pass and cutting off the postal roads. The other generals, as they were outnumbered and comprised of remnants of defeated forces, were too afraid to fight again; they all wanted to defend their cities and protect themselves. At that time, Shibiao was suffering from back swelling, but he still rode out to call the commander Shi Yunbao and said to him, "The reason Zhan Sengzhen dares to venture deep into enemy territory as a bandit is because Liu Huo and Zheng Bian are both supported by the local populace, who are supporting him from within. I've just heard that Liu Huo is gathering troops to meet Sengzhen, and he is eighty miles away from here. If we take him by surprise now, we can defeat them. If Liu Huo is defeated, Zhan Sengzhen will naturally flee, and the southeast region will stabilize; this will be your achievement!"
Thus, Shibiao selected elite soldiers and strong generals and entrusted them to Shi Yunbao to attack Liu Huo. He urged Shi Yunbao to mobilize quickly, and by evening, they left the city and engaged the enemy at dawn. The bandits did not expect the imperial troops to arrive so quickly, and upon engagement, they were defeated. The rest of the bandits were also subdued, and Zhan Sengzhen fled. Only Zheng Bian, having an old connection with Yuan Zigong, escaped to hide there. Shibiao gathered the generals and officials to interrogate Yuan Zigong, captured Zheng Bian, and executed him, sending his head to the capital. The court sent envoys to convey their orders of consolation and rewarded him with two horses, clothing, and bedding.
The court also appointed Shibiao as the acting governor of Yuzhou, while his position in the provincial headquarters remained unchanged. After returning to court, Shibiao was promoted to General of the Left and concurrently served as the Minister of State for the Eastern Provincial Headquarters, establishing multiple garrisons along the Yellow River to guard against Ge Rong. He fell ill and died on his way to Qingzhou at the age of fifty-four. During the Yongxi era, the court posthumously honored him as General of the East and Governor of Qizhou.
Pan Yongji, also known by his courtesy name Shaoye, was from Guangzong in Changle County. His father, Pan Lingqiu, held a significant position as a deputy minister in the Central Secretariat. Pan Yongji had a straightforward personality, was generous, and enjoyed doing good deeds.
At first, he served as a legal officer in the East Mansion in Jizhou Town, and he was later promoted to General Wei Lie. He then went to Quyang in Yangzhou to serve as a garrison commander, and was later transferred to Xixieshi as a garrison commander, overseeing the affairs of Chenliu and Nanliang counties, where he performed admirably and earned the support of the people. He was later promoted to chief clerk in the Yangzhou Cheqi Mansion. He gradually rose through the ranks, ultimately becoming General of Tiger Ben, Zhiqin, and Front General. He was then assigned various positions, including holding the imperial seal, General Pingbei, Governor of Jizhou, and Prefect of Changle.
At that time, Ge Rong attacked Xindu, besieging the city and even flooding it. Pan Yongji collaborated with Inspector Yuan Fu to defend the city day and night. With no reinforcements and a shortage of food, they held out from spring until winter but eventually could no longer withstand the siege, and the city fell. Ge Rong intended to kill Yuan Fu, but Pan Yongji volunteered to take his place.
In the second year of Yong'an, Pan Yongji was appointed Prefect of Yingchuan, and was later promoted to General of Zhendong and Inspector of East Xuzhou. At this time, Xiao Yan sent Cao Shizong, Ma Hongwu, and others to attack, and Pan Yongji led his troops to confront and defeat them. During the Yongxi period, he was appointed General Zhengdong and Grand Minister of Jinzi Guanglu. Shortly after, he was further honored as Grand General of Wei and resumed his role as Inspector of East Xuzhou. During his time in office, he was deeply cherished by the people. He later returned to the capital. He passed away in the early years of Yuanxiang at the age of fifty-six years. After his death, he was posthumously awarded titles including Assistant to the Imperial Secretariat, Commander of Military Affairs in the Three Provinces of Jiying and Cang, Grand General of Biaoqi, Right Minister of the Ministry of Rites, Duke of Situ, and Inspector of Jizhou, and he received a grand burial.
His eldest son, Pan Zili, served as the chief clerk of the province.
Pan Zili's son, Pan Zhi, served as a military officer in the position of Grand Commandant during the Wuding period. Zhu Yuanxu, styled Junsheng, originated from Leiling. His grandfather, Zhu Ba, led a rebellion during the reign of Wei Zhenjun and later defected to Liu Yilong, eventually settling in Qingzhou, Leiling. Zhu Yuanxu was well-versed in historical texts and frequently read historical texts and studied records. He initially served as a court attendant in the Kingdom of Qinghe, later becoming a scholar at the Imperial Academy and an official in the Ministry of State Affairs, and he was sent on diplomatic missions to Goryeo multiple times. He was later promoted to Deputy Minister of Revenue.
During the Shengu period, the court carried out a major purge due to poor official selection. Many were dismissed, but Zhu Yuanxu, due to his talents, was retained alongside Xin Xiong from Longxi, Zu Ying from Fanyang, Yang Shen from Taishan, and Yuan Zigong from Xiping. Shortly after, he was further promoted to General of the Distant Forces, concurrently serving as the Right Minister of Revenue, while still keeping his roles as a senior official and local magistrate. At that time, the governor of Guansi, Xiao Baoyin, reported, "The food supply for the 100,000 troops under my command will only last a month!" This enraged the emperor, who immediately ordered an investigation into the matter.
From the registrar to the official historian, everyone pointed fingers at Zhu Yuanxu. When Zhu Yuanxu entered the palace to meet the emperor, he counted on his fingers to demonstrate that Xiao Baoyin's military provisions were actually sufficient for over a year, which cleared his name. Later, he was appointed as a court attendant in the Ministry of State Affairs. During the Yong'an period, he was promoted to General for Pacifying the East, Left Minister of Revenue, and a Senior Official of the Department of Ceremonies. He was then moved to the role of Junior Minister of Agriculture, and later promoted to General of the Guard and Left Senior Official of the Department of Ceremonies. During the Tianping period, he served once more as the Left Minister of Revenue.
Zhu Yuanxu lacked a particularly upright character; he was rather slick in his dealings and skilled in political maneuvering, but he was, on the whole, a decent enough person. At that time, the court designated the regions of Jixian and Henan near the Yellow River, establishing Yizhou to resettle the people who had submitted from the Guanshi region. The court appointed Zhu Yuanxu as the envoy with special authority, General of Cavalry, and Yizhou Governor. In the summer of the third year of the Wuding era, Zhu Yuanxu passed away in Yizhou at sixty-seven years old. After his death, the court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of General and Governor of Youzhou.
His son, Zhu Jingdao, held the position of military advisor to the Minister of Works during the Wuding era. Historical records state that there have always been many, like Yang Ni, who studied Confucian principles. However, truly virtuous individuals with noble character and literary talent are rare. The Jia Sibo family boasts a rich academic heritage, with both Zhu Yuanxu and his brother regarded as refined gentlemen. The talents esteemed by Mr. Li and Mr. Lu are all praiseworthy. Zhu Yuanxu was charming and exceptionally talented, making him one of the standout talents of his time. People like Fang Liang, Cao Shibiao, Pan Yongji, and Zhu Yuanxu all emerged as exceptional talents, entering the ranks of officials and gaining great fame, each with their own unique fortunes.
