Details

Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 06 January 2025

Created: 06 January 2025

Hits: 67

Chang Sun Fei, a native of Daizhou, was selected to serve as a palace guard at the age of thirteen during the reign of Emperor Zhaocheng of Northern Wei. He was dignified, decisive, and reserved even as a child. During the campaigns against the Dugu and Helan tribes, Chang Sun Fei frequently followed and protected Emperor Taizu (referring to Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei, Tuoba Gui), which earned him the emperor's trust.

Initially, during the founding of the country, Chang Sun Fei and others served as generals, accompanying Emperor Taizu in campaigns against Liu Xian, from Ruguan to Kumo Xi, and in the conquest of the Helan tribes, achieving notable military accomplishments. Later, in the campaign against the Rouran, they achieved a decisive victory, with Chang Sun Fei capturing the Rouran leader Pihouba alive, as recorded in the "Rouran Chronicles." He also took part in campaigns against Wei Chen and the Xuegan tribes, defeating them all. When He Duohan, the son of the Rouran leader Wenghe Ti, deserted his father and fled with his tribe, Chang Sun Fei pursued them with light cavalry to Shangjun and defeated them all.

Later, Changsun Fei followed Taizu in the campaign against Zhongshan and was appointed General of the Central Army. When the army arrived in Jinyang, Murong Bao (Emperor of Later Yan at the time, also the Inspector of Bingzhou and King of Liaoxi) sneaked away from the city. Changsun Fei pursued him to Puquan, where he captured his wife and children. Taizu planned to besiege Zhongshan City, but Murong Bao instead fled to Helong. Changsun Fei and General Li Li led three thousand cavalry to chase him, but they failed to catch up and had to turn back. Later, they defeated the defenders of Yancheng, capturing over a thousand soldiers. The people of Zhongshan City then rallied behind Murong Pulin as their leader, so Taizu besieged the city. Murong Pulin led over a thousand infantry to launch a surprise attack, so Taizu commanded Changsun Fei to engage, feigning a retreat. Murong Pulin's men pursued them, but Taizu intercepted them from behind, capturing them all and executing them. Due to a shortage of soldiers, horses, and supplies, Taizu lifted the siege of Zhongshan City and went to the Hejian region to gather supplies. Murong Helin killed Murong Pulin and declared himself king. When the army reached Lukou, Taizu sent Changsun Fei to lead seven thousand cavalry to attack Zhongshan City, breaching the city before withdrawing. Murong Helin led four thousand cavalry to chase Changsun Fei to Guoshui, where Changsun Fei launched a counterattack at Weichang, capturing two hundred armored cavalry. Changsun Fei sustained a serious injury from an arrow during the battle and had to retreat. After the capture of Zhongshan City, Changsun Fei was granted the title Duke of Langye in recognition of his military achievements, and later promoted to Minister of Guard, with his title later changing to Duke of Luxiang.

Once upon a time, Qiu Ru, the governor of Zhongshan, was unwilling to move to the capital, so he secretly ran away to Zhao County to hide. Then, he gathered a group of bandit leaders, among them Zhao Zhun, and buttered him up, saying, "Wanna know who's behind this? Just check if the water's enough!" Hearing this, Zhao Zhun was thrilled and bought it right away, even crowning himself with the title of "Envoy with Authority, Grand General of the Western Campaign, Governor of Qing and Ji Provinces, Duke of Julu," feeling on top of the world! Qiu Ru then became his chief of staff, assisting him as an advisor.

Together, they recruited soldiers and gathered over two thousand men, occupying Guan City, and colluded with the Dingling people, killing many officials and throwing several counties like Changshan, Julu, and Guangping into chaos. The court sent General Fei to deal with them, and Zhao Zhun was defeated at Jiumen; Qiu Ru was killed, and Zhao Zhun was captured alive. The court ordered that Qiu Ru's flesh be made into food for the soldiers, while Zhao Zhun was escorted to the capital, where he was executed by being drawn and quartered in the town square, and his entire family was exterminated.

Subsequently, the court made Fei the General of Zhenyuan and the Governor of Yanzhou, giving him twenty thousand cavalry to head south and hit Xuchang, advancing all the way to Pengcheng. Liu Gai, one of Sima Dezong's guys, sent someone to surrender to General Fei, bringing some local goodies as

General Fei served as an official in Henan, deeply loved by the people, and highly respected in the Huai and Si areas. He was not only skilled in strategy but also brave in battle, always leading from the front and never suffering a defeat. Therefore, whenever there was a difficult situation, the emperor would appoint him to resolve it. General Fei achieved great military feats in pacifying the Central Plains and defeating the Qiang tribe rebellion, receiving hundreds of retainers and thousands of livestock as rewards from the court. Later, his title was reduced to Marquis of Lantian. He passed away in the fifth year of Tianci, posthumously granted the title of Wuhou, and buried in Jinling. His son, Zhang Han, inherited his title.

From a young age, Zhang Han inherited his father's admirable qualities. During the reign of Emperor Taizu, Zhang Han was appointed as an official responsible for hunting due to his exceptional archery skills. Later, during Emperor Taizong's military campaigns, Zhang Han secretly plotted with Yuan Mohun and others to welcome the emperor back to the capital. After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, Zhang Han was promoted to Court Attendant, serving by the emperor's side with Mohun and others. Due to his achievements, he was further promoted to General Who Pacifies the South. He led troops to guard the northern border, earning a reputation that instilled fear in the northern minority tribes. He was later appointed as Commander of Northern Military Affairs, General Who Pacifies the North, Marquis of Zhending, and was given an elite palace guard and an honor guard with banners and drums. Whenever the northern tribes invaded the border, Zhang Han bravely resisted and garnered numerous military victories, eventually elevated to the rank of duke.

After Emperor Shizu ascended to the throne, he summoned Zhang Han back to the capital and bestowed upon him the title of Prince of Pingyang, as well as the title of General of Anji. At that time, the Rouran Datans launched an invasion of the Yunzhong region. Emperor Shizu personally led the army into battle, dispatching Zhang Han to command the northern generals and officers to depart from the area north of Canhe. They defeated the Rouran Datans' chief general Afugan at Zhashan, slaying thousands of enemy troops and capturing over ten thousand war horses. Later, together with Dongping Duke E Qing, he set out from Changchuan to attack the Rouran Datans. The Rouran Datans fled north, with Zhang Han in hot pursuit, ultimately securing victory. Shortly thereafter, Zhang Han was elevated to the position of Minister of Works. He also participated in the campaign against the Xiongnu Chanyu, Heliang Chang, defeating his army. When Emperor Shizu launched another campaign against Heliang Chang, Zhang Han, Tingwei Daosheng, and Zongzheng E Qing led thirty thousand cavalry as the vanguard. After Heliang Chang's defeat, he fled to Shanggui, with Zhang Han leading eight thousand cavalry in hot pursuit, reaching Gaoping but ultimately unable to catch up and returning.

In the campaign against the Rouran Datans, the emperor personally commanded a massive army across the desert, forcing the Rouran Datans to scatter in all directions. Datan's younger brother Pili led troops to support, clashing with Zhang Han. Pili's army was defeated, with Zhang Han slaying hundreds of enemy commanders. Zhang Han was known for his integrity and strictness, adept at reassuring his troops, and Emperor Taizu highly valued him. He passed away during the third year of Shenyou, and Emperor Taizu was deeply grieved, weeping for him, personally offering condolences, organizing the funeral in accordance with the standards for Prince Shusun Jun of Ancheng, and bestowing additional honors. After his death, he was posthumously granted the title "Wei" and interred in Jinling.

His son Zhang Pingcheng inherited his title, which was later reduced to a duke. In his youth, Zhang Pingcheng held the position of Zhong San due to his father's achievements and was later gradually promoted to Minister of the South. After his death, he was interred in Jinling. His son Zhang Hun inherited the title. Zhang Hun initially served as Zhong San and later held the position of Commander of Pengcheng for a long time. He died during the Dahe period. His son Zhang Sheng inherited the title. Zhang Han's brother Zhang Shouxing, during the reign of Emperor Shizu, followed the emperor to campaign against Pingliang. For his contributions, he was granted a title and promoted to Governor of Hejian, and later died. His son Zhang Andu inherited the title. During the reign of Emperor Xianzu, he served as the Supervisor of Horses.

Chen Xingdi, also known as Chen, served as a Yulin Lang during the reign of Emperor Shizu. On one occasion, while campaigning against Helong, the enemy emerged from the west gate intending to attack the perimeter. Chen repelled them and pursued them all the way to the foot of the Great Wall. Due to his achievements, he was granted the title of a fifth-rank baron. He later participated in the campaign against Liangzhou, serving as the General. After returning to court, he was promoted to a court official, and his title was elevated to viscount, later becoming the Minister of the Department of Drives. He then served again as the General of the Northern Garrison. Chen was known for his generosity, passion for learning, and appreciation for talent. Wherever he went, people remembered him fondly. After Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, he was granted the title of Duke of Wu County and additionally titled General of Andong. In the second year of Xingguang, Chen passed away and was posthumously honored as a Palace Attendant, Prince of Wu County, with the posthumous name Gong, and buried in Jinling.

His son Chen Tou inherited the title. During Emperor Gaozong's reign, Chen Tou served as Zhong San and was later promoted to the head of internal affairs, overseeing the Dragon Pasture Bureau. He passed away during the Tian'an era. His son Chen Ba inherited the title.

Chen's younger brother, Chen Lan, served as a Junior Official during the early years of Emperor Shizu. He frequently accompanied the emperor on military campaigns, responsible for managing the imperial weapons, and received many rewards. Later, due to his achievements in the campaign to subdue Liangzhou, he was granted the title of Duke of Suiyang and promoted to General of Brave Arms. He was subsequently promoted to Cavalry Officer and Minister of Northern Affairs, and later served as the Prefect of Yuzhou. He eventually died.

His son Chen Wugu inherited the title. During the early years of Emperor Gaozu, Chen Wugu served as the General of Wudu Town and later returned to court as a Cavalry Officer.

His son Chen Le reached the position of Grand Minister of Golden Purple during the reign of Emperor Xiaojing.

Another brother of Chen, Chen Yigan, served as an Imperial Guard during the early years of Emperor Taizu. He participated in the campaign to subdue the Central Plains and later served as the Prefect of Guangping. He eventually died.

His son Chen Shiluo served as an Imperial Guard during the early years of Emperor Shizu and gradually rose to the position of Cavalry Officer. He participated in the campaign against Helian Chang and served as the Capital General. Due to his achievements, he was granted the title of Minister of Rites, conferred the title of Duke of Linhuai, and promoted to General of Ningxi. He died during the reign of Emperor Shen and was posthumously granted the title of Jian.

His son Chen Zhen, in his youth, held the title of Junior Official thanks to his father's achievements. He participated in the campaign to subdue Liangzhou and, due to his accomplishments, was granted the title of Duke of Lincheng and appointed as a Cavalry Officer and General of Guangwu Command. After inheriting his father's title, he was demoted to General of Jianyi and Marquis of Linhuai. He was later promoted to Guard Supervisor. He participated in the campaign against Gai Wu and was further promoted to Minister of the Palace and conferred the title of Cavalry Officer. He followed the emperor to campaign against Liu Yilong, reaching the Yangtze River. He was elevated to Duke of Nankang and granted the title of General of Champion, ultimately dying in the military.

His son Chen Wu'er inherited the title. During the early years of Emperor Gaozu, he served as a Junior Official and General of Wuchuan Town. He died during the Taihe era and was posthumously awarded the title of Governor of Hengzhou.

His son Chen Changle inherited the title, but later lost it because of misconduct. He later held positions as General of Lingjiang and Guard Supervisor.

His son Chen Rongzu, during the Wuding years, rose to the rank of General of the West Expedition and was granted the title of Baron of Fanchang. Among the Wu family brothers, there was a younger brother named Wu Tu, who served as the Prefect of Shuozhou. His elder brother Wu Yuanqing served as the Military Advisor of the Cangcao in Pingzhou. The next person to mention is Wei Guzhen, a native of Daizhou. When Emperor Taizu was in the Helan region, He Rangan sent Hou Yin, Yitu, and others to the imperial palace, with the intention of causing trouble. Guzhen learned of this and secretly sent a messenger to report to Emperor Taizu, which prevented Hou Yin and the others from acting rashly. He Rangan suspected Guzhen of leaking his plans and captured him, placing two cart axles on his head, injuring one of his eyes; nevertheless, Guzhen refused to confess. He was eventually released. Later, in the early days of the establishment of the state, he participated in the campaigns against Kumo Xi and Chitu Lin, earning merit. He also took part in the rescue mission at Helan, defeating Wei Chenzi and Lidi, and later defeated Murong Bao at Canhebei. He then participated in the pacification of the Central Plains and was granted the title of Marquis of Shuzhou for his contributions, and was further promoted to General of Jianjie. In the early reign of Emperor Taizong, he was appointed as General Hongfei, leading five thousand troops to garrison Daluocheng. When Emperor Taizong toured the west, Guzhen and Xi Jin led the vanguard to attack the Yuelu tribe, achieving a significant victory, capturing fifty thousand warhorses, two hundred thousand cattle and sheep, and over twenty thousand captives, and then returned west with the spoils. In the third year of the Taichang era, he was appointed as the Governor of Dingzhou. After his death, his son Wu Yiwan inherited his title. After Wu Yiwan's death, his son Wu Sheng inherited the title. Wei Guzhen's younger brother, Wei Taizhen, served as General of Pingnan and Governor of Xiangzhou in the early years of Emperor Taizong's reign.

Wei Taizhen had a younger brother named Wei Nuo, who served the founding emperor Taizu in his youth and was known for his loyalty and caution. During the siege of Zhongshan, Wei Nuo was the first to charge up the city wall, which resulted in the loss of one eye. Taizu remarked, "Both brothers have lost an eye in the pursuit of achievements; it is truly admirable!" As a result, he grew even fonder of him. Later, Wei Nuo was appointed as the General of Pingdong and bestowed the title of Anlezi. He participated in the campaign against Yao Ping and, upon his return, was appointed as Chancellor. In the early years of Taizong's reign, he served as the Inspector of Youzhou and was elevated to the rank of Marquis. When Changsun Daosheng campaigned against Feng Ba, Wei Nuo and the brave General Yan Pu led troops stationed in Liaoxi. He was subsequently promoted to General of Ningdong, and his title was elevated to Duke of Wuling. During his time as an official in Youzhou, Wei Nuo practiced benevolent governance, and both the common people and officials held him in fond memory. During the reign of Shizong, over two hundred people from Jizhou, including Zhang Guangda, petitioned the court for his reinstatement, and he was again appointed as General of Andong and Inspector of Youzhou, with his fief changed to Duke of Liaoxi. The Wei brothers both served as local governors, and they were highly respected by the people at that time. The Yan region had been in turmoil for a long time, causing the people to be displaced. Wei Nuo spent over a decade in Youzhou, helping over ten thousand families resettle and thrive. He passed away during the Yanheng era. His eighth son, Wei Guan, inherited his rank. After Wei Guan's death, his son Wei Lun succeeded him.

The eldest son of the Zhang family, Zhang Juan, was a loyal and honest young man, fully inheriting his father's excellent qualities. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, Zhang Juan served beside the emperor and held the high position of Grand Commandant. At that time, a courtier named Shou Jin committed a crime and managed to escape, fleeing to the Rouran. The emperor ordered Zhang Juan to pursue him, and Zhang Juan chased him all the way to the Rouran royal court. The Grand Khan of the Rouran asked him what was happening, and Zhang Juan said, "This fellow Shou Jin deceived the emperor and ran away. If I don't capture him, that would be my dereliction of duty." Without hesitation, Zhang Juan captured Shou Jin right in front of the Grand Khan. Those nearby attempted to rescue Shou Jin, which ultimately allowed him to escape. After this incident, Zhang Juan gained a reputation for his bravery and military prowess, and he was later promoted to the position of Director of the Imperial Guard.

When Emperor Taizong went to Youzhou, he ordered Zhang Juan to assist Crown Prince Li Zhi (Emperor Shizong) in guarding the capital. Later, during the campaign in Henan, Zhang Juan led troops into battle, commanding the cavalry with great valor, charging into the fray, instilling fear in the enemy. After Li Zhi became emperor, he appointed Zhang Juan and eight others, including Liu Kurun, the Cavalry Commandant, to oversee the four departments of the court and manage confidential documents. The emperor also bestowed upon him the title of Marquis of Shansang and granted him the position of General of the Reserve Army.

He was appointed as the General of the North and stationed at the northern frontier. He, along with Prince Changsun Han of Pingyang, defeated the Rouran commander Afugan at Mount Zhuo, then led the army to Mount Geshan, defeated the Rouran commander Bendu Kurenzhi, and continued his march northward. The Rouran chief Mogu led five thousand cavalry to intercept, but was defeated by us, with over a thousand enemy soldiers captured. He also participated in multiple campaigns against the Rouran, venturing deep into the Bai Desert and the Hei Desert, attacking the eastern Rouran and achieving great victories. He also participated in the campaign against Helian Chang, leading the army from the south and engaged Helian Chang in battle at Shanggui. However, the soldiers were short of food, and officials such as Linhuai Gongqi were ordered to gather supplies in various counties, but were defeated by Helian Chang. Helian Chang pursued the victory and plundered everywhere, which raised concerns among the other generals. He conspired in secret with the Imperial Censor An Jie, set up an ambush, successfully lured the enemy into the trap, and captured Helian Chang. With the merit of this battle, he was appointed as the General of Ningbei, promoted to Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary, and his title was promoted to Duke of Fuyang.

Later, he participated in the campaign against Long, personally leading ten thousand cavalry as the vanguard, and pacifying over two thousand households. Shortly after, he was granted the honorary title, added as Palace Attendant, Commander of military affairs in Yuzhou, Luozhou, and Henai, General of Annan, and Governor of the Imperial Palace, stationed at Hulao. When Prince Tufa Baozhou rebelled, he was summoned by the court to lead the army to quell the rebellion, defeating Tufa Baozhou in Fanhe. Tufa Baozhou fled; he led the cavalry to pursue, and ultimately, Tufa Baozhou took his own life. The court ordered him to continue defending Liangzhou and added him as Commander of military affairs in Liangshahe, and General of Anxi, simultaneously serving as Protector of the Qiang and the Rong. He was subsequently assigned as the General of Dunhuang. He also defeated the Tuyuhun and captured more than three thousand enemy soldiers. He was stationed at the border for an extended period, earning him a reputation that spread far and wide.

During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he led an army north to attack Yiwuzhen (伊吾), capturing Yiwuzhen City and achieving a great victory before returning triumphantly. Soon after, he was appointed as Chamberlain and Grand Marshal, elevated to the rank of king, and participated in overseeing the affairs of the Ministry of Personnel alongside others like Chancellor Chang Ying. When Emperor Gaozong went on a northern hunting expedition, a heavy snowfall occurred, and someone suggested returning. He advised against it, saying, "We have already mobilized a large army with the purpose of intimidating the northern enemies. We are not far from our destination, and if we turn back now, the enemy will surely suspect there are difficulties within our ranks. Although it is snowing heavily and the soldiers are suffering greatly, we should continue forward for the sake of the bigger picture." Emperor Gaozong accepted his advice and ultimately crossed the desert to make their way back. Due to his high moral integrity, the court granted him permission to use a cane and wear simple shoes when attending court. He passed away in the fourth year of peace. Emperor Gaozong was deeply saddened and posthumously granted him the title of Grand General, with the posthumous name Zhuang.

Legend has it that Duke Duo inherited the title. He showed great military talent from a young age and was appointed as an acting commander, General of the Western Campaign, and Colonel of the Qiang and Rong tribes during the reign of Emperor Xianzhu. Upon taking office in Dunhuang, he submitted a request to the court to lead five thousand light cavalry to the west to attack Yutian and simultaneously pacify other nations, using enemy resources to fund military operations in order to achieve the goal of stabilizing the frontier. However, the court rejected his request.

In the early years of Emperor Gao's reign, Wulu Zhen, the leader of the Rouran tribe, led thirty thousand cavalry to invade the border and besieged Dunhuang. Dou Hou personally led troops to confront them and drove them away. Because of this military achievement, he was promoted to General of the Western Campaign. Later, while hunting in the South Mountain, the Rouran sent a general named Du Ba to besiege Dunhuang again, cutting off Dou Hou's escape route. Dou Hou fought while retreating, looking for opportunities, and ultimately fought his way back through a bloody path to Dunhuang. He then led his troops out of the city to engage the enemy, achieving a great victory, chasing them for dozens of miles and taking over a thousand heads. He then submitted a memorial to the emperor, requesting to march north to attack Yuyuan and cut off the Rouran's connection with the Western Regions. Emperor Gao thought his strategy was excellent, but due to the current focus on agricultural development, he felt the timing was not right and did not agree. In the first year of the Taihe era, Dou Hou was murdered by his wife, Yuan Shi.

Dou Hou's son, Jian, inherited the title and eventually rose to the position of minister, but he died without leaving a son. Jian's brother, Na, inherited the title and also passed away later. Na's son, Fan, inherited the title. Fan's brother, Xianye, rose to the position of Sanqi Changshi (Gentleman of the Imperial Guard). He had an affair with Princess Taiyuan and had a son named Yan. During the reign of Emperor Wuding, Xianye held the position of Wei General and Governor of Nanyingzhou.

Speaking of Dou Hou's son, Qingbin, he was an expert in horseback riding and archery, and he had considerable military talent. During Emperor Gao's reign, he rose directly from commoner to minor official, and later rose through the ranks to become Left General and Tai Zhong Da Fu. When Emperor Suzong was in power, the court wanted to send the Rouran leader Anagui back to the Rouran tribe, but Qingbin strongly opposed the idea, which was ultimately dismissed. Later, the Rouran indeed rebelled, and their general Tai Yuanfu led troops to plunder the northern border. The court dispatched Li Chong, the Minister of Personnel, to quell the uprising, and Qingbin served as Li Chong's deputy general during the campaign. After the battle concluded, he returned.

Subsequently, Yuan Faseng also rebelled, and Xiao Yan sent his son, Prince Yuzhang Xiao Zong, to garrison Xuzhou. The court appointed Qing Bin as a vice general to accompany Prince Anfeng Yanming to quell the rebellion. Not long after, Qing Bin was promoted to General of the Rear Guard and Prefect of Sizhou. At that time, Er Zhu Rong's power was growing stronger, and he commanded a powerful army. He once passed through Sizhou with his troops, and Qing Bin, fearing him, tightly closed the city gates and refrained from battle. As a result, Er Zhu Rong harbored a grudge against Qing Bin and attacked Sizhou. Qing Bin's deputy, Yao He, colluded with the enemy, and as a result, Er Zhu Rong killed many of Qing Bin's subordinates and captured Qing Bin, bringing him back to Xiurong, where he derisively referred to him as "fake father." Later, Qing Bin returned to the capital to mourn his late mother, and shortly afterward, he was reappointed as General of Pacifying the East, Grand Minister of Ceremonies, and Prefect, garrisoning Ruyin. Ultimately, he returned to the capital and passed away in the second year of the Yong'an era. The court posthumously conferred upon him the title of General of Chariots and Cavalry and Prefect of Yongzhou, and later bestowed upon him the honorary titles of Attendant of the Imperial Court and Duke of Sikong.

Qingbin's son Bao initially served as a junior official. During the reign of Emperor Suzong, he served as the Governor of Yingzhou and bravely lost his life in battle against General Pei Zhili of Xiao Yan. Bao's younger brother Jin served as the Governor of Dongping during the Wuding era. Qingbin's younger brother Digang was intelligent, versatile, skilled in horseback riding and archery, hitting every target with precision, unmatched at the time. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, he served as the Left Officer of the Imperial Mechanisms. Emperor Taizong had a great admiration for him from a young age. After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he promoted Digang to the position of Minister of the Imperial Stables and also appointed him as a Cavalier Attendant and Left Guanglu Daifu, overseeing the emperor's imperial vehicles. Digang was extremely loyal to the emperor and was quite skilled at telling jokes to entertain him. Emperor Taizong was delighted by his efficient work and greatly favored him, often involving him in decision-making on national affairs. Later, when Emperor Taizong wanted to attack Pingliang, he used a battering ram to assault the earthen ramparts of the city walls. Digang was tripped by a rope, suffered a broken rib, and sadly passed away. Emperor Taizong personally went to offer his condolences and wept bitterly. The court posthumously honored him with the posthumous title of General of the Army, Duke of Yanjun, and the posthumous name Hui, as well as generous rewards.

Zhangsun Shou had been appointed as a Cavalier Attendant since childhood, later promoted to the position of Minister of the Right Division of the Palace Secretariat, and continued to serve as a Cavalier Attendant. He accompanied the army to campaign against Liu Yilong, reaching all the way to the banks of the Yangtze River. The emperor bestowed upon him a title, naming him Duke of Kuaiji, and further appointed him as the Champion General. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he was appointed as the Governor of Jingzhou. He passed away in the fifth year of the Peace Era.

His son Zhangsun Mizhen inherited his title. After Zhangsun Mizhen passed away without sons, his brother Zhangsun Zhuangde succeeded him in the title.

Zhangsun Di's brother, Zhangsun Houtou, succeeded him in his official position and became the Minister of the Imperial Stables.

Zhangsun Hou's younger brother, Zhangsun Lijin, was also known for his loyalty and prudence. He served as the Deputy Censor and the Governor of Bingzhou, and had notable political achievements. He was later promoted to Champion General and was awarded the title of Jinyang Marquis. After his death, he was posthumously honored as General of Pacifying the South.

Zhangsun Lijin's brother, Zhangsun Yancheng, who reached the position of Minister, was conferred the title of Anle Marquis.

Zhangsun Guzhen's great-grandson, Zhangsun Yu, styled Chengxing, was known for his integrity and straightforwardness. During the reign of Emperor Xiao, he served as the General of the Imperial Guard. At that time, General Yuan Cha held significant power, and all officials showed him great respect, yet only Zhangsun Yu saluted him without kneeling. Soon after, he was appointed as General of Pacifying the West and Governor of Dongliangzhou. The scarlet silk produced in Liangzhou was the best in the world, but when Yuan Cha sent him two thousand bolts of white silk for dyeing, he turned them down. Yuan Cha then hinted at getting him impeached by the Censor and summoned him back to the capital. After an investigation, it was found that he had committed no wrongdoing, and he was reinstated. Shortly thereafter, he passed away in office at the age of fifty. After his death, he was posthumously honored as General of Pacifying the North and Governor of Shuozhou.

His son, Zhangsun Jian, served as the Minister of Rites during the Wuding years.

According to historical records, Zhangsun Fei, in his youth, served in the palace, renowned for his bravery and military prowess, gaining fame throughout the realm. He led his troops to victory, and even fearsome warriors like Guan Yu and Zhang Fei couldn't compare! Zhangsun Han inherited his father's bravery and maintained the family legacy. After his father's death, he observed the funeral rites for good reason! Zhangsun Weizhen and his brothers were loyal and valiant, bravely facing death. They expanded the family's enterprise through their exceptional military talents and held high positions, which was only natural!

Details

Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 06 January 2025

Created: 06 January 2025

Hits: 67

Changsun Song, a native of Dai County, was bestowed this name by Emperor Taizu. His father, Changsun Ren, held the position of a high official in the southern territories during the reign of Emperor Zhao Cheng. Changsun Song was known for his generosity and elegance, exuding grace and poise. At the age of fourteen, he took command of the army on behalf of his father. As Emperor Zhao Cheng was nearing his end, various tribes began to cause unrest. Fu Jian sent Liu Kureng to manage state affairs, and Changsun Song, along with Yuan Ta and others, led their people to submit to him.

Later, when Liu Xian sought to create chaos, Changsun Song defected from Liu Xian and fled with his former subordinates and more than seven hundred households from his native village. Just as they were approaching Wuyuan, they encountered the son of Shijun, who had also gathered troops to declare himself king, and Changsun Song considered allying with him. However, on the way, he met Wu Wo, who revealed that he was the son of a traitor and urged Changsun Song to seek refuge with Emperor Taizu. Changsun Song was indecisive, and Wu Wo turned his ox cart in a different direction. After some hesitation, Changsun Song ultimately decided to follow him. He then met Emperor Taizu at Sanhanting. Upon his ascension to the throne, Emperor Taizu appointed him as a high official in the southern region. He later achieved military success multiple times and followed the emperor in campaigns against Zhongshan, being appointed as the governor of Jizhou and bestowed the title of Duke of Julu. Subsequently, he served as a chamberlain, minister, and governor of Xiangzhou, being bestowed the title of Duke of Nanping, and received praise wherever he went.

After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he, along with eight others including Marquis Xijin of Shanyang, Marquis An Tong of Beixin, and Marquis Cui Hong of Baima, took their places to the right of the emperor's chariot, engaging in matters of state, and later generations came to know them as the "Eight Dukes."

During the Jin Dynasty, when General Liu Yu attacked Yao Hong, Emperor Taizong asked Changsun Song to act on his behalf in commanding the military in Shandong, ordering him to go to Pingyuan, line up along the north bank of the Yellow River, and establish a camp at Pan City. The army experienced setbacks. The court ordered that Liu Yu be properly thanked, as he sent Changsun Song some Ling liquor and specialties from Jiangnan upon seeing his procession on a boat. Changsun Song brought them to the capital. The court also commanded Changsun Song to select elite soldiers and prepare for battle. If Liu Yu headed west, he was to lead the elite troops south to Pengcheng and Peixian; if Liu Yu did not head west, he was to accompany him. When Liu Yu reached the Xiaoshan and Hangu Pass area, he would find himself in a stalemate with Yao Hong, both sides suffering losses and exhaustion of troops. In autumn, they would launch an attack, allowing Liu Yu to achieve victory without fighting. Thus, Changsun Jian and his comrades marched along the Yellow River towards Luoyang, then entered Guanzhong. Changsun Song and Changsun Jian crossed the Yellow River at Chenggao, heading south. The various garrisons of the Jin Dynasty fled in panic, and after Liu Yu captured Chang'an, Changsun Song returned to the court.

Emperor Taizong fell ill and asked Wei Zheng about the matter of succession. Wei Zheng said, "It is appropriate to appoint the eldest son as the heir, to win people over with virtue and gain the support of the people. The current Crown Prince is wise and the legitimate eldest son by hereditary right; it is a matter ordained by heaven. Please appoint him as the Crown Prince." Thus, Taizong reached this decision within the palace.

Then, Emperor Taizong issued an edict for Emperor Gaozong to act as regent, with Wei Zheng serving as the Left Chancellor. After Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, Wei Zheng was promoted to Prince Beiping and appointed as the Chief Justice of Sizhou. Emperor Taizong asked his ministers: should we first attack the Helian clan or the Rouran tribe? Wei Zheng, Changsun Han, Xi Jin, and others said: "The Helian clan holds a fixed territory and currently poses no major threat, while the Rouran tribe has long been a persistent border threat. We should first attack the Rouran tribe (also known as Datan). If successful, we can capture a large number of livestock, enriching the country. Even if unsuccessful, we can hunt and kill a large number of animals in the Yin Mountains, obtaining hides, meat, tendons, and antlers to supply the army, which would be more advantageous than waging war on a minor state."

However, the Minister of Ceremonies Cui Hao said: "The Datan people are ever on the move, like birds flying around. It would be difficult to sustain a pursuit, and our army may not catch up. Helian Qu and Gai's territory is only a thousand miles, and his rule is cruel, abandoned by both mortals and the divine. We should first attack him." The Minister of Works Liu Jie and the Marquis of Wujing An Yuanze suggested first subduing Fengba. Emperor Taizong fell silent and subsequently embarked on a hunting expedition to the west. It was later heard that Helian Qu and Gai had died, resulting in turmoil in the Guanzhong region. The ministers discussed wanting to attack Guanzhong. Wei Zheng and others said: "If they defend the cities, they can wait for us to tire out. Datan will surely take advantage of this situation, which poses a significant risk."

Emperor Taizong then sought counsel from the Celestial Master Kou Qianzhi, who advised him to send troops. Du Chaozhi also agreed to the military campaign, while Cui Hao mentioned the benefits of attacking the west. Wei Zheng and others strongly opposed, advising against it. Emperor Taizong became furious, accusing Wei Zheng of embezzlement and bribery during his tenure, and dispatching soldiers to disgrace him. Shortly after, Wei Zheng was transferred to the position of Grand Commandant. Eventually, he was elevated to the rank of Generalissimo.

Since then, the emperor went on military campaigns, and Wei Zheng, as an old minister, mostly stayed in the capital, overseeing the court and dealing with criminal cases. When Wei Zheng passed away at the age of eighty, he was posthumously granted the title King Xuan. Later, Emperor Gaozu of Tang recognized the achievements of the previous dynasty and allowed Wei Zheng to be honored in the ancestral temple. Wei Tu, Wei Zheng's son, was skilled in archery and could draw a 300-jin bow. He inherited his father's title and was also appointed as a court official and General of the South. Later, for committing a crime, he was demoted to a border soldier, but his title was restored later. After his death, he was posthumously granted the title King An. Wei Dun, another son of Wei Zheng, styled Xiaoyou, rose to the rank of General of the Northern Garrison. Due to corruption and bribery, he was demoted to a duke. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he boasted of his ancestors' remarkable achievements and regained his royal title. After his death, he was posthumously granted the title King Jian. Dao Sheng, Wei Zheng's grandson, inherited the title. After a period of time, he was demoted to a duke in accordance with regulations, serving as General of the Right Guard. After his death, he was posthumously honored as Shen. His son, Yue, also inherited the title. During the Jianyi period, he regained his original royal title, but shortly after was demoted to a duke, serving as Gentleman of the Palace. After his death, he was posthumously appointed as Minister of Works. Dao Sheng's cousin, Changsun Song, was recognized for his loyalty, integrity, and prudence. The founding emperor greatly appreciated his steady character and put him in charge of important matters, serving alongside He Pi and others by the emperor's side, responsible for conveying imperial edicts. After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he appointed him as General of the South and Governor of Jizhou. Later, he accepted beautiful women sent by others as gifts for the emperor, and Emperor Taizong sternly reprimanded him, but given his status as a veteran minister, he did not punish him.

After Emperor Shizong ascended the throne, he bestowed upon him the title of Duke of Ruyin and promoted him to the position of Minister of Justice and Law. During Emperor Shizong's campaign against the Rouran, Dao Sheng and Wei Juan led troops deep into the areas between the White and Black Deserts, achieving significant victories. When Emperor Shizong campaigned against Helian Chang, Dao Sheng took on the role of vanguard alongside Grand Minister Changsun Han and Zongzheng Eqing, ultimately bringing Helian Chang's state under control. Helian Chang's brother, Helian Ding, fled to Pingliang, and Liu Yilong dispatched generals Yan Zhi and Wang Zhongde to attack Henan to rescue Helian Ding. The emperor then ordered Dao Sheng and Prince Tai of Danyang to station troops along the Yellow River to hold them off. Consequently, they lured the enemy deep into their territory and executed a pincer attack against Liu Yilong's general Tan Daoji, pursuing him all the way to Licheng before returning. Later, Dao Sheng was appointed as Minister of Works, granted the title of Palace Attendant, and promoted to King of Shangdang. He passed on at the age of eighty-two, posthumously elevated to the title of Grand Commandant and bestowed the posthumous name Jing.

Dao Sheng was known for his simplicity and frugality, holding high-ranking official positions, yet he dressed plainly and ate simply. He wore the same bear fur coat for decades, and people compared him to Yan Ying in his time. His residence was modest, but after his descendants took on local official roles, they secretly renovated and expanded the house, adding halls and pavilions. Upon returning and seeing this, Dao Sheng sighed and remarked, "Back then, Huo Qubing did not have time to build a house because the Xiongnu had not yet been defeated. Now, with strong enemies still roaming in the north, how can I comfortably live in a luxurious house?" He reprimanded his descendants sternly and ordered them to demolish the newly constructed house. He was an exceptionally cautious individual. During Emperor Sizong's reign, he achieved remarkable military victories, consistently offering timely advice. The emperor had the musicians extol the accomplishments of the officials, saying, "With the wisdom of Cui Hao and the integrity of Dao Sheng." As he aged, he became influenced by his wife Meng Shi, which led to some criticism. Both he and his cousin Long Sun Song became important government officials, which was regarded as a great honor in that era. His son Kang, who held the title of Marquis, died young.

Kang Zi Guan gained fame for his bravery in his youth and later inherited his ancestral title, becoming the King of Shangdang. Most kings without royal blood who inherited titles were typically demoted to dukes, but the emperor did not demote him due to the merits of his ancestors, who had served the emperor in the previous dynasty. He was later appointed as the Grand General of the West and promoted to Minister of Works, leading the troops of the seven towns in Hexi against the Tuyuhun. However, his subordinate Shi Yin fled, setting fire to the cities they occupied before returning. In the early reign of the founding emperor, Kang Zi Guan was appointed as Palace Secretariat and Palace Attendant. When the Tuyuhun invaded again, the emperor appointed him as Minister of Works to quell the rebellion. He was later appointed as Grand General of the South. After his death, he was posthumously named the King of Ding, and his funeral was held in accordance with the standards befitting his ancestor, the Jing Wang, and he was buried in Jinling in Yunzhong.

His son, Ji Gui, inherited the title at the age of six but was later demoted to duke. Because he inherited the family title at a young age, the founding emperor bestowed upon him the name Zhi and the courtesy name Chengye. Zhi was intelligent and gifted from an early age, humble and eager to learn, and enjoyed befriending other talented individuals. He served as a general, accompanying the founding emperor on a southern expedition, and was later appointed as Minister of War, Minister of Ceremonies, and Right General.

During the reign of Emperor Shizong, Hou Gang's son Hou Yuan was the son-in-law of Zhi. Because Hou Gang was highly regarded by Yuan Cha, Zhi quickly received promotions. He was appointed as the General of the Pacification Army, Governor of Yangzhou, promoted to Grand General of the Southern Garrison, and put in charge of military affairs in the Huainan region. Generals Pei Sui and Yu Hong, under Xiao Yan, attacked and captured Shouchun. Zhi's sons fought bravely, making it difficult for Pei Sui, who called them "little iron men." The court issued a decree for Prince Chen of Hejian to lead troops in support. Prince Chen wanted to battle immediately, but Zhi believed they should be more cautious due to the prolonged rain. Prince Chen ignored his advice and suffered defeat, with Zhi providing cover for the retreat. Initially commanding a strong army, Zhi hesitated to engage in battle, raising suspicions of ulterior motives. The court then appointed Prince Chen, Prince of Linhuai, and the official Li Xian as commanders to ostensibly support Zhi, but in reality to keep him under surveillance.

Upon Xianyu Xiuli's return to Zhongshan, he appointed Zhi as the Grand Commander to march north and suppress the rebels. Zhi soon arrived in Ye City as an envoy. The court issued a decree to remove Zhi from his position as Chancellor of the State and revoke his envoy status, appointing Prince Chen as the Grand Commander and Li Daoyuan as Chancellor of the State instead. Zhi sent his son Ziyu to submit a memorial, stating that he and Chen had fought together in Huainan, with Chen being defeated while he remained unscathed, which led Chen to harbor a grudge against him. Furthermore, Chen's seizure of command on the battlefield demonstrated his lack of strategic acumen. The memorial was submitted but not accepted.

Before Chen and Zhi reached Hutuo, Zhi did not want to engage in immediate battle, but Chen disagreed. When the army reached Wulu, they were ambushed by Xianyu Xiuli, and Chen failed to offer any support. Once the enemy forces arrived in full, they suffered a major defeat, resulting in the dismissal of both Zhi and Chen.

Not long after, the Zhengping Commandery and the Shudi region experienced another uprising. The court once again appointed Zhi as General Who Pacifies the West and Commander of the Campaign Against Shu. He distinguished himself in several battles and was promoted to General Who Pacifies the East, restoring his original noble rank. He was later promoted to Right Minister of Personnel. Soon after, the governor of Yongzhou, Xiao Baoyin, seized the state capital and rebelled. The court once again appointed Zhi to lead an expedition against him. At that time, Zhi was still suffering from a festering sore on his back. Empress Dowager Ling voiced her concern, saying, "Your condition is so serious that I want you to take a rest, but what should we do if we can't find anyone else to replace you?" Zhi replied, "Only death can end this; how could I not give it my all?" At that moment, Zhi's son, Ziyan, also suffered from foot pain and came to say goodbye, leaning on a cane. Yuan Shun, the Right Minister of Personnel, and the others exchanged glances and remarked, "We, the high-ranking ministers, enjoy the favor of the court. In times of national crisis, it seems the sick are the first to go; is that right?" No one had an answer. At that time, Xue Fengxian was leading a rebellion in Zhengping, and Xue Xiuyi was gathering troops in Hedong, respectively occupying Yanchi and besieging Puban, supporting Xiao Baoyin from both sides. Zhi then took up his position in Hedong.

The emperor has decided to abolish the salt tax, and Zhi Shangshu said: "The geographical location of the salt lake is advantageous, close to the capital, and it should be well protected while its resources are utilized effectively to support the nation. Now, with ongoing turmoil in Jizhou and Dingzhou hindering our usual collection of silk and satin, the treasury is running a deficit; we need to find ways to boost revenue and reduce expenses. A rough calculation of the salt tax shows that over a year, based on silk and satin, there would be at least three hundred thousand bolts of silk, which is equivalent to transferring the financial income of Jizhou and Dingzhou to the capital. Abolishing the salt tax now would result in losing this income once more. My earlier defiance of the imperial decree, lifting the siege of Hedong without first eliminating the bandits in Guanzhong, was not because I underestimated Chang'an or overvalued Puban. If Puban falls, the army's food and wage supplies would be cut off. Fortunately, Heaven has blessed the Great Wei, and my plan has not gone awry. Historically, during times of peace, Emperor Gaozu appointed salt officials, not for profit, but out of concern that profit-seeking could undermine social morals. Moreover, the princes and ministers are drawing salaries without any real work, and the officials are merely occupying their positions without contributing, collecting grain for six years and reallocating next year's military supplies, all of which amount to extorting money from the common people and draining their resources. This is not what I desire; it is truly a desperate measure. I order the salt officials and generals to continue collecting taxes according to regulations and to wait for future orders."

Zhi aided Bao Yin in defeating the general Hou Zhongde; Bao Yin fled, and Yongzhou was brought under control. Zhi was appointed Governor of Yongzhou. In the early reign of Emperor Zhuang, Zhi was appointed King of Shangdang, soon changed to King of Fengyi, and later demoted to Duke of Fengyi. He was later promoted to Duke of the State, appointed as an attendant minister, and concurrently served as the Minister of Rites and Grand Commandant, still stationed in Chang'an. After Emperor Fei's ascension, Zhi was promoted to Grand Commandant, overseeing the affairs of the Masters of Writing. Following the defeat at the Battle of Hanling, Husi Chun occupied Heqiao and planned to kill Erzhu Rong. Consequently, Zhi was dispatched to Luoyang to convey the intention to eliminate the Shilong brothers to the Emperor. After Emperor Xiaowu ascended the throne, Zhi was promoted to Grand Preceptor, overseeing the affairs of the Masters of Writing. Due to his merits in formulating strategies, he was also granted the title of Kaiguozi. Zhi submitted a memorial requesting that his official position be given to Yun, the second son of his maternal uncle Tingwei Qing Yuan Chao. When Zhi was born, his mother had already passed away, and it was Yuan Chao's mother who raised him. Therefore, he requested that the official position be given to Yun, and the Emperor agreed. After Emperor Xiaowu entered Guanzhong, Zhi was stationed in Hulao at that time and followed the Emperor to Chang'an.

When I was young, I married Zhang as my wife; she gave birth to two sons for me, one named Yan and one named Yu. Later, I made a mistake, had an affair with Luo, killed my former wife Zhang, and married Luo. Luo was more than ten years older than me; she was very jealous and strict. I actually had a good relationship with Zhang; we respected each other, and there were no other women around me. However, because of some misunderstandings, several people who served in the house were wrongly accused and died. Luo gave birth to three sons for me: Shao Yuan, Shi Liang, and Ji Liang. These three brothers were all upright and brave. When I was young, I was reckless, liked cockfighting and horse racing, and even killed someone in a fight. I fled to Longmen and hid at General Chen Xingde's house, and I was later granted a pardon by the court. To repay Chen Xingde, I married Lv, daughter of Chen Xingen.

My eldest son, Ziyi, whose original name was Jun, is very strong. Because he followed his father in many battles and achieved a lot of merit, he was granted the title of county lord of Huaili. When the emperor fell out with King Qixianwu, Ziyi was promoted to Grand Marshal of the Central Army and Prefect of Xing Tai, and was assigned to defend Hongnong. He was treated as a trusted confidant. Later, he followed the emperor into the pass. When Ziyi was young, he fell off a horse and broke his arm, with the bone of the elbow joint protruding over an inch long. He had someone cut open the flesh, saw off the bone, and bled several liters, but he remained unfazed, as if it were a joke. People at the time believed he was even more formidable than Guan Yu. My youngest son, Ziyu, has achieved the rank of Assistant Prefect of the Guard.

Details

Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 06 January 2025

Created: 06 January 2025

Hits: 57

Wei Cao, courtesy name Deyuan, was from Dai County. He had a strong sense of justice and a willingness to stand up for the oppressed from a young age and was very talented and strategic. The Jin dynasty's General Wei Guan recognized him and appointed him as his aide-de-camp, often sending him on diplomatic missions to other countries, which enabled Wei Cao to forge numerous connections.

After the death of Wei Cao's ancestor, he returned to the state with his cousin Wei Xiong and their relatives, including Ji Dan, totaling over ten. They advised Emperor Huan and Emperor Mu to welcome the exiles from the Jin dynasty. Because of their persuasion, more Jin people gradually flocked to Later Zhao. Emperor Huan was pleased and appointed Wei Cao as an assistant minister, allowing him to participate in state affairs.

Later, when Liu Yuan and Shi Le rebelled, causing chaos throughout the land, Wei Cao advised Emperor Huan to assist the Jin dynasty in resisting the rebels. Ma Teng from Dongying, upon hearing of this, greatly admired Wei Cao and submitted a request to the court to promote him. Wei Cao's official rank gradually rose, and he eventually became Right General and was granted the title of Duke of Dingxiang.

After Emperor Huan's death, Cao Cao erected a stele south of Dahan City to commemorate his achievements, inscribing the words: "Wei, a descendant of Xuanyuan." This meant that Emperors Huan and Mu were "renowned beyond the borders, with nine nations coming to pay tribute." These two emperors had their names spread far and wide, with nine countries coming to pay homage! They governed the realm and commanded the respect of the people, and their policies were implemented smoothly. "Their fame resonated throughout the Huayi, their virtue shining bright and pure. They were wise and strategic, with profound insight and clarity." Their reputation spread throughout Huaxia, their virtue radiant and pure, their wisdom deep and far-reaching, and they could see even the smallest details.

The means of governing the country are sophisticated, able to handle situations flexibly. "When governing, clarity and decisiveness are key; the rise and fall depend on the situation. Benevolence is as warm as spring sunshine, while authority is as harsh as autumn's falling leaves." They are decisive when necessary and tolerant when appropriate; their kindness is like the warm sunlight of spring, and their majesty is like the ruthless autumn leaves. They never bully the weak; "the strong do not oppress the weak but show compassion to the lonely and orphaned." Instead, they care for orphans and widows, implementing benevolent policies for the people, "governing with kindness, transforming without resorting to punishment." They educate the populace with virtue, managing the country well without the use of punishment, ensuring social stability and peace, "the country is free of treachery and theft, and the roads echo with praise." From the west to the east, one can feel the changes brought about by their governance, "from west to east, the changes are imperceptible. Where their might goes, there are no battles." Wherever their reputation reaches, peace is established, and there is no war.

The southern royal family has unified, and the north submits to Dingling. The north has conquered Dingling and also subdued six minority groups, "summoning the six tribes, all come to submit sincerely." Everyone sincerely submits. This achievement is truly unparalleled, "surpassing the past and unmatched in the future, achieving this success." They also assisted the emperor of the Jin dynasty, defending the borders, "serving the Jin emperor, defending the borders." However, the royal family is in distress, and court management is lax, "the royal family is in distress, the heavenly net is slack." Cao Cao is determined to help the court and prevent disasters, "with noble intentions and far-reaching assistance, never turning away from calamity." Year after year, he suppresses rebellions and eliminates treachery, thieves, and wolves, "yearly suppressing rebellions and eliminating treachery, thieves, and wolves." In the first year of Yong'an, the year of Jiazi, "in the first year of Yong'an, the year of Jiazi." Yet those treacherous factions continue to rebel, with wolves rampant in the east and west, "the treacherous factions continue to rebel, with wolves rampant in the east and west." They dare to force the emperor, repeatedly launching wars, "daring to pressure the emperor, military actions arise time and again. Taking advantage of their numbers, they treat the soldiers violently and cruelly."

A rift appeared between Ye City and Luoyang, "Ye and Luo part ways, abandoning kinship for distance." The court actually abandoned its trusted aides and favored outsiders, "They recruited violent individuals and slaughtered the Tuju and Xiongnu." Liu Yuan, the traitor, colluded with his accomplices, "Liu Yuan the traitor, forming a clique with his associates." He dared to attack Bingzhou and kill the innocent, leaving cities and towns in ruins, "Daring to attack Bingzhou and kill the innocent, leaving cities and towns in ruins." Everywhere there were scenes of devastation, and the war continued for miles, "Blades clashed for miles, like a long snake blocking the road." The righteous path of the Jin Dynasty aligned with the will of Heaven; Cao Cao offered wise counsel, "The Jin way follows Heaven, offering wise counsel." At that time, the General Who Maintains Order, General Who Pacifies the North, Inspector of Bingzhou, Protector General of the Xiongnu, and Commander of the Eastern Company, Ma Teng, was truly a remarkable genius with extraordinary strategic insight, "The General Who Maintains Order, General Who Pacifies the North, Inspector of Bingzhou, Protector General of the Xiongnu, and Commander of the Eastern Company, Ma Teng, a remarkable genius with extraordinary strategic insight." His strategic vision was extraordinary. Faced with so many difficulties, Sima Teng feared for the royal sacrifices, "In these troubled times, he feared for the royal sacrifices." He wanted to lead his troops into battle, but the Xiongnu were formidable, "He wanted to lead his troops into battle, but the Xiongnu were formidable." So he devised a strategy, coming up with ingenious solutions to the challenges, "He devised a strategy, coming up with ingenious solutions to the challenges." He wanted to seek help from outside, but no courtiers responded, "Wanting to seek outside help, but no courtiers responded." Sima Teng made an authoritative decision to form an alliance, "He made an authoritative decision to form an alliance." So he ordered foreign troops to prepare and selected capable officers to serve as envoys, "He ordered foreign troops to prepare and selected capable officers to serve as envoys." He sent out envoys, such as Hulun, Zhongxing Jia, Wei Mo, Wei Jian, etc., "Sending the participating general Hulun, the Yamen Zhongxing Jia, the Yiyang Tinghou Wei Mo, the Xieyi Tinghou Wei Jian, etc., hastening to deliver the imperial edict to Jin Yang City." They rode swiftly, bearing the imperial edict to Jin Yang City.

Speaking of Emperor Huan and Emperor Mu, they were both thinking about national affairs. "Their hearts are set on the well-being of the country. With two assisting ministers by their side, they complement each other in civil governance and military achievements. They strategize with words and showcase their military might." These two emperors, along with two assisting ministers, cooperated with each other very effectively in civil and military affairs. They held meetings together to actively discuss national matters. "Following orders in meetings, consulting and striving forward. Just like Duke Wen of Huan assisting the Zhou dynasty, making significant contributions that are remembered in history, and receiving abundant rewards. The masses are mobilized, gathering like-minded individuals. With a million-strong army, they aim to achieve their goals swiftly." Just like Duke Wen of Huan assisting the Zhou dynasty in the past, they achieved great merit, had a lasting reputation, and received abundant rewards from the emperor. They were widely supported by the people, and the army was a million strong and moved swiftly. The two brothers cooperated seamlessly, fighting with a well-thought-out plan, as if everything had been calculated in advance. "The brothers are united in their resolve, calculating their victories as if they were strategizing in a temple. With loud drumming, they march south, overcoming difficult obstacles." They fought in the south, pacifying various challenges along the way.

Continuing on, the two emperors arrived at the front lines with completely aligned opinions, as if they had already discussed everything beforehand. "The two emperors arrive at the front, their words are in agreement. They handle confidential matters with trust and unwavering integrity." They stayed in close touch with everyone, honored their promises, and kept their word. They swore an alliance on the east bank of the Fen River, "Swearing an alliance on the east bank of the Fen River, engraving it in red seal script. To uphold it for eternity, remaining faithful until the end." Carved in stone, to be honored forever. They appointed elite generals to lead the vanguard, "Swearing oaths to the commanders, leading the elite troops. Rescuing Nie County in the south, and relieving Shouyang in the east. The besieged cities came back to life." They rescued Nie County in the south, relieved Shouyang in the east, and the besieged cities regained their vitality. Taiyuan, Xihé, Leping, and Shangdang were attacked by the enemy, "Taiyuan, Xihé, Leping, Shangdang, suddenly fell victim to banditry, with bones scattered everywhere. The Jie tribes ravaged the land, bringing devastation to six counties. The villains teamed up, aiming for the imperial palace." White bones were everywhere, the Jie tribes ravaged the land, bringing devastation to six counties, and the villains teamed up, even aiming to attack the imperial palace.

However, the emperor's army quickly launched an attack. "Banners waved gently, the Jie forces were defeated. Ten thousand cavalry were sent, advancing towards the Qi and Zhang rivers. Ye quickly fell into chaos, the rebels fled in panic. The army stationed itself to the south of the province, casting a formidable shadow over the Taihang Mountains." With a wave of the flag, the Jie tribe's army was defeated, ten thousand cavalry charged between the Qi and Zhang rivers, Ye city was quickly breached, and the enemy scattered in all directions. The army stationed itself to the south of the province, projecting a formidable presence towards the Taihang Mountains. Both the interior and exterior were secured, "Guarding the inside and outside, maintaining peace in all directions. With the goal of serving the heavenly king with all their might, with loyalty and compassion shining through both internally and externally." All directions were pacified; they wholeheartedly assisted the emperor, loyal and kind, able to maintain peace internally and repel external threats. After the battle, the army returned in triumph, "Thus they displayed their martial prowess, raising their troops and returning. The long journey was extraordinary, coming and going for years. Not a single hair out of place, the people praised their efforts." After fighting for so long, back and forth for several years, the army displayed strict discipline, and the people praised their efforts. Throughout history, ancient and modern, domestic and foreign, "Surveying the historical records from ancient times to the present, never have we heard of foreign lands rushing to aid in internal troubles. Abandoning their own worries for the country, risking their safety for the nation's security. Only the emperor's far-sighted strategy, able to make decisions in times of crisis." Never has any country abandoned its own homeland to help with another country's internal troubles. The two emperors sacrificed their comfort for the sake of the country, faced danger to save the people, truly demonstrating foresight and wisdom in the face of crisis. They followed the will of heaven, held in deep affection by the people, "Following the will of heaven and the people, spreading kindness and virtue. Bringing peace to the borders, reviving a nation in danger." Ultimately, the borders were secured, and the country was preserved.

It is said that some people speak of Emperor Huan like this: "Isn't he just a great ruler? Loyalty and filial piety just come naturally to him. Who can rise above the ordinary without going astray? He gathers the people, and everyone listens to him. He’s famous for his military exploits, and his name spreads far and wide. In times of peace and prosperity, all ethnic groups from the border regions came to pay tribute. He personally toured the land, covering the Three Rivers area. Sadly, even with all his achievements, he didn’t get the recognition he deserved and died young. On June 24th in the second year of Yongxing, at the age of thirty-nine, he passed away due to illness. After leaving the grand palace, he now rests forever in this renowned city among the clouds. The nation lost a wise ruler, and everyone was heartbroken, their cries echoing through the skies. The whole country was in mourning, with nowhere to vent their sadness and anger. People came from all around to pay their respects at his coffin. There were so many mourners that they filled the doorway. It felt like the mountains themselves were bowing down, and the dense forests withered. People gazed up at the sky, sighing deeply as they mourned his untimely death."

Some say: Emperor Huan was "loyal and devoted to the Jin court, running tirelessly along the official paths like a spirited steed. During the harsh winter, in frigid conditions, he traveled far and wide, quelling uprisings. Working himself to exhaustion and falling ill, he eventually passed away, unable to enjoy his later years. He devoted himself to the country, earning great merit even after his death. His name will be recorded in history and remembered for generations. People in the northern territories mourned his passing and commemorated him, holding elaborate ceremonies in his honor. In honor of his achievements and virtues, he was posthumously named 'Yi Lie'. He performed many good deeds for the people, and he is remembered in sacrificial ceremonies." Others say: "Emperor Huan governed wisely across the regions, ensuring the country prospered and the border regions remained stable and united. He donned golden armor, accompanied by grand processions and unprecedented honors. His accomplishments influenced two generations, unmatched by any other. People from all corners praised him, and the northern tribes were grateful for his kindness. Everyone put in effort to spread his renown. Stones were inscribed to record his achievements, and statues were made to preserve his image. He has been venerated by later generations, with offerings made in his honor. His merits will be eternally remembered, immortalized for all time."

In the eulogy, it was also written: Emperor Huan "was as hard as gold and as strong as jade. Heeding the mandate of Heaven and responding to the times, he pacified the north. His talents saved the country and quelled rebellions from all directions. No one disobeyed him, and the world was at peace. Amidst chaos and turmoil, the country faced instability. The Jie tribes took advantage of the situation and dared to invade our land. Countless people were displaced, wounded, and killed. He led a million-strong army, overcame numerous obstacles, ensured the survival of the nation, and saved the people of a province. His contributions were immense, as mighty as a dragon and as fierce as a tiger. Zhu Yi's small acts of kindness only benefited Tongxiang, while Emperor Huan pacified significant troubles and brought peace to six counties. The peace in the six counties was all won through his efforts. People carved inscriptions on stones to pass on his achievements to future generations." All of this took place in the autumn of the first year of Jin Guangxi.

It is said that initially, during the prosperous period of the Han Dynasty, Duan Rong, the Deputy Prefect of Yongzhou, discovered this stele while digging by the canal. Although the events recorded were noteworthy, I included it in the historical records.

Emperors Huan and Mu both highly valued Wei Cao. Emperor Mu passed away three years after his reign. Among the relatives and friends from the clan who were with Wei Cao were: Wei Qin, titled Marquis Anlete; Wei Chong and Wei Qing, both titled Marquis Duting; Wei Ni and Duan Fan, both titled General Xinyi and Marquis Duting; Wang Fa, titled General Jianwu and Marquis Duting; Fan Ban, titled General Zhechong and Marquis Guangwu Ting; Jia Qing, titled General Jianwu and Marquis Shangluo Ting; Jia Xun, titled Marquis Duting; Li Yi, titled Marquis Guanzhong; Guo Ru, titled Marquis Guannei. These individuals were all appointed by Emperor Huan. Later, during the "Six Repair Difficulties," many survivors fled south with Liu Zun, the son of Liu Kun. The stele also lists the names of Wei Xiong, Ji Dan, Mo Han, and others.

Wei Xiong, courtesy name Shiyuan, and Ji Dan, courtesy name Shiya, were both very brave and strategic individuals who served as regional officials during the Jin Dynasty. After they entered the court alongside Wei Zao, Emperor Huan appreciated their strength and talents, appointing them as generals and frequently leading them into battles where they achieved remarkable military victories. When Emperor Huan died, their achievements were recognized by the Jin court, and they were both appointed as generals. Wei Xiong gradually rose through the ranks due to his repeated military accomplishments, eventually becoming Left General and Marquis of Yunzhong. Ji Dan also became renowned for his bravery in battle, reaching the ranks of General of Loyalty and Righteousness and Marquis of Loufan by the end of Emperor Huan's reign. When Emperor Mu ascended to the throne, he held both of them in high regard. After Wei Zao's death, both of them became key advisors to the emperor.

During the chaos of the Six Rebellions, the country was thrown into chaos with various factions fighting against each other endlessly. Shi Le and Liu Yao became the hope of the people, planning a southern offensive. They told the people, "It is said that the old guard is unhappy with us newcomers and wants to eliminate us all. If we don't come up with a plan quickly, we will have no future!" The people of the Jin Dynasty and the Wuhuan tribe were frightened and unanimously declared, "We'll stand by the two generals through thick and thin!" Thus, Shi Le, Liu Yao, and Ren Zizun under Liu Kun's command led tens of thousands of Wuhuan tribesmen and Jin soldiers in revolt. Liu Kun was thrilled and galloped with a few hundred cavalrymen to Pingcheng to join forces with them.

At that moment, Shi Le attacked Liu Kun's garrison in Yueping, and Han Ju, the prefect of Yueping, asked Liu Kun for help. With the troops of both Shi Le and Liu Yao, Liu Kun wanted to take advantage of this momentum to defeat Shi Le. Shi Le and Liu Yao advised him, saying, "These rebellious troops are hungry and tired, and are not ready for battle yet. They should be allowed to rest first, and then see the situation before making any moves." Liu Kun ignored their advice and ordered Shi Le and Liu Yao to lead the troops against Shi Le, while he stationed his forces in Guangmu to provide support. Shi Le engaged Liu Yao with his light cavalry, and Liu Yao was defeated. He managed to escape with over a thousand cavalry to Daijun. Shi Le sent Kong Chang to pursue them and wiped them out.

Mo Han, a wealthy merchant from Yanmen. His family has been engaged in business for generations, with a fortune. After Liu Kun became the governor of Bingzhou, he invited Mo Han to serve as his advisor. Mo Han lived near the border and frequently traveled between the court and the border. Emperor Mu admired his talent and character, treating him well. Later, when Emperor Mu became the crown prince and wanted to establish his own team, he asked Liu Kun for Mo Han. Liu Kun sent Mo Han to the state of Dai, though Mo Han was initially reluctant. Liu Kun persuaded him, saying, "Now the barbarians are causing chaos, the Central Plains are almost destroyed, the people are displaced, and countless deaths and injuries; the emperor is being held captive by the barbarians, the situation is critical. Our province is sandwiched between the barbarians, and I can only protect this place with the crown prince's assistance. So I have done everything possible, including sending my eldest son to the state of Dai as a hostage, hoping to eliminate the barbarians and seek revenge. You are also a loyal and righteous man, now is the time for you to make a name for yourself; how can you hesitate over something so trivial and forget about great kindness and virtue? You go to be the right-hand man for the crown prince, not only my hope, but also the hope of everyone in our province." Mo Han then went to the state of Dai and participated in state affairs. Later, Liu Kun moved the people of five counties south of Xingshan, with only Mo Han's family remaining in the original place. Mo Han was highly regarded by Emperor Mu, frequently involved in military and state affairs planning. After his death, he was posthumously appointed as Left General and Marquis of Guanzhong. His ancestral home was situated south of the Sangqian River, later referred to as Mo Han Wall. Some people mistakenly pronounce it as Mo Hui City. Zi Xian was well-known at the time. During Emperor Zhaocheng's reign, he was appointed as the Left Imperial Attendant.

Zi Xian, also known as Zi Ti, was quite clever. Emperor Taizu sent him to lead troops with General Wang Jian to attack Murong Bao's subordinate, Liu Kangni, the Governor of Guangning. They succeeded in killing Liu Kangni and relocated his tribe to Pingcheng. Murong Bao's Governor of Shanggu, Lin, abandoned his post, so Emperor Taizu pursued him. Zi Ti became a general and pursued Lin via another route from the east. In recognition of his achievements, he was granted the title of Marquis of Dongwan. Upon returning to the capital, he often attended banquets with Li Li. Li Li misbehaved at a banquet, which led to Zi Ti's demotion to the Governor of Jiyang. Later, Emperor Taizu wanted to embark on large construction projects, including building palaces and planning the surrounding area of Pingcheng. He needed to transport millions of logs, so he recruited Zi Ti to oversee the project. The Emperor summoned him to discuss the palace construction plans. Zi Ti had become somewhat negligent in his duties and was ultimately sentenced to death.

Zi Yun, Zi Ti's younger brother, was an avid learner and skilled archer. During Emperor Taizu's reign, he was responsible for selecting officials and later became Censor of the Capital. He was titled Marquis of Ande for his achievements and later promoted to Commandant of the Capital, regularly involved in national affairs. After Northern Wei's Emperor Taizong Tuoba Tao conquered Helian Chang, he ordered Zi Yun and the King of Changshan to defend Tongwan. Zi Yun was promoted to Duke of Anding, further elevated to General Who Pacifies the West, and then to Grand General Who Guards the West. At that time, the Hexi region had just been annexed into Northern Wei, and Zi Yun successfully managed the resettlement of the residents. He died young and was posthumously honored as Duke Jing.

Liu Kuren, originally named Meigen, and was also known as Luo Chui. He was known for his generosity, righteousness, and great wisdom from a young age. His mother was the daughter of Emperor Pingwen. Emperor Zhaocheng gave his daughter in marriage to him and appointed him as the Lord of the South.

In the thirty-ninth year of the founding of the country, Emperor Zhaocheng suddenly died before the founding emperor formally ascended the throne. Fu Jian appointed Liu Kuren as the General of Lingjiang and Marquis of Guannei, appointing him to lead the country's army together with Wei Chen. The regions west of the river were under Wei Chen's jurisdiction, while the regions east of the river were under Liu Kuren's jurisdiction. At that time, Empress Xianming arrived with the founding emperor and the two imperial princes from the Helan tribe to take up residence here. Liu Kuren wholeheartedly assisted them, staying loyal and steadfast, not changing his position despite the changes in dynasty. He provided comfort to the displaced and his kindness and reputation were exceptional.

Fu Jian promoted Kuren to General of Guangwu, giving him a large retinue and a status similar to the feudal lords. Wei Chen, who was under Kuren's command at the time, was enraged and revolted by killing the prefect of Taiyuan in Wuyuan, and then attacked the western territories that Kuren controlled. Kuren in turn defeated Wei Chen, pursuing him over a thousand miles northwest of Yanshan, capturing his wife and children as well and incorporating his army. Later, Kuren mounted a campaign against the She Di tribe in the west, seizing a significant amount of livestock and relocating their people to Sangqian River. Fu Jian subsequently married his daughter, Lady Gongsun, to Kuren and gave him a generous dowry. Kuren later visited Fu Jian, who promoted him to General of Zhenwei.

Murong Chui besieged Fu Pi in Ye City and sent Ping Gui to attack the governor of Youzhou, Wang Yong, in Jicheng. Kuren believed he was appointed by Fu Jian, so he sent his wife's brother, Gongsun Xi, with three thousand cavalry to assist Wang Yong in his fight against Ping Gui. They scored a significant victory, killing over five thousand of Ping Gui's soldiers. They pursued their victory and occupied Tang City, confronting Murong Chui's son, Murong Lin. Upon learning that Gongsun Xi had defeated Ping Gui, Kuren resolved to lead his troops to rescue Fu Pi. He gathered troops from Yanmen, Shanggu, and Daijun at Fanzhi for assembly. Previously, Murong Wen and others were supposed to be relocated to Chang'an, but they managed to escape to Kuren's forces and had longed to return east but had not found the opportunity. During this battle, Kuren sensed discontent among his men, and Murong Wen and others took advantage of the night to lead troops from three counties to attack Kuren. Kuren hid in the stable and was ultimately captured and killed by Murong Wen. Mounting Kuren's steed, Murong Wen fled to Murong Chui. Upon hearing the news of Kuren's death, Gongsun Xi fled from Tang City to the Dingling.

Kuren's brother, Kujun, took over Kuren's power. The leader of the Baibu tribe, Xifo, rebelled, and Kujun was unable to suppress him. So he requested Fu Jian to send the governor of Bingzhou, Zhang Hao, to attack Xifo, which led to Xifo's defeat. Kujun also defeated the Helan tribe in Shanwu and defeated the Rouran's leader, Zhiwo, in Yiqin Mountain, capturing over a hundred thousand cattle and sheep. Kujun's second son, Luo Chen, was exceptionally clever and strategic. He said to Kujun, "Although we have been winning battles recently, there are internal threats looming; I hope you can resolve them soon." Kujun asked, "Who?" Luo Chen said, "Your cousin, Kuxian; he is ruthless and will rebel sooner or later." Kujun dismissed it as inconsequential. Later, they relocated their pastures to Niuchuan, and Kuren's son, Kuxian, indeed killed Kujun and took over as the leader. Luo Chen fled to Taizu, as chronicled in the "Biographies of the Imperial Families."

It is said that Tuoba Xian, originally named Tuoba Choufa, murdered his relatives to seize power and even planned to rebel. This story is documented in the "Records of the Grand Ancestor." After Emperor Taizu ascended the throne, Tuoba Xian, realizing the danger, fled to Mayi. At this time, his kinsman Nu Zhen arrived with his followers to surrender. Nu Zhen had a brother named Tuoba Jian who used to live in the Helan tribe. Nu Zhen requested Emperor Taizu to appoint his brother as the leader of the Helan tribe. Emperor Taizu, perceiving it as an act of loyalty, agreed. After Tuoba Jian became the leader, he felt indebted to Helan Ne for his past kindness and sent his brother to Jin to present a golden horse as a token of gratitude. However, Helan Ne's younger brother, Ran Gan, demanded that since Tuoba Jian had become the leader, he should now submit to him. Jin informed Nu Zhen about this. Nu Zhen said, "My father served the country faithfully for generations, our family has always been loyal, and I only wanted to preserve our family's reputation, which is why I gave the leadership position to my brother. You are being ungrateful and attempting to betray the emperor, which is absolutely unacceptable!" Consequently, Nu Zhen ordered the execution of Tuoba Jian and Jin. When Ran Gan heard that his brother was killed, he led his troops to take revenge on Nu Zhen. Nu Zhen, fearing for his life, fled with his followers to seek refuge with Emperor Taizu. Emperor Taizu personally welcomed him and dispatched people to reprimand Ran Gan. Nu Zhen was deeply grateful to Emperor Taizu and requested that his sister be married to him, which Emperor Taizu agreed to.

Later, Emperor Taizu went to Mayi to confront Tuoba Xian and chased him to Mize, where he inflicted a crushing defeat on Tuoba Xian's army. Wei Chen had a good relationship with Murong Chui and sent him three thousand horses. Murong Chui sent Murong Liang to receive them. Tuoba Xian defeated Murong Liang's army and made off with the horses. Murong Chui was furious and sent his son Murong Lin and his nephew Murong Kai to attack Tuoba Xian. Tuoba Xian fled to the western mountains of Mayi, and Murong Lin pursued him with light cavalry. Tuoba Xian then escaped to Changzi to take refuge with Murong Yong. His followers all surrendered to Murong Lin, who resettled them in Zhongshan. The story of Tuoba Xian's brother, Tuoba Kangni, is detailed in "The Biography of the Empress." The historian said: From Emperor Taizu to Emperor Huan and Emperor Mu, the country had just been established, and the social climate had not yet fully stabilized. During the tumultuous times, Tuoba Cao and Tuoba Han made their mark, truly ambitious and heroic figures! The Liu brothers, Liu Kurong and Liu Kuren, were loyal and steadfast; no matter the rise and fall of the state, they remained consistent. Their loyalty and integrity are admirable, but sadly, they ultimately met a tragic fate, which is truly a shame!

Details

Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Wei （魏書）

Published: 06 January 2025

Created: 06 January 2025

Hits: 56

Once upon a time, Emperor Xiaowen had seven sons, each a dragon among men. The disgraced Crown Prince Xun was born to Empress Lin; Emperor Xuanwu and Prince Huaiguang were born to Empress Wenzhao; Prince Yu of Jingzhao was born to Lady Yuan; Prince Yi of Qinghe and Prince Yue of Runan were born to Lady Luo; there was also a son named Tiao, born to Zheng Chonghua, but sadly he died before he could be bestowed the title of prince.

Let’s first discuss the disgraced Crown Prince Xun, whose courtesy name was Yuandao. His mother passed away shortly after his birth, but thankfully, Empress Wenming raised him and kept him close. In the 17th year of Taihe, Emperor Xiaowen named Xun as Crown Prince. When he reached adulthood and was to hold the coming-of-age ceremony, Emperor Gaozu personally received him in the Guangji East Hall of the palace and offered him guidance, saying: "The coming-of-age ceremony is a tradition of hundreds of years, designed to cultivate proper appearance, harmonious demeanor, and gentle speech. Only with proper appearance, harmonious demeanor, and gentle speech can one foster good relationships between ruler and ministers, father and son, and elders and juniors. Remember, when you see your mother, bow in respect; when you treat your brothers, show utmost respect. You must hold yourself to the standards of an adult. Your courtesy name is 'Yuandao'; it was not chosen lightly. Ponder the meaning of this name and strive to achieve what I have said." Later, his courtesy name was changed to "Xuandao."

After the emperor moved the capital to Luoyang, he ordered Xun to go to Dai Commandery (now around Datong, Shanxi). From the departure to accommodation, all the rituals and rules were personally established by Emperor Gaozu. Before Xun set off, he took leave of the emperor, who replied, "Actually, you don't need to go to Dai Commandery. It's just that the Grand Tutor—your maternal grandfather—passed away in Hengzhou, and as the emperor, it is inappropriate for me to hastily attend the funeral. Therefore, I want you to go pay respects to your grandfather and also visit your mother's grave, to show your filial piety. Once you are there, after the Grand Tutor's funeral is over, go to pay respects at the royal tomb. After that, visit your clan ancestor, King Nan'an, and extend your greetings. On the way, read more books to increase your knowledge." From then on, every year when the emperor went on a tour, Xun would stay behind in the capital, responsible for the sacrificial activities.

This guy Yang Xun, who wasn't studying properly, was both hefty and strong, and especially dreading the hot summers in Luoyang, always thinking about running off to the north for fun. An official close to Gaozu, Gao Daoyue, tried several times to reason with him, but Yang Xun was quite annoyed. Later, when Gaozu went to Mount Song for a visit, Yang Xun stayed in Luoyang to guard the city and plotted with his men inside the West Yi Gate, planning to mobilize light cavalry to head to Daizhou and assassinate Gao Daoyue in the palace. Fortunately, at that time, Commander Yuan Yan had the city gates tightly secured, preventing the situation from escalating. The next day, Minister Lu Xiu quickly reported this to Gaozu, who was horrified to hear it. He pretended everything was fine but he still rushed back from Bianzhou.

Gaozu enumerated all of Yang Xun's offenses, and then personally, along with Prince Xianyi and others, gave Yang Xun a severe beating. He had them take turns pummeling him, hitting him over a hundred times, before dragging him out, leaving him unable to get up for several days. Then he was locked in a small courtyard west of the city. Gaozu called the ministers to Qinghui Hall to discuss stripping him of his crown prince title. Sikong Muliang, Crown Prince Tutor Muliang, and Minister of Works Li Chong all knelt down to plead for his life. Gaozu said, "Your pleas are for personal reasons, but I am considering the greater good of the country. As the ancients wisely said, 'the greater good must outweigh personal ties.' This brat Yang Xun dared to defy his father's orders and proclaim himself king. How can a country exist without a father? His intentions were downright treacherous! If we don’t deal with this brat today, the country could face chaos down the line. If I die, it may even repeat the tragedy of the Yongjia Rebellion!" Therefore, Gaozu stripped Yang Xun of his crown prince status, exiled him to Heyang, stationed soldiers to guard him, and provided him with enough food and clothing to prevent him from starving or freezing to death.

After his exile, Yang Xun had second thoughts and started reading Buddhist scriptures and practicing Buddhism. Gaozu went to Daizhou, and then to Chang'an. Captain Li Biao secretly penned a letter to Gaozu, saying that Yang Xun was conspiring with his subordinates to rebel. While in Chang'an, Gaozu sent Xing Luan, Deputy Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and Prince Xianyi to Heyang with food and wine, and ordered Yang Xun's execution, who was just fifteen at the time. He was hurriedly buried in a rough wooden coffin in Heyang City. One winter, Ling Wen, a clerk at the Imperial Censorate, committed an offense and was sentenced to death. He reported to the Court of Judicial Review that before Yang Xun was arrested, he had written a confession, but Captain Li Biao and Assistant Imperial Censor Jia Shangqin had concealed it. Jia Shangqin was imprisoned by the Court of Judicial Review. Li Biao had been dismissed and returned home at the time, while Gaozu was in Ye City. The Ministry of Personnel requested the arrest of Li Biao to bring him back to Luoyang, but it coincided with a general amnesty, so the issue was dropped. After Jia Shangqin was released from prison, he died of a sudden illness.

Initially, Gaozu planned to have his son Xun marry the eldest daughter of Situ Fengdan, but because the daughter was still young, he decided to wait. Xun was first given in marriage to the daughters of Liu Changwen from Pengcheng and Zheng Yi from Yingyang as attendants when he was just thirteen or fourteen. Once, Gaozu was boating in Tianyuanchi with Guo Zuo, Cui Guang, and Song Bian, and said, "In life, you’ve got to enjoy yourself and not just study all day. I want Xun to come out in the morning to study the classics and history, return to the palace after lunch, come out again in the afternoon, and finish work in the evening. What do you all think?" Cui Guang replied, "Confucius said 'when the blood is not yet settled, beware of lust,' and the Zuo Zhuan says 'in the day inquire about affairs, in the night rest the body.' The Crown Prince is still young, and he shouldn’t be studying during the hottest part of the day. Stopping his studies and heading back to the palace isn’t a good way to take care of his fragile health and extend his life." Gaozu agreed with Cui Guang and did not let Xun return to the palace during the day. Xun later did not have any sons.

King Yuxi of Jingzhao, known by his style name Xuande, was granted the title of king in the twenty-first year of Taihe. He was appointed as the commander and governor of Xuzhou, and appointed Lu Yangwu, the chief of staff for the King of Pengcheng's army, to handle state affairs. When Shizong just ascended to the throne, Yuxi was appointed as the General of the Guard. Shizong was very fond of his brothers, and Yuxi and his brothers often entered and left the court, accompanying Shizong day and night, like a family. Shizong would practice archery in Huayin Garden every day, dressed casually and riding horses, and his brothers would come and go with complete freedom. Later, Yuxi was promoted to the Director of the Palace Library.

Emperor Shizong wanted Empress Shun's younger sister as a concubine, but he didn't pay her much attention. While in Xuzhou, he took a concubine named Li, originally surnamed Yang, a native of Dongjun. One night, he heard her singing and took a liking to her and favored her. After returning from Xuzhou to the capital, he wanted to elevate Li's status, so he entrusted her to General Zhao Jun Li Shixian as her adoptive father and formally married her following the proper customs. Li gave birth to a son named Baoyue. Empress Shun summoned Li into the palace, gave her a harsh scolding, and forced her to become a nun, handing the child over to the concubine for upbringing. More than a year later, Empress Shun's father, Yu Jing, since the empress had not borne any children, petitioned Emperor Shizong to favor Consort Guang. Thus, Emperor Shizong returned Li to Yu, and Yu's love for Li deepened.

I enjoy writing and have written quite a few poems and essays. I often invite talented friends such as Song Shijing, Li Shenjun, Zu Ying, Xing Yan, Wang Zunya, and Zhang Shijun to get together for food and drinks to celebrate. I also invited dozens of Confucian scholars from across the regions, including Yan Huaizhen, and treated them with hospitality. Most of the grain and cloth I received were distributed to others. I particularly believe in Buddhism and Taoism, so I often end up in financial trouble. My relationship with my brother, Prince Guangping, is not on great terms; we're always comparing ourselves to each other, chasing a lavish lifestyle, living it up, and ignoring the rules. Later, Emperor Shizong summoned me to the palace for questioning, gave me fifty hard lashes, and then demoted me to governor of Jizhou.

At first, I was determined to serve as an official in the court and serve the emperor, but later I realized that I was not as powerful as my two younger brothers, which made me feel wronged, and it was evident on my face. Moreover, my concubine frequently faced bullying, and things were not going well at home or outside. While I was in Jizhou, I plotted a rebellion, killing Chief Historian Yang Lingyin and General Li Zun, and falsely claimed to have received a secret letter from Prince Qinghe, alleging that Gao Zhao was plotting to assassinate the emperor. Then, I performed a sacrifice to heaven south of Xindu City, declared myself emperor, changed the era name to Jianping, established the Li family as the empress, and granted amnesty to the world. Emperor Shizong sent Minister Li Ping with troops to attack me. I went out of the city to face the battle, suffered a series of defeats, and in the end, could only shrink back into the city to defend it.

I knew the situation was lost, so I fled with Empress Li and my four sons, along with dozens of cavalry. The pursuers quickly caught up with us, captured me, and escorted me to the capital. The emperor issued an order to properly educate my family. Every time I stopped at a post station to rest, I held the Empress's hand tightly, conveying my emotions. Even when imprisoned, I ate and drank freely, not afraid in the slightest. When we reached Yewang, I said to those around me, "Although the emperor is merciful and cannot bear to kill me, what face do I have to meet him?" After saying this, I wept bitterly and then passed away; I was only twenty-one years old that year. Some also say that Gao Zhao sent someone to kill me. I was buried in haste, and my children were later pardoned. Later, Empress Dowager Ling ordered that my four sons be registered, and I was posthumously titled King of Lintao, with my son Baoyue inheriting the throne. Baoyue later reburied his parents and mourned for three years.

My younger brother Baoyu was frivolous, reckless, and indulged in wine and women. During the reign of Emperor Xiaozhuang, he was titled King of Nanyang. Later, he accompanied Emperor Chui to Guansi. Yu Wenheidang killed Emperor Chui, and Baoyu proclaimed himself emperor, asserting his kingship and dominance.

Prince Yì of Qinghe, also known as Xuānrén. He was intelligent and clever from a young age, and also good-looking. Emperor Gāozǔ had a particular fondness for him. Prince Xì of Péngchéng highly valued him, saying, "This child is elegant, noble, and deeply knowledgeable. If heaven blesses him with a long life, his future achievements will definitely not be inferior to the virtuous men praised in the Book of Songs." He was well-versed in history and various disciplines, highly capable in writing, skilled in debate, kind and benevolent, keeping his emotions well-hidden. In the twenty-first year of Tàihé, he was granted the title of prince. After Emperor Shìzōng ascended the throne, he was appointed as a court official, and later promoted to the position of Minister of Works.

Yì was highly capable, adept at handling political affairs, decisive in his actions, and excelled in various matters, earning a good reputation. Sīkōng Gāozhào, relying on being the Emperor's uncle, wielded great power and sought to eliminate loyal officials in the court, repeatedly framing Yì and others. Fed up with it, Yù eventually rebelled and attacked Jìzhou. Taking advantage of Yù's rebellion, Gāozhào framed and killed Prince Xì of Péngchéng. Yì feared that he would also not be able to escape trouble. Gāozhào also released prisoners without authorization to win people's favor and gain support. Once, while drinking with Emperor Shìzōng, after a few rounds of drinks, Yì said to Gāozhào, "There aren’t many brothers of the Emperor, yet their rivalries have never stopped. In the past, Wang Mang went bald, relying on the power of Wèiyáng, and eventually usurped the throne of the Han Dynasty. If you continue to be so arrogant, it could very well lead to great chaos in the end."

He said to Emperor Shizong again: "I heard that talent and reputation cannot be borrowed by others. Therefore, when the Ji family in Lu indulged in luxury and debauchery, Confucius criticized them severely; when Zhong Shu Duan in the State of Qi was arrogant and tyrannical, Zuo Qiuming took it as a grave lesson. We must recognize the distinction between heaven and earth and the roles of ruler and subject, prevent even the slightest overreach, and avoid being presumptuous. As for reducing penalties and releasing prisoners, this is a duty that only a sovereign can fulfill, yet it is now being handled by the Minister of Works. How can this be the role of a subject? Moreover, Your Majesty, by governing with diligence and resolving disputes, the country will be prosperous, the people will be safe, and the realm will be at peace. How can we let the authority of a wise ruler fall into the hands of treacherous officials? The root cause of the country's turmoil lies here!" Emperor Shizong smiled and said nothing.

When Emperor Suzong took the throne, Li Yi was promoted to Grand Commandant, and he also kept his position as an attendant. The emperor also tasked him with managing the affairs of the Secretariat and annotating the classics. At that time, there was a monk named Hui Lian who claimed he could chant spells to cure diseases by blessing water. Every day, thousands sought his treatment. Empress Dowager Ling even ordered that he be given special treatment, providing him with clothing and food, and allowed him to treat the people in the south of the city. Li Yi submitted a memorial advising against this, saying, "I have heard that the law imposes severe penalties on those who deceive the public, and the system of rituals strictly forbids demonic practices, all to uphold righteousness and prevent evildoers from causing chaos. In the late years of the Han Dynasty, there was a man named Zhang Jiao who also used such sorcery to deceive the people of that time. His actions mirrored exactly those of this monk today, inciting the people to rebel, causing the Yellow Turban Rebellion, and bringing suffering to the people for decades. All this was a result of Zhang Jiao! In the past, Xinyuan Ping was denied entry to the bright hall because of his deceit, and Wuli Jiao ultimately met a fatal end."

Empress Dowager Ling entrusted all political affairs to Li Yi because he was Emperor Suzong's virtuous uncle, known for his noble character and reputation. Li Yi devoted himself to assisting the emperor and took on the heavy responsibilities of the realm. At that time, the military general Yuan Cha was Empress Dowager Ling's brother-in-law and was arrogant because of his royal connections. Li Yi handled him according to the law, always suppressing him, which made Yuan Cha hold a grudge against him. Yuan Cha's accomplice, a court official named Song Weixi, falsely accused Li Yi of treason at Yuan Cha's behest and surrounded Li Yi's home. They questioned Li Yi's family and court ministers, who all came forward to testify on his behalf, allowing Li Yi to finally clear his name. Despite his loyalty and dedication to his duties, Li Yi faced slander, so he gathered honest officials and compiled a twenty-volume work called "Records of Loyalty" to express his thoughts.

In the first year of Zhengguang, in July, Yuan Cha and Liu Teng forced Emperor Suzong to the Xianyang Hall, confined Empress Dowager Ling to the inner palace, and imprisoned Li Yi in the Ministry of War. They fabricated charges against Li Yi and ultimately executed him at the age of thirty-four. The entire court was shocked and mourned deeply for his loss, whether they knew him personally or not. Even the foreigners in the capital, including those who had just returned, wept upon hearing of Li Yi's death, with hundreds of people wailing.

Prince Huaiping, along with other princes of the Wei kingdom, were summoned to Hualin Villa and were forbidden to leave, while the scholar Dong Zheng instructed them in the classics and history. They were permitted to return home only after the death of Emperor Shizong.

Prince Yuan Yue of Runan, who had a particular fondness for reading Buddhist scriptures and historical texts, was known for his eccentric personality and erratic behavior. His wife, Lady Lu, the daughter of the Duke of Donghai, gave birth to a son, but Yuan Yue ignored them completely. There was a man named Cui Yanxia, who practiced some unorthodox methods and associated with Yuan Yue, taking elixirs together. They often carelessly ventured out to gather herbs and stayed in the homes of poor people outside the city. As a result, Yuan Yue abstained from alcohol, meat, and rice, subsisting solely on wheat porridge. He also abstained from marital relations, instead developing an attraction to men, expressing disdain and contempt for his concubines and wives, even resorting to violence and treating them as if they were mere servants. Every time Yuan Yue went out, his wife would live in a separate household. Empress Dowager Ling, upon hearing of this, ordered an inquiry and summoned Yuan Yue's wife for interrogation. His wife was bedridden and injured as a result of the abuse. The Empress Dowager then issued a decree forbidding such conduct, stipulating that if a prince's consort fell ill for more than one hundred days, it must be reported to the court. Anyone who dared to abuse their spouse would lose their titles. Later, Prince Yuan Yi of Qinghe was killed by Yuan Cha, but Yuan Yue felt no animosity and instead sought to curry favor with Yuan Cha by offering fine wine, doing his best to flatter him. Yuan Cha was very pleased and appointed Yuan Yue as a court official and Grand Commandant. On his first day in his new position, Yuan Yue outrageously demanded valuable possessions from Yuan Yi's son, Yuan Yan, and kept nitpicking, unsatisfied. He then called Yuan Yan over and mercilessly lashed him a hundred times. Yuan Yan's father had not even been buried yet, and his body was weak, but Yuan Yue's brutal beating nearly cost him his life. However, Yuan Yue then referred to him as "son," personally comforting and caressing him. Yuan Yue also set up a massive millstone at the entrance of the provincial government building, decreeing that thieves caught would have their hands amputated. People at the time lived in fear of his unpredictability, thinking he was capable of bizarre acts, and thieves kept a low profile for a while.

When Erzhu Rong raised his troops to attack Luoyang, Yuanyue was still considering becoming a mediator. He soon heard that Erzhu Rong was carrying out a massacre in Heyin, so he quickly fled south to seek refuge with Xiao Yan. Xiao Yan proclaimed himself King of Wei and changed the era name to Xingnian. Xiao Yan sent General Wang Bian to escort Yuanyue to the border, hoping to use this opportunity to launch an invasion of Northern Wei. When Qi Xianwu King eliminated Erzhu Rong, he believed that Yuanyue, being the son of the founding emperor, should inherit the legacy, so he hinted at it. After Yuanyue arrived, he was still so erratic that he made mistakes almost immediately, unable to support him in any way, so he had no choice but to give up. During the early years of Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei, Yuanyue was appointed as Grand Marshal. He later passed away.