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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 07 January 2025

Created: 07 January 2025

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Zhang Xun, Lu Sheng, Zhang Ying, Song Shijing, Lu Yong, Yan Qingyin, Ming Liang, Du Zuan, Pei Tuo, Dou Yuan, Yang Dun, and Su Shu, these officials have all served as local officials for many years, inheriting their positions from their families. They were able to govern well because they were strict in law enforcement, compassionate towards the people, soothing the people's sentiments, and adjusting customs. However, they were relatively low-key individuals, relatively unknown; although they handled government affairs promptly and effectively, they did not attract much attention. Therefore, officials who quickly rose in ranks were often those who were decisive and swift; while those who followed the rules and were relatively weak officials had difficulty gaining prominence. This was the case in the past.

Later officials rose and fell with the changing times. Many officials were corrupt, cunning, and used various means, so upright officials like those depicted by Pu Songling rarely appeared. In the early days of the Wei dynasty, just after unifying the Central Plains region and annexing a large amount of land, the people had just settled down, and officials in various regions were acting on orders. Many cases of corruption and bribery occurred in Fengzhou (now Ruzhou City, Henan Province). At that time, the political and social atmosphere was not very good; although many corrupt officials were executed, corruption and bribery remained fundamentally unchanged, like a fishing net that swallowed big fish, only occasionally catching a few small fish and shrimps.

Emperor Gaozu worked hard to govern, strengthened the rule of law, with clear rewards and punishments, and eliminated old problems, so many people followed the rules and laws at that time. Emperor Shizong adopted a relatively lenient governance policy, which led to a gradual decline in social morals during the Taihe period. During the reign of Emperor Suzong, the country was in chaos, and there were no effective measures to reform societal customs, nor any good political measures, a metaphor for "Floating Tiger Returning Pearl," heard of in various parts of the country. I just recorded the officials praised by the people at that time to commend these good officials.

Zhang Xun, styled Hongrang, was a native of Juyang in Shanggu. He followed his brother Zhang Yan back to the state and participated in the military activities of the Crown Prince (later known as Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei, Tuoba Gui). Zhang Xun said to Emperor Taizu Daowu, "Now that the Jin Dynasty's rule has collapsed, the forces of Liu Shi (referring to Liu Yao of Later Zhao and Shi Le) are in disarray, the Murong clan is dominant in Shandong, and Fu Yao (referring to Fu Jian of Former Qin and Yao Chang of Later Qin) occupies the Qin and Long regions, resulting in chaos across the land and displacing the people. Your Highness has established a base in the north and accumulated a reputation for wisdom, expanding southward; your grace has already covered the Yan and Zhao regions. Now, the people in the Central Plains are looking forward to your grace reaching them. This is the perfect time for you to establish great achievements!" Emperor Daowu valued him highly and treated him with great respect.

During the reign of Emperor Huanshi, Zhang Xun was appointed as the Deputy Minister of the Central Secretariat, participating in the court's confidential planning and decision-making. Later, he followed General Xi Mu to campaign in the Jin and Chuan regions, where he was granted the title of General of the North and conferred the noble title of Pinggaozi. Afterward, he was appointed as the Governor of Guangping. Zhang Xun recruited scattered people, encouraging them to farm and raise silkworms, and thousands of households flocked to him. He was later promoted to Governor of Changshan. In Changshan, he founded schools and generously supported Confucian scholars, earning widespread praise from the people. At that time, the world had just experienced turmoil, and few could govern diligently; only Zhang Xun was honest in his official capacity, treating the people with kindness, deeply loved by the people, and his achievements were unmatched at that time. Emperor Daowu was greatly impressed upon hearing this.

After Emperor Taizong Mingyuan ascended to the throne, he gifted him three hundred bolts of silk and summoned him to serve as a Grand Minister. In the third year of the Shenrui era, Zhang Xun passed away at the age of sixty-nine. Zhang Xun was known for his integrity and frugality, with no desire for wealth, and when he died, there were no remaining assets in his household. Emperor Taizong Mingyuan felt regret for him, posthumously granting him the title of General of Conquest, Governor of Bingzhou, and Marquis of Pinggao, with the posthumous name Xuan.

His son, Zhang Chun, styled Daoshang, inherited his title and became the General of Zhenyuan and the Lord of Pinggao. However, he was later stripped of his title for misconduct. Zhang Chun's younger brother, Zhang Dai, styled Dingyan, served as the governor of Chenliu Commandery and Beiping Commandery. After his death, he was posthumously appointed General of Chongjun and Inspector of Yingzhou, with the posthumous title of Marquis Hui. Zhang Dai was known for his incorruptibility and carried on his father's legacy. Zhang Dai's son, Zhang Changnian, served as a Doctor of the Imperial Secretariat and was later appointed as General of Ningyuan and Prefect of Runan. During his time in office, there was a dispute between two brothers named Liu Chongzhi in Runan Commandery over a single cow, which escalated to the county court. After understanding the situation, Zhang Changnian sympathetically said, "You are fighting over a cow. If you had two cows, one for each of you, you wouldn't have to go to court." He then gifted the two brothers with a cow from his own household. From then on, the people of Runan Commandery began to treat each other with greater humility and consideration. In the early years of Taihe, Zhang Changnian passed away at home. His son, Zichen, styled Baogui, was remarkably devoted to his parents from an early age. He later served as a Cavalry Attendant, Supervisor of the Imperial Guard, and Colonel of the Crown Prince's Elite Cavalry before he passed away. Zilue, during the Wuding era, was appointed as the Left Minister of the Court.

Lu Sheng was a person from Jiyin Chengshi. His father's name was Shouxing, an official of the Kubu Department under Juqu Muqian. Lu Sheng later served as the governor of Jinan twice, with outstanding political achievements, earning him widespread praise. Emperor Xianzu admired his talent and specifically allowed him to participate in the autumn horse archery competition, rewarding him with a fine horse and a set of blue official robes in recognition of his integrity. He served as the governor of Jinan for ten years. At that time, the Sanqi region had recently surrendered to the court, and many people were living carelessly, spending their days gambling and playing cards, which led to a neglect of agricultural production. Lu Sheng implemented relevant policies and measures that were well received by the populace. Later, he successively served as Long Historian of Zhengdong and Annan under Wang Cheng of Xuzhou and Hou Yuan of Guangling, as well as the Prefect of Huaiyang and the Town General of Tancheng. He passed away at seventy-four during the Zhengshi period. He was posthumously honored as Dragon Cavalry General and Inspector of Yanzhou.

Zhang Ying, of unknown origin, became the governor of Lu County during the Yanxing period. Zhang Ying was recognized for his honesty, integrity, and outstanding political achievements, which earned him a stellar reputation. He and his wife earned a living by chopping and selling firewood. Emperor Gaozu greatly appreciated his talent and promoted him to the position of Prefect of Jingzhao. He served with integrity and was well-loved by both officials and the common people.

Song Shijing was from Guangping and was the third brother of Fan, the Henan Intendant. He worked hard from a young age and was renowned for his filial piety to his parents. He and his brother Song Daoyu immersed themselves in various texts, particularly excelling in Confucian classics. Their older cousin, Song Bian, held them in high esteem. Song Shijing participated in the imperial examination and ranked first in the policy examination, which led to his appointment as an assistant instructor at the National University. He was subsequently promoted to General Legal Officer under Prince Xie of Pengcheng. Prince Xie valued his talent and regarded him highly. Emperor Gaozu also recognized him and promoted him further to General Legal Officer under the Minister of Works.

Song Shijing is very good at handling government affairs, formulating laws and regulations, adjudicating difficult cases, and making swift and accurate judgments. Later, he was promoted to the position of Minister of Rites. Prince Xie of Pengcheng often praised him: "Song Shijing has the makings of a great Minister of Works!" Minister Gao Zhao often assigned him to handle difficult matters. Song Shijing was not only talented but also hardworking. He was in charge of several departments and made significant contributions to governance. He was recommended by Minister Yuan Huai several times to serve as a Lang of the Secretariat, inspecting over ten states and counties, making fair promotions, demotions, and decisions on rewards and punishments. He was also responsible for relocating the headquarters of seven towns, establishing additional garrisons and guard posts to defend against northern invaders. Yuan Huai highly valued him and recommended him to Emperor Shizong upon returning to court: "Song Shijing is both civil and military, a rare talent in today's world. He is honest and upright, even more rare. If Your Majesty entrusts him with important matters, he will be just as capable as Li Chong." Emperor Shizong said: "I have also heard of him." Minister Wang Jia, Minister Gao Zhao, and Prince Ying of Personnel recommended Song Shijing to be appointed as a National Professor, and shortly after, they recommended him to be the Deputy Minister of Works. Unfortunately, Wang Xian and Song Shijing had a falling out, and Wang Xian badmouthed him to Emperor Shizong, so this matter ultimately went nowhere.

Later, Song Shijing was promoted as General Fubo and served as the Prefect of Xingyang. The Zheng family in Xingyang held significant power and was notoriously difficult to govern. The brother of the Governor of Jizhou, Zheng Shang, Zheng Yuanqing, had previously served as the magistrate of Yuanling and had been involved in embezzlement and bribery, causing immense suffering for the common people. Upon his arrival, Song Shijing summoned Zheng Yuanqing and said, "We are relatives and can help each other. I will not pursue the matters that occurred before I arrived, but from today onwards, if you dare to embezzle again, I will not let you off!" Zheng Yuanqing pretended to be unfazed, but Song Shijing still punished him in accordance with the law. Zheng Yuanqing, frightened, lost his position and fled. Consequently, other officials became fearful of Song Shijing's authority and began to adhere to regulations. Song Shijing worked in the hall every day without rest. County officials, grassroots cadres, and ordinary citizens could see him at any time of day. Visitors were free to speak their minds, and Song Shijing was always friendly, often avoiding others to speak with them privately. He was well aware of both major and minor issues in the community, exposing corruption and capturing criminals, as if he were a deity. There was once a minor official who, while on leave, stole someone else's chicken and pork; there was another official who accepted someone else's hat and also stole two chickens. Song Shijing shouted, "You dare to steal chicken and pork from Jia and Yi's household and take Ding's hat!" The two officials were so frightened they quickly bowed and confessed. Thus, everyone felt fear, and no one dared to violate the law anymore. Later, due to matters involving his brother Song Daoyu, Song Shijing was dismissed from office.

Song Shijing had a knack for getting along with others, which resulted in a close relationship with Daoyu. After Daoyu's death, he wept deeply, and his sorrowful appearance touched the hearts of passersby; he became so haggard that those who saw him could not help but feel sympathy. More than a year later, when his mother passed away, he couldn't bear the grief and passed away as well. Song Shijing once intended to write the "Book of Jin," but he never finished it.

His son, Ji Ru, was a child born posthumously. When he grew up, he was invited by the governor Cui Kai to serve as a magistrate, and later became a scholar at the Imperial Academy and a general of Mingwei. He once visited Qiao County and Song County, where he wrote an article mourning Ji Kang. His writing was both structured and eloquent. One night, while he was sleeping, his house collapsed, and he was tragically crushed. He was only twenty-five years old, and people at the time mourned his untimely death.

Lu Yong hailed from Yangping Qingyuan. During the reign of Emperor Shizong, he was appointed as the governor of Eastern Weijun in Qizhou due to his many achievements, and he was known for his effective governance. The Empress Dowager Ling issued a decree saying, "Lu Yong governs the region with integrity and diligence, and is good at comforting the people. A few years prior, a famine struck, leaving the county filled with starving people on the brink of death. Lu Yong, however, selflessly provided grain from his own stores to aid the impoverished, which enabled them to survive. Even the best officials of antiquity pale in comparison to him! He deserves recognition and rewards to inspire others. Give him a horse, a set of clothing and bedding. Let the people of Xuanzhou Town know about this." Due to his exceptional governance, Lu Yong gradually rose through the ranks and eventually rose to the position of governor of Southern Qingzhou, where he passed away.

Yan Qingyin, his origins are unknown. He served as the governor of Fucheng in Dongqin Prefecture. During his five years in office, he was honest and diligent, changing the local customs for the better. For several consecutive years of famine, Yan Qingyin donated a thousand shi (a traditional unit of measurement for grain) from his own family each year to relieve the poor, which allowed the common people to survive. More than a thousand of his subjects, including Yang Baolong, wrote to praise his achievements. The relevant authorities reported: "Since Yan Qingyin took office as the governor of this county, his good governance has become widely known, and he has also donated his own grain to relieve the famine. This truly reflects a benevolent heart that cares for the people as one cares for their own children! If he is not rewarded fairly, it will be impossible to encourage those corrupt officials. Moreover, Lu Yong, the governor of Dongwei County in Qizhou, has similar achievements and methods of aiding disaster victims, yet he has received lavish rewards of clothing and horses from the imperial decree. Logically, he should receive similar rewards." In the end, Empress Ling did not grant him any rewards.

Ming Liang, whose courtesy name was Wend, is from Pingyuan. He is upright, honest, and very talented. He rose from a position in the Ministry of Rites to the position of an honorary palace attendant. During the Yan Chang years, Emperor Shizong personally assessed officials in the court and appointed Ming Liang as the General of Courage and Valor.

Ming Liang stepped forward and said, "I was originally an honorary palace attendant, a position of some prestige. Now you appoint me as the General of Courage and Valor, a title that sounds rather rough around the edges. Moreover, civil officials and military generals are inherently different; could I possibly have a different position?" Emperor Shizong replied, "Rewards are now based on merit, regardless of being noble or rough. Why must you insist on discussing nobility and roughness?"

Ming Liang said, "Your Majesty, there is naturally a distinction between nobility and roughness. Since I am your subject, I feel compelled to speak this way." Emperor Shizong said, "Scholars from all walks of life are gentlemen. Although the titles of civil officials and military generals differ, they all assist in governing the country. Why do you feel the need to set yourself apart, emphasizing nobility and roughness? I cannot agree to your request; we will stick with the original appointment."

Ming Liang said, "The Jiangnan region has not yet completely submitted; the system ought to be unified. You are about to send me to conquer the Wuhui area. The official position is of no importance to Your Majesty, while my life is my most valued possession. Since you are about to take away my most valued possession, why must you be stingy with the official position that you do not value?" Emperor Shizong smiled and said, "You wish to pacify Jiangnan for me and completely defeat Xiao Yan; this requires brave and martial men. The official position I am granting you is precisely to align with your thoughts. You refuse bravery and thus contradict yourself." Ming Liang said, "I wish to follow your wise guidance, planning strategically from behind the scenes to secure victory from afar. What need is there for the title of bravery to achieve success?" Emperor Shizong said, "Strategy and bravery are originally complementary. If one is brave but lacks strategy, that bravery cannot be effective; if one has strategy but lacks bravery, that strategy is also difficult to implement. Both must be present to achieve victory; why do you say that only strategy is needed and not bravery?" Ming Liang said, "Then please appoint me as General Pingyuan." Emperor Shizong said, "Strategizing and wielding military force are necessary to pacify distant lands; you only need military force to achieve pacification, why must you insist on the title of 'Pingyuan'?" Ming Liang then expressed his gratitude and withdrew. Later, Ming Liang was appointed as the Governor of Yangping. He was honest and upright, cared for the people, implemented many policies for their benefit, achieved outstanding results, and gained a far-reaching reputation. The court held his achievements in high regard. Afterwards, he was transferred to the post of Governor of Jiyun, where he continued to achieve outstanding results, and his reputation spread far and wide. People and officials from both counties still hold fond memories of him. He passed away in the early years of the Xiaochang era, and the court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of Left General and Inspector of Nanjing.

At the beginning, Zhuge Liang was in Yangping, just in time for the uprising led by Xiqi, the Inspector of Xiangzhou and Prince Zhongshan. At that time, the Inspector of Bingzhou, Prince of Chengyang, also sent envoys to meet with Zhuge Liang, conspiring with Xiqi to discuss strategies. Xiqi was defeated, and Zhuge Liang cleverly explained the purpose of the envoys, thus Prince of Chengyang was spared from any repercussions. Two years later, the court recognized his previous achievements, posthumously promoting him to General Who Pacifies the East and Inspector of Jizhou, and appointed his son Zhuge Xiyuan as an official in the court. Zhuge Liang's cousin, Zhuge Yuan, held a position in the Household Department. Du Zuan, styled Rongsun, was a native of Jiumen in Changshan. He lived in poverty from a young age and was remarkably self-sufficient. When the county magistrate Qiluo passed away with no relatives to arrange his funeral, Du Zuan used his own money to bury him. In recognition of his kindness, the county erected a monument at his doorstep, and when his father passed away, he likewise performed the funeral rites. He was recommended as a model of filial piety and integrity and appointed as a scholar-official in Yuzhou.

This general, initially known as "General Shaochu of the Accumulated Crossbows," led his troops to the banks of the Huai River to welcome the surrender of Yang Xiang and others. Later, he established Chuzhen and recruited five hundred households from the mountainous region, including Li Tianbao. He then followed the army to campaign against Xinye, where he was promoted to Cavalry Captain. He later accompanied the emperor to Shou Chun, where he was ordered to offer comfort to the soldiers along the Huai River. Governor of Yuzhou, Tian Yizong, rallied the people to pledge allegiance to the court, and the emperor sent him to Guangling to reassure the newly surrendered populace and distribute grain. After the conquest of Xinye and Nanyang, he was granted the title of Lord of Jingxing and rewarded with five hundred pieces of silk. He quickly distributed these rewards to his relatives and friends, which earned him praise from contemporaries. He also went to Zheyang and Wuyin counties to oversee the cultivation of public lands to support military funding. He was later appointed as the Governor of Wudu in Southern Qinzhou. During the Zhengshi period, he was promoted to the Prefect of Hanyang and gained a reputation for his integrity and uprightness. He also accompanied the commander Yang Chun and others to the Southern Qinzhou army to quell the rebellion of the Ni clan. Upon his return, he was appointed as the General of Huben and concurrently served as the Prefect of Taicang. After his mother's death, he resigned from his official position. After some time, he was appointed as the General of Fubo and returned to his role as the Prefect of Taicang. He was then promoted to General of Ningyuan and Commander of Yinling Garrison. During the Yanchang era, when the capital faced shortages, the court tasked him with overseeing the capital's granaries and providing relief to the populace. In the early years of the Suzong reign, he was appointed as the General of Conquering Barbarians and the Interior Inspector of Qinghe.

He was frugal and was particularly compassionate towards the elderly poor, even personally inquiring about the hardships of the common people and was moved to tears by their suffering. He actively promoted agricultural production, personally inspected it, rewarding the hardworking with wealth and punishing the indolent. He comforted the families of the deceased and visited the sick, earning the deep affection of the people. Later, he was appointed Inspector of Dong Yizhou in his role as a general. However, he lacked experience and strategy in military operations at the border, and when the local Qun clan staged a rebellion, he was recalled to court due to his failure to pacify the populace. He was later reassigned as Deputy Minister of the Imperial Treasury and subsequently served as the Governor of Pingyang, General of the Rear, and Grand Master of the Palace. During the Zhengguang era, in Qinghe County, three hundred people, led by Fang Tong, praised his accomplishments and requested him to return to Qinghe County. The court approved his request. During the Xiaochang era, when Ge Rong besieged Qinghe, he surrendered the entire county to him. Ge Rong sent him to Xindu to pacify the people, but the commander, Li Jin, intended to kill him. However, the Inspector Yuan Fu interceded on his behalf, allowing him to evade danger. Afterward, he advised Ge Rong to flood the city with water, and Ge Rong appointed him as the Governor of Changshan. Shortly after he took office, Ge Rong was eliminated. Xue Tan, the Inspector of Dingzhou, recognizing his age and merits, assigned him the defense of Boling and Julu Counties, but he resigned from this position due to illness. Soon after, he passed away peacefully at home.

This person, when he was in office, enjoyed performing small acts of kindness, subsisting on vegetarian meals and wearing worn-out clothing. Despite being frequently slandered, he was honest and never accepted bribes. The common people held him in great fondness and praised him as a good official. During the Yongxi era, the court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of General of Pingbei and Inspector of Yanzhou; in the fourth year of the Tianping era, he was again posthumously conferred the titles of General of Ben and Inspector of Dingzhou.

Pei Tuo, courtesy name Yuanhua, was from Wenxi in Hedong. His ancestors fled to Liangzhou during the turmoil of the Jin Dynasty. Later, after Fu Jian pacified Hexi, they returned to their hometown and settled in Jiexian. His father, Pei Jing, had served as a sub-prefect in Huizhou.

Pei Tuo was tall and strong, clearly a person of promise. In his youth, he studied the "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Du Family," "Mao's Poems," and the "I Ching," achieving a high level of proficiency in all. He passed the examination for xiucai and was appointed as a doctor in the Zhongshu, later promoted to military advisor for the Minister of War, and then served as the military advisor to Wang Cheng of Yangzhou. Afterward, he entered the court as a deputy director in the Ministry of Revenue, serving as the acting governor of Hedong Prefecture, where he performed exceptionally well. Upon returning to court, he was appointed as a director in the Ministry of Personnel and the prefectural magistrate of Hedong. Emperor Shizong personally called him to court and appointed him as a special attendant while retaining his position as magistrate. He was later promoted to the position of director of the Administrative Office of Shizhou. Due to some rumors, he was impeached by the censors, but soon after, he was pardoned and had his charges dropped. He was then promoted to General of the Expeditionary Forces and a middle-ranking official.

He served as the governor of Zhao County, successfully managing the region through a mix of kindness and firmness, yielding impressive results. The troublesome officials and wrongdoers were all brought under control by him. He used his salary to assist the poor. He was later promoted to General of the Front and Inspector of Dongjingzhou, earning great respect from the local people, who came out to bid him farewell when he left, and even today, people still remember him with fondness. Shortly after, he was later promoted to General of Pacification.

At that time, the tribal leaders Tian Panshi, Tian Jingzong, and others, leading over ten thousand households, relied on their numbers and the difficult terrain to defy the court's orders. Previous governors had repeatedly attempted to subdue them, but none succeeded in making them surrender. After Pei Tuo took office, he went to appease them alone, reasoning with them and appealing to their emotions, explaining the stakes involved. Upon hearing of Pei Tuo's good reputation, Tian Jingzong and others submitted to the court as one. As a result, the entire prefecture became stable, and bandits vanished, with over a thousand households joining him, as the surrounding people expressed immense gratitude. Later, he was promoted to General of the Pacifying Army and subsequently to General of the Central Army. He served in the prefecture for several years but requested to return home due to illness. He died in the second year of Yong'an. Before his death, he left a will prohibiting requests for posthumous honors from the court and refusing any offerings of property for his memorial. His sons all complied with his wishes.

This Tuo was particularly straightforward and disliked associating with common people; his true friends were prominent figures of his time. He was honest and upright, never sought wealth; his house measured only thirty paces square, and he owned little land. He did not use an umbrella in summer and did not wear a fur coat in winter; he was remarkably frugal! He had six sons.

One of his sons was named Rangzhi, courtesy name Shili. During the Wuding period, he became a Deputy Minister of the Secretariat. Rangzhi's younger brother was named Zouzhi, courtesy name Shizheng, who displayed exceptional talent from a young age and served as a military aide to the Minister of Works. During the Tianping period, he traveled to the Guansi region.

Dou Yuan, courtesy name Shizhen, was a native of Liaoyang in western Liaoning. He stated that his ancestral home was Fufeng Pingling. His great-grandfather was Chong, who was the great-grandson of Dou Wu, a general of the Han Dynasty. Chong served as the governor of western Liaoning, which is why their family had lived there ever since. His great-grandfather Kan served as the governor of Yuyang; his grandfather Biao served as the governor of Feng Wentong in Chengzhou; and his father Jiong passed the xiucai examination but sadly died young. During the era of Putai, Dou Yuan submitted a memorial requesting the court to posthumously confer an official title upon his father. The emperor then posthumously granted his father the title of General of Conquering Enemies and Inspector of Pingzhou.

At the age of seventeen, Dou Yuan began to carry his books and study under a teacher. After ten years of traveling and studying, he became an Imperial Censor. He was later promoted to Feng Chaoping and concurrently appointed as a Doctor of Taichang. Subsequently, he caught the attention of General Er Zhu Rong from Taiyuan, who appointed him to a government position. Er Zhu Rong greatly valued him, retaining him as the Left Chancellor in the Northern Road Grand Council. Due to his military achievements, he was granted the title of Yangluo Baron and appointed as an Outside Scribe to the Imperial Court. Because he worked under Er Zhu Rong, he was also granted the title of Xin Chang Baron. After Er Zhu Rong's eastward campaign against Ge Rong, after the war concluded, he was conferred the title of Duke of Rongcheng, with a fief comprising five hundred households. He was later promoted to General of Conquering Enemies and Outside Scribe to the Imperial Court, while still serving as Left Chancellor. Dou Yuan requested that the title of Duke of Rongcheng be transferred to his elder brother Shu Zhen, which the emperor approved, and the title of Xin Chang Baron was subsequently transferred to his brother, who subsequently rose to the position of Governor of Taishan.

Er Zhu Shilong and his faction supported Wang Yuanye of Changguang in becoming emperor, and then they marched south to Luoyang. When they were near the eastern city gate of Luoyang, Er Zhu Shilong sent Wang Yuan to petition for the deposition of Yuanye. Wang Yuan, with a horsewhip in hand, entered the imperial palace alone and presented his petition, stating, "Both the common people and heaven wish for Wang Guangling (referring to Yuanye) to ascend the throne, and hope you will follow the example of Yao and Shun by abdicating the throne." Yuanye then abdicated the throne. Thus, Wang Yuan was appointed as General of the Southern Campaign and Grand Minister of Ceremony. His memorial was exceptionally well-crafted, and the former deposed emperor valued him highly.

During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Qi, Wang Yuan became the Minister of Justice. Once, during a sacrificial ceremony and a lecture, Wang Yuan, along with Cavalry Attendant Wen Zisheng, Palace Attendant Wei Jijing, and Cavalry Attendant Li Yexing, was tasked with extracting and explaining key passages from the scriptures. During the Tianping era, he was appointed as General of the Eastern Town and Grand Minister of Ceremony. Soon after, he was promoted to the Governor of Guangzong, known for his integrity. The people of Guangzong were known for their strong-willed nature, and many previous governors had faced lawsuits due to complaints, but Wang Yuan maintained a spotless record throughout.

Later, he was transferred to be the Governor of Zhongshan and was additionally granted the title of General of the Eastern Expedition. His reputation was excellent, and he was deeply loved by the people. When King Xianwu of Qi conducted an inspection of the provinces, he admonished the local officials and specifically praised Wang Yuan's achievements to encourage them. Wang Yuan was subsequently appointed as the envoy with command authority, General of the Main Army, and Inspector of Pingzhou. His achievements in Pingzhou were as outstanding as when he served as governor in the county. He also served as the Right Chief Clerk in the Prime Minister's Office under King Xianwu of Qi. However, Wang Yuan lacked the capability to manage military affairs and make significant decisions, rendering this position somewhat ill-suited for him. Later, he also took charge of affairs in Jinzhou.

After returning to the capital, Wang Yuan submitted a memorial to the emperor:

During my time serving in Pingzhou, I was honored and granted the "New System of Linzhi." I announced it to the people in my jurisdiction as per the imperial decree, and they were all very happy, as though they had received three imperial edicts. I understand that strict laws were upheld during the reign of Emperor Shun, and a clear political environment was the hallmark of the Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, only by assisting a wise monarch can a country prosper or decline. This is evident from the influence of the ruler's teachings. I earnestly ask Your Majesty to rule wisely, accept the will of heaven, establish a solid foundation, create a peaceful and prosperous era, make the country harmonious and stable, eradicate corrupt governance, and let the legacy of our forebears be passed down for eternity. At that time, with a peaceful and prosperous era approaching, all the people will rejoice.

I thoroughly examined the legal provisions and saw that Article 66 stated: if a mother kills a father, the son is forbidden from reporting it, and anyone who reports it will face execution. I pondered this repeatedly but could not make sense of it. Why? The law stipulates that descendants are forbidden from reporting the crimes of their parents or grandparents, or they will be put to death. Emperor Xuan of Han also said: "If a son conceals the crimes of his parents, or a grandson conceals the crimes of his grandparents, no investigation will be made. This is because the crimes committed by parents or grandparents, whether minor like stealing a sheep or major like murder, are concealed by their children out of love, and the law does not explicitly address this." This reasoning is sound and valid. However, this does not imply that a son cannot report a mother for killing a father. If the father kills the mother, it is the husband killing the wife, and the mother's status is lower than the father's, so it is understandable if the son does not report it. But if the mother kills the father and the son is not allowed to report it, I find this truly perplexing.

In the past, King Kang of Chu wanted to kill Chancellor Zi Nan. Zi Nan's son, Qi Ji, was the king's guard, and he reported it. Qi Ji said, "To disclose the king's orders is a serious crime; I cannot do that." Consequently, King Kang executed Zi Nan. His colleagues asked him, "What are you going to do?" Qi Ji replied, "It's as if I participated in the murder of my own father; where can I possibly go?" The colleagues asked again, "What will you do?" Qi Ji said, "I cannot bear the hatred of my father's murder." In despair, he took his own life. The text notes: "Qi Ji believed that not reporting his father was equivalent to participating in his father's murder, and he regarded the king as an enemy. These views do not conform to the rituals and laws, and 'The Spring and Autumn Annals' criticized this. This falls under the category of handling external affairs, using justice to sever familial ties. It is understandable that a son would not report his father knowing the king killed him." However, the mother and father are in the same family; familial affection cannot be concealed, and justice cannot sever it. Knowing that the mother intends to kill the father should lead to a report; if the mother has already killed the father, a report should be made to the authorities. Now that the mother has killed the father, and the son does not report it, it shows that he knows his mother but not his father, showing less wisdom than a barbarian and less loyalty than a wild animal! The mother and father are a perfect match, a gift from heaven. Now that the mother has killed her own heaven and the son's heaven, both heavens are destroyed; how can anyone stay silent? The mother's crime warrants the death penalty; the moment she took action, the bond between mother and son was irrevocably severed. Yet the son does not report it because of the so-called "maternal way," which leaves me utterly perplexed.

The current social atmosphere is pure and wholesome, just as beautiful and harmonious as spring and summer. Even if there were past incidents like the "Xiao Jing," referring to historical examples of changing laws based on personal feelings or favoritism, that is all in the past. Moreover, everyone is receiving a good education now and can distinguish right from wrong and good from evil; there is no need for such regulations anymore. Those who are stubborn and unchanging, even if they do not correct themselves, that is their own concern and does not need to be codified into law. If such a situation really arises, guilt can be assessed based on the circumstances; why should we preemptively enact such provisions to restrict everyone?

What I worry about is that hundreds of years from now, people will interpret this legal text in various ways, even leading to some absurd claims, like suggesting that mothers hold greater value than fathers. In my view, such statements are completely untenable. If the social atmosphere is pure and wholesome, then such laws can certainly be implemented, but the roles of the ruler and the father are equally significant; the father is the root of the child, and killing a father is a serious offense. There should be a provision stating that if a father commits treason, his son has the right to report him. A father is unique, and the deep affection and bond are clear.

I personally believe that only a truly wise monarch is capable of making such decisions, and only wise ministers can support such decisions, which significantly impact the nation's stability and the people's peace. A simple-minded person like me struggles to fully grasp it. I humbly present these modest suggestions out of gratitude for the emperor's immense grace. If Your Majesty can adopt my suggestions, I kindly request that you forward them to the appropriate departments for consideration.

The edict was issued to the Ministry of Personnel, and Lord Yi, the Grand Minister of State, stated: "A person's body, hair, and skin are all given by their parents. Parents raise us and have made tremendous sacrifices. The gratitude children owe their parents is like branches on the same tree; it can never be fully repaid in a lifetime. That's just human nature. Now, suddenly wanting to debate the worth of parents is something I truly find hard to accept, and throughout history, there has been no basis for such a discussion. If a mother kills the father and the son turns her in, leading to her execution, it is equivalent to the son killing the father. There’s no country without mothers; I can’t imagine what this son thinks he’s doing! The "Spring and Autumn Annals" records that in the first year of Duke Zhuang's reign, it doesn’t mention his ascension due to Wen Jiang’s escape. Fu Qian's commentary states: 'Wen Jiang had an affair with Duke Xiang of Qi and participated in the murder of Duke Zhuang but was not punished. The father killed the mother, and the son ran away; that’s a pain he can’t easily talk about. Once the mourning period was over, the son remembered his mother, who was killed when he was young, so the "Spring and Autumn Annals" records: in March, the lady yielded to Qi.' Since there’s a record of that hidden pain of missing one’s mother, it shows that there’s no justification for hatred and denunciation.

Sages establish laws to prohibit promiscuity and violence, to clarify good and evil, allowing people to know and avoid them. If we discuss punishment in the face of events, it will lead to many wrongful convictions. The worst crime is killing your father and harming your ruler; these are all written in the law, and no emperor throughout the ages has changed them. What’s wrong with this system? Why should it be thrown out? Since it doesn’t break the law, it won’t cause any harm, and it’s been in place for many years, so I don’t think it should be changed." Then, (the advisor) Yuan rebutted:

The official said, "The bond between you and your parents is a blood bond. Even if you spend your whole life repaying them, you can never fully repay them. That's just human nature. Now, to talk about closeness and distance, to distinguish between high and low, noble and humble, I just can't accept it. Moreover, I have searched through ancient texts and found no basis." Wang Yuan replied, "The I Ching says: 'Heaven is above, Earth is below, the hierarchy of heaven and earth has long been set.' It also says: 'Heaven represents the father, so it is called father; Earth represents the mother, so it is called mother.' The I Ching says Heaven is the father, Earth is the mother. The Book of Rites states: 'When the father dies, one should wear mourning for three years; when the mother dies, one should wear mourning for one year.' The hierarchy of parents is clearly written in the classics, so where's this 'lack of historical evidence' you speak of?"

The official said, "If the mother kills the father, and the son goes to report her, resulting in her execution, isn't that equivalent to the son killing the father? Where in the world is there a place without mothers? I don't know what this son thinks he's doing!" Wang Yuan consulted the laws and hadn't come across any cases where a mother kills the father and the son must conceal her crime. Since not reporting her makes him just as guilty as if he killed his father, where in the world is there a place without fathers? Is this son really going to get away with it?

First, the official said, "According to the records in the 'Spring and Autumn Annals,' in the first year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, there is no mention of his ascension to the throne due to Wen Jiang's flight. Fu Qian's commentary states: 'Wen Jiang had an affair with Duke Xiang of Qi and participated in the murder of Duke Zhuang of Lu but did not return. With her father murdered and her mother fled, this is a hidden pain that is difficult to speak of. When the grief lessened, he began to miss his mother, so the 'Spring and Autumn Annals' merely recorded, "In March, the lady yielded to Qi."' Since there is a subtle statement recorded about Wen Jiang's flight, it indicates that there was no reason to report out of hatred." Then, an official named Yuan carefully analyzed the meaning of the commentary. He said: "'Hidden pain and deeply concealed pain' refers to the fact that Duke Zhuang of Lu's father was killed by the state of Qi, and his mother had an affair with Duke Xiang of Qi. Therefore, he concealed the pain of his father's murder and the fact of his mother's flight, which is why there is no record of his ascension to the throne; it is not to hide his mother's involvement in his father's murder. Thus, the later text uses the word 'yield' to describe Wen Jiang's actions, severing the relationship, suggesting that Wen Jiang's guilt is less clear than that of participating in patricide. The 'Gongyang Commentary' also states: 'When the ruler is killed, the son does not mention ascending the throne; this is to conceal.' When the sorrow diminished and the father's grief eased, he began to miss his mother, so the text merely recorded, 'the lady yielded to Qi.' Even though it subtly notes Wen Jiang's flight, it still serves as a record of her guilt. The 'Gongyang Commentary' states: 'Not referring to the Jiang family is to sever all ties with her; this is a matter of propriety.' The commentary explains: 'The lady bears the guilt of participating in the murder of Duke Huan, and severing all ties with her is necessary to uphold the righteousness between father and son.' This praises Duke Zhuang for prioritizing great righteousness by severing ties with his guilty mother, thus it is said to be in accordance with propriety. By prioritizing great righteousness and severing ties with the guilty, it aligns with the principles of propriety, indicating there is a reason to report out of hatred." However, during the time recorded in the 'Spring and Autumn Annals' regarding Duke Huan and Duke Zhuang, the state of Qi was a powerful vassal state, and Wen Jiang had an affair with them, leading to the murder of Duke Zhuang of Lu by the state of Qi. Wen Jiang informed Duke Xiang of Qi about this, and Duke Xiang sent his son Peng Sheng to kill Duke Zhuang of Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was weak and feared the state of Qi. The emperor's power was waning, and there was no wise hegemon, so the state of Lu dared not seek revenge against Qi or publicly accuse Qi; they could only tell Qi, "We do not know whom to blame; this reflects poorly on the vassal states. Please allow us to eliminate Prince Peng Sheng." Qi later killed Prince Peng Sheng. Although this official's judgment referenced classical texts, it was primarily based on reasoning and did not fully address the uncertainties.

The matter was thus put on hold. He was removed from his position as the Grand Minister of Rituals and later promoted to General of the Imperial Guard. The nobility looked down on him because he came from a humble background. However, when dealing with cases, he adhered to the law, acted fairly and justly, and never engaged in favoritism or corruption, which offended many people. Although he held a prominent official position, he remained just as poor, yet his integrity and uprightness earned him the respect of many. Later, he served as the Chief Justice of the province, concurrently holding the position of Minister of Imperial Stables, and ultimately passed away while in office. After his death, he was posthumously granted the titles of General of the Imperial Guard, Minister of Imperial Stables, and Governor of Jizhou, and was posthumously honored with the title "Ming."

Yang Dun, courtesy name Yuanli, was a native of Juping, located at Mount Tai, and the son of Yang Zhi, the governor of Liangzhou. He was known for his fairness and incorruptibility, with knowledge spanning many books and historical materials. Due to his father's merits, he was appointed as an official in the imperial court and later assigned to the local government as a deputy magistrate. He resolutely refused to sign or seal any documents pertaining to wrongdoing. Later, he served as the Left Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Personnel and the Chief Military Officer in Xuzhou. During the Yong'an period, the court promoted him to the position of Chief Justice, but he declined the offer. He was then appointed as the magistrate of Luoyang. Subsequently, he was promoted to General of the Southern Town and Grand Minister of Golden Purple, then transferred to the position of Deputy Minister of the Imperial Treasury, and later promoted to General of the Guard and Governor of Guangping. He was very capable in governance, and corrupt officials were too scared to act recklessly around him; he maintained his integrity and did not infringe on even the smallest matters. He lived a frugal life; one year during a famine, when his family was still awaiting grain, he sent someone to dig lotus roots from a pond for food. When he encountered people suffering, his family would pawn their garments to exchange for rice to help them. However, despite his integrity as an official, he also commanded great respect. The court rewarded him with one thousand measures of grain and one hundred bolts of silk for his uprightness. He passed away during the Xinghe period at the age of fifty-two. The people came to mourn and weep, all deeply saddened. The court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of Commander of Military Affairs for both Xuzhou and Yanzhou, Grand General of the Guard, Minister of Personnel, and Governor of Yanzhou, and granted him the posthumous title of "Zhen," which means "upright."

During the early years of the Wuding period, King Qi Xianwu believed that Yang Dun, the Guangping Prefect, and Su Shu, the former Zhongshan Prefect, had both been diligent and frugal during their terms in office. He felt that they should be posthumously recognized to inspire people throughout the realm, so he memorialized the court to request commendations for them. The imperial edict stated: "In ancient times, 'five garments inspired songs' and 'two roads led to songs of praise' were all because of benevolence and virtue spreading far and wide, and education reaching one and all. Therefore, Yang Dun of Guangping and the late Su Shu of Zhongshan were both of high moral character, upright and incorruptible in their official duties. Their exemplary governance was well-known throughout the realm, and their clear reputation was well known among the people. They were highly valued by the court and were about to be promoted to higher positions, but unfortunately passed away successively, leading to widespread mourning among both the court and the common people. Now, in recognition of their integrity, following established customs, they shall each be rewarded with one hundred rolls of silk and five hundred measures of grain. Orders shall be sent to all counties and states to make known this matter to all."

His son Yang Yin served as a military officer in the later years of the Wuding period.

Su Shu, styled Zhonghe, was a native of Wuyi. He was known for his integrity and prudence and had studied numerous classics and histories. His elder brother, Su Shouxing, had been punished by eunuchs for misconduct. Later, Su Shouxing became the Prefect of Hejian and was ennobled as the Marquis of Jinyang. Before his death, Su Shouxing wrongly claimed Su Shu as his son. During the Xiping period, Su Shu inherited his brother's title and was appointed as an officer in the Ministry of Works. Shortly after, he was promoted to Doctor of the Imperial Academy, General of Liwei, and Attendant Cavalry Officer, and later appointed as Commandant of the Imperial Carriages, while also serving as a Palace Assistant Imperial Secretary.

Once, Su Shu was ordered to go to Jizhou, and he arrived just in time to back Gao Ganyong and the governor Yuan Yi, who were declaring independence in the city. Gao Ganyong appointed Su Shu as the governor of Wuyi County. Not long after, Erzhu Rong was leading troops towards them, so Su Shu fled back to the capital. He was later appointed as Left General, Grand Master of Palace, acting magistrate of Heyin County, and later assigned as the Intendant of Leling County. Su Shu was very good at pacifying the people in Leling County and was greatly beloved by the people. He served as county governor for two years before resigning due to illness, a request that was approved by the court. At that time, many people, officials, and even ordinary citizens requested Su Shu to stay, which reflected his excellent reputation.

Later, Su Shu became the prefect of Xingyang, where he performed excellently. He was then promoted to General of the Central Army and Ministerial Attendant. In the second year of Xinghe, he was appointed as the prefect of Zhongshan. Three years later, he passed away in office. Su Shu was known for his integrity and care for the people. He served as prefect of three counties and was fondly remembered by the populace. In the early years of Wuding, the court posthumously honored him with the titles of Grand General of the Guard, Minister of the Capital, and Governor of Yingzhou, and conferred upon him the posthumous title "Yi." King Qixianwu greatly admired his noble character, and like Yang Dun, he received generous rewards.

His son, Su Ziqie, inherited his title. During the Wuding era, Su Ziqie served as an official at the temple of King Qixianwu.

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 07 January 2025

Created: 07 January 2025

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In ancient times, it was truly rare to find people who valued loyalty and honor! Those willing to sacrifice themselves for a noble cause, who faced death without fear, must have been exceptionally righteous and passionate heroes! The individuals we are going to talk about today have their stories recorded in the "Chronicles of Loyalty and Righteousness."

First, let’s talk about Yu Shimen. He was from Dai County, with the courtesy name Shimen. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, he served as an envoy and was tasked with persuading Feng Ba to submit to Long. Upon arriving in Long, he remained outside the relay station, refusing to enter and meet Feng Ba, sending a message to Feng Ba stating that "The Emperor of Wei has issued an edict; Feng Zhu must come out to receive the edict before I can enter." Feng Ba sent people to forcibly bring him inside, but he did not kneel when he met Feng Ba. Feng Ba had someone grip his neck, and Yu Shimen said, "Once Feng Zhu accepts the edict, I’ll show you the respect you deserve as a guest; why do you have to force me like this?" He and Feng Ba argued back and forth, their voices loud and their attitudes resolute, showing no signs of submission. Eventually, Feng Ba ceased his actions, but Yu Shimen turned his back and exposed his backside to humiliate him. During his imprisonment, his clothes were in tatters, and he was covered in lice. He refused the clothes sent by Feng Ba. The people of Long sighed, saying, "Even the ancient martyrs pale in comparison to him!" After twenty-four years, when Feng Wentong officially submitted, Yu Shimen was eventually returned. He was appointed as the Court Historian. Emperor Shizu issued a decree stating, "Shimen was sent to Long on a mission and encountered the rebel Feng Ba; he was courageous and resolute, refusing to bow to tyranny, and even the legendary Su Wu pales in comparison to him!" The emperor rewarded him with a thousand sheep and a thousand bolts of cloth, promoted him to Senior Official, and reported his deeds to the ancestral temple, making his deeds known throughout the realm.

Next, let's talk about Duan Jin. We don't know where he is from. In the early years of Emperor Shizu's reign, he became a general stationed along the White Road. The Datan of the Ruru tribe attacked the fortress and besieged him. Outnumbered and overwhelmed, he was captured. Duan Jin defiantly scolded the enemy before ultimately being killed by them. Emperor Shizu took great pity on him, posthumously granting him the title of General of Northern Pacification and bestowing upon him the noble title of Marquis Xianmei, with the posthumous name Zhuang.

Shi Wende, from Puxian County in Hezhong Prefecture, was an honest and kind-hearted man known for his integrity. In the early years of Emperor Zhenzong of the Tang Dynasty, the county magistrate of Puxian, Huang Xuan, passed away. Huang Xuan's family was very poor and couldn't afford to arrange his funeral. Shi Wende's grandfather, Mr. Miao, took out all of his family's savings to arrange Huang Xuan's funeral and observed a three-year mourning period, also taking care of Huang Xuan's wife for over twenty years. After Huang Xuan's wife passed away, Shi Wende arranged her funeral according to the rites, doing so very thoughtfully. From Mr. Miao, Shi Wende's grandfather, onward, several generations have upheld the tradition of mourning and burying deceased governors and county magistrates, which is a remarkable testament to familial harmony spanning five generations!

Now, let's talk about Liangzhou. The court reported that Zhao Ling'an and Meng Lanqiang from Baishi County in Tianshui Prefecture also live with four generations under one roof, and they are praised by their local community. The emperor even ordered a monument to be placed at their doorstep in recognition!

Jigu, a native of Liangcheng County in Dongjun, served in Yanzhou. When the governor of Yanzhou, Li Shi, was implicated in a scandal and arrested, officials and commoners escorted Li Shi to the riverbank. Li Shi's son, Xiansheng, had just turned one month old at the time. Li Shi called out to everyone, "Do you know about the righteous men like Cheng Ying and Chujiu?" Jigu replied, "Is there really a difference between righteous men of the past and those of today?" After saying that, Jigu quietly slipped away back into the city. He went to Li Shi's wife's chamber, took Xiansheng and concealed him. Later, when the soldiers came to arrest Xiansheng, Li Shi's wife handed over the newborn of a maidservant who had just given birth. The truth eventually came to light, and Jigu escaped with Xiansheng. They returned only after a general amnesty was issued. Jigu raised Xiansheng until he was in his early teens, and Xiansheng always called Jigu and his wife "Langpo" (a term of respect for elders). Later, when Gao You was appointed governor of Yanzhou, he held Jigu's loyalty and righteousness in high regard and appointed him as the chief scribe.

Wang Xuanwei was from Beishan County in Hennong Prefecture. After Emperor Xianzu passed away, Wang Xuanwei constructed a thatched hut outside the city gate, wearing coarse linen garments, subsisting on plain fare, and crying all day long, overwhelmed with grief. The governor, Gou Tui, reported this to the imperial court. The emperor then ordered an inquiry into the situation. Wang Xuanwei said, "The late emperor ruled over all nations, his grace extended to all the people, and everyone in the world relied on his benevolence. I am truly saddened and deeply distressed, but I do not know how to express it." The emperor further asked Wang Xuanwei if he had any requests to present. Wang Xuanwei replied, "I have heard that it is the duty of ministers to mourn and weep for the emperor’s passing. I am merely acting according to the rites of a minister and have no requests." When the hundred-day memorial service came, Wang Xuanwei took out all his family’s wealth to host a banquet for four hundred people, and on the anniversary of the death, he provided offerings for a hundred monks. On the day of the great purification, the emperor granted him a set of white silk pants and a top, allowing him to change out of his mourning clothes, and the prefect also commended him in a memorial.

Louti was from Dai County. During Emperor Xianzu's reign, he held the position of an inner three ranks official. After Emperor Xianzu passed, Louti said to everyone, "The sovereign has passed; what purpose is there in living?" After uttering this, he drew his dagger and attempted to take his own life, nearly dying. Empress Dowager Wenming bestowed a reward of two hundred bolts of silk upon him.

At that time, there was a man from the Chile tribe named Zhibayin who faced execution for stealing official horses according to the law. Zhibayin confessed to having killed the horse, but his brother claimed it was not his younger brother who did it, and the two brothers disputed over who should take the blame, their accounts conflicting. Emperor Gaozu granted them a pardon.

Liu Kehou, his origins are unknown. He was known for his fierce character. During the Taihe period, he served as a rear guard in Xuzhou, fought bravely despite being outnumbered by the enemy, and was finally captured. He glared and cursed defiantly, refusing to give in. He was eventually killed by the enemy. Emperor Gaozu posthumously honored him with the title of Loyal General, Governor of Pingzhou and Marquis of Shangyong, and awarded him a thousand rolls of silk and a thousand measures of grain.

There was a man named Yan Ji, also a military officer, who was besieged alongside Liu Kehou. In this dire situation, he too was captured but ultimately surrendered and later managed to escape. The court appointed him as a General of Integrity and bestowed upon him the title of fifth-rank noble.

Zhu Changsheng and Lou Ti were both from Dai County. During the reign of Emperor Gaozu, Zhu Changsheng was appointed as a court attendant, and he and Lou Ti were sent as envoys to the Gaoche Kingdom. Upon arriving in the Gaoche Kingdom, the ruler Afo Zhiluo ordered Zhu Changsheng and the others to bow down. Zhu Changsheng refused, saying, "I am an envoy sent by the Son of Heaven; how can I bow to the lords of your backward little kingdom!" Afo Zhiluo then became hostile. Zhu Changsheng presented gold, silver, and jewels to him, which Afo Zhiluo accepted without gratitude. Zhu Changsheng said, "As a subject, one should observe the proper etiquette of submission; how can one merely speak of bowing while actually not bowing?" He then summoned Afo Zhiluo out of the tent and ordered everyone inside to bow to him. Afo Zhiluo felt that his subjects had failed to teach him proper respect, and he became very angry, shouting, "Why wasn't I taught to bow inside the tent, only to be humiliated in front of everyone!" He seized the gifts offered by Zhu Changsheng and the others, imprisoned them in a pile of stones, and threatened them with weapons, saying, "If you are willing to be my subjects, you will live; if you do not surrender, I will kill you!" Zhu Changsheng and Lou Ti glared at him and shouted, "Are the envoys sent by the Son of Heaven supposed to bow to you barbarians? I'd rather be a ghost of Wei than serve you!" Afo Zhiluo became even angrier and cut off their rations. The thirty compani

Ma Balong, a man from Wuyi's Wuqiang County, is very loyal and does not care about money. When his friend Lingzhe, the county magistrate of Wusui, died in battle, Ma Balong rushed over to carry Lingzhe's body back, used his own resources to organize a proper funeral for him, and even provided mourning clothes. He took care of Lingzhe's widow and orphan as if they were his own family. The local authorities reported to the court, and the emperor commended his family.

Men Wenai, from Shanyang in Jijun, lost his parents at a young age. He dutifully served his uncle and aunt and became well-known for his filial piety. After his uncle passed away, before the mourning period was over, his aunt also passed away. Men Wenai mourned for six years, becoming emaciated from his prolonged grief. Fellow villagers, including Wei Zhongxian, praised his filial devotion.

Chao Qing, from Liaodong, was the grandson of Chao Hui, a former governor of Jizhou and Yingshui. Chao Qing inherited his ancestral title but was demoted one rank to a count. He served as the commander of Liangcheng Garrison. When Xiao Yan attacked Liangcheng and the city ran out of supplies, Chao Qing refused to surrender and was ultimately killed in battle. Emperor Wendi of Northern Wei admired him and posthumously appointed him as the governor of Leling, with the posthumous title "Zhong." His son Chao Rongbin inherited his title.

Liu Houren, from Yuzhou, harbored Sima Fu, the son of the assassinated governor Sima Yue, after Bai Zaosheng assassinated Sima Yue and incited a rebellion in the southern part of the city. Despite the rebels offering a large reward for capturing Sima Fu and torturing Liu Houren severely, he never revealed Sima Fu's whereabouts, allowing him to escape. After the situation calmed down, the relevant authorities reported to the court, praising Liu Houren's integrity and requesting that he be exempted from his obligations and granted a minor official position, which the emperor approved.

Shi Zuxing was from the Jiumen area of Changshan. After the governor Tian Wenbiao and the county magistrate He Zhen both died, Shi Zuxing took out more than two hundred bolts of silk to handle their funerals. The provincial and prefectural authorities reported this to the court, and Emperor Gaozu was very pleased, rewarding him with a two-rank promotion and appointing him as the highest official. Later, he became the county magistrate of Ningling. After his death, the Minister of Personnel Li Shao submitted a memorial to the court, stating that he was loyal and righteous, and requested a posthumous title to encourage future generations. Empress Ling granted Li Shao's request, and the relevant department conferred upon him the posthumous title of "Gong," which signifies respect.

Shao Hongzhe was from Juyang in Shanggu. The county magistrate Fan Daorong had previously surrendered from Xuan City and was dismissed from his position. Fan Daorong's fellow townsman Xu Kongming went to the authorities to accuse him, claiming that Fan Daorong had no merits, resulting in Fan Daorong being dismissed from his position and subjected to investigation. Fan Daorong fell into hardship and was struggling to get by. Shao Hongzhe could not bear to see this and, filled with righteous indignation, went to the capital on behalf of Fan Daorong to clarify the truth of the matter. He faced all kinds of weather, undaunted by hardship and exhaustion, ultimately helping Fan Daorong clear his name and regain his reputation. Later, when a rebellion broke out in Beizhen, Fan Daorong found himself alone and with nowhere to turn. Shao Hongzhe's brother, Shao Bochuan, gathered the villagers to welcome him and escorted him to Youzhou. Fan Daorong was deeply moved by their loyalty and reported this matter to the court. The court issued an order to commend their neighborhood.

Wang Rongshi was from Guantao in Yangping. He had served as the garrison commander of San City and the county magistrate of Fangcheng. When Xiao Yan's army attacked, the situation turned dire, and he realized the city was indefensible. Therefore, he first burned down the treasury and then took the lives of his wife and concubines. When the enemy broke through the city, he and his deputy commander Deng Yuanxing and others chose to die rather than surrender, all making the ultimate sacrifice. Emperor Suzong of Tang issued an edict to commend their loyalty and righteousness, posthumously elevating Wang Rongshi to the title of Earl and posthumously appo

Hu Xiaohu was from Heyin, Henan. He was courageous from a young age. During the Zhengguang period, he served as a general in Jinshou. In the Xiaochang era, General Fan Wenzhi of Xiao Yan's army invaded the frontier. Bing Qiu, the governor of Yizhou, sent his chief aide, He An, to defend Xiaojian City, while Fan Wenzhi surrounded the city. Bing Qiu ordered Hu Xiaohu to join Commander Cui Zhenbao in resisting the enemy. Fan Wenzhi launched a surprise attack that captured both Hu Xiaohu and Cui Zhenbao. Fan Wenzhi attacked Xiaojian City but failed to breach its defenses, so he brought Cui Zhenbao to the city gates and said to He An, "The Southern Dynasties' army is powerful, and the North will not come to your aid. It would be better to surrender and enjoy riches and status." He An ordered Cui Zhenbao executed, and only then did Fan Wenzhi pull back. Fan Wenzhi then forced Hu Xiaohu and He An to negotiate. Hu Xiaohu passionately said to He An, "Our defense has been breached, and I have fallen into enemy hands. I see that their soldiers lack momentum, and we must hold our ground. The Wei kingdom's Xingtai has already sent troops to Liangzhou." The enemy struck him with blades, cutting him off before he could finish, and killed him. The soldiers of the three armies all mourned his bravery and grieved his death. Soon after, the enemy was soon defeated, and they captured eleven people, including their deputy general Xiao Shicheng and Chen Wenxu. Xingtai's Wei Zijian praised his valor and requested to find Xiao Shicheng's body. Ultimately, they found his remains and gave him a proper burial.

Sun Daodeng was from Lvxian, in Pengcheng, Xuzhou. At the beginning of the Yong'an period, he was captured by the general Wei Xiu under Xiao Yan, bound and sentenced to death. Wei Xiu and his men took Sun Daodeng to patrol the countryside, forcing him to convince the villagers to surrender. Sun Daodeng shouted loudly, "As long as everyone resists, the enemy can do nothing!" In their rage, the enemy executed him. During the siege of Jingzhou, the court sent an envoy named Xing Tai Zongling En, who sent his daughter and three other women into the city to persuade the defenders to surrender. As a result, they were also captured by the enemy, who paraded them through the city in an attempt to coerce them into changing their statements. The four women shouted loudly, "The court's army is about to arrive, everyone must hold on and never surrender!" The enemy was furious and disemboweled them before executing them. Both states reported their loyalty and integrity, and Sun Daodeng and the others were posthumously granted the title of fifth-rank county nobility and fifth-rank viscount, ensuring their descendants would inherit the titles, and the court also sent people to their hometown to pay tribute.

Li Ji was from Anping, Boling, Hebei. His family lived together for seven generations, jointly managing the family estate, with twenty-two branches and one hundred and ninety-eight members, with young and old gathered together, upholding strong family values and enjoying a stellar reputation. Even when it came to work, the younger generation eagerly competed to take on tasks. The villagers admired them so much that they erected a memorial archway at their doorstep in their honor.

Zhang Anzu is from Heyang. He inherited the hereditary title of Marquis of Shanbei. There was a man named Yuan Chenggui at that time, who had served as the county magistrate of Heyang. His family was very poor, so he went to the Ministry of Personnel to look for a job. One particularly cold day, he froze to death by the roadside. His body lay in the alley, and the family couldn't afford a funeral. Zhang Anzu wept in sorrow and, following proper etiquette, did his utmost to arrange the funeral, buying wood to make a coffin and personally taking care of everything to conduct the funeral properly. People from all walks of life were deeply moved. When the Ministry of Personnel learned of this, they erected a memorial archway in front of their house to commend them.

Wang Lu is from Mi County, Beihai, Shandong. Several generations of their family lived together, with over a hundred people. There were also four generations of the Liu Yexing family from Mount Tai living together, and six generations of the Gai Jun family from Lu County living together. They all jointly managed their property, and their family style was harmonious. The people in the village admired them very much. After the relevant departments reported to the court, they erected memorial archways in honor of these families.

Historians say: people like Sun Daodeng, Zong Nu, and others, some are fearless in the face of danger, confronting death as if returning home; some are calm in the face of danger, only thinking about justice. Their actions, whether great or small, can either bring glory to their ancestors or benefit others. Thus, their noble integrity flows like a river, and their lofty virtues endure like pine and cypress. The outcome of their actions is that their names endure long after their deaths; this is no coincidence!

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 07 January 2025

Created: 07 January 2025

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It is said that the ancients taught, "Filial piety is the foundation of virtue," "Filial piety and brotherly respect reach the heavens," this is truly one of the most important principles in life! But nowadays, people's hearts have become less traditional; fewer people practice filial piety, just like Confucius' students who, despite returning home in luxury, do not forget their roots, like poets who yearn for their humble origins. While alive, one must practice filial piety, and even in death, one should express their sorrow. If one can touch the hearts of fish, birds, and beasts, that would be truly remarkable! Those who consistently care for their parents, often better than others, are rising above worldly concerns. This book chronicles the acts of filial piety by Zhao Yan and others.

Zhao Yan, courtesy name Shuqi, was a native of Tianshui. His father, Wen, once served as a Sima under Yang Nandang. When the Fu family rebelled, Zhao Yan was taken by his wet nurse to flee to Shou Chun, and only returned to his hometown at the age of fourteen. He was deeply filial, personally tending to his parents' daily needs and preparing their meals. Later, when the court implemented austerity measures in the capital, servants began stealing rice to sell. Zhao Yan discovered this and reprimanded the servants severely, ordering them to keep the coarse rice husks. Once, while sending his son Ying to Jizhou for his wedding, someone accidentally found a sheep on the way, and Zhao Yan only learned of it after thirty miles, ordering the sheep to be returned to its original place. Another time, passing by a house, the host treated him to mutton soup, but upon learning it was made from a stolen sheep, Zhao Yan firmly refused to eat it. He also had someone buy plowshares, and when he had six left, he had them returned to the seller. The seller was very grateful, but Zhao Yan insisted on not accepting anything and ordered the plowshares to be left there and walked away. He began his career as a Sima in Yanzhou and was later promoted to Deputy General of Tuancheng Town. Upon returning to the capital, he became the Chief Historian under the Prince of Huainan. At that time, the court had strict regulations prohibiting the burial of the deceased in their hometowns without passing through checkpoints. Zhao Yan was unable to bury his parents in their hometown for over thirty years. Every time there was a sacrifice, he was consumed by grief, dedicating himself entirely to the offerings. During festivals, he would not accept congratulations from his children and grandchildren. Even when he was over sixty years old, his filial piety only grew stronger. He lamented the swift passage of time and the continued delay in relocating his parents' graves, so he went on a hunger strike, refusing to eat any delicious food, only consuming wheat. He passed away at the age of eighty. After the capital was moved to Luoyang, his son Ying and others relocated his parents to their hometown for burial.

Zhao Yan's younger brother, Zhao Xu, courtesy name Binyu, was skilled in music and famous for his singing, eventually rising to the position of Inspector of Qinzhou.

Chang Sunlü is from Dai County. His mother, because of her drinking, was scolded by his father in anger, accidentally struck her with a cane, resulting in her death. His father was arrested by the county and was facing a severe punishment. Chang Sunlü wrote a letter to the Minister saying, "My parents quarreled, originally without any malice, but due to an accident, a disaster occurred all of a sudden. Now my mother has just passed away and not yet been buried, my father could be executed at any time. I have five younger siblings, all of whom are still very young. I am the eldest, fifteen years old this year, with a four-year-old sister. We rely on each other for survival and cannot make it on our own. If my father is executed, our entire family will be left homeless. I ask to trade my life for my father's so that these young children can survive." The Minister reported this to Emperor Gaozu, saying, "Chang Sunlü is filial to his father and caring towards his younger siblings; this situation is truly sympathetic." Emperor Gaozu granted a special pardon for his father's death sentence, but exiled him to a remote area instead.

Qifu Bao was a member of the Gao Che people. His father served as an imperial attendant during the reign of Emperor Xianzu and also held the position of Minister of Livestock, being granted the title of Marquis of Ningguo. His father was loyal and prudent, always staying close to the emperor and responsible for conveying imperial edicts. The emperor granted his father a palace maid from the Zong family of Henan. After the Zong family maid died, he was given another palace maid from the Shen family, who was the daughter of Shen Tan, the left commander of the Crown Prince of Song, and his sister. More than a year later, Qifu Bao's father died, and Shen raised Qifu Bao as her own. Shen was strict by nature and often scolded and beat Qifu Bao, but he remained filial and respectful, without ever complaining. Qifu Bao inherited his father's marquisate, which was automatically downgraded to a count according to regulations, and later gradually rose to the position of Left General. Whenever he received salaries or rewards, whether public or private, he would report them thoroughly. Later, he was appointed as a general in the town of Shanshan. When Shen was over eighty years old, Qifu Bao personally built a cart and assisted her, and Shen happily followed him. After Shen's death, Qifu Bao resigned from his official position and returned Shen's coffin to Luoyang. He later returned to his original position and also served as Southern General before passing away.

Sun Yide was from Le'an County. His mother was murdered, and although he was young, Sun Yide took revenge for her. After returning home, he cried at his mother's coffin, waiting for the county official to handle the matter. Emperor Gaozu and Empress Dowager Wen recognized his filial piety despite his young age, and since he did not flee to evade responsibility, they granted him a special pardon.

Dong Luosheng was from Dai County. During his mourning period, he observed the mourning rites too strictly, prompting the emperor to order the secretary Zhong San Wen Shaobo to deliver a decree to comfort him, urging him to temper his grief and not to be too sorrowful in order to preserve his filial piety. The emperor also ordered his relatives to encourage and comfort him, so he wouldn't lose his composure from overwhelming sadness.

Yang Yin hails from Xiangyuan County. He lost his father at the age of three and was raised by his uncle. When his mother passed away at the age of ninety-three, Yang Yin was already seventy-five. He was overwhelmed with grief, mourning more than what is customary. After the three-year mourning period ended, he still regretted not having fulfilled his filial duties to his father in time, so he donned the coarsest mourning clothes, lived on simple meals, and vowed to mourn for the rest of his life. For a full thirteen years, his sorrow never faded, and over three hundred neighbors wrote to commend his filial piety. Local officials petitioned the court to honor his filial acts, restore his family's status, and erect a memorial arch for him as a filial son. The court issued a decree, creating a special compilation in his honor, recognizing his supreme filial behavior, and granting him a nominal position.

Yan Yuanming was from Anyi, in the Hedong region. He was very filial from a young age, and his filial acts were widely known in the village. In the fifth year of Taihe, he was appointed as the governor of Beisui County. Because he had to serve in another place, far from his mother, Yan Yuanming was deeply saddened, and his mother also missed her son so much that she cried so much that her vision blurred. Yan Yuanming sorrowfully pleaded to return home to care for his mother. As soon as he saw his mother, her eyes lit up. The Inspector Lu Shouwen reported this matter to the court, which recognized the Yan family for their filial piety, excusing them from taxes and forced labor, allowing them to care for their mother in peace until her old age. After his mother passed away, Yan Yuanming finished his mourning period, but he always remembered his mother in his heart. On every anniversary of her death, he was overcome with sadness, and his neighbors could hear his cries. He had a harmonious relationship with his brothers, with a clear sense of respect for ages, and although they lived in poverty, they found happiness in their simple life. In the end, the brothers grew old together, their hair turning gray, and walked together into their twilight years.

Yishi County also has a man named Linghu Shi, who lost their father at a young age along with his three brothers. For more than ten years, they have mourned their father and demonstrated filial piety by caring for their mother, which has earned them a good reputation in the village. They work diligently in farming, save up food, and are generous and charitable without being stingy.

In Hedong Commandery, there are 750 people including Yang Feng, who together with others wrote a letter praising the filial piety of the Huangfu brothers, Le Hu. Even though they faced hardships while serving in the military, the Huangfu brothers, Le Hu, are of noble character, and their devotion to their adoptive father is truly commendable.

In Xiaohuang County of Dong Commandery, the Dong Tuhun brothers are very devoted to their parents, with three generations living together in harmony. In the early years of the Jingming era, Wang Ning, the Grand Envoy of the Capital, requested that the court commend their filial piety, and the court approved it.

Wu Xida, from Wenxi in Hedong, had his parents murdered when he and his two brothers were very young. They cried for their parents all year round, and their neighbors were moved by their sorrow. When they grew up, they avenged their parents and later moved to Yong'an for safety. The brothers lived harmoniously, supporting and respecting one another for over forty years. Even in years of poor harvests, when they struggled to put food on the table, they would always put out whatever they had to welcome passing guests. Whenever someone in the village passed away, they would actively offer their carriage and horses to help with the funeral. Whenever there were lonely or impoverished neighbors, they would not hesitate to give away their clothes and share their food to help. More than five hundred people from the village went to the prefecture to praise the brothers for their good deeds. The magistrate, recognizing the good reputation of the Xida brothers in the village, specially awarded a plaque of "Governor of Bohai" to Xida's father. Later, Xida wanted to relocate his father's grave but could not find it, searching everywhere without success. He cried day and night, calling out to the deities. Suddenly, the ground beneath him collapsed, revealing his father's epitaph. He then moved the graves of nine ancestors from his great-grandfather down through three generations, spending all his family assets without asking anyone for help, feeling even more heartbroken and worn out than when his parents passed away. Local officials reported to the court, which ordered a monument to be placed at their doorstep and exempted them from corvée labor to honor their devotion to their parents.

Now, here’s another story. Cui Chengzong from Qizhou, whose father served as an official in Hanzhong during the Song Dynasty, buried his mother there after her death. Later, when Qingzhou and Xuzhou came under the Northern Wei, he was cut off from Hanzhong. Cui Chengzong was deeply filial; he traveled thousands of miles, facing dangers, to secretly carry his mother's coffin back to the capital. Sun Huiwei, the Yellow Gate Minister, upon hearing this, said, "I see in this person the virtues of integrity and honor!" Thus, he paid his respects with the highest ceremonies, as if he were an old friend of Cui Chengzong.

Wang Xusheng was from Jing County in Xingyang. After his stepmother passed away, he could barely stand, relying on a cane during his mourning period. By the end of the funeral, he had lost all his hair. Local officials reported this to the court, and Emperor Shizong ordered a memorial tablet to be erected at his doorstep, exempting him from corvée labor.

Li Xianda was from Yangzhai in Yingchuan. After his father died, he did not eat or drink for seven days, losing all his hair and becoming extremely weak. For six years, he lived next to the cemetery, constantly crying, nearly wasting away. The provincial governor, Prince Gao Yang Yong, reported this to the court, and Empress Dowager Ling ordered a memorial tablet to be erected at his doorstep.

Finally, there is the story of Zhang Sheng, who was from Xingyang. After his parents passed away, he lost all his hair while mourning, did not eat or drink, and coughed up several liters of blood. The court ordered a memorial tablet to be erected at his doorstep.

Cang Ba was from Jing County in Xingyang. After his mother passed away, he did not eat or drink for five days, coughing up several liters of blood, growing thin and haggard from overwhelming grief, gaining the villagers' admiration. Local officials reported this to the court, and the emperor ordered a memorial tablet to be erected at his doorstep.

Wang Chong, courtesy name Qianyong, was born in Yangxia Yongqiu. He and his brothers were all known for their filial piety. He personally worked the fields to support his elderly parents. Later, he became a chief clerk in the town of Liangzhou Zhen Nanfu. After his mother passed away, he could barely stand with the help of a cane, and he had lost all his hair. Before the burial, the coffin was laid temporarily on the west side of the house. Wang Chong stayed by the coffin, weeping day and night, and even the pigeons flocked to him. Among them was a small bird with black feathers and eyes, about the size of a sparrow, that stayed under Wang Chong's eaves and never left. When his mother's funeral was over, he encountered his father's funeral, grieving excessively, beyond what was customary. That year, a fierce wind and hailstorm swept through Yangxia, resulting in the death of all birds and animals in its path and destroying vegetation. However, when the storm reached Wang Chong's fields, it stopped, and his ten acres of crops remained unscathed. Once the storm passed his fields, it resumed its rampage. Everyone said that Wang Chong's filial piety had moved the heavens. Even after the mourning period ended, Wang Chong continued to reside near the grave. A lush, unknown grass sprouted in front of his house, with very rich stems and leaves. In winter, a crow nested on his roof and hatched three chicks. When the young crows fully feathered, they were gentle and unafraid of humans. Local officials caught wind of this and came to investigate in person. The local government reported the incident to the imperial court, and a monument was erected at his doorstep.

Guo Wengong was a native of Pingyao in Taiyuan. He served as the magistrate of Taiping County. In his seventies, his parents passed away in quick succession. Guo Wengong was very filial and lived beside his grandparents' grave, kneeling in reverence every morning and evening. He went barefoot, carrying soil to mound their graves, persisting through both cold and heat for many years, which drew sighs from those who witnessed it. The Minister of Rites at the imperial court reported to the court and erected a tablet at his door.

The historian said: "Only filial piety can move heaven and earth and resonate throughout the world. However, there are many ways to begin showing respect and expressing grief, but the fundamental purpose is the same. Those who are very clever naturally possess the virtue of filial piety; ordinary people can also achieve filial piety through effort. Once they become famous, their virtues are the same. People like Zhao Yan, some come from noble families and cultivate their filial hearts through the teachings of Confucian propriety; others come from ordinary families and are not driven by external rewards or encouragement to show filial piety. Some carry soil to mound graves, while others grieve excessively at the expense of their own health. While they may stray from the rites established by their ancestors, their actions still reveal their benevolent character."

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 07 January 2025

Created: 07 January 2025

Hits: 36

Let's first talk about the topic of writing; its history dates back centuries! From ancient times to the present, the works penned by sages and philosophers are all clear and eloquent. There is a variety of styles and genres, constantly evolving and adapting to the trends of the times. For example, Chunyu Kun in the state of Qi was famous for his unique literary style; Qu Yuan in the state of Chu left behind poems full of sorrow. Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, was renowned for its outstanding literati, led by Sima Xiangru; while the city of Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty was epitomized by the Ban brothers, Ban Gu and Ban Chao. During the Wei and Jin periods, Cao Zhi was the literary leader of the Wei state, while Lu Ji was a literary master of the Jin Dynasty. Though they were contemporaries, each excelled in their own right, achieving extraordinary accomplishments in their respective fields.

However, after the Yongjia period, the nation descended into chaos, as various ethnic groups clashed, and quality works vanished. It wasn't until the reign of Emperor Xiaowen and Emperor Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty that the north gradually stabilized, and the court began to attract talent. When Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, he strongly encouraged literary pursuits, with the aim of surpassing the literary legacy of the Han Dynasty and the talent of Cao Pi. His writings were marked by elegance and originality, and many sought to emulate his literary style. During the reign of Emperor Suzong, the literary scene thrived even more, with countless individuals studying, but few truly found success, as Confucius famously noted: "Talented individuals are indeed a rarity, aren't they?"

Yuan Yue, courtesy name Jingteng, was a native of Chen County and the younger brother of the Minister Yuan Fan. He was knowledgeable, talented, humble, and valued friendship. His brother Yuan Fan often said to others, "Yuan Yue is truly an outstanding talent in our family!" Yuan Yue initially served as a military aide in the Sikong Prefecture, later rising to the position of a military officer in the Ministry of War, and was also appointed as a cavalry attendant. Once during the construction of Ming Hall, Yuan Yue proposed his own suggestions in a memorial, and everyone praised his profound knowledge. Later, when the king of Rouran, Anahuan, fled to Northern Wei after defeat in battle, the court treated him well and sent him back to his country. However, during subsequent tribute missions, Anahuan's attitude was not very respectful. Yuan Yue wrote a letter on behalf of the court to advise him with both reason and emotion, and it was beautifully written. Later, Yuan Yue was promoted to Cavalry General, Grand Tutor, and also served as the literary advisor to Prince Yì of Qinghe, who greatly appreciated him, and Yuan Yue penned many of the prince's memorials. After Yuan Yue's death, he was posthumously appointed as Champion General and an official in the Ministry of Personnel. His writings were compiled and circulated. Since he had no sons, his brother Yuan Fan allowed his son Yuan Yuxiu to carry on his legacy.

Yuan Yuxiu, courtesy name Shude, became orphaned at the age of seven, but he conducted himself like an adult, demonstrating a strong sense of propriety. At the age of nine, he was appointed as the chief scribe of the prefecture. Calm, insightful, and honest, he lived a simple life, never competing with others. His uncle, the Minister Cui Xiu, highly appreciated him. At the age of eighteen, he was appointed as the magistrate of his home prefecture and also served as a military officer in the Ministry of Revenue. After the usurpation of the Qi Dynasty, he was appointed as the Crown Prince's adopted son and also served as the acting magistrate of Boling.

Pei Jingxian, courtesy name Xiaoyu, was from Wenxi, Hedong. He was the second son of the Yizhou governor Pei Xuan. From a young age, he was ambitious and of good character, knowledgeable and talented, and took special care of his younger brothers, dedicating himself to studying. He was disinterested in fame and fortune and had an elegant temperament. When summoned to serve in a government position in the county, he declined, as he did with other appointments in various government offices, always giving the opportunity to his younger brothers. People praised him highly. The Governor of Sizhou and Prince Gaoyang recommended him for his scholarly talents, and he excelled in the exams, being appointed as a Doctor of the Imperial Academy. He was gentle in nature and never lost his temper with others. He excelled in official and cursive script, understood music theory, and his five-character poems were unique at the time, earning him great renown and respect from future generations. When the Prince of Zhongshan was leaving his jurisdiction, the court officials all bid him farewell by the river, with Pei Jingxian's farewell poem being recognized as the best. Although his writings were not extravagant, they were elegant and refined. He suffered from a respiratory illness from a young age and passed away at the age of thirty-three, leaving many with a sense of loss. Pei Jingxian did many good deeds in his hometown throughout his life and was deeply loved by his neighbors. During the Xiaochang period, the bandits in Shu burned, killed, and looted, but when they arrived at Pei Jingxian's home, they restrained themselves from setting it on fire, demonstrating his outstanding character. In the third year of Yongxing, the court posthumously appointed him as a Minister of the Central Secretariat and granted him the posthumous title "Wen."

Lu Guan, courtesy name Boju, was from Zhuo County, Fanyang. He loved learning from a young age, was talented, passed the scholar exam with flying colors, and was appointed as a Doctor of the Imperial Academy and an assistant in the Imperial Secretariat. He, along with Minister of Ceremonies Li Shenjun and Grand Master of Splendor Wang Song, participated in formulating court rituals in the Ministry of Rites, later being appointed as a Deputy Director in the Ministry of Rites. He passed away in the first year of the Xiaochang era.

Feng Su, also known by his courtesy name Yuanyong, was from Bohai and the nephew of Minister Hui of Works. He demonstrated literary talent from a young age, who read widely in classical texts and historical records, and was held in high regard by Grand Tutor Cui Guang. He later became a Doctor at the Imperial Academy, tasked with compiling the "Records of Daily Affairs," while concurrently serving as the Chief of the Court of Judicial Review. He wrote an essay titled "Return to the Garden," noted for its excellent prose. During the Zhengguang era, when the Prince of Jingzhao led a campaign to the west, he served as a Langzhong in the Grand Chancellor's office, handling document work. Upon his return, he was appointed Langzhong of the Left Middle Army in the Ministry of Personnel, but he later passed away. Feng Su was known for his respectful and frugal nature, who did not casually make friends, and he maintained a close relationship with Cui Li and Cui Li's cousin, Cui Hong. Most of his writings have been lost, leaving only a little over ten volumes remaining.

Xing Zang, styled Ziliang, was from Hejian and the grandson of Qiu, a minor official in the Ministry of Rites. He lost both parents at a young age but developed a noble character and was well-educated and talented, with remarkable literary talent. At the age of twenty-one, during the Divine Turtle era, he participated in the xiucai examination, answered five policy questions, passed the examination, and later became a Doctor of the Imperial Academy. During the Zhengguang period, the court discussed the construction of the Ming Hall, and Xing Zang offered differing opinions from those of Pei Wei. Although his suggestions were ultimately not accepted, people at the time praised his broad insights. Later, he was appointed to a local government position and was deeply cherished by the local people. In the early years of Yong'an, the court summoned him to be a minister in the Ministry of Gold, but he did not take up the position due to illness and was subsequently appointed as the governor of Dongmu. At that time, the times were turbulent, and many officials were corrupt, but only Xing Zang was known for his integrity and prudence, upholding the law and earning the people's deep affection. Li Yanshi from Longxi, who was the uncle of Emperor Zhuang, was serving as the Grand Tutor at that time and was sent to Qingzhou, where he recommended Xing Zang as his subordinate, appointing him as the Prefect of Le'an. Xing Zang accomplished many good deeds there. He was later appointed as the governor of Puyang and was soon promoted to General of the East. Xing Zang was upright and trustworthy, exuding the qualities of a wise elder, and was greatly respected by his contemporaries. He wrote a "Biographical Sketch" for the special envoy Zhen Chen, which received widespread acclaim for its quality. He had a good relationship with the brothers Pei Jingxian and Lu Guan, and they once studied the "Collection of Palindromes" as a group, with only Xing Zang understanding it first. He also authored a book titled "Literary Spectrum," which documented ancient writings and detailed the authors' family histories, but sadly, it remained unfinished due to his illness, and many learned individuals mourned his loss. He wrote more than one hundred articles. Following his death, he was posthumously honored with the title of General of the Northern Pacification and Governor of Dingzhou and was posthumously given the name "Wen." His son, Xing Shu, was also highly knowledgeable and perceptive.

Pei Bomei, a native of Hedong, was the second son of Sikong Zhonglang, Shuyi. He was graceful and well-respected from a young age, well-read and wrote many excellent articles. He initially served as a minor official at court. Later, when the Grand General and King of Jingzhao led a campaign to the west, he was appointed as a military officer. Subsequently, when Chen Shuangchi led a campaign to quell the rebellions in Jiangzhou and Shuzhou, he was brought along by Chief Sun Chengye to serve as a lieutenant in the government office. After Chief Sun Chengye returned to the capital, he continued to be in charge of government affairs. For his role in quelling the rebellions led by Xue Fengxian and others, he was granted the title of Count of Pingyang. He was later promoted twice to become an Attendant Cavalier, charged with recording the emperor's words and actions. In the early years of the Taichang period, he became the Minister of the Central Secretariat. During the Yongxi period, the emperor's brother, King Guangping, appointed him as a literary official among selected officials, later granting him the title of Grand General of the Central Army.

Pei Bomei enjoyed drinking, had a somewhat aloof personality, and was not very sociable, which contributed to his slow rise through the ranks. He also wrote a work titled "Huoxing Fu," in which he stated in the preface: "I have poor health and have taken a lot of medicine. From spring to summer, I suffered from severe illness three times. Even though I used the best medicine, it sometimes worked, but it was ultimately herbal medicine, which had limited effectiveness, which left me feeling troubled. Later, I repeatedly studied the book of Zhuangzi and understood the idea of the unity of all things, achieving a state of forgetting the distinctions between self and others, right and wrong, which reflects the state of a sage. This is what I strive to learn. So I wrote this piece to express my thoughts and convey my emotions." In the early years of the Tianping period, he relocated to Ye City and wrote another piece called "Qian Du Fu," but I won't delve into the specifics.

After two years, at a court banquet, Pei Boma was quite disrespectful to the officials at court, and Prince Zhangwu Jingzhe reported to the emperor, saying: "Pei Boma disregards his status and behaves as if he were a common jailer; he knocked a pear against the table, staining his clothes; he even allows people to tug at his clothes in the imperial palace." The emperor referred the matter to the appropriate authorities, but ultimately, no one held him responsible. Pei Boma left home ahead of his brothers and lived apart from his brother Jingrong. Jingrong was poor, but Pei Boma did not help him at all, and even ignored him when they met on the road, leading others to scorn him. He died at the age of thirty-nine, and those who knew him felt sorry for him. In his later years, Pei Boma developed a fondness for drinking, which took a toll on his health and led to frequent mistakes. Just days before his death, he suddenly said, "I received a secret letter; I am going to be arrested!" After saying this, he escaped west with his wife in a carriage. Later, he looked back and pointed at the wall, claiming that the soldiers were closing in, and his wife realized he was seriously unwell, both physically and mentally. After Pei Boma's death, he was buried in the garden at home. His friends, Chang Jing, Li Hun, Wang Yuanjing, Lu Yuanming, Wei Jijing, Li Qian, and others, held a feast beside the grave, weeping and drinking, pouring a sip onto the ground with each toast, saying: "Oh, the soul of Minister Pei, if your spirit lingers in heaven, know that your friends have gathered to honor you." Then, one by one, they each composed a poem. Li Qian knew that Wei Shou was also a friend of Pei Boma, so he sent these poems to Wei Shou. Wei Shou, who was in Jinyang at the time, also penned a poem in response, reflecting on Pei Boma. In his poem, he wrote ten words: "Contemplating the mysteries of the wind, reflecting on public glory over wine." Contemporaries viewed Pei Boma as arrogant, believing that Wei Shou's poem captured his character perfectly.

Later, the court posthumously awarded Pei Boma the titles of Gentleman of the Imperial Guard, Wei General, Minister of Finance, and Governor of Yongzhou, and also posthumously conferred upon him the title of Minister of Personnel, with the posthumous title of "Wen." During his lifetime, Pei Boma had written the "Book of Jin," but he was unable to complete it. Since he had no sons, his brother Pei Jingrong adopted his second son, Pei Xiaocai, to continue the family line.

Xing Xin, whose courtesy name was Ziming, was from Hejian. His father was Wei, the younger brother of Minister Shan. He lost his father at a young age; fortunately, his grandmother, Li, was very fond of him, allowing him to grow up well. He had a passion for learning from a young age and showed early signs of talent. Later, when Xiao Baoyin became the Grand General of the Chariots and Cavalry and fought in Guanzhong, he appointed Xing Xin's son as the Scholar of the Eastern Pavilion, responsible for handling official documents. Xing Xin himself rose through the military ranks and eventually became the Assistant Minister of War. Minister of Personnel Li Shenjun also recommended Xing Xin to write the "Chronicles of Daily Life."

At the beginning of the Tai Chang era, Xing Xin was appointed as the Deputy Minister of the Central Secretariat and was additionally granted the titles of General of the Eastern Pacification and Grand Master of Ceremonies. However, some people said that he was promoted too quickly and allegedly did so through improper means, which led to him being reported by a junior officer and subsequently losing his position. He then wrote an essay titled "Reflections on My Feelings" to express his emotions. Not long after, he received an imperial order to work with the Secretary Supervisor Chang Jing to manage ceremonial affairs. The emperor wanted to hold a sacrificial ceremony, and Xing Xin, along with the editor Pei Boma and others, drafted the relevant records and explanations. Towards the end of the Yongxi era, Xing Xin returned to the court to serve as a Reader and was responsible for drafting edicts alongside Wen Zisheng and Wei Shou. Later, when the court relocated to Yecheng, he returned to his hometown of Hejian.

During the Tianping era, he and his cousins Cai and Wei Jijing, along with Wei Shou, were summoned to the capital by the court. He returned to his hometown shortly after. After some time, he was summoned again by the court. At that time, Xiao Yan sent envoys, including Liu Xiaoyi, to present tribute, and the court appointed Xing Xin to serve as a Zhengyuan Lang (a court title) to welcome them at the border. Sun Teng, the Minister of Works, valued his talent and appointed him as a Zhonglang (an official title). Shortly after, he was appointed as a Palace Attendant (an official title) and also promoted to General of the Central Army. Xing Xin not only had talent but also strong administrative skills. Since the Xiaochang period, the world had fallen into chaos, and everyone was busy trying to climb the ranks by any means necessary, leading to a decline in literature. Song Youdao, an official in Sizhou, was recognized for his fair administration, and he had a good relationship with Xing Xin, often joking with one another. Once, Xing Xin remarked to Song Youdao, "Apart from literature, everything else in this world is the same." Song Youdao felt a sense of shame upon hearing this. During the Xinghe period, Xing Xin, in his official capacity, accompanied Li Xiang on a diplomatic mission to Xiao Yan. Xing Xin was straightforward and liked to confront people, earning him the nickname "the Bull." This time, on the mission, people joked that it was a "bull versus elephant" fight in Jiangnan. King Qi Wenxiang intended to select talents and hoped to appoint Xing Xin as the Right Chief Historian of the Minister of Works, but before he could make his recommendation, Xing Xin fell ill and passed away, which left his friends deeply saddened. The court posthumously honored him with the titles of Chariot and Cavalry General, Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, and Governor of Jizhou, and bestowed upon him the posthumous title of "Wen." His writings were later gathered and compiled into a collection. Wen Zisheng, also known as Pengju, claimed to be from Taiyuan and was a descendant of the Jin Dynasty General Wang Dao. His family had resided in the Jiangzuo region for generations. His grandfather, Wen Gongzhi, served as a household officer under Prince Pengcheng Liu Yikang during Liu Yilong's reign and returned to his hometown of Jiying Yuanju to seek refuge, thus becoming a local resident. His family had lived in poverty for generations. His father, Wen Hui, served as the Chief Historian in the Left General's Office of Yanzhou and had previously acted on behalf of Jiying County.

Wen Zisheng initially studied with Cui Ling'en and Liu Lan, studying diligently day and night without feeling tired at all. As he grew older, he read widely and wrote articles with a graceful and elegant style. He served as a junior assistant to Wang Guangyang Liu Yuan, teaching the servants' children at the stable to read. He wrote an inscription for the Hou Mountain ancestral hall, which Chang Jing admired, so he specially visited Liu Yuan to thank him. Chang Jing said, “I just saw Wen Sheng.” Liu Yuan curiously asked what was going on, and Chang Jing said, “Wen Sheng is a very talented person.” Because of this, Liu Yuan came to appreciate him.

At the beginning of the Xiping era, Lieutenant Liu Kuangbo, the King of Dongping, recruited talent to reinforce the Censorate. At that time, over eight hundred people participated in the examination, and Wen Zisheng, along with Lu Zhongxuan, Sun Qian, and others, was one of the twenty-four who achieved top scores. Those who were pre-selected competed to be the first to take office, so Liu Kuangbo let Wen Zisheng handle the matter, and he rejected all of them, earning their respect and acceptance. Sun Qian told others, “Those who were running around in the court this morning were all sent away by Wen Zisheng.” Thus, Wen Zisheng was appointed as a Censor at the age of twenty-two. He drafted all the documents in the Censorate. Later, due to the death of a family member, he resigned from his position. After the mourning period ended, he returned to the court as a Court Gentleman. Later, Li Shenjun acted as the agent for Jingzhou affairs and recommended him as a Registrar. The court called him back to the capital, and Li Shenjun submitted a request to keep him, but Li Jiang, the Minister of Personnel, turned down this request, noting that "Previously, Lu Su refused to stay, which left Wang Lang disappointed; we should bring him back quickly and not repeat the mistakes of Yan Yun." As a result, Wen Zisheng returned to the capital.

During the Zhengguang period of the Northern Wei, when Prince Yuan Yuan of Guangyang was in charge of the Northeast Circuit, he summoned me to serve as a physician. At that time, I drafted documents for both the military and the court, which significantly boosted my reputation. A palace attendant named Xu He was known for his swift handling of petitions from various places, but he held me in high regard, reflecting, "Ah, this Physician Wen truly possesses genuine talent and knowledge; his abilities are quite intimidating." Later, after the Gaoju people were defeated and fled, the confiscated wealth accumulated in heaps, and I took forty rolls of silk. Subsequently, Yuan Yuan was killed by Ge Rong, and I was captured as well. Luo Xing, a general under Ge Rong who knew me from before, secretly sent dozens of cavalry to escort me to Jizhou. Upon my return to the capital, Li Kai shook my hand and said, "You have narrowly escaped this disaster, a feat that would make even Xie An feel embarrassed!" From then on, I stopped seeking official positions and devoted myself to studying diligently, never allowing myself to become complacent.

During the Jianyi period, I was appointed as the Southern Guest Minister, tasked with compiling the daily records. One time, I failed to show up for work, and Wang Tianmu, who was acting as the Minister of Personnel at the time, wanted to punish me severely. I was so frightened that I hastily fled. Tianmu was furious and petitioned the emperor for my dismissal. Emperor Zhuang said, "There are few talented individuals in the world today; how can we dismiss him for such a trivial reason?" Thus, he rejected Tianmu's petition. Later, when Tianmu planned to campaign against Xing Gao, he requested my presence, but I hesitated to agree. Tianmu told others, "I wish to utilize his talents, not to harbor any past grudges. Now that he is not coming, he can only run south to Jiangnan or north to the minority regions!" I had no choice but to meet with him. He promoted me to General Fubo, appointed me as a physician for the circuit, and held me in high regard.

After Yuan Hao attacked Luoyang, Tian Mu called me and asked, "Do you want to go to the capital now, or cross the Yellow River with me to the north?" I replied, "The emperor has come to this predicament because of the loss at Hulao Pass. Yuan Hao has just entered Luoyang, and the people are still uneasy. If we go to attack him now, we could certainly achieve victory without engaging in battle. If Your Majesty can reclaim the capital and welcome the emperor back to the palace, it would be a monumental achievement, akin to that of Huan Wen! I would feel regret if Your Majesty were to miss this opportunity to head north!" Tian Mu appreciated my opinion, but ultimately did not take my advice. He had me return to Luoyang, where Yuan Hao appointed me as a secretary to the court. After Emperor Zhuang returned to the palace, most of Yuan Hao's appointees were dismissed, yet I still served as a secretary. Tian Mu often remarked, "I really regret not taking your advice back then!" Later, I was granted the position of a regular official while still serving as a secretary.

After the emperor executed Er Zhu Rong, Zi Sheng had already been involved in the planning. At that time, the court issued a pardon, which had been drafted by Zi Sheng. When Er Zhu Rong entered the palace, he encountered Zi Sheng and asked him what that document was. Zi Sheng remained composed and simply replied, "It's a decree." Er Zhu Rong did not scrutinize it closely. Later, when Er Zhu Zhao attacked Luoyang, Zi Sheng, fearing retaliation, fled. During the Yongxi years, he served as a reading attendant and secretary, General of the South, and a high-ranking official of the Jin Zi Guanglu. He was later promoted to a regular attendant, General of the Central Army, and eventually appointed as the Chief of the Province.

Xiao Yan exclaimed, "Cao Zhi and Lu Ji have been resurrected in the north! Unfortunately, my literati cannot compare to him in talent!" Fu Biao, the Prefect of Yangxia, went to Tu Yu Hun and found several scrolls of books written by Zi Sheng next to the king's bed. King Huiye of Jiying once said, "In Jiangnan during the Song Dynasty, notable figures included Yan Yanzhi and Xie Lingyun, and during the Liang Dynasty, there were Shen Yue and Ren Fang. In the north, Zi Sheng's talent surpasses Yan Yanzhi and Xie Lingyun, and is on par with Shen Yue and Ren Fang!" Yang Zunyan wrote "On Virtue," believing that most literati of the past and present are talented but lack moral integrity, being frivolous, cunning, and jealous. Only Xing Zicai, Wang Yuanjing, and Wen Zisheng have noble character and humility. King Wenxiang of Qi appointed Zi Sheng as an advisory official in the Grand General's Office. Zi Sheng used to be a Gentleman of the Palace, frequently visiting Xiao Yan's inn to receive imperial edicts, but he felt he was not properly dressed. He once said to others, "Writing poetry and essays is easy, but it is difficult to conduct oneself." King Wenxiang's guest Yuan Jin said, "All you gentlemen should congratulate the emperor." He then nominated Zi Sheng to write the congratulatory message. Zi Sheng declined for a long time before recommending Lu Cao. Later, Yuan Jin, Liu Siyi, Xun Ji, and others rebelled, and King Wenxiang suspected Zi Sheng of being involved in their conspiracy. He ha

Historians say that those in ancient times who pursued lasting fame did so because they valued having their words passed down, and because of their inherent talent, they were able to achieve fame in later generations, and this was only natural. As for me, I was once of lowly status and unknown; even if I stayed in the court, what difference would it make? I couldn't make a name for myself. However, once my writing flowed like a spirit snake, breaking through all constraints, my works were included in the canon and recognized among scholars. Even if my status is humble and my life can be easily taken away, a thousand years later, what does it matter whether one is rich or poor? If I had not taken this path, who could say they achieved such success? Shouldn't all scholars strive to pursue this? This means that the ancients valued being remembered through the ages because their words could be passed down, and their inherent talent made their fame prominent, which is quite normal. As for me, I was once of lowly status, remaining unknown even in the court, with no achievements. But later, my writing improved, my fame grew, and my works were included in the official histories. Even if my status is lowly, and I may even die, a thousand years later, my reputation still exists, just like that of the high officials and nobility. If it were not for this, how could one achieve such success? Dear scholars, shouldn't you work hard and seek recognition?