Real Histories
Gao Yun, styled Bo Gong, was from Bohai County in Hebei. His grandfather Gao Tai is mentioned in the biography of his uncle Gao Hu. His father Gao Tao was known for his good looks and exceptional talents from a young age, earning the respect of Feng Yi and Ya Xiang from the same county. He served as the Grand Commandant under Murong Chui. Later, when the founding emperor pacified Zhongshan, he appointed Gao Tao as the Minister of Military Affairs. Gao Tao died young. Gao Yun lost his father at a young age, but he was mature and level-headed, with great foresight. Cui Xuanbo from Qinghe admired him greatly after meeting him, exclaiming, "A child of the Gao family is like yellow jade, warm and gentle within, and shining brightly on the outside; he is destined to become a great person in the future, though I fear I may not live to see that day." When Gao Yun was in his teens, he returned to his hometown of Bohai County to take care of his grandfather's funeral arrangements, dividing the family assets among his two younger brothers, and then he became a monk, taking the Dharma name Fa Jing. Not long after, he returned to secular life.
Gao Yun had a particular fondness for literature, often carrying a book bag on his back to study far and wide. He was well-versed in classics, history, various texts, astronomy, geography, and fortune-telling, excelling in all, especially the "Spring and Autumn Annals of Gongyang." Later, he was summoned by Bohai County to take up a position as a clerk. In the third year of the Shenwu era, the Emperor's maternal uncle, Duke Du Chao of Yangping, served as the General of the Southern Expedition, stationed in Ye City, and appointed Gao Yun as a Gentleman-in-Attendance. By that time, Gao Yun was already over forty years old. In the spring, there were many backlogged cases of prisoners from various states that had not yet been adjudicated. Du Chao sent a report to the court, requesting Gao Yun and Gentleman-in-Attendance Lu Xi and others to go to various states to review the cases together. Lu Xi and others were punished for corruption and bribery, while only Gao Yun was recognized for his integrity and fairness.
After returning from Ye City, Gao Yun returned to his hometown to teach, where he had over a thousand students. In the fourth year of the Shenwu period, Gao Yun was summoned by the court along with Lu Xuan and others and was appointed as a Scholar of the Central Secretariat. He was later promoted to Deputy Minister and, together with Zhang Wei from Taiyuan, simultaneously served as an Attendant to General Wei and Prince Fan of Le'an. Prince Fan of Le'an was the favored younger brother of Emperor Shizu and was stationed in Chang'an at that time. While in Chang'an, Gao Yun offered him considerable assistance and advice, which earned him praise from the people of Chang'an. Shortly thereafter, the court recalled Gao Yun. Gao Yun once wrote a poem called "The Old Man of the Frontier," which reflected on life, encompassing both joy and sorrow, as well as gain and loss. Later, General of Cavalry, Prince Le Ping, of the Western Expedition, summoned Gao Yun to participate in military actions in his capacity as Deputy Minister, an event recorded in the "Bi Zhuan" chronicles. After the pacification of Liangzhou, due to Gao Yun's military achievements, the court conferred upon him the title of Viscount of Wenyang and promoted him to General of Jianwu. The Emperor approved my collaboration with Minister Cui Hao to compile the "National Records," allowing me to serve as Authorial Clerk, maintaining my original office. At that time, Cui Hao assembled a group of astronomy experts to meticulously verify the records of solar eclipses, lunar eclipses, and the movements of the five planets since the reign of Emperor Yuan of Han, correcting errors identified in earlier historical records, and also developed a new calendar for the Wei dynasty to present to the Emperor.
The emperor said, "Astronomy and calendars cannot be spoken in simple terms! Before talking about distant matters, we must first verify the more immediate matters. Moreover, in the first year of the Han Dynasty, in October, five stars gathered in the Eastern Well, which is a clear error in the calendar. Now you criticize the historical records of the Han Dynasty, but have not discovered this error; I fear that future generations will judge us just as we judge the historical records of the Han Dynasty." Cui Hao asked, "What is the error you mentioned?" The emperor said, "According to the 'Star Manual,' Venus and Mercury always follow the sun. In October, the sun is between the Tail and the Dipper constellations, setting in the southwest in the evening, while the Dongjing star (the Room constellation) rises in the northeast. How could Venus and Mercury be moving in opposition to the sun? This is because the historians, in order to embellish the event, did not calculate it according to reason." Cui Hao said, "What can't be changed? Why only doubt the gathering of three stars and wonder about the movement of Venus and Mercury?" The emperor said, "This shouldn't be debated lightly; it should be carefully examined." At that time, everyone present felt strange, only the Royal Tutor You Ya of the Eastern Palace said, "Mr. Gao Yun is proficient in astronomy and calendars; he should not be wrong." More than a year later, Cui Hao said to the emperor, "I did not study carefully the things I said before. Later, after careful examination, it was indeed as you said: in March, the five stars gathered in the Eastern Well, not in October." He said to You Ya again, "Mr. Gao Yun's expertise in astronomy and calendars is truly remarkable!" Everyone admired him greatly. Although the emperor was proficient in astronomy and calendars, he never actively calculated the stars, only occasionally sharing his thoughts. Only You Ya frequently asked the emperor about disasters, and the emperor said, "The ancients said that it is difficult to know these things, and knowing them may leak out, so why bother knowing them at all? There are countless wonders in the world; why insist on asking about this?" You Ya never asked again.
I was appointed as the teacher to King Qin. Later, the emperor ordered me to instruct Emperor Gongzong, and he held me in high regard. Afterwards, the emperor commanded me to collaborate with the officials Gongsun Zhi, Li Xu, and Hu Fanghui to revise the laws. Emperor Shizu often discussed matters of criminal law with me, and he appreciated my opinions. One time, the emperor asked me, "What is the most important aspect of handling state affairs?" At that time, the court had prohibited the buying and selling of many valuable farmlands, and there were many idlers in the capital. I said, "I hail from a humble background and have only knowledge of agriculture, so please allow me to talk about agriculture. The ancients said: 'In a square li of land, there are three hundred seventy acres; in a hundred li of land, there are thirty-seven thousand acres.' If farmed diligently, each acre can yield three dou more grain; if not, each acre will yield three dou less. The fluctuation of grain yield across a hundred li of land could reach two hundred twenty-two thousand dou, let alone the entire country! If both the court and the populace have grain reserves, even in times of famine, what is there to worry about?" Emperor Shizu agreed with my viewpoint. Thus, he lifted the ban on land and distributed the land to the common people.
Next, Cui Hao recommended dozens of individuals from the five provinces of Jizhou, Dingzhou, Xiangzhou, Youzhou, and Bingzhou to serve as governors. Emperor Gongzong said to Cui Hao, "The people you recommended before were also selected from the states and have been in their positions for a long time without receiving recognition for their contributions. Now, we can initially assign those previously recommended to local areas as county officials, and use the newly recommended people to replace them as court officials and clerks. Additionally, the governors and county magistrates who manage the common people should also be rotated." Cui Hao vehemently opposed this and dismissed those individuals. After hearing about this, I remarked to the Eastern Palace scholar, Guan Tian, "Cui Hao is likely to find himself in hot water! He is solely focused on bragging about his accomplishments to the emperor; how can he expect to succeed like this?"
Zhai Heizi, the Duke of Liaodong, was highly favored by Emperor Shizu and was dispatched to Bingzhou on official duty. He accepted a thousand pieces of cloth as a bribe, which was later uncovered. Zhai Heizi asked me what I should do: "Should I speak the truth to the Emperor, or should I conceal it?" I said, "As a favorite of the Emperor, you should speak the truth to the Emperor. And since you admitted your mistake voluntarily, the consequences shouldn't be too harsh." However, Cui Lan, Gongsun Zhi, and others all said that the truth should be concealed, as the consequences of telling the truth were unpredictable. Zhai Heizi believed that he had a good rapport with Cui Lan and the others and became angry with me, saying, "By your logic, you are deliberately letting me die; how can you be so unrighteous!" He then severed ties with me. Because he did not tell the truth, Zhai Heizi was eventually alienated by Emperor Shizu and was executed.
At that time, the historians Min Zhan and Qi Piao, who were especially good at flattering, were trying to curry favor with Ma Hao. They saw Ma Hao's annotations of the "Book of Songs," "Analects," "Book of Documents," and "Book of Changes," and quickly submitted a petition to the Emperor, saying that Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan, Wang Su, and Jia Kui, although they had also annotated the "Six Classics," had made numerous errors and were greatly inferior to Ma Hao's annotations. They requested that all other versions of the "Six Classics" nationwide be confiscated and placed in the Imperial Library. Subsequently, an edict was issued for the entire nation to study Ma Hao's annotations. They also requested the Emperor to have Ma Hao annotate the "Book of Rites" so that future generations could access the accurate interpretations. Ma Hao also recommended Min Zhan for his writing talent.
Min Zhan then advised Ma Hao to inscribe the national history he had written on stone, so that it would be passed down through the ages, to showcase Ma Hao's integrity in historical writing. Upon hearing this, the Emperor said to the Historian Zong Qin, "The things that Min Zhan has done might appear trivial, but they might bring disaster to the Cui family for generations! We upright people really have no place in this world!" Not long after, trouble soon followed.
At the beginning, Gao Yun was arrested because of Cui Hao and was detained in Zhongshu Province. Emperor Gongzong sent Wu Yan, the Zhongshu Shilang, to bring Gao Yun out and even allowed him to stay in the palace overnight. The next day, Emperor Gongzong went to report to Emperor Taizu and requested that Gao Yun be allowed to ride in his carriage into the palace. Upon arriving at the palace gate, Gongzong said to Gao Yun, “When we go in to see the emperor, I will take you in. If the emperor asks you anything, just say what I tell you.” Gao Yun asked, “What is it about?” Gongzong replied, “You will know when you go in.”
Upon entering the palace and meeting the emperor, Gongzong said, “Zhongshu Shilang Gao Yun has been in my palace for several years now; he is cautious and careful, and I know him well. Although he worked with Cui Hao, Gao Yun’s position is low, and many things were directed by Cui Hao. I respectfully request the emperor to spare his life.” Emperor Taizu called Gao Yun over and asked him, “Did Cui Hao write all the ‘National Documents’?” Gao Yun replied, “The ‘Records of Taizu’ were written by the former author Lang Deng Yuan. The ‘Records of the Late Emperor’ and the ‘Current Records’ were written by Cui Hao and me together, but Cui Hao held more responsibility, mainly overseeing the planning. As for the annotations and explanations, I did more than Cui Hao.”
Hearing this, Emperor Taizu became furious and said, “This is even more serious than Cui Hao; how can you still be alive?” Gongzong said, “The emperor’s majesty is awe-inspiring; Gao Yun is just a minor official who spoke carelessly in a moment of confusion. I asked him before, and he said all of this was written by Cui Hao.” Emperor Taizu asked, “Did the Eastern Palace say the same?” Gao Yun said, “I am of low ability, yet I participated in compiling the national history, committing a serious act of treason; logically, my family should be exterminated. I am already prepared to die and dare not lie. Your Highness requested the emperor to spare my life because I have served as a lecturer for many years. If the emperor had not asked me, I would not have said this. Everything I said is the truth; I do not dare to hide anything.”
Emperor Taizu said to Emperor Gongzong, "He truly is a paragon of integrity! It is very difficult to achieve this in human relationships, remaining steadfast in his words even on his deathbed, which is even more commendable! Moreover, he speaks the truth to the emperor; he is indeed a loyal minister. Speaking like this, even if he suffers, he should be pardoned." Ultimately, Gao Yun was pardoned. So, Emperor Taizu called Cui Hao and sent someone to interrogate him. Cui Hao was so frightened that he couldn't respond. Gao Yun then provided a clear and logical explanation.
At that time, Emperor Taizu was very angry and ordered Gao Yun to draft a decree. One hundred and twenty-eight individuals, from Cui Hao to the lowest servants, were to be exterminated. Gao Yun hesitated and refused to write; the emperor pressed him repeatedly. Gao Yun asked to see the emperor again before writing the decree. After the decree was written, Gao Yun said, "I cannot say for certain if Cui Hao has committed any other offenses. It is only because he offended Your Majesty's authority that his crime does not warrant death." Emperor Taizu, in a fit of rage, ordered his guards to apprehend Gao Yun. Emperor Gongzong knelt down to plead. Emperor Taizu said, "If this man had not hidden the truth from me, thousands of lives would have been lost!" In the end, Cui Hao was exterminated, and the rest of the people all died.
As Zong Qin awaited execution, he sighed and remarked, "Gao Yun, he is truly a saint!" The Empress said, "People must understand the situation; if you can’t read the room, what’s the point of learning? I warned you before, why didn’t you heed my advice and provoke the emperor like that? Every time I think about it, my heart races with fear."
Yun replied, "As a simple country person, I never intended to become an official. When the emperor granted a general amnesty and the court began selecting talents, I came to the capital city. I even participated in the compilation of the national history, enjoying wealth and honor I did not deserve, and hindering others for a long time. Those historical records are the true accounts of the emperors and they serve as warnings for future generations. People today can learn about the past from them, and future generations can learn about the present. Therefore, every word and action of an emperor must be recorded in detail, which means that anyone who becomes an emperor must be cautious! However, I have been favored by the emperor and enjoyed a fleeting moment of great glory, yet I have let down his kindness and have made a fool of myself. Even regarding Hao, there are aspects worth discussing. Hao, while of only average ability, carries significant responsibilities. In the court, he lacked the courage to speak frankly, and after retiring, he failed to uphold a reputation for integrity. His private desires clouded his impartiality, and his likes and dislikes obscured his righteousness; this is Hao's failing. As for his recording of the court's daily affairs and discussing the gains and losses of the nation, this can be seen as a key aspect of historical records, and it cannot be said to be a major mistake. However, I went through those experiences with Hao, sharing in life and death, honor and disgrace; we should have shared both joys and sorrows. Owing to your great kindness, if I were to seek survival against my true will, that would not be my intention." The queen was deeply moved by this and praised him repeatedly. Later, Yun told others, "The reason I did not follow the Crown Princess's instructions was that I was afraid of letting down Zhai Heizi (referring to the Crown Prince)."
Toward the end of Emperor Gongzong's reign, he enjoyed being close to those around him and was busy cultivating fields, hoping to profit from it. Yunjian advised him, saying: "Heaven and Earth do not favor the private, which is why they can sustain all things; a ruler does not favor the private, which is why he can protect the people. In the past, those wise rulers governed the world with an attitude of utmost fairness and selflessness, hiding gold in the mountains and pearls in the deep sea, showing their selflessness to the world and teaching the people to be diligent and frugal. As a result, their good reputation spread far and wide and has endured through the ages. Now, Your Highness is the heir apparent of the country, and the people look up to you as a role model. Your words and actions are a model for the world, yet you are busy cultivating private fields, raising chickens and dogs, and even engaging in trade, competing with petty merchants for small profits. This kind of talk is already circulating and can’t be hidden. The world is yours; you hold the wealth of the entire nation. What do you desire that you cannot have? What do you want that you cannot achieve? Yet you compete with those small merchants for trivial gains! In the past, when the State of Guo was about to perish, heaven still sent down miracles, granting them land and property, yet they still perished. Emperor Ling of Han did not value the identity of a ruler, preferring to set up stalls and do business with palace maids, secretly accumulating wealth for the sake of small profits, which ultimately led to the downfall of the state. The lessons of history are truly alarming! As a ruler, it's crucial to be careful about whom you surround yourself with. The Book of Documents says: 'Do not associate with petty individuals.' Confucius's father also said: When petty individuals are close, they become unruly; when they are distant, they hold resentment. King Wu greatly valued Duke Zhou, Duke Zhao, Duke Tai of Qi, and Duke Bi, which is why he was able to achieve dominance; King Zhou of Yin favored Fei Lian and E Lai, which is why he lost the country. Looking at the rise and fall throughout history, there isn’t a single case that doesn’t reflect this principle. Currently, the Eastern Palace indeed lacks talent, but there are still many excellent individuals. Those recently serving you may not be the best choices in the court. Therefore, I hope you’ll consider my humble advice, remove those treacherous and petty people, get close to loyal and virtuous ministers, distribute the land to the needy, and handle the livestock and goods promptly. In this way, your good reputation will spread day by day, and those rumors will naturally disappear." Emperor Gongzong did not heed his advice.
Yun Jian's words were quite to the point. He started from the greater good of heaven, earth, and kings, then provided historical references, and finally related them to Emperor Gongzong's current situation to propose specific suggestions. He emphasized the importance of selflessness in a ruler and the caution in choosing those around him. He did not directly accuse Emperor Gongzong but rather gently advised him, hoping that he might amend his errors. Unfortunately, Emperor Gongzong did not heed his advice. It truly is a case of "past experiences serve as lessons for the future," but sadly, Emperor Gongzong did not learn from history. "Heaven and earth are selfless, allowing them to support all; a ruler must be selfless to nurture all," this couplet summarizes it well and expresses the fundamental principle of being a ruler. "Do not approach small men," this warning from the "Book of Shang" is also a point for deep reflection for all in power. I hope Emperor Gongzong can stop before it’s too late; otherwise, the repercussions could be dire!
When Emperor Gaozong passed away, Gao Yun didn't visit the new emperor Shizu for quite a while. Later, when Shizu summoned him, Gao Yun started crying as he stepped onto the stairs; he couldn't stop crying. Shizu himself also shed tears, and then he let Gao Yun leave. The onlookers were confused and began to whisper among themselves, "Why is Gao Yun crying so sadly that he even made the emperor cry? What’s going on?"
When Shizu heard these discussions, he called them over and asked, "Do you not know why Gao Yun is crying?" The people replied, "We only saw Gao Yun crying silently, and Your Majesty, you were also saddened, so we were just talking among ourselves." Shizu said, "When Cui Hao was killed, Gao Yun should have died with him; it was the Crown Prince who pleaded for his life, which is why he was spared. Now that the Crown Prince is gone, Gao Yun sees me and remembers this matter, and that’s why he’s crying."
Gao Yun later submitted a memorial, saying, "Your Majesty, previously you ordered me to collect and organize records on astronomical anomalies to link these events, making them easier to understand. I understand that Jizi authored 'Hong Fan' drawing on historical experience, and Confucius compiled historical materials to write 'Spring and Autumn', all to clarify the rise and fall of emperors throughout history, as well as the will of Heaven. Therefore, we must first analyze good and evil, then use disasters to verify; we must base our analysis on gains and losses, then use blessings and misfortunes to confirm. Although heaven and man are far apart, retribution comes as quickly as lightning, which is indeed terrifying! Since ancient times, emperors have attached great importance to these rules and used them for self-reflection. Later historians also record these events as a warning. During the reign of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, the Grand Master Liu Xiang saw that the national fortune of the Han Dynasty was about to decline, power was held by the court officials, and he repeatedly warned, but no one listened. So he wrote annotations based on the records of disasters and retributions in 'Hong Fan' and 'Spring and Autumn', hoping to warn the emperor, but in the end, no one paid attention, and the Han Dynasty perished, which is indeed lamentable!
I hope Your Majesty is wise and far-sighted, able to study history seriously, follow the experiences and lessons of predecessors, carefully analyze past events, and achieve what previous emperors could not. My knowledge is shallow and my experience is limited, so I am afraid I may not be of much help to you; I can only strive to fulfill your wishes. Now, I have extracted the key points and simplified the text in accordance with the contents of 'Hong Fan Chuan' and 'Tian Wen Zhi', writing a total of eight articles." After reading it, the Emperor was very satisfied and said, "Gao Yun's understanding of disasters is no worse than that of Cui Hao!" Later, when Emperor Gaozong ascended to the throne, Gao Yun also participated in some planning. Minister Lu Li and others were rewarded handsomely as a result, but Gao Yun received nothing, and he never spoke of this matter for the rest of his life. His loyalty and humility exemplified this perfectly.
Guo Shanming, an exceptionally clever man who enjoys showcasing his talents, advised Emperor Gaozong to initiate large-scale construction projects to build palaces. After listening to him, Emperor Gaozong agreed. Guo Shanming then said, "I heard that the founding emperor only began building the capital after conquering the world. When he built palaces, he only used idle farming time and never built recklessly. Our country has been established for a long time now; the existing palaces are sufficient, the Yong'an Hall can accommodate envoys from various countries, the West Hall greenhouse is adequate for the emperor's residence, and the Purple Tower has a broad view of the surroundings. If we intend to undertake large-scale construction and build grand palaces, we should proceed gradually and avoid haste. It is estimated that cutting down trees, transporting soil, and other tasks would require twenty thousand people, plus the common people responsible for logistics, totaling forty thousand people, taking half a year to complete. As the ancients said: if a person does not farm, they may go hungry; if a woman does not weave, she may suffer from the cold. Not to mention tens of thousands of people, the potential losses would be even more significant. This has been the truth from ancient times to the present. Your Majesty should consider this carefully." Emperor Gaozong listened to his words. Guo Shanming also felt that Emperor Gaozong inherited a peaceful era, but social customs had not changed, with weddings, funerals, and marriages not following ancient rituals. He advised again: the previous dynasty repeatedly issued decrees prohibiting music at weddings, funerals, and marriages, as well as singing, dancing, slaughtering animals, cremation, etc. These were all strictly prohibited. Although these laws have been in place for a long time, customs have remained unchanged. This is because those in power have failed to adhere to them, so the common people have become accustomed to it, leading to the current situation. In the past, King Wen of Zhou only governed a hundred miles, but he was able to cultivate his character, manage his family, govern the nation, and bring peace to the world. He began with his wife and brothers, influencing the entire country in the end, taking two-thirds of the world. Therefore, those in power should start with themselves. As stated in the Book of Songs: "If you set a good example, the people will follow suit." As an emperor, one must be cautious in every word and action.
The Book of Rites says: In the house where the daughter is married, the lights must stay lit for three days; in the house where the groom is welcomed, there is no music for three days. Now when you princes marry, you all let the musicians perform songs and dances to liven up the atmosphere, but you explicitly prohibit common people from playing music at weddings and funerals, which is incredibly unfair! Marriages in ancient times were taken very seriously! You had to carefully choose women of high virtue and integrity. You had to first ask the matchmaker to arrange the marriage, then send dowry, invite relatives and friends to witness, personally drive to pick up the bride, and the ceremonies were elaborate and grand. Marriage was not an easy matter! But now, the emperor's fifteen-year-old sons are randomly assigned wives, and they live separately. Some of these wives have a significant age difference, and some are even women who have fallen from grace in the palace, yet they are married to the princes as concubines. This is not only disrespectful but utterly unacceptable! Both then and now, there have been many petitions and accusations about this. In the end, these princes have stirred up so much trouble due to their wives' fading beauty and affection. Nowadays, most of the princes marry women from the palace, yet they demand that the common people strictly adhere to marriage customs, which is a double standard!
All things go through birth, aging, illness, and death. In ancient times, wise rulers established rituals and systems to regulate people's experiences of life and death, to align with human sentiments. If the living's lives are sacrificed for the dead, that is something the sages would forbid! However, a funeral is simply about burying the dead; since they can no longer be seen, they should be buried properly. In the past, Emperor Yao was buried in the valley forest, and farmers continued to cultivate the land as usual; Emperor Shun was buried in Cangwu, and the market operated as normal. The case of Qin Shi Huang was different; he built a luxurious tomb, with a subterranean palace reaching three levels underground, filled with countless treasures of gold and silver. As a result, shortly after his death, the tomb was looted, and his body was burned. This clearly shows the contrast between the simplicity of Yao and Shun and the extravagance of Qin Shi Huang; the right and wrong are evident. Nowadays, when the state conducts funerals, the expenses are enormous, and ultimately, it all just ends up in ashes. Even if these costs are for the benefit of the deceased, weren't ancient officials doing the same? The emperor continues to do so while forbidding the common people from doing the same; this is another difference.
In ancient sacrificial rites, it was essential to set up the spirit tablet of the deceased, arranged by generation, giving the deceased a place of honor, so that the sacrificial rituals could take place. Nowadays, when someone dies, a look-alike is found to take their place, acting as parents and being close like spouses; this is a serious decline in social morals and a violation of sacred rituals—there is nothing more excessive than this! The emperor does not prohibit it, and the common people do not change; this is the fourth difference.
Sacrifices are meant to regulate rituals and educate the populace, which is why the sage kings placed great importance on them. During sacrifices, even if the wine cups are full, they do not drink; even if the dishes are abundant, they do not eat; if the music is not elegant, it is not played; if the offerings are not of proper color, they are not used. Today’s large banquets are mixed with guests inside and out, drunken and noisy, with no sense of ritual whatsoever. Furthermore, there are crude tricks and performances that offend people's sensibilities. The court has grown used to this and yet they still expect the common people to maintain a clean social atmosphere; this is the fifth difference.
Now, Your Majesty, you are the last emperor in hundreds of years, inheriting the chaos of the Jin Dynasty, yet failing to implement decisive reforms to revive the declining social morals. I fear that the common people may never witness the teachings of propriety again. Alas, this is no exaggeration! Emperor Gaozong listened calmly. If someone said something that displeased him, the emperor would have the guards take that person away. If something was inconvenient, Gao Yun would request an audience, and Emperor Gaozong, understanding Gao Yun's meaning, would dismiss those around him to give them privacy. The emperor held Gao Yun in high regard, who would come to the palace in the morning and leave at night, sometimes staying in the palace for several days, while the court officials were left in the dark about their discussions.
Some ministers submitted memorials discussing the gains and losses of the country. Gaozong said to the ministers, "The relationship between ruler and subject is like that of father and son. If a father makes a mistake, why wouldn't the son advise him face to face and make his mistake known to everyone, instead of secretly concealing it at home? Is it because he fears offending his father or that his mistakes will be exposed? Now, whether the country is good or bad, you cannot offer advice face to face or write memorials with straightforward suggestions; isn't this just a way to cover up the monarch's shortcomings while highlighting your own virtues? It is people like Gao Yun who are the true loyal ministers! If I have done something wrong, he always points it out frankly and openly, even if I don't want to hear it; he always speaks frankly and openly. I am aware of his mistakes, but the world does not know that he advised me; isn't that loyalty? You all serve by my side, but I have never heard a word of straightforward advice, only seeking promotions when I am pleased. You stand by my side with bows and arrows, merely putting in effort, yet you all hold high positions. While this person uses a pen to rectify the country, yet he remains just a low-ranking official. Aren't you ashamed?" Therefore, Gaozong appointed Gao Yun as the Chief of the Imperial Secretariat, allowing him to continue his work. Minister Lu Li said, "Although Gao Yun is favored, his family is very poor, wearing coarse clothes, and his wife and children do not have a good life." Gaozong angrily said, "Why didn't you say this earlier! Now that I value him, you say he is poor." That day, the emperor went to Gao Yun's house, only to see a few thatched cottages, covered with coarse blankets, wearing old clothes, with only salt and vegetables in the kitchen. Gaozong sighed, "The poverty of the ancients was only like this!" Therefore, the emperor rewarded him with five hundred rolls of silk, one thousand bushels of grain, and made his eldest son Gao Chen the General of Suiyuan and Prefect of Changle. Gao Yun repeatedly refused in his memorials, but Gaozong did not agree. Many who fought alongside Gao Yun became high officials and were granted titles as marquises; even more than a hundred of Gao Yun's subordinates became governors and officials of two thousand stones, while Gao Yun remained a low-ranking official for twenty-seven years without any change in his position. At that time, officials received no salaries, so Gao Yun often sent his sons to chop firewood in the mountains to make ends meet.
At the beginning, Minister Dou Jin was beheaded for committing a crime, and his son Dou Zun hid in the mountains while his mother, Lady Jiao, was captured and forced to serve as a servant in the county office. Later, Lady Jiao was released when she grew old, but none of Dou Jin's friends offered her any help. Gao Yun, feeling sorry for her in her old age, allowed her to live in his home. After six years, Dou Zun was pardoned. Gao Yun was quite a decent fellow, wasn't he? Later, Gao Yun was promoted and became the Minister of Rites, but retained his previous title. He also wrote an essay called "On Names," which subtly critiqued the political situation, similar to previous essays that criticized the court, such as "On the Two Capitals." The details of his arguments were not elaborated upon in the text. At that time, the Doctor of the Imperial Secretariat, Suo Chang, was embroiled in a heated debate with Deputy Minister Fu Mo and Liang Zuo about the fortune associated with names. Gao Yun wrote an essay to address their concerns, offering substantial evidence and sound reasoning. He continued as the Secretary Supervisor, stepped down from his role as Minister of Rites, was bestowed the title of Marquis of Liangcheng, and was additionally appointed as Left General.
In the beginning, Gao Yun, You Ya, and Zhang Wei from Taiyuan were classmates and friends. You Ya once commented on Gao Yun, saying, "As human beings, experiencing joy and anger is completely normal; no one can escape it. However, historical texts describe Zhuo Gong as generous and broad-minded, something that those with a narrow perspective might find hard to believe. Having known Gao Yun for forty years, I've never seen him angry or unhappy—doesn't that speak volumes? Gao Yun possesses an inner refinement and outer gentleness, often speaking hesitantly; I frequently call him 'Wenzi.' Cui Gong once remarked, 'Gao Yun is exceptionally talented and knowledgeable—a rare gem—but he could use a bit more backbone.' I feel the same way. The incident involving the demotion of the Minister of Works started as a small matter but later escalated to the emperor, causing Cui Gong to be so frightened that he lost his voice, unable to speak, while those below Chong Qin were so scared that they were sweating profusely and their faces turned pale. Only Gao Yun articulated the details of the matter clearly, outlining what was right and wrong with a strong, powerful voice. The emperor was moved by him, and the audience erupted in applause. Gao Yun always considered his colleagues, looking out for everyone—that is true character! Chong Ai relied on his power to intimidate the world. He once summoned all officials to the palace for a meeting, and everyone below the princes had to bow in the courtyard, but only Gao Yun walked up the steps and saluted with cupped hands. This shows that Ji Changru could lounge at home and still meet Wei Qing; such etiquette is trivial! Isn't that what true character is all about? Understanding a person is not easy, and being understood by others is also not easy. I haven't truly understood Gao Yun, and Cui Gong hasn't seen him clearly either. Zhong Ziqi only appreciated Bo Ya's music, and Bao Shuzi only understood Guan Zhong; there's a reason for that." This is how everyone viewed Gao Yun. Emperor Gaozong held him in high regard, never calling him by name, always respectfully referring to him as "Ling Gong." The title "Ling Gong" has become well-known throughout the country.
After Emperor Gaozong passed away, Emperor Xianzu was still quite young and lacked political experience. Yi Hun wielded power to seize control and create chaos, plotting to harm the country. Empress Dowager Wenming had him executed and summoned Lord Ling to the palace to take part in state affairs.
The Empress Dowager also issued a decree asking Lord Ling: "Since the previous dynasty, schools have not been properly established in a long time. Over time, Confucianism has declined, and scholars lamenting and neglecting their studies has returned. Now that I have inherited the throne and the world is peaceful, I have examined the ancient texts and wish to establish schools in various prefectures and states to provide a place for those who wish to learn. You are a renowned Confucian scholar and a senior official of the court, renowned for your virtue and integrity. You should discuss this with the Zhongshu Province and Menxia Secretariat, and then share your thoughts with me."
The Duke presented his case, stating: "I have heard that governing a country requires a strong emphasis on education; for a nation to prosper, it must also rely on culture and morality. Therefore, the Book of Songs of the Zhou Dynasty records the Bi Yong, and the Songs from the State of Lu records the Pan Palace. Since the Yongjia period, the previous systems have disappeared. The refined melodies of the Book of Songs are no longer heard in the countryside, and the capital has also stopped the ceremonies honoring the sages. Confucianism has been in decline for one hundred and fifty years. The emperors of the previous dynasty also contemplated restoring the old systems and promoting virtuous customs, but due to numerous issues, they were unable to achieve this. Your Majesty, you are both wise and valiant, with remarkable achievements, and the world is at peace, with all officials performing their duties. You have inherited the intentions of your ancestors to restore the educational system of the Zhou Dynasty, and you have issued this order to reform education. All officials and common people across the country are pleased. In accordance with your command, together with the Central Secretariat and the Ministry of Rites, I have consulted historical texts and carefully studied the previous systems, aiming to promote Confucianism and prioritize education. I have thoroughly considered your sacred edict, which aligns with ancient principles. In accordance with your will, schools should be established to transform customs. Let the teachings of the former kings be revived in the present; let the prosperity of Confucianism spread throughout the world. I suggest: for large counties, establish two doctors, four teaching assistants, and one hundred students; for medium-sized counties, establish two doctors, two teaching assistants, and eighty students; for medium-small counties, establish one doctor, two teaching assistants, and sixty students; for small counties, establish one doctor, one teaching assistant, and forty students. Doctors should be chosen from those who are well-versed in the classics, of noble character, and able to serve as role models, with an age of over forty; the criteria for teaching assistants are the same as those for doctors, with an age of over thirty; if someone is young yet possesses significant knowledge and teaching capability, age should not be a factor. Students should be chosen based on their good reputations in the county, upright character, and ability to uphold Confucian teachings, first selecting those from prestigious families, followed by those who have passed the imperial examinations."
Emperor Xianzu accepted his suggestion. The establishment of schools in the regions began at that time. As he grew older and his health worsened, he repeatedly petitioned the court for retirement, but the emperor refused. With no other choice, he composed a poem titled "Retirement Poem." He also remembered his former comrades who had gone to battle together, most of whom were no longer alive, which filled him with sorrow, so he wrote an essay entitled "Ode to the Warriors." This essay primarily recounts the experiences of those who were ordered to go to war, omitting those who did not. Below, I will provide a brief introduction to these individuals' circumstances:
Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, Marquis of Gu'an, Lu Xuanzi Zhen; County Chief Clerk, Shi Boling, Cui Chuo Maozu; Prefect of Henei, Marquis of Lower Music, Guangning Yan Chongxuan Lue; Prefect of Shangdang, Marquis of Gaoyi, Guangning Changzheng Gongshan; General of the Southern Campaign, Attendant, Bohai Gao Bi Zi Yi; General of the Southern Campaign, Attendant, Bohai Li Qin Dao Ci; Prefect of Hexi, Raoyang Xu Kan Zu Gen; Zhongshu Lang, Marquis of Xinfeng, Jingzhao Du Quan Shiheng; General of the Western Expedition, Attendant, Jingzhao Wei Lang Yougui; Prefect of Jingzhao, Li Shen of Zhao Jun; Scholar of Taichang, Duke of Julu, Li Ling of Zhao Jun; Zhongshu Langzhong, Ji Qiuzi, Li Xia Zhongxi of Zhao Jun; Prefect of Yingzhou, Duke of Jian'an, Zhang Chuan Zhongye of Taiyuan; General of the State, Attendant, Fan Yang Zu Mai; General of the Eastern Expedition, Attendant, Fan Yang Zu Kan Shilun; Prefect of Dongjun, Liu Ce of Puxian Zi Zhongshan; Prefect of Puyang, Xu Chen of Zhen Ding Zi Changshan; Acting Inspector of the Sili, Marquis of Xidu, Song Xuan Dao Mao; Zhongshu Lang, Liu Xia of Yan Jun; Zhongshu Lang, Xing Ying of Hejian, Wu Heng Zi Zongjing; Prefect of Cangshui, Gao Ji of Bohai, Shumin; Prefect of Taiping, Li Xi of Pingyuan Zi Yanmen, Shiyuan; Superintendent of the Secretariat, Duke of Liang Jun, You Yabo Du; Chief of the Court, Ancestor of Cui Jianxing of Boling, Prince of Anping; Prefect of Guangping, Song Yin of Xihe, Marquis of Lieren; County Chief Clerk, Pan Tianfu of Chang Le; County Chief Clerk, Du Xi of Chang Le; General of the Eastern Expedition, Attendant, Zhang Gang of Zhongshan; Zhongshu Lang, Zhang Dan of Shanggu, Shushu; Secretary Lang, Wang Daoya of Yanmen; Secretary Lang, Min Bi of Yanmen; General of the Imperial Guard, Attendant, Lang Miao of Zhongshan; Grand General, Attendant, Marquis of Shanggu, Hou Bian; Prefect of Chenliu, Lü Jicai of Gaoyi Zi Zhao Jun.
These were all notable figures at the time, and he recorded their names and official positions. You see, the people on this list held various official positions and came from different places, showing that he had quite a circle of acquaintances at the time. This piece can be seen as a reflection on his past experiences, expressing his nostalgia for old friends.
Throughout the ages, emperors have relied on a large number of talented individuals to govern the country and make it prosperous. Just like how King Wen of Zhou relied on numerous wise men to stabilize the realm, Emperor Wu of Han also strengthened the country with many talented individuals. These are all recorded in historical books and are timeless truths that have remained unchanged for thousands of years.
Since Emperor Taizu (referring to Emperor Xiaowen of Wei, Tuoba Hong) of the Wei Dynasty, the realm has enjoyed peace, quelling the rebellions of the Huns over several generations, subduing the ruthless bandits, defeating the Jiang-Chu region in the south, and pacifying the Liangzhou region in the west. Even distant ethnic groups came to pledge their allegiance. As a result, the Wei Dynasty put an end to its military campaigns and began to develop culture and education, recruiting talents to participate in state affairs discussions.
The emperor was constantly on the lookout for talented individuals, sought information far and wide, consulting all the court officials, hoping to find esteemed scholars. In the end, everyone recommended forty-two people, including Lu Xuan of Fanyang, all of whom came from prestigious families, held important positions in prefectures and counties, and had high reputations. The emperor personally issued a decree summoning Lu Xuan and the others, keeping official positions open for them and offering high-ranking roles with generous salaries to entice them. In the end, thirty-five people accepted the court's offers, while the remaining individuals recommended by various prefectures and counties were even more numerous and countless.
For a time, the court was filled with talents, truly an extraordinary sight! I was also called up by the court alongside them back then. Some of them later held important positions in the court, while others gathered privately to discuss national affairs and enjoyed some leisure time together. Those were truly unforgettable times!
However, time flies and circumstances change. Most of the people who were summoned together back then have now passed away. The few of us who are still alive are all old and frail. The joyous laughter of the past has now turned into sorrow and grief. My friend Zhang Zhongye was sent to Yingzhou and hasn't returned for a long time. I wanted to catch up with him before he returned, to see him one last time before he departed this life, to express my feelings for him in his twilight years. But unexpectedly, he passed away.
Now, the people in the court are all officials who were promoted later, and the people in the countryside are no longer the same as those from back then. I come and go from the court without any close friends to confide in, feeling an immense sense of loneliness and sadness. Looking at my increasingly aging body, I can't help but sigh deeply.
Writing a eulogy is meant to praise those who have made significant contributions, and it can also be a way to express one's feelings. I haven't written anything for twenty years, but this feeling has lingered in my heart, and I simply cannot remain silent. Thus, I wrote this piece to express my feelings, as follows:
Purple energy rises to the heavens, and heroes are in disarray this summer. Wang Xi leads the expedition, and the war chariots are frequently driven. Sweeping away the wandering atmosphere, cutting down the demon tyrants, the four seas follow the wind, and the eight regions gradually transform. Governance and education are not separate; they are both peaceful and unified. Disarmament and military withdrawal, only culture is to be cherished. The emperor seeks out talent, searching for the virtuous and the extraordinary, with hidden talents coming forth.
Lu Sheng, from a young age, had lofty ambitions, pure thoughts, and diligently studied knowledge, being upright and benevolent. Later, he was summoned to the court as an official, leaving behind rural life to enter the court, presenting good strategies every day. He rode from the east to the south, driving a cart, traveling to various places to establish connections for the court and promote marriage alliances.
Lu Sheng's ancestors were solitary and impoverished, having been far removed from prosperity since childhood. He practiced self-discipline and selflessness, striving to bring glory to his family. He studied the "Six Classics" earnestly, delving into poetry and prose, ultimately rejecting the court's favor to uphold his integrity.
Mr. Lu, Yan, and Chang share a deep friendship. They are of noble character, never coveting positions, only seeking a stable life. They are humble, eager to help others, love talented individuals, and admire the ancients, yearning to learn like a thirsty traveler.
Mr. Lu's younger brother, Lu Ziyi, has great ambitions and a profound understanding of principles. The two brothers encourage each other, sharing a bond like brothers, harmonious like a qin and se. They both served in the shogunate, renowned for their good character, and lived their lives steadily, finding solace in this stability.
The Lu family, benefiting from their ancestors' virtues and their own efforts, received the court's favor and assistance from friends. Although their accomplishments were established later, their salaries were received early, and their status ranked alongside veteran officials, parallel to their peers.
Lu Shiheng is upright and open-hearted, never speaking boastfully and never forgetting old friends. Though from a poor background, he speaks philosophically and is a true pillar of the nation.
Several brothers of the Lu family uphold noble virtues, adhere to principles, and discard trivial disputes. Although they live in chaotic times and wander far and wide, they maintain their noble character, remaining steadfast even in the face of princes and high officials.
The Zhao region is rich in talent, producing many outstanding individuals, and the mountains and rivers have nurtured the three Lu brothers. They possess noble character and dignified demeanor, quietly gathering strength like a concealed dragon, waiting for the right moment to soar. Lu Shen once served as the governor of Xijing, and Lu Ling wrote their biographies. Their teachings spread in the palace, and their principles are as ethereal as clouds and mist. Although Lu Xi passed away young, he also served in the Langshu and left a significant mark.
Lu Zhongye was erudite and virtuous, upholding ancient traditions and well-versed in laws and regulations. In times of national crisis, he maintained his noble integrity, uniting people with a heart of benevolence and teaching his subordinates with a spirit of filial respect. His influence spread throughout Longchuan, and the common people all respected him.
Lu Mai and Lu Kan were both exceptional talents, with widespread reputations, aspiring to benefit the world rather than seeking personal gain. Unfortunately, they were not given the chance to serve, and their talents went unutilized.
Liu and Xu were loyal and dedicated, serving the court with unwavering dedication. They were capable of diplomatic missions as well as offering strategies in court. Through one diplomatic mission, they quelled the rebellion in Yan, gaining renown in Wei and achieving notable success.
Dao Mao was exceptionally gifted from a young age, gaining widespread fame at a young age. He treated friends sincerely and handled matters with integrity. The brothers lived harmoniously, and the family atmosphere was harmonious, with a reputation that spread widely and remarkable talent. He had served in the court and held office in the capital, enforcing the law fairly and achieving notable political results.
He was humble and insightful, with elegant and refined thoughts, acting with spontaneity, and his achievements were genuine. He did not boast about his status nor was he ashamed of his origins, ultimately resigning from a prominent official position to return to rural life.
People admired him, praising him as one of the "Four Talents." His writing was exquisite, and his reputation was widespread. He once fell seriously ill and composed poetry to express his condition, filled with loyalty and integrity, with profound truths embedded in the verses.
He had a broad mind and extensive knowledge, able to grasp new ideas and deeply resonate with them. His character was as valuable as the He Shi Bi, and his writings were like finely crafted dragon patterns. He shone in the capital, returning home in triumph.
Mr. Shi Yuan awakened early, never misled, and came to the court to assist the king. He was upright, adhered to the law, and was a man of high moral character, with conduct and demeanor that were impeccable.
Confucius praised You Xia, the Han Dynasty praised Yuan Yun, and Bo Du surpassed his peers, standing out. He once served in the Secret Pavilion and was also the pastoral official in the He Fen region, changing customs and practices, resolving disputes, mediating conflicts, and spreading advanced culture, allowing hidden talents to emerge, distinguishing Confucian thought from other schools of thought.
The two wise men, Cui and Song, were naturally outstanding, rising from the common people to fame across the world. They were upright, virtuous, and accomplished yet unassuming, plain yet remarkable.
Pan Fu valued frugality, while Du Xi cherished harmony; they were honest and upright, not mingling with the secular world. They stayed away from centers of power, only taking on ordinary official positions, and although they remained unnoticed, they were even more distinguished; though they suffered losses, they gained much more.
Zhang Gang was humble, and Shu Shu was upright; they were noble in character and profound in knowledge. They emerged from ordinary positions to ultimately achieve remarkable success, diligently pursuing learning without seeking pleasure. They adhered to propriety, treated others with kindness, never counted gains and losses, and did not show their feelings outwardly.
Lang Miao was newly promoted, and his abilities had already been validated; his intelligence was sufficient to handle various affairs, and his words were enough to govern the country. He followed the trends of the times, reacting swiftly to matters; how is he different from people today or those from ancient times?
Some people are blinded by interests, some are deceived by fine wine, but Hou Sheng maintained his integrity, prioritizing righteousness above all. Even when drinking daily, he remained respectful and courteous; even at home, he was as cautious as in a public court.
As for Ji Cai, he was gentle yet competitive. After arriving in Southern Qin, he fully showcased his talents, making significant contributions to the nation. He was adept at using strategies to lure the enemy and corrected bad practices with his upright character, allowing the emperor's benevolent governance to be smoothly implemented, ushering in peace and prosperity in the border regions.
Those talented virtuous men, demonstrating their talents across different eras, all dedicated themselves to their responsibilities and fully showcased their abilities. Ji Cai, adorned with a pair of jade pendants at his waist, enjoyed immense success and left a legacy that would endure for a thousand years. Harmony between ruler and subject is difficult to achieve, but due to the emperor's appointment, Ji Cai's career was able to develop smoothly. He took off his official robes, relaxed both mind and body, reminisced about the past, overwhelmed by a flood of emotions, the joy of the past standing in stark contrast to the present separation of life and death. Quietly recalling the past, his heart weighed down by unbearable grief, he picked up his brush and composed a eulogy, expressing endless sorrow.
During the reign of Emperor Xingnian, the emperor ordered him to also serve as the Grand Minister and travel to Yanzhou to perform sacrifices at the Confucian Temple. The emperor said to him, "This exemplifies simplicity and benevolence; do not decline." Later, Ji Cai followed the revered Xianzu in the northern expedition, achieving a great victory. Upon his triumphant return to Wuchuan Town, he presented a poem of praise, which included the following verses:
"Oh, Emperor, the heavens have decreed, bestowing virtue and granting the mandate to Wei, illuminating all nations. The rites are profoundly integrated, the king's plans are assured, tranquility and chaos are governed by might, and the people are guided by rules. The northern invaders were once subordinate, their governance in the hands of foreign powers; seizing the opportunity, they fled to the northern frontiers. The hereditary evil path, betraying loyalty and breaking promises, attracts the fallen and gathers thieves; there are indeed many vile characters. Those who dare to lead the weak and the foolish, plotting to act recklessly, are hence ordered to train the troops, raising arms for a northern expedition. Riding horses and carrying provisions, like stars and lightning, we attack the devout Liu, deploying axes and halberds. The axes and halberds are momentarily displayed, cutting down their troops, piling corpses in the valleys, rivers of blood flowing. The original culprit, the fox spirit, escapes, feigning rest in a poor dwelling; their claws and fangs have been crushed, and their will is also thwarted. The loyalty and integrity of Zhou, preserved and practiced, is reverently wise, possessing both beauty and virtue. The grace envelops the capital, imparting this benevolent decree, sealing the corpses of the wild and granting life and death with favor. Life and death are blessed, the people rejoice in nurturing, principles penetrate the dark and mysterious, and grace gradually spreads across different regions. Things return to their sincerity, the gods offer their blessings, from near and far, all hearts are united. In ancient times, they spoke of good soldiers, achieving victory through time; now we also employ troops, but the time is not yet right. The six armies unite, all nations cooperate, righteousness is recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals, achievements are inscribed in jade tablets, carrying forth the praises of our achievements, passing them down through the ages." After reading this, Emperor Xianzu was very appreciative. Emperor Xianzu was not feeling well; considering that Emperor Gaozu was still young, he wanted to pass the throne to Prince Jingzhao, so he summoned the ministers and asked for their opinions one by one. Yun Jin knelt down, crying, and said, "I dare not say much, fearing to disturb Your Majesty's rest; I only hope Your Majesty can think of the heavy responsibility entrusted by the ancestors and think of the story of Duke Zhou assisting King Cheng." After hearing this, Emperor Xianzu passed the throne to Emperor Gaozu and awarded him one thousand bolts of silk, commending his loyalty and integrity. Afterwards, Yun Jin was promoted to the position of Director of the Central Secretariat and granted the title of Cavalry Attendant.
Although he was responsible for compiling historical records for a long time, he could not focus solely on writing and often worked with Liu Mo, the proofreader, to revise and polish the texts. Generally, he continued the work of Cui Hao, making occasional modifications and corrections in line with the style of the "Spring and Autumn Annals." From Emperor Gaozong to Emperor Xianzu, most of the court's military and state documents were written by Yun Jin. In his later years, he recommended Gao Lu as his successor. Because he had made notable contributions regarding the succession to the throne, he was granted the title of Duke of Xianyang and appointed as General of the Eastern Garrison.
Later, he was appointed as Envoy with Special Mandate, Attendant, General of the Western Expedition, and Governor of Huai Prefecture. In the autumn, Yun Jin inspected his jurisdiction to learn about the people's hardships. Upon arriving in Shao County, he saw that the Shao Gong Temple was in ruins and remarked, "The merits of Shao Gong are unrecognized, and if good deeds are not honored, what hope do good people have?" He then submitted a request to the court for funds to repair the Shao Gong Temple. By that time, Yun Jin was nearly ninety, yet he continued to encourage the people to study hard, and his teachings had a significant impact. However, the Confucian scholars were complacent and did not take the handling of state affairs seriously. Later, during the Zhengguang era, Zhong Shushi Chen Jing, a mid-ranking official from Henan, reminisced about Yun Jin and led the elders of the county to build a shrine in his honor south of Ye Wang, erecting a monument to commemorate his contributions.
In the second year of Taihe, he requested to return to his hometown to retire because of his old age, submitting over ten memorials, but the emperor never granted approval. So, he claimed illness as a reason to resign and return home. In the same year, the court issued an edict welcoming Yun Jin with a ceremonial carriage, ordering various states and counties to provide an escort for him. Upon arriving in the capital, the emperor wanted to confer upon him the title of Grand General of the Army and also appoint him as the Director of the Central Secretariat. Yun Jin firmly declined, but the emperor insisted. The emperor then helped him into the palace and asked him to revise the "Imperial Edict." Yun Jin also presented an essay titled "On Wine," which included the following content:
The emperor ordered me to write an article about the harms of alcohol throughout history, called "Alcohol Discipline." I am old now, almost forgotten by people; I did not expect the emperor to still value me so much when I am about to die, granting me such a great favor, which truly honors and surprises me! After receiving the imperial decree, I felt both excitement and fear, not knowing how to repay the emperor's kindness!
Your Majesty, you are wise and mighty, governing the entire country; and Your benevolent Empress Dowager is kind and loving, blessing the people of the world. Everyone appreciates your grace. Yet, despite your busy schedule, you remain concerned for the nation and its people, constantly reflecting on history as a warning. Your genuine heart can move heaven and earth, let alone us ordinary people who are your subjects! Filled with excitement, I did my utmost to write this "Alcohol Discipline." However, my abilities are limited, and I have been out of practice for many years, resulting in an article that is rough and crude, and truly not presentable.
I humbly ask Your Majesty to understand my sincerity and forgive my ignorance! The article reads:
(Original poem should be inserted here, no translation required)
In ancient times, wise and virtuous emperors, when holding banquets, served fine wine in the main hall while coarse wine was reserved for below. This was done to honor the fundamentals and emphasize the source, paying attention to the hierarchy and taste of drinking. Even if they indulged a bit more, it did not lead to chaos. Thus, they could maintain solemn etiquette and unwavering respect, and after completing the task, their appearance and behavior remained dignified. Without this, they would lose their very humanity; how could they guide the era and educate the people, setting a good example for future generations?
Looking at the rise and fall of dynasties in history, one can see that both fortune and misfortune lie in our own hands, not in the hands of fate. King Zhou of Shang was consumed by wine and lust, which led to the downfall of the Shang Dynasty; the Duke of Zhou established a system of rituals, leading to the prosperity of the Zhou Dynasty. Zi Chan succumbed to alcoholism, while Mu Sheng chose to abstain from alcohol, earning him a lasting legacy. Some individuals serve as warnings for future generations because of their alcohol abuse, while others are remembered for their abstinence. The nature of alcohol is to easily confuse the mind and change one's character. Even the wise and clever are not immune to its effects. Officials may neglect their duties, subordinates may ignore orders, intelligent individuals may overlook important information, and even mild-mannered individuals may become quarrelsome. If these behaviors persist, it can lead to illness and even endanger one's life. As the saying goes, "The benefits are as small as a hair, but the harm is as sharp as a knife." The dangers of drinking are significant, which can lead to early death, mental instability, and a host of other negative consequences. Don't let excessive drinking ruin your health, don't lose friends and colleagues due to drunkenness, and avoid contributing to chaos and disorder in the nation. If we don't learn from the teachings of wise figures and adhere to rules, how can we expect good results? As the Book of Songs reminds us, "As cutting and as filing, as polishing and as grinding," friends should help each other grow and support one another.
Officials should use self-discipline to regulate themselves and use decrees to prohibit excessive drinking; this is the principle of governance. If what others say is right, they should think it over repeatedly and study seriously; if what others say is wrong, they should understand their difficulties and be tolerant. This is an important strategy for ancient sage kings to govern the country. During the time of the Jin State in the past, many scholars and officials behaved improperly, indulged recklessly in wine and women, regarded drunkenness as a noble behavior, and even used poems praising wine to show off to each other. They also claimed that even in the times of Yao and Shun, they drank a lot of wine, using the behavior of sages to justify their own mistakes—how is that even possible? Moreover, Zisi once said: Confucius could not even drink a liter of wine. By analogy, those who say that Yao and Shun drank thousands of cups are false.
Now it is the Great Wei Dynasty; the emperor is both wise and strong, governing the world, and the people are all living in peace and contentment, with harmony throughout the four seas. The Empress Dowager is highly respected, tirelessly teaching the younger generation; she worries about the country and the people, and her teachings spread throughout the world. That's why she can coordinate with the Yin and Yang of heaven and earth, and her merits are as vast as heaven and earth. The emperor's grace is vast; no one dares to disobey, and the entire nation enjoys the emperor's favor. The ministers and ambitious scholars in the court should cultivate their character, stay true to the right path, and uphold their integrity. They should control their drinking, take virtue as the criterion, understand the harm of excessive drinking, and recognize the benefits of caution. They should be filial to their parents, honor their ancestors, learn from the outstanding virtues of the sages, and pass on their love and compassion to future generations. They should repay the emperor's grace and maintain this achievement. Shouldn't they strive to work hard?
Emperor Gaozu held him in high regard and often kept him close.
The emperor allowed him to enter the palace in a carriage to pay homage, without kneeling or bowing. The following year, the emperor permitted him to participate in the formulation of laws and regulations. Although he was nearly a hundred years old, his ambition and insight remained undiminished. He still focused on his old profession, diligently studying history books. The emperor decreed, "As he is old and living in poverty, let the music troupe send ten musicians to his home every five days to bring him joy." The emperor also specially rewarded him with a Sichuan ox, a four-wheeled Sichuan carriage, a plain cane, and a Sichuan knife. He also rewarded him with delicacies, which were sent every spring and autumn. Later, he ordered that meals be sent to him every morning and evening, beef and wine on the first and fifteenth of each month, and silk fabrics for clothing every month. He generously shared these rewards with his family and friends. At that time, the homes of the high-ranking officials were filled with many children of officials, but none of Yun's children held official positions. He remained incorruptible and unassuming. Later, he was promoted to the position of Minister, and the emperor frequently summoned him, arranging tables and chairs for discussions on significant political matters. Ten years later, he was further honored with the title of Grand Master of Splendor and awarded a gold seal and purple ribbon. His opinions were sought on all major matters in the court.
In the early days of the Wei Dynasty, the laws were very strict, and many officials were punished with caning. However, this old Mr. Yun had served five emperors, worked in the three most important departments of the imperial court, and held office for fifty to sixty years without making a single mistake. Initially, when Emperor Zhen was faced with many difficult cases, he had the Ministry of Justice use Confucian classics to solve these complex issues. Mr. Yun, relying on his expertise in the law, presided over cases for more than thirty years and was praised both within the court and beyond for his fairness and integrity.
Mr. Yun often said that the trial of cases is a matter of life and death for the common people, so he often reflected: "Gao Yao, such a morally upright person, had descendants Ying and Liao who died early; in the time of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, powerful figures like Ying Bu ended up being tattooed and exiled, yet eventually became kings. Even those who have held court positions for a long time cannot escape making mistakes. How much less can ordinary people guarantee that they have never made a mistake in their lives?"
In April, the emperor was to go to the western outskirts for a sacrifice and ordered a royal carriage to fetch Mr. Yun to the suburban palace to watch the ceremony. As a result, the carriage suddenly got spooked and ran wildly, overturning, and Mr. Yun's eyebrows were cut in three places. Emperor Gaozu and Empress Dowager Wen both sent people to deliver medicine and medical care, and often sent people to visit him. The official responsible for driving the carriage faced severe punishment, but Mr. Yun insisted he was fine and requested the emperor to forgive him. Previously, the emperor had also sent the palace attendant Su Xingshou to assist Mr. Yun, and once in the snow, a dog suddenly jumped out and startled Su Xingshou, who was quite startled at the time. Mr. Yun quickly reassured him and specifically asked him not to mention this incident to the emperor. Su Xingshou said he had served Mr. Yun for three years and had never seen him lose his temper; he always taught others gently and never grew tired of it. Mr. Yun was devoted to his studies day and night, composing poetry and essays, honoring his parents, respecting his elders, treating others with humility, and being open to advice. Although he held a high position and wielded great power, his lifestyle was simple and frugal, just like that of the common people. He loved music, and whenever performers sang and danced, he would always applaud enthusiastically. He sincerely practiced Buddhism and Taoism, often hosting vegetarian meals and lectures, valuing life and abhorring violence. He was very simple in character, not making friends casually.
After Emperor Xianzu pacified Qingqi, he relocated the local people to Dadi (now around Datong, Shanxi). At that time, many scholars were displaced to far-off places, and most of them faced severe shortages of food and supplies. Among those who were relocated, many were Mr. Yun's relatives and friends. They all walked to Mr. Yun's home. Mr. Yun offered all his savings to help them and personally checked in on them, which deeply touched everyone with his kindness. He also recognized their talents, brought them to the attention of the court, and recommended them for official positions. Some people at the time thought these newcomers weren't worth employing, but Mr. Yun argued they should be appointed based on their abilities and shouldn't be discriminated against. Previously, Mr. Yun had been called to Fangshan to write a poem, and he was still in good spirits and spoke clearly about the past. In the first month of the eleventh year of his reign, Mr. Yun passed away at ninety-eight.
At the beginning, Wang Yun often told others: "When I was an official in Zhongshu Sheng, I performed many good deeds and saved many lives. If heaven is fair and just, I should be able to live to be a hundred years old!" Soon after, he began to feel a little unwell. But he still did not sleep, called for the doctor to get medicine, went about his business, and continued to compose poems as usual. When Emperor Gaozu and Empress Dowager Wenming heard about it, they sent the imperial physician Li Xiu to see him. Li Xiu came back and said he was fine. Li Xiu actually privately told the emperor that Wang Yun's physical condition was not quite right, and he might not live long. So the emperor sent many imperial delicacies, from wine and rice to salted sauces and vinegar, over a hundred kinds, all the freshest, as well as beds, clothes, bedding, canes, etc., all placed in the courtyard. Court officials came in droves to pay their respects. Wang Yun was so happy that he beamed with joy, telling others: "The emperor has been very gracious to me, rewarding me with so many things, enough for me to treat guests to a meal!" He was simply grateful and had no other thoughts. After a few days passed like this, he passed away in the dead of night, and his family did not notice at all. The court ordered to reward him with a thousand bolts of silk, two thousand bolts of cloth, five hundred catties of cotton, fifty bolts of satin, a hundred bolts of multicolored silk, and a thousand hu of grain for his funeral arrangements. Since the establishment of the Wei Dynasty, no one has received so many rewards after death, showing the court's esteem for him. When it was time for the burial, the court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of Palace Attendant, Minister of Works, and Governor of Jizhou. His titles of General and Duke were also preserved, and he was posthumously named "Wen," and given a set of mourning clothes. The poems, essays, elegies, panegyrics, maxims, discourses, memorials, and eulogies that Wang Yun composed, as well as the annotations of the "Zuo Zhuan," "Gongyang Zhuan," and "Guliang Zhuan," and works such as "Corrections to the Book of Songs," "Miscellaneous Interpretations," and "Discussion on the He, Zheng, Gao, and Huang Incidents," totaled more than a hundred pieces, and were compiled into collections that have been passed down through the ages. Wang Yun was also proficient in mathematics and wrote three volumes on Arithmetic. His son, Wang Chen, succeeded him in his titles.
Wang Chen, whose courtesy name was Shihe, due to his father's accomplishments, was appointed as the General of Suiyuan and the Governor of Changle. He ruled with kindness and compassion, and the people lived in peace and contentment. Later, his title was reduced to Marquis. Shortly thereafter, he passed away. His grandson Wang Guibin inherited his title and was appointed as the Provincial Administrator, and he died while still in office.
Wang Chen's younger brother Wang Huai, courtesy name Shiren, once served as the Chief of the City of Wangyun and as a Colonel in the Grand General's staff, later being granted the position of Zhongsan Dafu. He was unconcerned with fame and fortune, not pursuing worldly gains, and held the position of Zhongsan Dafu for eighteen years without any change in rank. During the Taihe era, he was appointed as a military advisor to the Grand Minister of War, Prince Dongyang, and soon after, he passed away.
Zichuo, styled Sengyu, lost his parents when he was young, but he was very mature for his age and managed to live well on his own. He was tall, over eight feet tall and with a waist as wide as ten spans, and he had a dignified demeanor and was well-read, familiar with classical texts. In the fifteenth year of Taihe, he was appointed as a military officer in the Ministry of Justice, and was later appointed as a Lang in the Ministry of Rites. Following his mother's death, he resigned from his post. After some time, he was appointed as an Imperial Secretary for Document Editing and later transferred to Luoyang to serve as a county magistrate. Zichuo was known for his integrity and was unafraid of high-ranking officials, and the common people of Luoyang held him in high regard. He was later summoned by the court to help revise the laws. He was subsequently promoted to the position of Doctor of the National University and also acted as an agent for Yingchuan County. The court granted him the authority of a temporary festival and appointed him as the Inspector of Jingzhou. In the early years of Yanchang, he was promoted to Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Rites and took part in revising the Rinzhi Calendar. In the early years of Suzong, he served as the Marshal and Champion under Prince Qinghe Yi, and was later promoted to Marshal alongside Prince Qinghe. In the autumn of that year, a rebellion broke out, and General Yuan Yao led troops to suppress it. The court appointed Zichuo as an Imperial Attendant with military duties, entrusted him with a military token, and sent him with a white tiger flag to comfort the soldiers. Zichuo was well-respected in the area, and many rebels surrendered. After the war ended, the court appointed him as the Prefect of Jiji County, but he firmly refused. Later, the Imperial Censor Yuan Kuang accused Gao Cong and Zichuo of colluding with Gao Zhao, and the court pardoned them. Shortly after, he was later appointed as the Prefect of Xingyang County, and later promoted to Inspector of Yuzhou. During his tenure in Yuzhou, he achieved great success by suppressing the powerful and supporting the weak, and the people held him in great affection and respect, with over two thousand refugee households relocating to Yuzhou. He was subsequently promoted to General of the Rear and Inspector of Bingzhou. In the winter of the third year of Zhengguang, he suddenly fell ill and died at the age of forty-eight. In September of the fourth year of Zhengguang, the court posthumously appointed him as General of Andong and Inspector of Jizhou, and he was posthumously honored with the title "Jian."
Zibing, styled Zhongzhang, once served as the acting military advisor to the Grand General and gradually rose to the position of General of the Expeditionary Forces and Chief of Staff. Unfortunately, he passed away at a young age.
Zichuo's younger brother, Zipu, styled Zhongrang, with the childhood name Tanyue, became famous early on. During the Taiyan era, he was appointed as an envoy to the south for his outstanding performance. He was recommended for his exceptional talent and was further appointed as a Cavalry Attendant, sent as an envoy to Liu Yilong in the south. Southerners praised his talent and eloquence. Unfortunately, he fell ill and passed away in Jianye. The court mourned him deeply. After his death, the court posthumously conferred upon him the title of General of National Defense and the position of Lord of Linyi, with the posthumous name "Gong," and granted him ceremonial clothing for his burial. Zichuo wrote a eulogy for him.
Zipu's younger brother, Zixie, styled Jihe, with the childhood name Chunyuan, also had literary skills. Emperor Shizong summoned him several times, but he declined each time, citing illness. He often mocked Zichuo for navigating the ups and downs of officialdom for many years, constantly busy in the capital, while he himself remained leisurely at home. Although he was once offered the position of chief clerk by the state, he ultimately passed away.
Sun Shibin initially served as a military advisor to Wang Yu in Jizhou, as a court attendant. Later, when Wang Yu rebelled, Sun Shibin fled back to the capital. Subsequently, he was appointed as the Sima of Annam Prefecture in Qingzhou. During the Yongxi era, he was promoted to the position of General of Champions and served as a middle-ranking official in the Secretary of State's office.
In the era of Emperor Shi, Sun Shibin, his uncle Sun Ji, his cousin Sun Pi, and Li Jin, a fellow from the same county, were all summoned to serve as officials in the court. Sun Ji, also known as Shumin, first served as an official in the Imperial Secretariat, and later became the teacher of the King of Chu. During the reign of Emperor Zhenjun, Sun Ji was appointed as a Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, bestowed the title of Fuyangzi, and sent as an envoy to Liu Yilong. When Emperor Sizhu was stationed in Linjiang, Sun Ji was appointed as the Prefect of Xuyi, and later promoted directly to General of the Mounted Troops. Shortly after, he was transferred to serve as the Prefect of Cangshui. Eventually, Sun Ji passed away at the age of sixty-seven. The court posthumously appointed him as General Who Maintains Distant Frontiers and Governor of Jizhou, and posthumously honored him with the title "Xuan." His son Sun Jiao inherited his title. After Sun Jiao's passing, his son Sun Shi inherited the title.
Sun Shi, styled Xiaoze, was a knowledgeable person. He served as the Minister of Ceremonies, the Prince's Attendant, the Chief Clerk of the Ministry of Personnel, and later was promoted to the Supervisor of the Imperial Stable and Regular Attendant. He continued to be promoted and ultimately rose to the position of Minister of Works, and even acted as the administrator of Jingzhou. Following his death, the court posthumously appointed him as General of the Dragon Cavalry and Governor of Hezhou. His son Sun Huanren inherited his title.
Sun Heren, styled Deshu, after inheriting his title, initially served as an official in the Imperial Guard and later became an inspector in the palace. He was known for his simplicity and literary talent, having once written a five-character poem for Lu Zhongxuan, an official under the Grand Commandant, who praised the poem highly. Sun Heren always had lofty ambitions and was later appointed as a military advisor in Luozhou, but he did not take up the position; instead, he retreated to Bailu Mountain in Jijun to live in seclusion and live on herbal medicine. He passed away not long after, and people at the time lamented his death. Sun Heren's younger brother, Sun Dewei, served as the steward of the Eastern Palace during the Wuding era. Sun Jiao's brother, Sun Zun, has a biography of his own. Sun Pi, styled Ziyi, was respected as an elder in his hometown and served as a mid-ranking official. Sun Dang served as a secretary, and after his death, the court posthumously awarded him the title of Governor of Yueling and conferred the posthumous name "Gong."
It is said that among the people employed by Mr. Gao Yun, there was a man named Liu Mo, from Xindu in Chang Le. When he was young, he secretly went north of the Yellow River, even reaching Henan, and then secretly returned. He had read many books and had some understanding of annotations and textual criticism. When Gao Yun became the Secretary of the Secretariat and Director of Writings, he selected Liu Mo to be a book editor. Gao Yun was compiling the "National Records," and Liu Mo collaborated with him on the writing. Gao Yun often had Liu Mo hold the pen and ink, going to the historical archives with him every day, sitting side by side. Gao Yun would dictate current events as Liu Mo took notes. At over ninety years old, Gao Yun's eyes and hands were not as capable, and many times he would have Liu Mo write while he dictated, with Liu Mo taking notes and Gao Yun revising. This continued for five or six years. Liu Mo contributed significantly to the articles and treatises written by Gao Yun. During the Taihe era, Liu Mo was promoted to Doctor of the Central Secretariat, and he was a colleague and friend of Li Biao; however, when it came to educating royal offspring and setting an example, Liu Mo fell short compared to Li Biao. Later, Liu Mo was appointed as the Inspector of Yingzhou.
When Wang Su returned to the court, he passed by Xuanhu, weary from his travels. At that time, no one recognized him except for Liu Mo, who generously offered him everything he needed and graciously welcomed him. Wang Su was very grateful to Liu Mo. When Wang Su became the governor of Yuzhou, Liu Mo was still in Yingzhou, so Wang Su showed his gratitude by appointing him as the new Governor of Xincai. Liu Mo served as Governor in Xincai and Yingzhou for a total of ten years, governing the regions with a blend of firmness and kindness. In the first year of Zhengshi, he was appointed as the governor of Chenliu. At that time, he was already over seventy years old, but he maintained a youthful demeanor and worked diligently despite his age. Later, he settled in Nanyingchuan and never went back to his hometown.
His son, Gao Huaishu, was smart and decisive, earning the affection of the people of Yingchuan. He later became a general of Xiangwei and an Imperial Attendant in the Guanjunfu. Gao Huaixun, his younger brother, was skilled in medicine and advanced to the position of Geishizhong. He eventually died while serving as the Left Army General and Zhenyuan General.
Historical records state that Mr. Gao Yun was a man of kindness and integrity, who upheld justice and moral principles. He faced danger without fear, as strong as thunder, unfazed even in the face of death, always ready to help others selflessly, and ultimately gained the appreciation of a wise ruler, ensuring his own well-being. If he did not understand human relationships and could not distinguish between poverty and wealth, how could he have accomplished all of this? That is why his family thrived for generations, and he himself lived to be a hundred years old! Since the Wei Dynasty, there have been few like him! Seng Yu was also well-known in academia, largely due to Mr. Gao Yun!
Lu Xuan, styled Zizhen, was from Zhuoxian, Hebei. His great-grandfather, Lu Chen, was an aide to Liu Kun, the Minister of Works (Sikong) during the Jin Dynasty; his grandfather Lu Yan and father Lu Miao both served as governors under the Murong regime and were renowned for their scholarly elegance. In 404 AD, the court recruited learned Confucian scholars, and Lu Xuan was ranked first, receiving the official position of Academician of the Central Secretariat. The Minister of Works, Cui Hao, was Lu Xuan's brother-in-law, and every time he spoke with Lu Xuan, he would exclaim, "Talking with you reminds me of the wise men of ancient times!" Cui Hao was determined to rectify social morals and strictly distinguish the status of different families. Lu Xuan advised him, saying, "Reform and innovation have their appropriate times; how many are truly willing to undertake such endeavors? It’s best to consider it carefully." Although Cui Hao did not respond at the time, he ultimately did not heed Lu Xuan's advice, and his eventual failure was partly due to this. Later, Lu Xuan was promoted to General of Ning Shuo Command and concurrently served as an Attendant of the Imperial Guard, on a diplomatic mission to Liu Yilong. When Liu Yilong met him, they talked for a long time, and he lamented, "Young man, your great-grandfather was my old predecessor!" Upon his return to court, Lu Xuan fell ill and passed away.
His son Lu Dushi, styled Ziqian, was exceptionally intelligent from a young age, particularly skilled in calculations. He served as a trainee in the Central Secretariat and also participated in the selection for the Eastern Palace. In his youth, he and his cousin Lu Xia both earned respect for their knowledge and noble character. Later, due to the incident involving Cui Hao, Lu Dushi lost his official position and fled to Gaoyang to seek refuge, hiding in the home of Zheng Pi, who sheltered him. The authorities captured Zheng Pi's eldest son and planned to torture him. Zheng Pi advised his son, saying, "A gentleman may sacrifice his life for what is right; even if you die, do not say a word." His son obeyed his father's command, enduring brutal torture, including being burned, ultimately not revealing Lu Dushi's whereabouts and heroically giving his life. Later, Lu Dushi arranged for his brother to marry Zheng Pi's sister to repay the kindness of the Zheng family. When Northern Wei's Emperor Taiwu, Tuoba Tao, attacked Jiangling, Liu Yilong sent General Huang Yannian to offer tribute. Emperor Taiwu asked Huang Yannian, "Lu Dushi from Fanyang has fled to Jiangdong due to his close relationship with Cui Hao; he should have arrived by now, right?" Huang Yannian replied, "There's been no word in the capital; he probably hasn't arrived yet." Emperor Taiwu then ordered an amnesty for all those fleeing who were related to Lu Dushi's family and those whose property had been confiscated. As a result, Lu Dushi was able to emerge from hiding. He returned to the capital and was appointed deputy minister in the Central Secretariat, inheriting his noble title.
During the Xing'an era, he concurrently served as the Minister of Rites, overseeing the construction of the temple dedicated to Empress Dowager Bao's father, the King of Liaoxi. He was later appointed as General Who Guards the Frontier and promoted to Marquis. He was then appointed as a Cavalry Attendant and sent to meet with Liu Jun. The court sent the Palace Attendant Liu Yuanjing to accompany him to meet Liu Jun, but he made an inappropriate response. Upon his return to the court, he was impeached and held for a year before his release. He was then appointed as Acting General, General Who Guards the Frontier, and Inspector of Qizhou. Qizhou was near the border, where soldiers frequently raided and plundered one another. He strictly enforced discipline among his troops, returned captives, thereby stabilizing the situation in both regions. Later, he was imprisoned for an offense and only returned to his hometown after a long time. Shortly after, he was summoned back to the capital and appointed as General Who Pacifies the East and Inspector of Qingzhou, but he passed away before he could assume office, at the age of fifty-three. He was posthumously granted the title of Marquis Hui and left behind four sons: Yuan, Min, Chang, and Shang.
His father Xuan had five sons, with only he as the legitimate son, while the others were illegitimate. When Cui Hao got into trouble back then, a fact he resented deeply, his illegitimate brothers always wanted to harm him. When he had his own son, he often warned them to cut ties with children born to concubines to avoid potential future troubles. Even if a maidservant of his son Yuan's brothers had a child who resembled them, he did not acknowledge them. This practice drew criticism from some perceptive individuals.
His son Yuan, courtesy name Boyuan (伯源), nickname Yangwu. He was gentle and elegant in character, led a simple life, inherited his grandfather's virtues, was diligent and studious, and had a harmonious family. He inherited the marquisate, was appointed as the Chief of Guests, in charge of various affairs of the vassal state. He was later promoted to Chief Secretary, Marshal of Shiping, but was later demoted to Earl for unspecified reasons. He then served as Minister of the Yellow Gate Palace and was further promoted to concurrently hold the positions of Cavalier in Regular Attendance, Chief of the Imperial Secretariat, and Grand Supervisor of Benzhou. At that time, the Emperor Gaozu intended to make Feng Shi his empress and was gathering courtiers to discuss. Emperor Gaozu first asked Yuan: "What do you think about this matter?" Yuan replied, "This matter has always been very cautious since ancient times. In my opinion, the auspiciousness should be consulted again." Emperor Gaozu said, "I have already decided to make my niece the empress." Yuan said, "While I respect your decree, I still have reservations." When the courtiers discussed together, he still insisted on his previous opinion. Feng Dan was very favored at the time, and many held grudges against him for this, but he was indifferent. When Emperor Gaozu planned to launch an attack on Xiao Ze, Yuan submitted a memorial stating:
I admit my knowledge is limited, so I consulted some historical books. During a time of peace and prosperity, I’ve never heard of an emperor personally leading an army into battle to decide victory or defeat. Winning isn’t just about the number of troops, while losing damages prestige, just like you wouldn’t use a powerful crossbow to shoot a mouse; everyone understands this principle. Previously, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao with ten thousand weary soldiers, and Xie An defeated Fu Jian with three thousand infantry. Success or failure can hinge on a split second. If Cao Cao had listened to Tian Feng's strategy, he could have easily secured his position. After the Wei kingdom destroyed Shu, during the Jin dynasty, the two sides were vastly unequal in strength, and Wu's politics and governance were far inferior to Wei and Jin. However, the unity among Wu's rulers and officials helped maintain stability for several decades. They weren’t conquered until Sun Hao’s tyranny and disunity took hold. Now, the Xiao clan has seized the throne through violence. Their rule is brutal, marked by heavy forced labor and internal strife, leading both the common people and even the gods to despise them. The people of Wu eagerly await the king's grace, which presents a great opportunity for unification. If the emperor personally leads a southern campaign, the Xiao regime would surely crumble, and Min and Yue would turn against each other. It’s like trying to crush an egg with a mountain; there’s no need to fight. However, I believe that if the emperor leads the expedition, it’ll be tough to ensure proper logistical support. Transporting food and supplies over long distances could leave the soldiers starving, and after the army passes through, it could inevitably cause famine. It’d be wiser to send elite troops to swiftly pacify the Jiangdong region, and then take a phoenix carriage to survey the area, to report the victory back to the Eastern Yue Emperor. This way, everyone will be grateful and supportive.
I have heard some rumors that the people of Guanzhong have been holding fasting gatherings for several years, claiming noble status and inciting each other to slander the imperial court in public. This is a profound disrespect to the Emperor. I believe they should be swiftly punished by executing their leaders, or else it may lead to a significant uprising such as the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Red Eyebrow Army. If these signs are not swiftly addressed and allowed to worsen, more innocent lives will be at stake. I have served the royal family for generations, bound by both joy and sorrow. I know that my words this time have gravely offended the Emperor, but if I do not offer my honest counsel, my guilt will be far greater.
Decree:
It is said that even the most virtuous sage ruler has various methods to achieve great undertakings. Look at the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; they had different methods of governance. Some were enlightened and lenient, while others were strict and tough. How can we say they necessarily imitated each other? Why didn’t the emperors during times of peace and prosperity lead military campaigns themselves? Naturally, there are reasons for this. Wise emperors sometimes do not need to use military force because the world is peaceful; whereas mediocre emperors may lack ambition and avoid conflict. Comparing the emperor to those wise rulers, the times and circumstances differ; comparing the emperor to those mediocre emperors, I feel it is not quite appropriate. Your Majesty, as the Son of Heaven, should not personally lead troops into battle. Isn’t it somewhat inappropriate for two generals to lead the army instead? Think about those successful individuals from the past; if they had all adhered to their own ideas of governance, couldn’t they have further developed the enterprises of their ancestors? Those heroes who pacified wars, I have never heard of one who was not skilled in battle; Emperor Shizu's actions were not solely driven by cowardice or hesitation. Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao because he valued virtue and righteousness, strengthening his power from within; Fu Jian failed because his political system was not yet perfect. This is not just about the soldiers' combat effectiveness or the size of the army. Your Majesty, you are acting under heaven’s decree, leading a righteous army; careful consideration of outcomes is essential to avoid mistakes. The natural barrier of the Yangtze River should not be feared; why should we insist on following outdated strategic plans? Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake are not solid defensive lines; with just a command, who knows if we could achieve the same successes as Emperor Gaozu of Han? Specific strategies and tactics should be determined based on the actual circumstances at the time; let capable ministers like Xiao He handle the grain supply issue. To unify the nation, we should not initiate war lightly; how can we hand over profitable matters to others?
Furthermore, natural disasters such as floods and droughts do not always need military action to be resolved; the challenges faced during the reigns of Yao, Shun, Yu, and Tang were not due to wars. Although there is some unrest in certain areas now, I have already ordered a ban on small-scale conflicts. How can such rumors hinder the emperor's accomplishments? Your Majesty, if you treat the people sincerely, even if things don't go as planned, don't feel regret.
When Your Majesty wanted to launch a campaign to the south, Prince Gan of Zhao was responsible for military affairs in the Guanzhong area. Your Majesty also appointed Lu Yuan as Prince Gan's deputy, giving him the title of General of Annan, leading seventy thousand troops ready to march from Ziwu Valley. However, not long after, Xiao Ze died, and the army came to a halt. At that time, the Qiang people in Jingzhou rebelled and destroyed the cities. Lu Yuan led six thousand infantry and cavalry, claiming to have an army of thirty thousand, slowly moving towards that area. Within a month, the rebel army had scattered, and of the tens of thousands who surrendered, Lu Yuan executed only a few ringleaders and spared the rest. Your Majesty also appointed him as a Privy Councilor.
When Lu Yuan was fourteen, he had visited Chang'an. When he was about to return, over fifty ministers bid him farewell north of the Wei River. A fortune teller, Wang Boda from Fufeng, said, "Gentlemen, none of you can compare to this young man Lu. Although his official position does not yet match his talents, his reputation is excellent, and his future is promising. In over twenty years, he will surely command the Guanzhong region. I hope you all remember him." By the time Lu Yuan went on this expedition, the fortune teller, now over eighty, visited him in the military camp to reminisce. Shortly after, Lu Yuan was promoted to the position of Minister of Rites.
Later, when Your Majesty assessed the ministers' performance, he deemed Lu Yuan's performance unsatisfactory, so he demoted him to Supervisor of the Imperial Guards and Minister of Rites, and also withheld his salary as the Supervisor. He then appointed him as the Inspector of Yuzhou, but he firmly declined the position due to his elderly mother.
Cao Hu, the governor of Yongzhou and an underling of Xiao Zhaoye, sent someone to surrender. The emperor appointed Lu Yuan as the envoy with the imperial mandate and General of Annan, ordering him to lead the vanguard straight to Fancheng and Dengzhou. Lu Yuan said to the emperor, "I'm just a scholar, only knowledgeable in etiquette, and have never learned to fight. Your Majesty can decide what to do!" However, the situation was already urgent for deploying troops, and the emperor didn't agree. Lu Yuan added, "I'm worried that Cao Hu is faking his surrender; Your Majesty should investigate carefully." As it turned out, Cao Hu was indeed pretending to surrender. When Lu Yuan arrived in Yexian, he gave a detailed report on Cao Hu's tricks and the risks involved. The emperor then ordered Lu Yuan to attack Nanyang. Because he lacked troops and food, Lu Yuan requested to attack Zheyang first, as it was close to the granaries in Yexian. The emperor agreed, and he went to attack Zheyang. Xiao Luan sent General Yuan Lisheng to provide assistance, but Lu Yuan, who had no military talent, was ultimately defeated by the enemy, removed from office, and became an ordinary citizen.
After my mother passed away, Emperor Gaozu sent envoys to my home to express condolences. After the mourning period ended, I was appointed as the Chief Historian of the Grand Commandant. Later, when Emperor Gaozu led a southern expedition, I was appointed as the Chief Historian of the Central Army of Prince Pengcheng. Subsequently, I was appointed as the Chief Historian of King Yu of Xuzhou and was granted one hundred bolts of silk. King Yu was still young, and I took charge of most matters, big and small. I treated others with integrity, earning the trust and affection of the people in the southeast. The Governor of Nanxuzhou, Shen Ling, secretly conspired to rebel. Noticing some signs, I discreetly ordered the garrison troops across various locations to be vigilant. I submitted several reports to the court, but they were not adopted. Later, Shen Ling indeed killed his generals and led the troops from the Suyu region to defect. Thanks to my prior preparations, the garrison troops along the Huai River were able to hold their ground. Shen Ling stayed on the border for many years and secretly befriended many people, misleading the people of both provinces. Many of Shen Ling's remaining followers were captured, but I pardoned all of them and only held Shen Ling accountable, which stabilized everyone's hearts.
In the early years of the Jingming era, I was appointed as the Secretary Supervisor. In the second year of Jingming, I died in office at the age of forty-eight. The court posthumously awarded me the title of General of Anbei and the Governorship of Youzhou, restored my title of Duke of Gu'an, and gave me the posthumous title "Yi."
My father was skilled in the calligraphy of Zhong Yao, a skill that has been handed down through generations in our family, with each generation producing renowned calligraphers. By the time of my grandfather, he was proficient in both cursive and clerical scripts. I learned calligraphy from a young age, and many inscriptions in the palaces of the capital were written by me. The renowned calligrapher Cui Xuanbo of Baima was also exceptionally skilled in calligraphy, his style resembling that of Wei Guan. In the early Wei dynasty, the top calligraphers mainly came from the Cui and Lu families. I shared a particularly close relationship with the official Li Chong, who respected our family traditions, and I admired his talent and position, so we became in-laws and kept a close-knit relationship. In fact, my recognition by Emperor Gaozu was largely due to Li Chong's recommendation. I have eight sons.
The eldest son, known as Zu Ye, should have inherited his father's title, but he renounced it in favor of his eighth brother, Dao Shu. When this matter was reported to the court, the emperor decreed, "The eldest son should inherit the family business; this is an ancestral rule. How can it be given away so casually?" Dao Jiang cited the example of Han Zixi, a courtier from the Kingdom of Qinghe, who passed on his title to his brother Zhong Mu. Minister Li Ping further explained, and the emperor finally agreed. Dao Jiang was well-read, upright, outspoken, and exceptionally talented. He was the most promising in their family; even his uncles and relatives respected him. Prince Xie of Pengcheng and Prince Cheng of Rencheng both held him in high regard. Xie, the General of the Central Army, even specially invited Dao Jiang to be his aide. Later, Dao Jiang was promoted to several official positions and eventually became the governor of Yanzhou.
After taking office in Yanzhou, Dao Jiang's first act was to worship the tombs of Yue Yi and Huo Yuan, and he also constructed a shrine in their honor. He was exceptionally kind to scholars, encouraged everyone to study, and emphasized agricultural production, resulting in a doubling of agricultural yields. Later, he returned to the court as an official. Upon his passing, the court posthumously awarded him the titles of General Longxiang and Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Rites, and conferred upon him the posthumous title of "Xian." He authored numerous articles during his lifetime, amounting to dozens in total.
His son, Huai Zu, was a Doctor of the Imperial Academy and a Gentleman of the Imperial Guard, and later passed away. Huai Zu's younger brother was named Huai Ren, who served as the Minister of War during the Wuding era. Another brother of Dao Jiang was Liang, courtesy name Ren Ye; he did not hold an official position and lived a simple life; he had a son named Si Dao. Liang's younger brother Dao Yu, courtesy name Ning Zu, became well-known for his scholarship at a young age and was also quite handsome. He married Princess Le Lang, the daughter of Xian Zu, and became a Duke and the Chief of the Imperial Guard and a Palace Attendant, later being promoted to several official positions, eventually reaching the rank of Minister of the Imperial Secretariat. After the death of his mother, he resigned from his post to observe mourning, and after the mourning period ended, he returned to office and eventually rose to the position of Grand Justice of Youzhou, and finally becoming the Governor of Jingzhou, where he passed away while in office at the age of forty-four. The court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of General of the Guard and Governor of Qingzhou, granted him three hundred bolts of cloth, and conferred upon him the posthumous title "Wen Hou." His son Jing Xu served as an Assistant to the Chief of the Imperial Secretariat during the Wuding era.
Dao Yu's younger brother Dao Qian, courtesy name Qing Zu, had some knowledge of the classics and history and was familiar with arithmetic. He married Princess Ji'nan, the daughter of Gao Zu. This princess was known for her arrogance and dissolute behavior, and she had no prior illness before her sudden and unexpected death. At that time, there were rumors that Dao Qian was responsible for her death. Emperor Shi Zong chose not to investigate further to cover up the scandal. Later, the Minister of Rites even put forward Dao Qian's name for the position of National Scholar. However, Empress Dowager Ling, recalling the incident of the princess's sudden death, demoted Dao Qian to commoner status, preventing him from holding office for the rest of his life.
During the Xiaochang period, Prince Linhuai Yu was about to go on a campaign and requested the court to appoint Daoqian as the Commander of the Chariots. Daoqian's nephew, Li Yu, who married Princess Fengting, the sister of Emperor Zhuang, thus Daoqian was able to secure a promotion through this connection. During the Yong'an period, Daoqian was appointed as the General of Fuguo, an attendant in the Imperial Secretariat, and soon promoted to General of the Conquest of the Barbarians. In recognition of his contributions to the formulation of the calendar, he was bestowed the title of Duke of Linzi and further promoted to Cavalier Attendant. In the beginning of the Tianping era, he was appointed as General Who Conquers the South, and later promoted to Chief Imperial Secretary and Grand Inspector of Benzhou. Later, he was appointed to Youzhou as General of the Valiant Cavalry and Inspector, then further appointed as Grand General of the Guards, and ultimately passed away in office. After his death, the court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of Commander of the Military Affairs of You and Ying Provinces, Grand General of the Valiant Cavalry, Supervisor of the Right of the Masters of Writing, Duke of Sikong, and Inspector of Yingzhou, and he was posthumously honored with the title of Duke Gongwen. Daoqian had two sons, named Changyu and Changren. Changyu was not particularly bright, and Changren died in his youth. Daoqian later married a woman from the Sima family and had a son named Changyu. After the Sima lady passed away, he married Yuan and had two sons named Changqi and Changheng. These brothers have been fighting over their father's title, but their disputes remain unresolved. Daoqian's younger brother Daokan, with the style name Xizu, served as the provincial registrar and was recognized for his steadiness and scholarly pursuits. He passed away during the Xiaochang period. Both of his sons died in their youth, so his nephew Zhengda, the son of his brother Daoyue, inherited the family line. During the Wuding period, Zhengda achieved the rank of General of the Conquest of the Barbarians and Chief Clerk in the Office of the Commandant. Another of Daoqian's younger brothers, Dahe, with the style name Shuwei, had the least favorable reputation among the brothers. He served as a military officer in the Central Command of Jizhou and later passed away. He had a son named Jingyu. Jingyu's brother Jingxi achieved the rank of Consultant to the General of the Household during the Wuding period.
Dao He, styled Jigong, had a younger brother named Dao Yue. Dao He initially served as a low-ranking official but gradually rose through the ranks to become the Registrar of the Minister of War, a Deputy Minister of Works, the Chief Justice of Youzhou, a General Who Guards the State, and finally the Right Chief Clerk of the Minister of Works. Later, the Grand Tutor Li Yanshi was appointed to serve in Qingzhou. Li Yanshi had been ill, and Dao He was the younger brother of Li Yanshi's wife, so the court appointed Dao He as Li Yanshi's chief clerk and also granted him the title of Regular Attendant, intending for him to assist Li Yanshi. During the Yongxi era, Dao He was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry and Left Minister of Rites, while also serving as the Chief Clerk to Prince Guangping. In the Tianping era, the Chief Clerk of the Office of the Minister of Works, Gao Yue, invited Dao He to be his chief clerk. Gao Yue was later transferred to serve as the Inspector of Qingzhou and Jizhou, and Dao He continued to follow him as his chief clerk, assisting Gao Yue in both provinces, gaining a reputation for his ability to assist. Toward the end of the Xinghe era, Dao He was appointed as the Grand General of the Imperial Guard and Inspector of Yanzhou, where he was well-liked by the people. In the first year of Wuding, Dao He passed away at the age of fifty-eight. After his death, the court posthumously awarded him the title of Envoy with Special Powers, General of the Cavalry, Chief of the Three Departments, and Inspector of Youzhou.
Dao He's son, Zheng Tong, was an advisor in the Ministry of Works. He was well-known from a young age but was later summoned to Jin Yang, where he fell ill and passed away on the way. Dao He's daughter-in-law, Zheng Shi, who was Zheng Tong's wife, had an illicit relationship with Zheng Tong's younger brother, Zheng Si, and during the Wuding era, she was impeached by the Imperial Censor, and many people condemned her actions.
Dao He's younger brother, Dao Shu, styled You'an, inherited their father's title. He began his career as a Left Minister of Guests in the Ministry of Personnel and later rose to the rank of General of Champion, then served as a Palace Attendant, and eventually passed away.
Daohe's younger brother Daoyuan had another younger brother named Daomin, courtesy name Zhongtong, and his childhood nickname was Hongya. He was very dignified from a young age. During the Taihe era, he was appointed as a minister, but unfortunately, he passed away early. After his death, the court posthumously granted him the titles of General Wei Yuan and Governor of Fanyang, with the posthumous title of Jing. Emperor Gaozu also married his daughter as a concubine. Daomin had five sons.
Lu Yixi, courtesy name Yuanqing, had a high level of scholarship from a young age and was known for his calm and elegant demeanor. When he was nine years old, his father passed away, and he showed deep filial piety. In his youth, he gained the admiration of the official Li Chong. He initially served as a secretary, later promoted to palace attendant and then to Zhonglang of the Minister of Works. During the Shengu era, he was recommended by Wang Cheng, the Prince of Rencheng, and was appointed as a Cavalry Officer, subsequently promoted to General of Champion and Grand Official of Zhong. After his mother passed away, he resigned from his official position.
Wang Song, the Governor of Youzhou, had a good relationship with Lu Yixi and often wrote in letters to old friends like Li Shenjun, “General Lu is here; we often visit each other and can stay for several days each time, discussing political matters together.” This shows Wang Song's high regard for Lu Yixi. Prince Qi, Xiao Baoyin, wanted him to serve as a military advisor, but he declined, citing health issues. Not long after, he also took on the role of Chief Clerk of the Minister of Works and was appointed as General of Subduing the Enemy and Grand Official of Taizhong. He spent many years living quietly at home, leading a peaceful and content life. Li Shenjun urged him to curry favor with those in power. Lu Yixi said, “One should study the principles of the former kings and hold their aspirations in high regard; how can one flatter others for the sake of wealth and status?”
During the Xiaochang period, he was appointed as a Cavalier Attendant. At that time, Empress Dowager Ling was in power, and the Yellow Gate Attendant Li Shengui wielded significant power and wanted to form an alliance with the Lu family. Lu Yixi anticipated that Li Shengui would ultimately fail, so he turned down the marriage proposal. Wang Song said to Lu Yixi, "Ancient people did not exchange one daughter for five sons. Would you change your mind for this?" Lu Yixi replied, "The reason I refuse is exactly that. If I agree, disaster might be greater and come quicker." Wang Song grasped Lu Yixi's hand tightly and said, "I've heard that you can't go against fate, so I won't tell anyone." So, Wang Song married a woman from another family. On the night before the wedding, Empress Dowager Ling sent the Palace Attendant Fu Jing to Wang Song's house to order the wedding to be stopped. Everyone at Wang Song's house was terrified, but Lu Yixi remained composed. During the Jianyi period, he also served as the Minister of Justice, and soon was promoted to General of the East and Prefect of the Guards. During the Putai period, he was appointed as the Minister of Justice and was also promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry and Left Guanglu Grandee.
It is said that when Yixi was young, there were frequent floods and droughts in Youzhou. He had previously lent tens of thousands of piculs of grain to the common people, but later, due to bad harvests, he burned all the IOUs. The common people were deeply grateful for his generosity. He was generous and gentle, cautious and careful in his actions, didn't socialize casually with others, but had a particularly good relationship with Wei Zijian, telling him everything. Yixi lived a simple life, never pursuing wealth, and although he held high positions, he was often impoverished, eating only wheat and wild vegetables, yet he remained cheerful. During the Yongxi period, he suddenly fell seriously ill. He passed away during the Xinghe period, at the age of sixty-four. The court posthumously appointed him as General, Supervisor of Palace Attendants, and Inspector of Yingzhou, with the posthumous title of Xiaojian.
His son was named Xunzhi and served as a military aide during the Wuding period. Xunzhi's younger brother was named Shiyou and served as a military officer under the Prince of Qi. Yixi's younger brother Yitao, styled Shuyu, served as a military officer in the Ministry of Works, a magistrate in the capital province, a cavalier attendant, and a military advisor in the Ministry of Works. Yixi's son Xiaozhang served as a military officer in the Yitong mansion, but unfortunately passed away at a young age. Yitao's younger brother Yidun, styled Jihe, served as a military officer in the Northern Expeditionary Command. Yixi's grandson Jingkai, styled Zida, served as a military officer in the Yitong mansion during the Wuding period. Yian's younger brother Yian, styled Youren, did not hold any official position. Yixi's younger brothers were all far less capable than them.
Lu Chang, styled Shuda, with the nickname Shiyan, was well-versed in history and classics from a young age and had gained a reputation early on. In the early period of the Taihe era, he was appointed as the Crown Prince's Chamberlain and concurrently as an Imperial Secretariat, and was sent on a mission to Xiao Zhaoye. Emperor Gaozu told Lu Chang, "When you arrive there, do not have any reservations; do not think about the differences in status between you. You will soon arrive in the Jiangyang region; it doesn’t matter whether you arrive early or late, that place will eventually become our territory. If any of you want to say something, say it openly; do not suspect each other if there are any difficulties." The Emperor also instructed the deputy envoy Wang Qingshi, "Don’t hold back just because you’re from the south. If the other party has any thoughts, meet them and talk. Lu Chang is kind and gentle, not very eloquent; if the host or guest asks you to write a poem, do it according to your own level; do not refuse because Lu Chang cannot compose poetry. The principle of the mission is harmony. Do not show off, as that goes against the mission's requirements. You all need to do your best and look out for one another."
Lu Chang arrived there right as Xiao Luan seized the throne, so Gaozu led his troops south to attack, while Lu Chang's brother, Lu Yuan, served as the commander of another force. Xiao Luan treated Lu Chang and his men harshly in response to the court's military action. Lu Chang was not a righteous person to begin with, and when he heard that people in the south said his brother had become a general and he had become a messenger, he was filled with fear and broke out in a cold sweat. Xiao Luan served them spoiled rice, foul fish, rotten shrimp, and beans. However, the attendant Zhang Sinin stood his ground and refused to yield, ultimately sacrificing himself heroically in the residence. When Lu Chang returned, Gaozu rebuked him, saying, "Accepting a mission should come with honor; even if exiled to the ends of the earth, one should uphold their integrity until death. You can't even uphold your integrity, which is truly disgraceful. Why would you act so servile, groveling like a dog? In life, everyone faces birth, aging, sickness, and death, each with their own lifespan. If you could sacrifice yourself for glory and leave a lasting legacy, how wonderful would that be? Why would you willingly eat such coarse food to humiliate your monarch and father? Even if you can't be as steadfast as Su Wu, you should at least have the dignity of Zhang Sinin!" Lu Chang replied, "My abilities are not as good as Lu Jia and Sui He, yet I was appointed as an envoy to Min Yue. Just as Xiao Luan was incompetent and cruel, indiscriminately killing innocents. I am worried that I cannot serve the emperor anymore, return home to care for my elderly mother, and can only live in disgrace. I have betrayed the emperor's mission and deserve the ultimate punishment. Please let me serve as a magistrate and accept punishment." He was subsequently dismissed from his official post. After some time, he was appointed as an advisor to the Prince of Pengcheng, and later elevated to the position of Secretary of the Imperial Secretariat. In the early years of the Jingming era, he was appointed as a Deputy Secretary of the Imperial Secretariat, then promoted to the Yellow Gate Attendant and Chief Imperial Secretary of the Province. Lu Chang requested a transfer, but Emperor Sizong refused his request. He was later promoted to Cavalier In Regular Attendance and concurrently served as a Minister.
A white mouse was captured in Luoyang County. Wang Chang presented a memorial saying:
After carefully consulting historical records, it is revealed that in ancient border regions, if provincial governors, 2,000 shi officials, and county magistrates failed to properly execute imperial orders, cruelly oppressed the people, and caused public grievances to escalate, white mice would appear. I have heard that auspicious signs do not manifest without reason; they can only be bestowed upon those who uphold morality; evil omens do not appear randomly; the occurrence of disasters and anomalies signifies wrongdoing. Therefore, in ancient times, some monarchs lost their virtue because they ignored auspicious signs, while others established merit by taking disasters seriously. This serves as a lesson worth heeding from ancient times to the present, and a warning that has been heeded for thousands of years. Recently, disasters have been frequent, and the movement of the sun has been abnormal. Your Majesty, you have shown compassion for the people's suffering, much like the ancient sage kings, ordering the excavation of a moat to seek divine protection, expressing deep remorse for the innocent suffering of the people. Your decrees to appoint the virtuous and dismiss the wicked rival the virtue of Emperor Yao; your willingness to heed advice from your subjects mirrors the achievements of Emperor Shun. I have diligently reviewed your edict and observed these signs and admonitions, and I respectfully offer my opinions as a precaution.
Sigh, a farmer barely scrapes by on what they grow, and a weaver barely has enough to wear. But in recent years, wars have been relentless! In Jingzhou and Yangzhou, the troops have never stopped; in Zhongli and Yiyang, the army has been in and out constantly. Plus, the tribes in the Jingman region are both fierce and cunning, and when the imperial army is dispatched to suppress them, soldiers endure harsh conditions, facing scorching summers and freezing winters. In Runan and Yingchuan, nearly every household has someone serving in the military; in Hanoi and Jizhou, able-bodied men are constantly conscripted to transport supplies. And war doesn’t guarantee victory; even if they lose, they still bear the burden of logistics, with deaths, injuries, and fleeing, nine out of ten families are affected. The heavy corvée labor just keeps getting worse; the harsh military service and corrupt officials are running rampant. As a result, fields are left untended and overgrown, and villages are filled with hungry people, even the silkworms cannot be fed. Meanwhile, inspectors are pocketing bribes while pretending to do their jobs, while the powerful landlords bully the common people. The common folks have to sell their clothes just to pay their taxes, tightening their belts just to get through the day. This is all because most local officials are just incompetent; there are no wise governors like Huang Ba in the commandery, nor honest county magistrates like Lu Gong in the counties. They don’t think about how to help the people; they only care about fixing up their own homes. So, the common people sigh and grumble to each other as they walk; the corruption of local officials has even made its way to the court. In recent years, judges have been trying cases, sentencing many in hopes of setting an example. But later investigations found that many verdicts broke the law. Some officials twisted the law for personal gain, handing out lenient sentences to their favorites; others accepted bribes and granted favors arbitrarily. The officials impeached by the censor all claim to be wronged; those appealing for the wronged say they are innocent. As a result, this behavior sets a bad example for others, getting worse over time. Honest folks see this and just give up; those who do wrong only get bolder.
Things have gotten extremely serious!
Your Majesty, I hope you can see through the subtleties and understand the root causes of these disasters. Summon the ministers to gain a comprehensive understanding of state affairs; summon the advisors to gather extensively the people's grievances. Care for the elderly and the lonely, reduce harsh taxes; reduce corvée labor to allow the people to rest and recuperate. Promote upright and loyal officials, appoint them to assist in governing the state; dismiss corrupt and greedy officials, driving them out of the court. In this way, the Nine Ministers of State will maintain respect without frequent reminders, the hundred counties will abide by the laws without strict enforcement, and the people will thrive and be filled with hope for the future!
The imperial edict has been issued, stating: "I have inherited the legacy of my ancestors, diligently following the laws they left behind, with a steadfast commitment to stabilizing the realm and ensuring the people live and work in peace. However, we are currently in a time of turmoil, with no auspicious signs in sight; instead, ominous portents have emerged in these chaotic times. The problems facing the realm are my responsibility. Minister, I welcome your strategies for the nation, your sound advice, and your candid counsel; I deeply appreciate it." He was then promoted to the position of Palace Attendant and concurrently served as the Minister of Personnel, soon officially taking on the role of Palace Attendant. This person is named Chang; he simply did his job diligently without any remarkable achievements. He conspired with Palace Attendant Yuan Hui and others, gaining the favor of Emperor Shizong, a fact that many contemporaries deemed unworthy of praise.
Later, he was appointed as the General of Eastern Town and the Inspector of Xuzhou. In the summer of the fourth year of Yongping, Chang submitted a report stating: "The commoners of Langya County, such as Wang Wanshou, have secretly contacted me, expressing their willingness to submit to the court, and said that Qushan Garrison can now be attacked, indicating a chance. I assured them I would reward them and allowed them to return. On the night of March 24, Wang Wanshou and others led the allied forces to attack Qucheng, killing Xiao Yan's General of the State and the governors of Langya County and Dongguan County, as well as the commander of Qushan Garrison, Liu Yi, and over forty soldiers, and sent their severed heads to the prefecture. I immediately sent Zhang Tianhui, who also served as the deputy commander of Tancheng Garrison, to lead two hundred elite soldiers for reinforcement. Troops from various garrisons in Langya were also sent to reinforce, while Xiao Yan's troops from Yuzhou had already dispatched two armies to intercept Zhang Tianhui. Zhang Tianhui and Wang Wanshou, with internal and external support, killed hundreds of enemies and successfully took Qucheng."
After the emperor received the report, he said to Chang: "Pengcheng and Songcheng are located on the border and connected to the Huaihai region; controlling these two places is crucial and of great merit. Qushan is an important strategic pass, key to defending against the enemy, with convenient water and land transportation; it is the essential route between Yangzhou and Yuzhou, where many bandits gather, disturbing Qingzhou, Guangzhou, Qizhou, and Yanzhou. You have skillfully devised a plan, captured the city, eliminated the enemy, and expanded the territory; this is truly a great achievement! Your contributions are significant, and I commend you highly. Therefore, I will send Yan Zunyao, the chief aide, to bring rewards to show my appreciation. The Qushan Garrison is fundamental to Yuzhou, crucial to its survival. Now that the Qushan Garrison has fallen, Xiao Yan will definitely not take this lying down; they have been cut off at a critical juncture and will surely find a way to rescue it. It is currently the rainy season, and you must strengthen the defenses. You should think carefully about defense and counterattack strategies, and then report back to me in detail."
Chang Shang said, "Xiao Yan sent Zhang Ji, Ma Xianpin, Yin Qian, and others to lead their troops to station at various dams; Chang Yizhi, Zhang Huishao, Wang Shenian, Wang Maoguang, and others received Xiao Yan's orders and gradually increased their troops from Jianye. All of Xiao Yan's plans are focused on this. Assessing our strength and looking at the enemy's situation, this may not be easy to deal with. Why? We only have nine thousand troops, while the enemy has forty thousand, all famous generals and elite soldiers, gathering from all around, relying on the hot weather to prepare for a desperate battle, wanting to take advantage of their numbers to secure their stronghold. Therefore, Xiao Yan is going all out with this attack, not just for Qushan. He probably wants our army to defend Liuli Bridge, occupy Hukou, and then cut off traffic from the south to Huai Pu, which would make the situation unpredictable. Maritime taxes and salt supplies will be interrupted, and tribute will not be delivered on time. I'm concerned about the bigger picture. Xiao Yan is sure to fight fiercely. If the court wants to take military action and make an impact, it must select elite soldiers and increase troops, prepare more food and weapons to contend with them. Stalemate until autumn; when the weather changes, it will be easier to launch an attack. To achieve victory, now is a critical moment. I request an increase of six thousand troops and one hundred thousand measures of grain; if not possible, please deliberate and make a decision in court."
Chang also reported: "The enemy troops are gathering in large numbers, with a strong fighting force. They have set up camps at Xushan and stationed at Menjing, surrounding the fortified city. They are launching continuous attacks day and night. I am afraid that the enemy's momentum will only grow stronger, making it even more difficult to deal with in the future. I suggest that General Zhao Xia, the Barbarian Conqueror, lead the existing army to engage the enemy in a decisive battle. Zhao Xia is concerned about insufficient military strength, fearing that a defeat in battle would affect morale. Therefore, he wishes to wait for the main army to arrive before launching a brave attack. I don't think this strategy is reckless. Furthermore, I was originally ordered to defend and wait for the cool autumn breeze before taking action. Now that it is already autumn and the cool autumn breeze is blowing, it is time to act according to the plan. Moreover, the road east of Baokou is clear, and there is no accumulated water between Xushan and Gucheng. We should seize the opportunity and quickly attack the border. Since summer, the enemy has been constantly fighting in armor, with continuous camps north of Liqiao. The conscripted soldiers are already worn out. If our main army presses forward, we're bound to achieve a swift victory. If we take one city, the others will likely crumble, and we can easily pursue and win. If the army delays, the enemy will only get bolder, our soldiers will become worried, and dissent will arise. I request the court to quickly send reinforcements and seize the opportunity."
The imperial edict was issued: "If Xushan can be captured, all the credit will go to Chang. The strategy of pursuing victory will ultimately depend on him. Therefore, he has been in command since the start of the campaign, and all previous military deployments are to be handled by him. Now that he requests reinforcements, we should meet his requests promptly. Four thousand mid-tier soldiers from the Yulin and Huben Armies from Jizhou, Dingzhou, Yingzhou, and Xiangzhou should be dispatched to support him."
The Emperor issued another decree to Chang, saying: "Capturing Mount Qushan depends entirely on you! Expanding our territory is a long-term strategy. However, the war is not yet completely over. Besides you, who else can bear this heavy responsibility? Those traitors who die like ants, foolishly attempting to undermine our great kingdom; heaven will take care of these little thieves; it is all destined. That's why I had you personally command before, but later I heard you were still unwell, so I chose to wait for further updates. Now that you are better, follow the previous decree, take up your weapons, strive for progress, and eliminate the enemy! I have already dispatched fifty thousand troops; they will arrive quickly, and then you can act according to your previous plan. You are responsible for cutting off their southeastern retreat; make good use of your strategies!"
The Emperor issued another decree to Chang, saying: "Deploying troops at Mount Qushan was also your suggestion; the success of this operation rests on your shoulders. You requested reinforcements due to a shortage of troops, and your request has now been met. I heard that the land route in Eastern Tang is extremely narrow; apart from the only road, everything else is flooded. The enemy will definitely hold this road to sever our supply lines. If this is the case, do you have any other strategies? If you have any clever plans, report them quickly. I also heard that the generals of Yan's army have been spreading rumors, saying that Wei Bo, Huai Yang, and Su Yu should be addressed on both sides. If this is true, estimate how long the military supplies for Mount Qushan can last. If the situation permits back-and-forth travel, send a fast horse to deliver the message quickly. If the military supplies are running low and urgently need replenishing, find a solution on your own. If the situation does not allow for this, then you will have to make your own decision."
Chang was originally a scholar by nature, and his military skills were not strong. Moreover, his subordinates Sima Yangzhi and Zi Xie were in charge of military affairs and misled Chang, causing resentment among the soldiers. Fu Wenji, the defender of Qushan, ran out of supplies and opened the city gates to surrender to the Yan forces. Chang fled upon seeing the city fall. The other troops also fled and were caught in a heavy snowstorm, resulting in two-thirds of the soldiers either freezing to death or losing limbs. Since the court began to manage the Jiangnan region, only Prince Yingsheng of Zhongli was defeated in the battle of Zhongli, while Chang was defeated in the battle of Qushan, suffering the heaviest losses. Emperor Shizong sent Huangmen Zhenchen to pursue Chang on a fast horse and investigate his defeat in detail. The emperor issued a decree saying, "The defeat at Qushan was severe, and the responsibility lies with the marshal. Although leniency has been granted, punishments should still be proportionate. Chang can be relieved of his official position and undergo interrogation. All other generals and below will have their official positions restored according to the amnesty decree." Shortly thereafter, Chang was appointed Minister of Ceremonies, concurrently serving as the General of Anxi and Inspector of Yongzhou, and later promoted to General of Zhenxi and appointed as a Cavalry Attendant. In the first year of Xiping, Chang died in office. The court posthumously granted him the title General Who Conquers the North and Inspector of Jizhou, and posthumously honored him with the title "Mu." Lu Chang was kind and compassionate, adept at reassuring the people. When the soldiers stationed in Xuzhou fell ill, he personally went to visit and check on them. Even soldiers whose service terms had ended but had not yet returned home were allowed to remain in the army until he stepped down and let them go home. The common folk held him in high regard. His son Lu Yuanyu, styled Zhongxun, lacked any notable talents. He married Princess Yiyang, the daughter of the founding emperor, and was appointed as the Imperial Guard Commander. He later held the positions of Marshal, Grandee of the Palace, and was posthumously elevated to the position of Director of the Imperial Library. His son Lu Shisheng served as a Registrar in the Household of Ceremonies.
Lu Yuanyu's fifth younger brother, Lu Yuanming, styled Youzhang. He was well-read, boasting remarkable literary talent, an elegant demeanor, and proper conduct. In the early years of Yong'an, he also served as the Minister of Works, and Prince Linhuai, Xiao Yu, valued him highly. After Xiao Yu established his own manor, he brought him on as a part-time official and tasked him with leading his troops. After Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, Lu Yuanming took part in ceremonies as a court official and was granted the title of Viscount of Chengyang County, and later promoted to the position of Lang in the Ministry of Personnel. In the later years of Yongxi, he resided in Mount Qiu in Luodong and wrote the "Ode to Seclusion." At that time, his friend Wang You was living in Yingchuan and suddenly dreamed that Wang You visited him with wine, said goodbye, and even composed a poem for him. Upon waking up, Lu Yuanming remembered ten words from the poem: "Since then, no longer wandering the market or court." Lu Yuanming sighed, "Wang You was a man of integrity who steered clear of the mundane world. Dreaming of something like this now must mean something bad is happening." Three days later, he indeed heard the news of Wang You being killed by marauders. The day Wang You died was the same night he had the dream. During the Tianping period, Lu Yuanming also served as a Lang in the Ministry of Personnel and accompanied Li Xie as a deputy envoy to Xiao Yan, earning high praise from the southern people. Upon returning to the court, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Works and later transferred to Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary, overseeing the court's daily affairs. He worked in the Imperial Academy for many years, never actively sought fame. He also served as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate and Chief Justice of Benzhou. Lu Yuanming knew how to position himself, not one to make friends casually, but he loved drinking and writing poetry, often losing track of time. Fond of metaphysics, he wrote dozens of essays called "New Discussions on Historical Works," and his writings were compiled into a collection as well. When he was young, he often traveled back to Luoyang from the countryside, where he met the Inspector of Xiangzhou, Prince Zhongshan Yuanxi. Yuanxi was a knowledgeable and talented man, and upon seeing Lu Yuanming, he remarked, "Lu Lang, with such demeanor, as long as you read more of 'Li Sao' and drink good wine, you’ll definitely become a valuable asset in the future." He invited him to stay at his manor for a few days, and then gifted him cloth and horses before they parted ways. Lu Yuanming married three times overall; his second wife, Zheng, had an affair with his nephew, Lu Shiqi, but Lu Yuanming couldn't cut ties with her. He also liked to brag about his family status, which drew criticism from the public at the time.
Yuan Ming had a younger brother named Yuan Ji, with the courtesy name You Xu. He had a fiery temper and was particularly fond of drinking. Once, he had a banquet at home with his wife, but got angry over a small matter and killed a guest in a fit of rage. Later, he became a Secretary Lang and was later promoted to Minister of Rites. He gradually rose to Assistant General, Minister of Works, Governor of Youzhou, and ultimately died in office. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the titles of Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary, Commander of Military Affairs in You and Ying Provinces, General of the Valiant Cavalry, Minister of Personnel, and Governor of Youzhou, and was posthumously given the title "Xuan".
His son, Yuan Shi Shen, served as a military officer known as a Chief Military Advisor.
Yuan Ming's other brother was named Yuan Shang Zhi, with the courtesy name Ji Ru, and his nickname was Xian Xia. He was renowned for his elegance and refinement and was highly respected. During the Taihe era, he was appointed as a Gentleman of Discussion, later promoted to Staff Officer for the Prince of Zhao's Eastern Expedition. After his mother's death, he resigned from his position and returned home to observe the mourning period. He later served as Chief Clerk of the Grand Commandant, Attendant of the Minister of Works, Prefect of Fanyang, Chief Imperial Secretary of Zhangwu, concurrently as Chief Clerk of the Minister of Works, and was bestowed the title of Champion General, then promoted to Chief Clerk of the Minister of Works. He was later appointed as General and Governor of Jizhou. Upon returning to the court, he was appointed as a Palace Attendant. He passed away in the fifth year of Zhengguang, at the age of sixty-two. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the titles of Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary, General of the Eastern Campaign, and Governor of Qingzhou.
Yuan Shang Zhi's eldest son was Yuan Wen Fu, with the courtesy name Yuan You. He had grand ambitions from a young age, was well-read, and gained considerable fame. He later became a Military Advisor to the Minister of Works and passed away at the age of forty-nine years.
His son, Yuan Jing Shu, was exceptionally talented in literature but sadly passed away in his youth.
Yuan Wenfu's younger brother, Yuan Wenyin, was styled Zhongyou. In his youth, he was known for his frivolous personality, but he gradually matured. He held the position of an official but resigned to care for his parents back home. During the Yong'an period, he served as a military governor, guarding three cities in Fanyang and successfully defending against Han Lou's forces, for which he was granted the title of Fanyangzi. During the Yongxi period, he was appointed as Right General and Grand Minister of the Interior. He eventually passed away in seclusion in the countryside at the age of sixty. His son, Yuan Shiwei, served as a Central Scatter Official during the Xinghe period.
Yuan Wenyin's brother is Yuan Wenfu, styled Shuxi, who had a straightforward character. He held various official positions, including Supervisor of the Imperial Guard and Minister of Guests, later being promoted to the position of Cavalry Commandant. He died during the Yong'an period at the age of forty. His son, Yuan Ziqian, served as a Central Military Officer in the court of King Wenxiang of Qi during the Wuding period.
Li Dushi was the nephew of the Li family. While serving as an official in Jizhou, he served during a time when the country had just been pacified and cities were being rebuilt. His maternal uncle’s wife, Mrs. Fu, and the wife of the Yanzhou Inspector, Mrs. Jia (who is Mrs. Fu's niece), both lost their husbands during the turmoil and were left old and ill, living in dire circumstances. Dushi, viewing them as relatives, took special care of them. Whenever he visited Mrs. Fu, he would kneel to ask about her well-being, often bringing her clothes, bedding, and food; he extended similar care to Mrs. Jia, providing for her clothing, food, and shelter.
After Qingzhou fell, many members of the Cui family suffered a decline in their fortunes, but Dushi managed to redeem many of them. Later, his descendants, Yuan, Chang, and others, inherited their father's virtues, showing great respect to both near and distant relatives. Their family traditions and etiquette were praised by all. Dushi was known for his humility and caution, never seeking to compete with others. After the passing of his parents, he and his brothers lived together and managed the family's assets. From ancestors to grandchildren, there were over a hundred people in the household. Despite the challenges posed by a famine in Luoyang, they maintained order, ensuring that everyone had enough to eat and wear, sharing both joys and sorrows. His brothers paid their respects to their father and elders daily, spending time in another room until returning to their own at night. Apart from official duties, they did not casually make friends and always treated each other with respect. Three of them became officials, which was considered an honor at that time.
However, after the deaths of Yuan, Chang, and their father, the family's virtues declined, with many descendants engaging in improper behavior, which led to criticism from society. Dushi's cousin, Shenbao, once held the position of scholar in the imperial academy. During the Taihe era, Emperor Gaozu married his daughter to Prince Gaoyang Yong, making her Shenbao's son-in-law.
Dushi's cousin, Pu, served as a local official in the coastal regions during the era of Murong Bao. He killed over a dozen relatives in his village, declared himself General of the North and Inspector of Youzhou, and plundered counties. During the Tianxing era, he was captured and punished by the court, as noted in the "Imperial Annals."
Pu's great-grandson, Hong, also referred to as Zengsun, served as a scholar in the imperial academy during the Taihe era, later advancing to the roles of military advisor to Prince Gaoyang Yong, magistrate of Yangping in Youzhou, and prefect of Yangping and Le'an in Yizhou. Hong was the father of three sons.
His eldest son Chong, courtesy name Yuanli, was well-regarded in his youth, and knowledgeable people believed he would achieve great things in the future. During the Jingming years, he served as a military officer in the Bureau of Cavalry, but unfortunately died young.
Chong's son Zigang served as a military officer under the Minister of Works and as a military officer in the Bureau of Cavalry in Jingzhou; he died in Guanzhong.
Lu Zhongyi, nicknamed Heizi, was a well-known figure at that time. He served as a military officer under Prince Gao Yang Yong, as an official in the imperial court, and as a deputy magistrate in Youzhou, and held a respectable position.
His younger brother Lu Shuju, courtesy name Zigui, served as a Gentleman of the Imperial Secretariat during the Wuding years. Zigui's son Lu Zheng served as a military officer under the Minister of Personnel. Although the official positions of the Lu Zhongyi brothers were not particularly high, when it came to marriage, they were well-matched with prestigious families!
Another brother of Lu Zhongyi was Lu Gan, courtesy name Youzhen, who worked as a chief clerk in the province. His son Lu Rang served as a military officer under the Grand Chancellor.
Lu Hong's younger brother Lu Guangzong, his son Lu Guan, and Lu Guan's younger brother Lu Zhongxuan—all their achievements are recorded in the "Biographies of Literature." Lu Zhongxuan's younger brother Lu Shuhu served as a military officer under the Grand Chancellor in the early Wuding period.
Lu Hong's cousin Lu Fubo and Lu Fubo's younger brother Lu Shibo were both highly knowledgeable and talented. Lu Fubo became the chief historian of Pingdong Prefecture in Cangzhou. Lu Shibo served as the Grand General of the Imperial Guard and as the governor of Nanchi Prefecture during the Yongxi years, holding an important position.
Lu Shibo's cousin Lu Wenwei reached the position of Grand General of Cavalry and governor of Qingzhou during the Xihe years, and was also granted the title of Baron of Daxia County, truly a member of the nobility.
Historians say: the Lu Xuan family is renowned, their ancestors received accolades from the court, and their descendants have all achieved success, truly a prosperous lineage. They have numerous literary and martial achievements that are hard to fully document, but they were greatly esteemed in their time, enjoying a prominent reputation, all due to their virtues and knowledge exceeding those of ordinary people. Lu Yuan's brothers were also exceptionally talented. While the family enjoyed a good reputation, their descendants failed to fully inherit the admirable qualities of their ancestors. Is this legacy somewhat lacking?
Dou Jin, styled Daoyu, was a native of Dunqiu in Wei state. He claimed descent from Sikong Rong of the Han Dynasty. His grandfather was appointed governor of Dunqiu, so his family settled there. Dou Jin became famous for his literary talent at a young age. He began his career as a doctoral student at the Central Academy, later served as the Minister of the Central Secretariat, was granted the title of Fanyang Zi, and promoted to General Ningyuan. He was involved in many national affairs and earned numerous military honors. He was later promoted to the Minister of the Secretariat, elevated to Marquis of Wei, appointed to the Ministry of the West. During the pacification of the Three Qins, many people were still hesitant to submit; he was appointed Commissioner-in-Chief, Cavalry Attendant, Commander of the Qin and Yong provinces, General of Ningxi, Commandant of Chang'an, and Marquis of Piling. He served in Chang'an for eight years, with remarkable achievements and was beloved by the people. Later, he was recalled to court to serve as the Minister of the Palace Secretariat, Minister of Justice, and continued to serve as Cavalry Attendant. Emperor Shizu held him in high regard and granted him many rewards. During the emperor's campaign against Gaowu, he always led the vanguard, pacified the people, and suppressed the rebellion of the Di and Qiang tribes in Baxi, subduing thousands of families. He also subdued the chieftains of the barbarian tribes such as Qiu Tian'er and three thousand households at Wujiangshan. After the pacification of Gaowu, Dou Jin stayed in Chang'an. Upon returning to the capital, he continued to serve as the Minister of the Palace Secretariat and Minister of Justice, overseeing the court's legal affairs. Emperor Shizu remarked, "In ancient times, it was said that 'the right is virtuous and the left is close,' referring to the backbone talents of the country, which referred to none other than the Marquis of Piling!"
After the death of Emperor Gongzong in the Eastern Palace, Dou Jin concurrently served as Minister of State and took part in the posthumous title bestowal ceremony for the emperor. Later, he was appointed General of the Southern Garrison and Governor of Jizhou. He was known for his integrity, frugality, and dedication to the country, and was quite renowned during his time. He later returned to the court to serve as a high-ranking court official. During the Xingguang period, Dou Jin's son-in-law, Ma Mituo of Yulin Company, was chosen to marry Princess Linjing. Dou Jin urged Mituo to refuse the proposal and even made some slanderous remarks and curses, resulting in both of them being executed. Dou Jin had four sons, Bing, Chi, and Yi, who were studying at the Imperial Academy and were also executed alongside their father. Only the youngest son, Zun, escaped and survived.
Dou Zun was proficient in both regular and seal script calligraphy. He authored many inscriptions found on stone tablets and palace buildings in Beijing. He rose to the rank of Gentleman of the Ministry of Works and Prefect of Puyang, but became embroiled in corruption and bribery. His son, Seng Yan, was involved in an affair with a commoner, which was reported by local residents, resulting in his dismissal. Later, owing to his talent in calligraphy, he was appointed Chief of the Imperial Library and eventually died in office.
Xu Yan, also known by his courtesy name Daomo and his childhood nickname Jiatun, was from Gaoyang Xincheng. His grandfather, Xu Mao, was the governor of Gaoyang during the Murong clan's reign. Xu Yan lost his parents when he was young and grew up in poverty, but he loved studying and later studied the Book of Changes under the tutelage of the monk Farei. He was summoned early in the reign of Emperor Taizu Tuoba Tao of Northern Wei. Due to Xu Yan's accurate divination, he remained close to the emperor, contributing to the planning of state affairs. He was later appointed as a Cavalier Attendant and granted the title of Marquis of Boling. Xu Yan was loyal and cautious, careful in his speech and actions, never disclosing court secrets. This earned him even greater trust from Emperor Taizu, and he was later promoted to the rank of Duke of Wuchang, appointed as General of Andong and Inspector of Xiangzhou. During his time in Xiangzhou, he was involved in corruption and bribery, breaching laws and regulations. The court issued a decree that condemned his actions. However, due to his close relationship with the emperor, his crimes went unpunished. In the second year of the Weizhenjun era (477 AD), Xu Yan passed away and was posthumously granted the title Duke Xuan.
Xu Yan's son Xu Zongzhi initially served as a Junior Secretary in the court and later took charge of the affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. When Emperor Shizong Tuoba Tao inspected Jiangling, he bestowed upon him the title of Marquis of Gaoxiang. After Emperor Gaozong Tuoba Hong ascended the throne, Xu Zongzhi was promoted to the position of Minister of the Palace, and subsequently appointed as General of the Eastern Campaign and Governor of Ding Province, being granted the title of Duke of Yingchuan. He was ordered to suppress the Dingling, and after quelling the rebellion, he engaged in corruption and bribery locally, acting inappropriately. A local resident named Ma Chao exposed Xu Zongzhi's wrongdoing, which infuriated Xu Zongzhi, prompting him to assault and kill Ma Chao. Fearing that Ma Chao's family would report him, he falsely accused Ma Chao of defaming the court. Upon hearing this, Emperor Gaozong remarked, "This must be false! As the Son of Heaven, what wrongdoing could lead Ma Chao to say such things? Xu Zongzhi must be framing Ma Chao to cover up his own crimes." After an investigation, it turned out to be true. The case was referred to the appropriate authorities for investigation, and officials, including Sikong Yichuan, believed that Xu Zongzhi, as a trusted minister of the emperor and a local official, failed to set a good example for the court, to pacify the people, and instead engaged in corruption, indiscriminately killed innocents, falsely accused others, and deceived the court, which was a crime that warranted the harshest punishment. In the winter of the second year of Tai'an (456 AD), Xu Zongzhi was ultimately executed by beheading in the southern outskirts of the capital.
Xu Zongzhi's grandson Xu Liang, styled Yuangui, served as General of the Anti-Bandit Campaign during the Zhengguang era and gradually advanced to the roles of Chief of Cavalry in Jizhou and Military Advisor to the Minister of War. He passed away at the age of fifty-two.
Xu Zongzhi's brother Xu Xi, styled Derong, inherited the title of Duke of Wuchang, served as a Junior Secretary, and died young.
Xu Yan's other son Xu Anren inherited his father's title and also served as a Junior Secretary. After his death, he was posthumously granted the title of General of the Eastern Campaign and Governor of Jizhou, with the posthumous title Duke Jian.
Yuan Kang inherited the title, which was later reduced to the rank of marquis. He was appointed as the Champion General and Deputy General of Chang'an, and then promoted to oversee military operations in Hezhou and serve as the Governor of Hezhou, while retaining his title as general. Later, he returned to the court and served as the Junior Minister of Justice. The court also appointed him as the Governor of Wei County, but he firmly declined the appointment. Soon after, he passed away, and the court posthumously conferred upon him the title of General of Conquering the Enemy and Governor of Yingzhou, with the posthumous name of Su.
His son Kuo, courtesy name Chongyuan, inherited the title. He was appointed as a Court Attendant and then gradually promoted to Governor of Dunqiu County and Governor of Dong Taiyuan County. He died at just twenty-eight. His son Zigong inherited his title.
Zigong served as a military officer in the Water Department of the Central Palace during the later years of the Wuding period. After the Northern Qi replaced the Northern Wei, his title was subsequently reduced.
Zigong's son Xian served as a military officer in the Central Army under the Grand Commander.
Yuan Kang's brother Hu served as a provincial registrar.
Yuan Kang's other brother Rui, courtesy name Zhengzhi, also worked as a provincial registrar until his passing.
Rui's brother Xuan, courtesy name Boli, was quite accomplished, and the family enjoyed a harmonious life, living together for three generations. The Minister of Personnel Affairs, Li Shenjun, often praised their family values. Xuan started as an Attendant to the Censor and gradually rose to the position of Left Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Advisor to the Minister of State, and was also responsible for compiling the Annals. He later reached the rank of Grand Official. He died in the early years of the Xinghe era at forty-seven. The court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of Envoy with Authority, Commander of Military Affairs in Jiying, and General of Conquering the East.
Xuan's brother Xun served as the Governor of Dongyangping in the later years of the Wuding period.
Xun's brother Ye, courtesy name Shuming, had a generally cheerful demeanor. He held positions such as State Clerk, Deputy Commandant, Governor of Xigaoyang, and Grand Official. He died in the third year of the Xinghe era at the age of forty-one. The court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of General of Pacifying the East and Governor of Yingzhou.
Ye's brother Dun, courtesy name Jiliang, held the position of Minister of Agriculture during the later years of the Wuding period.
Yuan Kang's younger brother, Xi, held the position of Governor of Zhao Commandery. Yuan Kang's grandson, Yan, styled Changlin, was very capable. He was initially appointed as a Doctor at the Imperial Academy and later gradually promoted to the position of Minister of Southern Guests, and then to the Middle-ranking Official of Yingzhou. He died during the Xiaochang era at the age of forty-seven. The court posthumously awarded him the titles of General of Pacifying the East and Governor of Cangzhou. During the Yongxi era, he was posthumously awarded again the titles of Regular Attendant, General of the Guard, Right Deputy Minister of the Secretariat, and Governor of Yingzhou.
Yan's younger brother was called Ji, styled Zhongheng, and was known for his keen insight. He served as Regular Attendant for Prince Guangping, an Assistant Cavalry Attendant, and an Advising Official, and later was promoted to Regular Attendant of the Directing Cavalry, Grand Middle Official of Yingzhou, Regular Attendant, and Governor of Xingyang, also overseeing matters in Southern Qingzhou. He died at the age of fifty-five. Both Yan and his brother were very intelligent and capable, associating with many prominent figures of their time.
Additionally, there was a man named Xu Chihu from Boling, who was well-versed in the classics and history, and had a talent for humor. During the Yanxing era, he served as an Assistant to the Author and also campaigned south alongside Murong Baiyao. Later, he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Jiangnan, where he responded with great flexibility and skill. Although he didn't emphasize classical references in his speech, people in the south greatly appreciated his wit and humor. After the envoy returned, he was appointed Governor of Dongjun and ultimately passed away while in office.
His son, Tuo, served as the Long History of Dingzhou. Li Xin, styled Yuansheng, nicknamed Zhennu as a child, was from Fanyang. His great-grandfather was named Chan, and his grandfather was named Ji; both generations made a name for themselves during the Murong era. His father was named Chong, who served as Minister of Personnel and Governor of Shicheng during the Feng Ba regime. During the Yanhe era, when the emperor's entourage arrived in Helong, Li Chong led more than ten counties to surrender to the court. Emperor Shizu treated him with great respect, referring to him as "Lord Li," and appointed him General of Pacifying the West, Governor of Beiyouzhou, and Marquis of Gu'an. Li Chong passed away at the age of eighty-one and was posthumously granted the title of Marquis Xiang.
Li Xin's mother had a lowly status, so his several older brothers all looked down on him. His brother Li Chong, however, said, "The fortune teller said this child will have a bright future, but from what I observe, it's hard to say." So he sent him to the capital city, where he became a student in the Central Secretariat.
One day, the Emperor Shizu visited the Central Secretariat for inspection, and he immediately noticed Li Xin, pointing at him and saying to those around him, "This child will definitely serve me and my descendants in the future!" From then on, he kept him in mind.
The Emperor Shizu's uncle, Prince Yangping Du Chao, had a daughter and planned to marry her off to a powerful family. When the Emperor Shizu heard about this, he told Du Chao, "Li Xin will definitely become a high-ranking official in the future and elevate your family's status. You can marry your daughter to him; don't marry her to anyone else." And so, this marriage was arranged. It is said that Li Zhe from the south had long predicted that Li Xin would rise to great heights.
When Du Chao passed away, the Emperor Shizu personally mourned for three days. Because Li Xin was Du Chao's son-in-law, he was allowed to enter the funeral hall. The Emperor pointed at Li Xin and said to the people around him, "Look at how this man carries himself; isn't it different from the rest? He will definitely become a high-ranking official serving my family!" Li Xin was intelligent, sharp-witted, had an exceptional memory, and keen observation skills.
Earlier, Li Ling served as the Emperor Gaozong's advisor and counselor, and the Emperor ordered Cui Hao to select outstanding students from the Central Secretariat to serve as assistants. Cui Hao recommended his students Xiangzi, Lu Dushi, and Li Fu. Gao You, the son of Gao Dang, and other relatives of the Minister Duan Ba thought that Cui Hao was showing favoritism and brought this to Emperor Shizu's attention. Emperor Shizu felt Cui Hao's actions were unjust and reported the matter to Emperor Gongzong.
Emperor Shizu was thinking of Li Xin and said, "Why not select the eldest son of the Governor of Youzhou, Li Chong?" Cui Hao replied, "It was previously suggested that Li Xin should be selected, but because he was away at the time, he wasn't chosen." Emperor Shizu said, "When Li Xin returns, Xiangzi and the others will no longer be needed." This was the reason why Emperor Shizu valued Li Xin.
So Li Xin was appointed as an assistant in Zhongshu Province and doctor, gradually gaining favor, and later even lecturing to Emperor Gaozong. After Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, due to their previous relationship, he was very close and favored Li Xin, promoting him to Minister of Rites and concurrently held the position of Director of the Imperial Secretariat, granting him the title of Duke of Fufeng, appointing him as General of An Dong, and posthumously conferring the title of Lady of Rongcheng on his mother, Lady Sun. Emperor Gaozong told his courtiers, "I wasn't focused enough on my studies when I was young, and since I have been dealing with state affairs, I have been extremely busy and have had no time to study, so I lack in both Confucian and Taoist teachings. This is not solely my fault; my teachers also did not teach diligently enough. Therefore, I am still giving grand rewards to my old ministers to show my gratitude for their past kindness!" Li Xin removed his hat and bowed in thanks. Later, Li Xin was appointed as the Inspector of An Nan, the General of Annam, and the Governor of Xiangzhou. He governed with integrity and simplicity, was skilled at resolving cases, and could root out and apprehend hidden criminals, gaining the people's praise.
I submitted a memorial to the court, requesting the establishment of schools in the prefectures and counties. The memorial stated: "I have heard that to achieve effective governance, good cultural education is essential for effectively governing a country; to experience a peaceful and prosperous era, it is impossible to honor the emperor's grace without outstanding talents. Therefore, ancient wise rulers established schools in the capital and appointed educational officials in the prefectures and counties to educate the youth of the nation and enhance their knowledge and skills. They then selected outstanding talents from among them to strengthen the pillars of the nation. Now, with the emperor's wisdom and martial prowess, governance is effective, and the people admire the emperor's benevolence, yet schools have not yet been established in various prefectures and counties. Although my abilities are limited, I earnestly wish to take on this responsibility so that future generations can hear the echoes of refined teachings and that children can see the fundamental teachings of the classics. In the past, I received the emperor's grace and served in the palace, during which I nurtured many accomplished talents, all of whom were valued by the court. Now I have again received the emperor's favor and been entrusted with an important task; I wish to emulate the emperor's grand ambitions and make contributions locally. Since I arrived here, I have investigated the local literati and found that the older generation of scholars is aging, while the younger generation of talents has yet to mature. Although I recommend talents to the court every year according to regulations, I worry that they might find it difficult to meet the court's expectations. Therefore, I wish to adopt the ancient system and establish educational officials in the administrative centers of the prefectures and counties. This will allow aspiring scholars and children from prominent families to study here, ensuring their success. Those who are knowledgeable can then be recommended to the court. In this way, the nation's cultural heritage will thrive." After submitting my memorial, Emperor Xianzhu approved my request. This indicates that the emperor also values talent cultivation and cultural inheritance. With schools, more talents can be nurtured, and the country can prosper and develop further.
Xin was recognized as the best official among the various provinces, and the emperor granted him fine robes. From that point on, he started to grow arrogant and complacent, accepting bribes from the common people and tribute from merchants. The people complained that Minister Li Fu had been close to Xin since childhood and often aided him. Some advised Xin to report to the court, but Li Fu prevented him from doing so. After the emperor learned of Xin's crimes, he sent for him in a prisoner cart for interrogation, ultimately convicting him of his crimes.
At that time, Li Fu's brothers were facing dismissal from their positions, and someone hinted to Xin that the emperor was suspicious of Li Fu's brothers, suggesting that Xin inform on their hidden crimes to save himself. Xin was very reluctant and had no knowledge of any hidden crimes committed by Li Fu's brothers. He told his son-in-law Pei You, "Although my relationship with the Li family isn't particularly close, our feelings are like those of a family. Now that someone is advising me this way, what am I supposed to do? Recently, I've considered ending my life over this, stabbing myself with a hairpin or strangling myself with a belt, but I haven’t gone through with it. Besides, I honestly don’t know of any wrongdoing by Li Fu's brothers." Pei You said, "Why would you even think about dying for him? Li Fu's brothers' crimes can be uncovered. There is a man named Feng Chan, who had suffered at Li Fu's hands before, and his family des
After Xin was dismissed from his position, Zhang Dan, the Marquis of Ping Shou, went to see him. They hit it off well, and he even told others, "This person is an outstanding talent and won't always be looked down upon." Not long after, Xin was reappointed as the Minister of Taicang, concurrently in charge of southern affairs. He believed the strategies of Fan and Chen Duan, among others, and ordered the transportation of grain to Taicang from a thousand miles away based on household registration. Delays and backlogs piled up everywhere, lasting for several years. People scrambled to bribe, all wanting to deliver the grain first, leading to widespread suffering. People along the road were murmuring, saying, "Having such corrupt officials is worse than having bandits." Xin's younger brother, General Zuo Pu, advised him, "Fan is very good at using sweet words to please others. He only talks for his own gain, never bringing up morality or justice. It sounds nice, but he's really a bad guy. This is just flattery, slander, corruption, and deceit. If you don't cut ties with him soon, you'll regret it down the line." Xin did not listen, but instead believed Fan even more and told him all his worries.
Li Xue, because of the favor of Emperor Xianzu, played a key role in important court decisions, was responsible for selecting officials, and held great power. Everyone in the court flattered him. He originally had no merit, but was directly appointed as the magistrate of Lu'an County. During the Yanxing era, the Emperor decreed: "Shangshu Li Xue made significant contributions to the previous dynasty, assisted the Emperor in governing the country, and is known for his integrity and forthrightness, frequently offering valuable advice. He is a valuable asset to the nation and a highly respected elder statesman. Therefore, I promote him to be the Shangshu of the Southern Region, allowing him to handle complex government matters. Since taking office, he has worked diligently day and night without ever slacking off, strictly adhering to laws and proper conduct, even during meals and rest, he thinks about public affairs. He has never failed to act on matters beneficial to the country, with clear standards for rewards and punishments, never showing favoritism based on family ties. Even devoted sons longing for their mothers, eagles hunting their prey, cannot compare to his unwavering loyalty and tireless diligence! Even Zichan of Zheng and Jiwenz of Lu cannot compare to him! However, upright individuals are often not well-liked, and even thieves harbor resentment. Since last year, malicious individuals have been causing trouble, robbing the families of Li Xue, Li Ying, and three others, burning houses, and harming innocent people. Is this something we can tolerate? What else can we not tolerate? The relevant authorities must intensify efforts to apprehend these criminals and ensure they are brought to justice!"
In June, Emperor Xianzu passed away. Li Zhi was appointed as the Minister of War and was granted the title of Duke of Fanyang. In July, he was also appointed as Chamberlain, General of the Southern Expedition, Grand Marshal, and Inspector of Xuzhou. Fan Biao knew that Empress Wenming held a grudge against Li Zhi and that many people in the court were dissatisfied with him. In the second month of the first year of Taihe, Fan Biao was ordered to report to the court that Li Zhi was planning a rebellion. Empress Wenming summoned Li Zhi to the capital and asked him about the rebellion, to which Li Zhi denied. Then, Fan Biao was called to testify, and Li Zhi said, "You're just spouting nonsense about knowing me; what else can I say! However, you have disregarded the kindness I have shown you in the past and done such an ungrateful thing!" Fan Biao replied, "Can your kindness towards me compare to the kindness Li Fu showed towards you? If you could tolerate Li Fu back then, why can't I tolerate you today?" Li Zhi sighed, "I shouldn't have trusted a scoundrel; I brought this upon myself, and I deeply regret it!" And so, Li Zhi was executed. Li Zhi had three sons.
His eldest son, Li Sui, was initially appointed as an attendant and Grand Master of the East Palace Gate. He later rose to the position of Cavalier In Regular Attendance and was appointed as General Who Pacifies the East. He died before his father, Li Zhi.
His second son, Li Qing, also known as Huiming, escaped and was later granted a pardon during a general amnesty.
Qingzi, also known as Bolin, served as a loyal general during the Wuding period and also held the position of Water Cadet in the Duke of Qi Xianwu's household.
His younger brothers, Linghe and Lingdu, fell in battle alongside Qingzi.
Gong, also known as Yuanshun, served as the Prefect of Chengzhou. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the title of Inspector of Youzhou and Marquis of Rongcheng, with the posthumous title of Jianhou.
Gong's brother, Yu, also known as Yuanheng, served as the Prefect of Yingqiu, inherited his father's title of Marquis of Gu'an, and rose to the position of General Who Pacifies the West. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the title of Inspector of Yanzhou, with the posthumous title of Kanghou.
His son Changsheng inherited the title, and after his death, his son Yuanzong succeeded the title and served as the Governor of Guangping County and Prefect of Chen County.
Qingzi's cousin Pu, whose courtesy name was Jizhen, was known for his integrity and had connections with many notable figures. He served as Doctor of the Central Secretariat, Minister of War, Military Advisor to Prince Yuyang, Left General, and Deputy General of Chang'an, and ultimately became Minister of Rites. In the first year of the Chengming era, he passed away at the age of fifty-one, passing away before Qingzi. After his death, he was posthumously conferred the titles of General of Anxi and Governor of Yongzhou, with the posthumous title of Duke Mu.
Pu's son Hui served as a Central Secretariat Counselor. Hui's brother Gu served as a Doctor of the Imperial Academy and Governor of Gaomi. Gu's brother Qin served as a Prefect of the province. Qin's son Shi, styled Yuanzhi, served as General of Zhenxi and Deputy Prefect of Nanyingzhou during the Wuding era. Shi's brother Sheng, styled Zhongyan, served as General of Andong and Counselor of the Imperial Court. Sheng's brother Shufan served as General of Pingxi and Grand Master of the Palace. Qin's brother Yun, whose courtesy name was Zongling, was exceptionally talented and served as a student of the Central Secretariat, Secretary of the Central Secretariat, and Gentleman-in-Waiting of the Central Secretariat. He later served as Governor of Yanjun and Fanyang before returning to court, serving as an Exalted Gentleman in the Imperial Secretariat, Right Minister, and General of the Central Army, eventually being promoted to Left Minister. He died in the third year of the Yanchang era and was posthumously conferred the titles of General of Pingyuan and Governor of Nanjingzhou, with the posthumous title of Duke Jing.
Initially, when Qingzi's clansman Chongzhi surrendered to the Wei Kingdom, he surrendered together with Tian Biao of Beiping, but Tian Biao's descendants eventually fell into decline. Historical records indicate that during over a century of Wei's rule, strict laws and harsh punishments were used to govern the country, and amidst the fluctuations of power, it ultimately led to its downfall. Dou Jin and the Li brothers (Li Qingzi) were exceptionally talented, and people at the time regarded them as pillars of society. However, Dou Jin was implicated due to a suspicion arising from a single remark, and the Li brothers were caught in old grudges and suspicions, ultimately leading to their execution, which is truly tragic! Their family's inability to prosper was ultimately a result of their own actions!
Wei Lang, with the courtesy name Youguan, was from Duling, a region in Jingzhao. His family has been a prominent and respected family in the Sanfu region for generations. His grandfather Wei Kai served as General Jianwei in the Jin Dynasty and was also the Prefect of Changle and Qinghe counties. His father Wei Kui served as an official under Murong Chui and as the Grand Minister of Autumn. Wei Lang showed great promise from a young age, but unfortunately encountered chaos during the Murong regime, and subsequently fled to Jicheng. Later, Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei summoned him to serve as the Prefect of Xianyang, before transferring him to Wudu. During that time, the town of Xingcheng saw a rebellion led by Hao Wen and Gai Wu, causing chaos in the Guanzhong region. Despite this, Wei Lang worked tirelessly to pacify the populace, maintaining peace in his jurisdiction. After serving as the Prefect of Wudu for sixteen years, he passed away. His son Wei Fan served as the Sima of the General of the West Garrison and also served as the acting Prefect of Huashan County. During Emperor Gaozong's reign, he was granted the title of Lord of Xingping. He later passed away as well.
Wei Jun, the son of Wei Fan, styled Yingchao, was wise and mature beyond his years. He lost his father when he was very young and was renowned in the village for his devotion to his grandmother. He was gentle, honest, and highly praised by everyone. During the Taihe era, he inherited the title of Xingping male. Later, he was appointed as the Chief of Staff of Jingzhou and then transferred to be the Changshi Officer of Liangzhou Ningshuo Prefecture. After returning to the court, he served as a military officer and Zhongzheng of his province, and later promoted to the position of Governor of the Capital, gaining a good reputation wherever he went. After the death of Emperor Taizu of Northern Wei, Tuo Bao Huang, General Yu Zhong abused his authority and executed Wei Jun, along with the Minister of Works Guo Zuo and the Minister of Personnel Pei Zhi. Wei Jun was 57 at the time of his death. He was related to Guo Zuo by marriage, which ultimately led to their execution. Before his death, Wei Jun cried out to the Minister of Personnel Yuan Qin for justice, but Yuan Qin, despite knowing the injustice, did not dare to speak up for them. Wei Jun lamented, "Oh heavens, oh heavens, I uphold righteousness but have nowhere to turn for justice!" People were filled with pity and anger for him. In the first year of the Xiping era, he was posthumously appointed as the General of Zhonglei and the Inspector of Luozhou, with the posthumous title of Zhen. He fathered thirteen sons.
His eldest son, Wei Rongxu, styled Ziguang, was well-versed in literature and history. He inherited the title and was appointed as the Attendant Cavalry Officer of the Prince of Qi, Xiao Baoyin, but was later killed in battle during a failed campaign.
Wei Rongxu's younger brother, Wei Rongmao, styled Ziye, was recognized for his exceptional administrative skills. He served as an Imperial Censor and a junior official in the Ministry of Personnel, and later served as the General of Conquering the Barbarians and the Inspector of Eastern Qinzhou. During the Yongxi period, both he and his brother Wei Rongxu were killed in battle in the western region.
Wei Rongmao's son, Wei Can, served as the Inspector of Baoju in South Fen Prefecture.
Zi Can's younger brother was named Dao Xie, and he became the military governor of Nanfen Prefecture. Later, during the reign of Emperor Qi Xianwu, he led troops in battle, and Dao Xie was among those who captured cities. During the Wuding period, Zi Can rose to the high position of governor of Nanyan Province.
Zi Lang's son Zhen Xi started as an imperial scholar and later rose to become the deputy imperial secretary and the governor of Fengyi. As for Zi Zhi, he eventually passed away while serving as the Junior Minister of the Household.
Zi Zhi's son Yi Yuan became the governor of Qizhou during the reign of Emperor Song Chudi, but later died in the western territories. Zi Zhi's brother Zhen was very insightful and talented. He started as a court official and later became the head of the Imperial Secretariat, the Chief Minister of Works, the Deputy Minister of Justice, the Minister of the Yellow Gate, and the Grandee of the Court. After his death, the court posthumously appointed him as the General Who Guards the West and the governor of Qin Province.
Zi Wenshu served as the deputy minister of the imperial secretariat, but unfortunately passed away at a young age. Zi Lang's uncle, Dao Fu, was highly regarded by the prime minister Wang Meng of Fu Jian, who even married his daughter to him. Dao Fu later became the governor of Donghai under Fu Jian. After the fall of Fu Jian, he fled to Jiangnan and served under Liu Yu as the General Who Aids the Nation and the governor of Qin Province. Dao Fu was highly strategic, and he later became the governor of Yuyi and Nanpei under Liu Jun, as well as the military aide at the Zhenbei Commandery. At that time, Xue An, the governor of Xuzhou, sought to submit to the court, and Dao Fu provided him with strategic advice. For his achievements, Dao Fu was appointed as the General Who Pacifies the Barbarians and the governor of Yanzhou Province, and was posthumously granted the title of Jian.
Zixin Zong was granted the title of Duke of Duxian for his contributions to the country. In the early years of Gaozu's reign, he was appointed as the Governor of Pengcheng, later promoted to General and served as an advisor to Prince Liu Chang of Song. When Marquis Guangling Yuan Yan was the Inspector of Xuzhou, he asked Zixin Zong to be his Chief of Staff, also serving as the Governor of Pengcheng. He was known for his effective governance and was deeply loved by the people. In the early years of Shizong's reign, he was appointed as the Imperial Attendant, later appointed as the Prefect of Hebei, but he declined the position. Shortly after, he was appointed as the Grand Minister of the Palace, in charge of affairs in Youzhou. After his death, the court posthumously appointed him as General of the Dragon Cavalry and Inspector of Nanyanzhou, with the posthumous title Jian.
Ziyuan Rui served as the Chief of Staff in the Cavalry Office of Yingzhou during the Wuding period. Zixin Zong's cousin He Zong died while serving as the Prefect of Donghai.
Ziyuan Hui was known for his ambition. During the Xiaochang period, when Inspector Yuan Faseng rebelled against the province, Ziyuan Hui gathered like-minded allies and secretly plotted to retake the city. Unfortunately, the conspiracy was uncovered, and he was killed by Yuan Faseng, leading to widespread lamentation among the people.
His son Lang, courtesy name Hongji, and his father was named Su, courtesy name Daoshou. When Liu Yizhen was stationed in Guanzhong, he hired his father as the chief clerk, and later followed Liu Yizhen to cross the Yangtze River. His father later served as the Taishou of Wei County, the Taishou of Yiyang, and the Governor of Yuzhou. When Lang was ten years old, his father passed away, and his mother Zheng brought him back to the imperial court, temporarily living in the Heluo region. When he was young, he was recognized by his uncle Zheng Xi, the Governor of Yanzhou. He initially served as a Doctor of the Imperial Academy, and later was promoted to the Minister of Personnel. The Emperor took him as a son-in-law by marrying his daughter to him. Later, he was appointed as the Taishou of Nanyingchuan, and he did not like to investigate trivial matters, often saying, "Why should we damage the greater good for small matters?" The common people were very grateful to him, and Nanyingchuan was governed very well. The Emperor was very pleased when he heard about this and rewarded him with two hundred bolts of silk. Later, he was transferred to Luoyang, appointed as the Censor of Sizhou, shortly after promoted to General of the Right, and also served as the Chamberlain to Prince Xian of Xianyang, later becoming the Zhengzhong of Henan. Lang often held important official positions, renowned for his integrity and fairness. When his term as a local governor was over, the people petitioned the emperor to retain him, so his term was extended for another three years. He served as Taishou for nine years, then was promoted to Minister of Personnel. After a long time, he was appointed as the Taishou of Huashan, and ultimately passed away.
His son Youzhi initially served as an attendant to the emperor, later promoted to Censor of the Court, Infantry Colonel, gradually rising to General, Grand Master, and ultimately passed away.
Youzhi's younger brother Xiuzhi initially served as a city bureau officer in the Left General's Office of Anzhou, later promoted to Censor of the Court, Zhengzhong of Henan, gradually rising to General of Anxi, Grand Master. Xiuzhi was known for his uprightness and adherence to moral standards. He ultimately passed away.
His son Daojian, during the reign of Wuding, served as the Chief Clerk of Dingzhou, also serving as the Taishou of Zhongshan.
Daojian's younger brother Daoru served as the Eastern Pavilion Sacrificer in the General's Mansion of King Qi Wenxiang. Lang's younger cousin Zhen, styled Lingzhi, was named by Emperor Gaozu. His father was named Shang, styled Wenshu, and once served as an official serving in the Anxi Mansion under King Liang of Le'an. After his father passed away, he was posthumously promoted to General of An Yuan and Inspector of Yongzhou. Zhen has always been ambitious and principled from a young age. He initially served as an attendant to the Prince of Jingzhao and later rose to become the Southern Attendant of the Imperial Secretariat. Legend has it that shortly after Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, a barbarian chieftain named Huan Dan voluntarily surrendered. The court aimed to stabilize the borders, so Huan Dan was appointed as the Inspector of East Jingzhou. Zhen was then sent as an envoy to pacify the barbarians along with Huan Dan. Zhen traveled over three hundred li west from Xuanhu, arriving at Tongbai Mountain and all the way to the source of the Huai River, spreading the Emperor's grace, and the barbarians surrendered willingly. Before the source of the Huai River, there was a temple where the barbarians had a troubling practice of human sacrifice. Zhen explained to them, saying, "Heaven and earth are so powerful, just like our parents, what kind of parents would want to eat their own children's flesh? From now on, use wine and meat instead of sacrifices!" The barbarians agreed, and they still do so today. In total, over seventy thousand households surrendered, and Zhen assisted in establishing counties before returning to the court. Due to his outstanding completion of the task, the Emperor appointed him as the Left General and the General of Leiling, and also granted him the title of Lord of Baicheng.
Later, under Xiao Daocheng's command, there was a man named Xie Tiangai who self-proclaimed himself as the governor of Sizhou, intending to offer Sizhou to Xiao Daocheng. As a result, his plot was exposed, and he was surrounded by Xiao Daocheng's general, Cui Huijing. The court then ordered Ling Zhen to lead the stationed troops there to cross the Huai River for rescue. When Xiao Daocheng heard that Ling Zhen was coming, he sent his general Gou Yuanbin to intercept him at the banks of the Huai River. Ling Zhen, being clever, first sent a portion of the cavalry to quietly cross the river upstream of the Huai River, while he led the infantry to directly confront the enemy. As the two sides engaged in battle, the cavalry struck the enemy from behind, flanking them from both front and back, defeating the enemy. Xie Tiangai was subsequently killed by his own men and surrendered to Cui Huijing. Ling Zhen pursued the victory, defeated Cui Huijing again, and relocated more than seven thousand households of surrendered civilians to the inland, petitioned the court to establish the counties of Chengyang, Gangling, and Yiyang for their resettlement. Emperor Gaozu ordered Ling Zhen to be reassigned to guard Biyang. As a result, Xiao Ze sent his Yongzhou governor Chen Xianda to lead troops to attack. The soldiers in the city were eager to confront the enemy, but Ling Zhen said, "They have just arrived with high morale; now is not the right time for a direct confrontation. Let's defend the city first, wait for them to tire from their assault before counterattacking." So they defended the city and killed many enemies. The two sides were locked in a stalemate for over ten days. Ling Zhen opened the city gates at night and launched a surprise attack on the enemy, who was routed and fled. As a result of this significant victory, Ling Zhen was elevated to the rank of marquis.
The emperor planned to march south to campaign, and Xie Zhen took the opportunity to submit a proposal, stating that he had long been stationed at the border and was very familiar with the situation there, hoping to lead the charge into battle. The emperor appointed him as the chief historian of the Duke of Longxi's General's Office, and later promoted him to Grand Guardian and Chief Historian of Qi County. He then rose to the position of General of Notable Valor and Inspector of Yingzhou, where he excelled in his duties, earning the court's appreciation. After that, he was promoted to Dragon Galloping General, and the emperor rewarded him with two fine horses, fifty bolts of cloth, and three hundred measures of grain. Xie Zhen gathered the poor people in the state and said to them, "The emperor has rewarded me with these grains and cloth because I can pacify you; how can I dare to enjoy them alone?" So he shared all the rewards with them.
Not long after, he was promoted to General of Pacifying the South and Inspector of Jingzhou, and along with Minister Lu Yuan, he went to campaign against Zheyang, but was defeated by the generals of Xiao Luan, Yuan Lisheng, and Cai Daogui, and was forced to resign and return home. As he was leaving, he told Lu Yuan, "The emperor is wise and mighty; his ambition is to annex the Wu and Hui regions, and the key to military success is controlling the upstream regions. If war breaks out again in the Jing and Chu regions, I fear I’ll be called up again." Later, the emperor led troops to conquer Fancheng and Yingzhou, and brought Xie Zhen back into service, appointing him as the General of the Central Forces and Chief Historian of King Xie of Pengcheng. After pacifying the area north of Mian, Xie Zhen was appointed as General of Establishing Might, serving as the acting governor of Luyang County.
Emperor Gaozu marched south again to conduct military campaigns and passed through the commandery where Xie Zhen was located, promoting him to General Who Defends the Distant and officially appointing him as the Governor. Xie Zhen accompanied the emperor to the banks of the Jishui River, where Emperor Gaozu said, "You have assisted me in my military campaigns on both occasions, and I would like to bring you along this time as well. However, the terrain in the San Ya region is treacherous, and I cannot do without you guarding it." Thus, he ordered Xie Zhen to return and defend the commandery. After Emperor Gaozu passed away in the palace, this matter was dealt with discreetly, and it was not made public until they returned to the commandery where Xie Zhen was stationed. After Xie Zhen returned to the commandery, he was appointed as Grand Commandant of the Central Guard, and soon after promoted to General Who Guards the Distant and Chief Military Advisor. Xie Zhen died in the first year of Yongping, at the age of seventy-four. The court posthumously awarded him the title of General and the position of Inspector of Southern Qingzhou, with the posthumous name of Yi.
Lao Da Zuan, styled Zunyan, became a student in the Central Secretariat at the age of thirteen, showing exceptional intelligence and eloquence, which earned him praise from the scholar Li Biao. Later, he became a Secretary of the Central Guard and was promoted to a Palace Secretary. Emperor Gaozu often discussed Buddhist scriptures with renowned monks, and Zuan was responsible for taking notes, missing nothing at all, which earned him the emperor's favor. He then advanced to the position of Cavalry Attendant and was transferred to serve the Crown Prince as a Central Attendant, while also serving as Palace Attendant and later the Right Chief Historian. Before long, he was promoted to Left Minister of the Ministry of Appointments, and his official rank continued to rise. When Shouchun City surrendered, the Minister Wang Su went to Yangzhou to take command and requested Zuan to serve as his Chief Historian, also granting him the title of General Who Pacifies the Distant, while concurrently serving as the Governor of Liang Commandery. After Wang Su's death, the court appointed Zuan to act as the governor of Yangzhou. Later, Wang Cheng replaced Wang Su as the Inspector of Yangzhou, and Zuan was reassigned as Chief Historian. When Cheng went out to battle, Jiang Qingzhen, an officer under Xiao Yan, seized the opportunity to attack and took control of the outskirts of Yangzhou City. Although the city was later retaken, Zuan was dismissed from his position as a result of this event. In the third year of Yongping, Zuan died at the age of forty-five.
Yu's younger brother, Yu, style name Zunqing, was also very knowledgeable. He initially served as a court official, later rising to the position of Cavalry General in the Grand Commandant's office. He was then sent to Yongzhou as an assistant, and later promoted to a different role. Upon returning to the court, he became a secretary to the Minister of Works, and shortly after was promoted to Cavalry Commandant. He gradually rose to the rank of General Who Pacifies the Frontier and Governor of Eastern Yu Province. Yu got along well with the local tribes in Eastern Yu Province, and they all liked him. The sons of a tribal leader named Tian Yizong, Lu Sheng and Lu Xian, had previously rebelled and raided frequently. After Yu arrived in the province, they wrote letters expressing their willingness to surrender and no longer cause trouble. Yu felt that the tribes were somewhat less developed and unfamiliar with proper etiquette, so he memorialized the court and established an academy in the province to select students from various counties for education. He also built a martial arts school in the northern part of the city for everyone to practice martial arts and stay fit. The public order in his jurisdiction was excellent. Later, the Grand General and the Prince of Jingzhao launched a western campaign and asked Yu to be his Chief Clerk, and he was also appointed as a Cavalier Attendant to the Emperor. Not long after, he also held the concurrent position of Minister and was appointed as an official in the Bingxia region. Due to his achievements, he was granted the title of Duke of Yinpan County, with a fief of 200 households. In the autumn of the first year of Xiaochang, Yu passed away in Chang'an. He was posthumously elevated to General Who Calms the Army and Governor of Yongzhou, with the posthumous title Wen.
His son Biao succeeded his title. He successively served as an assistant in the local government and a different position. During the reign of Emperor Xiaozhuang, he became the Prefect of Lantian. He later died in the Guanzhong region.
Yu's younger brother Rong initially served as an official in the Ministry of Works and was later conferred the title of Count of Chang'an for his military accomplishments, gradually rising to the position of Chief Marshal. He married the daughter of Li Jin, the Minister of Agriculture in Zhaojun. During the Tianping era of Northern Wei, he suspected his wife of having an affair with Prince Jingzhe of Zhanwu, and in a fit of rage, he took her life. Fearing exposure, he subsequently took his own life.
His younger brother, Fu, courtesy name Zunxian, has been ambitious since childhood. At the age of eighteen, he became the district clerk. At that time, there was a famine, and he used the family's supplies to cook porridge for the starving, saving many lives! Later, he became a Doctor of the Imperial Academy, a secretary, and rose to General of the Left Army, and also served as an ambassador to the Jing and Di regions. The Governor of Nanyingzhou, Tian Yiqi, said that his father Zhen was a respected official in Jingzhou and was loved by the people. He requested Fu to be appointed as the deputy commander of the Southern District, leading elite troops from Jingzhou to coordinate operations both inside and outside the city. The Emperor granted this request. Soon after, he took charge of Southern Jingzhou's affairs. In the later years of the reign of Emperor Suzong of Northern Wei, he was appointed General of the Conquering Enemies and Governor of East Xuzhou, later promoted to General of Peaceful East, and was also given the title of Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary. Xiao Yan sent the Governor of Yingzhou, Tian Cuxi, to lead troops to battle, and Fu defeated him at Shiyangang and killed him. For this achievement, he was granted the title of Duke of Duxian County, with a fief of two hundred households. In the third year of Yong'an, he passed away while in office. After his death, he was posthumously appointed Palace Attendant, General of Chariots and Cavalry, and Governor of Yongzhou, with the posthumous title of "Xuan."
His eldest son, Hong, courtesy name Daoyan, was also very capable. He initially served as an official in the court, later promoted to Prefect of the Ministry of Personnel and Gentleman of the Palace Library. In the third year of Tianping, he was executed at home for leaking some secrets, at the age of only thirty-two.
Hong's younger brother, Daozhi, served as a military officer in the Central Army during the Wuding period of Northern Wei.
During the reign of Emperor Taizu of Northern Wei, there was a man named Liang Ying, originally from Anding. He used to work under Murong Bao and rose to the rank of Gentleman of the Yellow Gate. Later, he surrendered to Northern Wei and was appointed as the Prefect of Jiande, and was granted the title of Lord of Chaona.
Sun Jingjun initially served as a military officer for the Prince of Zhaojun, later promoted to the position of Imperial Secretary for the Ministry of Works and Military Officer in the Ministry of Works, and eventually died.
His son, Shi Li, died young.
Song Zun, my uncle's younger brother, has displayed a chivalrous spirit since childhood. He initially served as an official serving at the emperor's pleasure and was later promoted to the position of military officer in the Ministry of Works responsible for external troops. Later, when Xiao Baoyin became the governor of Yongzhou, he recruited Song Zun to serve as a military officer, placing great trust in him. When Xiao Baoyin rebelled, he sent Song Zun to lead troops into battle. Song Zun appeared to agree, but after receiving the orders, he returned with Hou Zhongde and others to besiege the city. Because of his achievements, he was granted the title of Duke of Wushi, with a fief of five hundred households. He was later promoted to the position of Prefect of Pingdong in Guang Province and then transferred to Jingzhou Biaoqi Prefecture as a Sima. He passed away while in office at the age of forty-four.
Song Zun's younger brother, Song Jing, became the Prefect of Yan County during the Wuding period.
Now, let's talk about Su Zhan, whose hometown is Wugong. His courtesy name was Jingjun, and he is a descendant of Su Ze, a minister of the Wei Dynasty. After the chaos of the Jin Dynasty, he took refuge in the Hexi region. It was only after the Northern Wei Emperor Wen stabilized Liangzhou that he returned to his hometown. His father, Su Yong, courtesy name Tianyou, was the Sima of the Qinzhou Garrison Command. Su Zhan had talent and integrity from a young age, and he read many books. In his twenties, he passed the imperial examination and was appointed as an official serving at the emperor's pleasure. He later became a Censor and was then promoted to the position of Assistant Cavalry Commandant.
When Xiao Baoyin went to fight in the western regions, he brought Su Zhan along as an assistant in the Secretariat, placing great trust in him and assigning him significant responsibilities. Later, during the Xiaochang period, when Xiao Baoyin was defeated and returned to the court, the government appointed Su Zhan as the governor of Yongzhou. Xiao Baoyin grew increasingly paranoid and killed the Commandant Li Daoyuan before rebelling. At this time, Su Zhan was bedridden at home, so Xiao Baoyin sent Jiang Jian to inform Su Zhan, saying, "Li Daoyuan's intentions are unclear, the situation is very dangerous. I, Xiao Baoyin, have been threatened by Xiao Yan, my life is in danger. I have no choice but to plan for myself; I can no longer serve Wei. Our relationship has been good in the past, so I'm informing you, from now on, we will face life and death together."
When Zhan heard this news, he burst into tears. Jiang Jian quickly stopped him and said, "Why are you crying?" Zhan replied, "My whole family is at home, and they are about to be killed; how can I not cry!" He cried for a long while, then slowly said to Jiang Jian, "Please tell King Qi that when he first sought refuge with the court like a fallen bird, it was the court that gave him wings, allowing him to achieve the wealth and honor he has today. Now that the country is in a time of crisis, I cannot wholeheartedly repay the court's grace, but instead want to exploit the chaos for personal gain, which is wrong. He believes the words of ignorant people he encounters on the road and wants to use this already defeated army to attack Chang'an and seize the world. Although the state of Wei has weakened, the mandate of heaven still stands. Moreover, King Qi, your benevolence has yet to win the people's support; right now, they only see your failures, not your successes. I can't stand by and watch my entire family get killed because of you."
Xiao Baoyin sent another message, saying, "This is my way to save my life; I have no choice but to do this. I didn't tell you earlier for fear of affecting my plans." Zhan replied, "To accomplish great things, one should gain the support of capable people from all over the world. But now you are only discussing matters with gamblers and petty thugs in Chang'an; can you succeed? I worry that this will bring about my own demise in the future. I want to retire and go back to my hometown; even if it means I die sick, I can still go down to see my ancestors." Xiao Baoyin had always valued Zhan highly. Seeing that Zhan was ill and knowing he would not help him, he agreed to let him go back to his hometown in Wugong.
Bao Yin's rebellion was unsuccessful, and Emperor Zhuang ascended to the throne. He sent someone to invite Su Zhan to be Shangshu Lang. When Su Zhan arrived, Emperor Zhuang said, "I heard that you were particularly eloquent when talking to Xiao Baoyin. Can you speak for me?" Su Zhan quickly bowed and thanked him, saying, "My words certainly can't compare to Wu Bei's, but my position has remained unchanged. I believe I have done my best. However, I had a good relationship with Bao Yin and tried my best to advise him, but he still did not give up the rebellion. It was my fault!" Emperor Zhuang was pleased and promoted him to be a Cavalry Commander, allowing him to continue as a court official. Shortly after, Su Zhan was promoted to be Deputy Minister of the Imperial Secretariat. During the later reign of Emperor Chu, Su Zhan fell ill and returned to his hometown to rest and recover, where he ultimately passed away. After his death, the court posthumously appointed him as a Cavalry Regular Attendant, General Who Pacifies the West, and Governor of Yong Province.
Su Zhan's cousin on his mother's side, Jiang Jian, from Tianshui, whose courtesy name was Wenjian. His father, Su Zhao, initially worked as a director in the Pingxian Division, later being appointed as the Changshi of Andong in Yanzhou, concurrently serving as the governor of Gaoping, and ultimately died while overseeing construction projects. Jiang Jian displayed talent from a young age, was diligent in his work, and had abilities that stood out. He initially served as a military officer in the Xuzhou Cavalry Office and was later transferred to the Taiwei's external military affairs. When Xiao Baoyin led a campaign against the western regions, he called Jiang Jian to serve as an official under him, and Jiang Jian participated in many important military plans and strategies. Jiang Jian felt he had found a mentor who appreciated his talents, so he dedicated himself to assisting Xiao Baoyin. After Xiao Baoyin became the governor of Yongzhou, he requested Jiang Jian to serve as a subordinate official in the office, concurrently holding the position of magistrate of Chang'an. When Xiao Baoyin rebelled, he appointed Jiang Jian as the Left Chancellor, which shows how much he trusted him, which made Jiang Jian a target of jealousy and hatred for many. After Xiao Baoyin's failure, the people of Chang'an killed Jiang Jian at the age of thirty-nine. Su Zhan often said, "With Jiang Jian's talent and ambition, he could have achieved great wealth and status. Unfortunately, he was ill-fated; it was destined to be so!"
Jiang Jian's brother, Jiang Su, served as a Zhongsan doctor during the Wuding era. Du Quan, with the courtesy name Shiheng, was from Jingzhao and was a fifth-generation descendant of Du Yu, a general from the Jin dynasty known for his southern campaigns. His grandfather, Du Zhou, served as the Grand Historian under Fu Jian; his father, Du Yi, was the secretary supervisor of Murong Chui, and later moved to Zhao County. Du Quan was very skilled in his studies and had an elder's demeanor, and like Lu Xuan and Gao Yun, he was also called by the court to serve as a doctor in the Zhongshu.
At that time, the father of Empress Dowager Mi, Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei's mother-in-law, passed away in Puyang. Emperor Xiaowen wanted to bring his grandfather-in-law back to Ye city for burial, so he asked Minister Cui Hao, "Among all the families with the surname Du in the world, which one is the most distinguished?" Cui Hao said that the Du family in Jingzhao was the most famous. Emperor Xiaowen said, "I want to arrange a new burial for my grandfather-in-law. I want to find a respected elder from the Du family in Jingzhao to take charge of the funeral arrangements." Cui Hao recommended a man named Du Quan: "Du Quan, a scholar of the Imperial Academy, his family currently resides in Zhao County, and he is the most suitable among all the Du families." So the Emperor issued an edict to summon him. Du Quan had a dignified and extraordinary appearance, and Emperor Xiaowen was immediately pleased, saying to Cui Hao, "This is the person I want!" He appointed Du Quan as Minister of the Imperial Clan and tasked him and Du Chao's son, Du Daosheng, with receiving the coffin of the deceased and burying him south of Ye city. From then on, Du Quan and Du Chao became family. Du Chao said to Du Quan, "Since we are relatives, why do you still live in Zhao County?" So he brought Du Quan to Wei County to live. Later, Du Quan was promoted to Gentleman of the Imperial Guard, then to Gentleman of the Palace Secretariat, and was also titled Marquis of Xinfeng. After his death, he was posthumously appointed as General Who Pacifies the South, Inspector of Xiangzhou, Marquis of Weixian, and posthumously honored with the title "Xuan." His son, Du Zhen, styled Jiyuan, passed the imperial examination during the Taihe era, but later died while serving as a scholar of the Imperial Academy. Another son, Du Yu, styled Qingqi, initially served as a court attendant, and later rose to the position of Gentleman of the Imperial Guard for the Palace Secretariat. He misappropriated government materials to construct his house, and the scholars of the time held him in contempt. Later, he was promoted to General of the Dragon Cavalry and Chamberlain for Law Enforcement, and was eventually appointed as the Prefect of Hedong. After his death, he was posthumously appointed as General of the Central Army, Minister of the Court of Justice, Inspector of Yuzhou, and posthumously honored with the title "Hui."
Du Quan also had a son named Du Hong, who served in the position of Sima Cang Cao during the Yongxi era. Du Quan's nephew, Du Hongtai, styled as Daolang, served as a Doctor of the Imperial Secretariat during the Yanxing era. He later served as General of Pacifying the Far, Prefect of Xia Pi, and then was promoted to Prefect of Liang Commandery. During the Taihe era, he was subsequently promoted to General of Eagle Flying, Commander of Jiangcheng Town, and concurrently served as Prefect of Xinchang and Yangping Commanderies. He passed away at the age of fifty-two.
Zu Yue, styled as Shihuo, was a man of great insight. He initially served as a military advisor under the Grand General Liu Chang and later was promoted to Prefect of Tianshui Commandery and Qiuchi Commandery, also managing the affairs of Southern Qinzhou. During the Zhengguang era, he was recalled to the court and appointed as a military advisor to Prince Yue of Runan, the Grand Commandant. He was later sent to serve as Prefect of Gaoyang Commandery and ultimately died while in office.
His son, named Changwen, styled as Ziru, initially served as a Palace Attendant and then as an Assistant Cavalry Commandant under Emperor Suzong, before being promoted to a Gentleman of the Secretariat. Due to his contributions in guarding Qizhou alongside his uncle Yong, he was conferred the title of Count of Shiping and also appointed as General of Pacifying the East. During the Tianping era, he died while serving as General of the Western Guards and Chief Minister of the Household. He was posthumously awarded the titles of General of the Central Army, Minister of Revenue, and Inspector of Yongzhou.
Changwen's fourth son, named Da, served as a military officer in the Household Department during the Wuding era under the Grand Commandant of King Wenxiang of Qi.
Zu Yue's younger brother is named Yong, courtesy name Siyan, and he is a highly capable individual. When he first entered officialdom, he served as a registrar in Beizhong Prefecture. During the Zhengguang period, he gradually rose through the ranks to become General Who Subdues the Barbarians, the Prefect of Xuyi, and also held the concurrent position of Commander of Daxu Shu. When Yuan Faseng rebelled, Yong escaped and narrowly avoided disaster. Later, he was appointed as a censor. In the second year of Xiaochang, he was appointed as the commander of the Western Expeditionary Army and in charge of affairs in Qizhou. When Xiao Baoyin rebelled, Yong defended Qizhou resolutely and refused to surrender. After the incident, he was appointed as the General Who Pacifies the West and the Governor of East Jingzhou. Due to his merits in defending Qizhou, he was granted the title of Earl of Pingyang, with a fief of five hundred households. During the Wutai period, he was promoted to the position of Governor of Qizhou. During the Yong'an period, he was transferred to the position of Governor of Jingzhou. At that time, Wanqiu Chounu rebelled in Guanzhong, and the court was unable to suppress it, so Yong was appointed as the commander, responsible for defending Qizhou. Wanqiu Chounu attacked Qizhou but failed to capture it. After the rebellion was quelled, Yong was appointed as the General Who Pacifies the West and the Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, and due to his merits, he was once again granted the title of Earl of Anping, with a fief of five hundred households. He transferred the title of Earl of Pingyang to his younger brother's second son, Jingzhong. Later, he was promoted to the position of General Conquering the West and the Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, and he ultimately passed away in the Guanzhong region.
Pei Jun, courtesy name Shenju, nickname Pipi, hailed from Wendian in Hedong. His father Pei Shuangshuo once served as the county magistrate and was later appointed as the General Who Establishes Might and the Prefect of Hengnong, as well as being granted the title of Zi of Anyi. After his death, he was posthumously honored with the title of General Who Pacifies the South, the Governor of East Yongzhou, and the Marquis of Wenxi. Pei Jun was intelligent and quick-witted from a young age, and his parents valued him highly, calling him "Shenju," so he adopted "Shenju" as his style name. He was well-versed in classics and history at a young age, enjoyed writing, was upright and cautious, exhibited great politeness, and was highly respected by the villagers.
Wu Qi's rebellion threw Guanzhong into chaos. In Fenyin, a man named Xue Yongzong also rallied a group in response to Wu Qi's uprising, burning, killing, and looting everywhere, eventually reaching Wenxi County. Wenxi County had few soldiers to begin with, and everyone was terrified. The county magistrate was in a panic and didn't know how to respond. Upon hearing this news at home, Pei Jun immediately called upon the local heroes, saying, "As per tradition, when the ruler or father is in danger, subjects must risk their lives to demonstrate loyalty. Now that the county is under siege by bandits, it's our duty to be loyal to the country! Everyone, don’t you think we should make an effort?" The heroes were all fired up and eager to join the fight. Pei Jun then selected several hundred brave cavalry and rushed to Wenxi. Seeing the reinforcements arrive, the bandit soldiers quickly retreated. The inspector was thrilled and reported back to the court.
Later, the emperor personally led troops to attack Wu Qi and summoned Pei Jun, who detailed the events and provided a thorough analysis. The emperor was delighted and turned to Cui Hao, saying, "Pei Jun is truly a remarkable talent, and his loyalty and integrity are commendable!" As a result, he promoted him to the role of Doctor of the Central Secretariat. Cui Hao also held Pei Jun in high regard, calling him the most distinguished figure in the Sanhe region, and later promoted him to the position of Deputy Minister of the Central Secretariat. Later on, Liu Jun sent the envoy Ming Sengkao to offer tribute, and because of Pei Jun's considerable talent, he was appointed to receive the envoy at the border as an Attendant and Cavalry Regular. Pei Jun passed away in the second year of the Huangxing era, and after his death, he was posthumously honored with the title of General Who Pacifies the South, Inspector of Qinzhou, and Marquis of Wenxi, receiving the posthumous name Kang.
Pei Jun's son Pei Xiu, courtesy name Yuanji, was intelligent and clever, and also keen to learn. At the age of thirteen, he became a student of the Central Secretariat, and later was promoted to a secretary in the Central Secretariat. He was then appointed as the Grand General. When his father-in-law Li Xin got into trouble, he was sent to serve as the Grand General of Zhangye. Zhangye was located on the border and often faced incursions from nomadic tribes. Pei Xiu established beacon towers and devised strategies to fend off the invaders. After six years on the border, the region enjoyed peace. The Emperor appreciated him and summoned him back to the court, appointing him as the Prefect of the Central Region. He was later promoted to the rank of Zhongdafu and also served in the Ministry of Rites, overseeing ceremonial matters. Whenever he encountered doubts, Pei Xiu would carefully verify historical facts with meticulous reasoning. He passed away at the age of fifty-one in the 16th year of Taihe reign. The Emperor was greatly saddened and bestowed upon him one hundred bolts of cloth for his funeral, posthumously conferring upon him the title of Gongbo. During the reign of Emperor Shizong, he was posthumously appointed as the General Who Assists the State and the Inspector of Eastern Qinzhou. Pei Xiu lost his father at a young age and was exceptionally filial, earning widespread admiration. He had two younger brothers and three younger sisters who were quite young at that time. He took care of and educated them with great responsibility. When his younger brother Pei Wu passed away early, Pei Xiu was grief-stricken, which deeply affected his own life. He cherished his orphaned nephew like his own son. When the nephew grew up and wanted to move out, Pei Xiu gave him his servants, fields, and houses, earning the admiration of those around him.
Zi Xun, courtesy name Jing Shu, was not only handsome but also talented in various fields, including music and chess. He initially served in the court as a court official, then became a General’s Assistant, and was subsequently promoted to positions including Langzhong of the Ministry of Guards and Prefect of Pingchang. At that time, the Princess of Taiyuan was widowed and had a romantic relationship with him. Surprisingly, Emperor Suzong issued a decree allowing Zi Xun to marry her because of her royal status. Because of this, Zi Xun was quickly promoted to Cavalier Attendant. When there was a vacancy in his hometown's government office, the Minister of Works called him back to take up the position, but his cousin was also interested in the position. Zi Xun voluntarily gave it to his cousin, which earned him praise from all. Later, he served as the Supervisor of Household Affairs and was subsequently promoted to the Director of the Palace Library.
He was then appointed as General Who Maintains the South and Inspector of Yingzhou. Zi Xun discovered that the local tribal leader Tian Pu occupied a strategic position with tens of thousands of troops, representing a crucial border defense force. He recommended Tian Pu to be the Inspector of Xiyingshou, a recommendation that the court accepted. General Li Guoxing was sent by Xiao Yan to invade the border, resulting in chaos across various regions. As many border towns fell to Li Guoxing's forces, the enemy advanced towards the provincial capital. Zi Xun led his soldiers to defend the city for nearly a hundred days until reinforcements finally arrived, compelling the enemy to retreat. Consequently, Zi Xun was promoted to Cavalier Attendant and General Who Maintains the South. During Li Guoxing's invasion, Tian Pu and Zi Xun worked together effectively to defend Yingzhou, with Tian Pu making significant contributions to the defense of the city.
Later, Zi Xun was summoned as the Minister of Military Affairs and, not long after arriving in the capital, was appointed as the Governor of Yuzhou. He was then promoted to General of the Army and additionally granted the title of Cavalry Attendant. Before he could take office in Yuzhou, he was reassigned back to the capital to serve as the Minister of Military Affairs, while retaining the position of Cavalry Attendant. In the early period of Wutai, the court decreed that Zi Xun also serve as a Palace Attendant and as the Great Envoy to the Guanyou region, recognizing those loyal and righteous individuals. Before he could depart, Er Zhu Rong invaded Luoyang, and Zi Xun met his demise at Heyin, at the age of fifty-one. The court posthumously honored him with the titles of Palace Attendant, Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, Duke of Sikong, and Governor of Yongzhou, with the name Zhenlie. He had no sons.
His younger brother, Zi Wu, styled Yangren, was clever and quick-witted from a young age. He passed the Xiucai examination and was appointed as a chief clerk by the local government, but unfortunately died young.
His son, Zi Mei, styled Shibo, had a good reputation from a young age. He passed the Xiucai examination and served as the chief clerk of the state. The Grand Commandant, Prince Xianyang, greatly admired him and wanted to marry his daughter to him, but Zi Mei refused. Later, he was appointed as a Court Attendant, but he too died young, without leaving any descendants.
Wu's younger brother, Xuan, styled Shuling, was known for his eloquence and vast knowledge, gaining fame at a young age. He lost his father early and served his mother and elder brother, becoming known for his filial piety and brotherly love. Later, he passed the Xiucai examination and went to the capital, where he met Sikong Li Xin. They talked from morning till night, as Li Xin praised his talents continuously. Sikong Li Chong was also discerning and capable, and held Xuan in high regard after their meeting.
During the reign of Gaozu, he was summoned to serve as the Chief Officer of the Ministry of Personnel, handling diplomatic affairs together with Xiao Ze, Yan Youming, Liu Sixiao, Xiao Chen, Fan Yun, and others. He was later promoted to be an official, and then promoted to be an attendant. According to tradition, this position was equivalent to the rank of an official in the Ministry of Personnel. Gaozu once summoned monks to recite Buddhist scriptures and invited Wudi Xuan to join in the discussions and debates. Wudi Xuan's insights were very reasonable, and Gaozu greatly admired him. After the court moved to Luoyang, Wudi Xuan was appointed as the Deputy General for resource procurement. He carried out his duties excellently and was later appointed as a military advisor to the Minister of Works. After leaving this position, he was promoted to be the governor of Sizhou, also serving as the Chief Historian, and later transferred to another position but continued to serve as Chief Historian. Wudi Xuan was intelligent and talented, managing state affairs efficiently without delay, and was praised by people near and far.
After Emperor Taizong ascended to the throne, he was appointed as the Grand Master of the Palace, overseeing local governance while still serving as a military advisor. He later served as the Governor of Sizhou and was subsequently promoted to be the Grand Historian under the Grand Commandant. Wudi Xuan submitted a memorial to the court saying, "Since the capital was moved, there have been many unburied corpses in places where wars have occurred, and along the routes where troops have withdrawn. I request that garrison soldiers in various counties patrol and bury these unburied corpses. At the same time, notify the families of those who have gone to war: if there are any who died in battle, let them perform rituals to honor their ancestors, restore their annual rents and taxes; if anyone was injured, exempt them from conscription." The court accepted his suggestion.
Later, he was appointed General of Pacification and Governor of Yizhou. His younger brother Xuan was skilled in pacifying the people and was deeply respected by the various ethnic groups of Qiang and Rong. After the capital of Yizhou was moved to Jinshou, Yizhou was renamed Nanzhengzhou, and Xuan was appointed Governor of Nanzhengzhou. Prior to this, the leader of the Yinping Di tribe, Yang Mengsun, who had tens of thousands of soldiers, declared himself king and repeatedly invaded the borders, colluding with Xiao Yan. Xuan sent messengers to persuade him, reasoning with him about the benefits and consequences. Yang Mengsun was deeply appreciative and sent his son to surrender to the court. Jiang Mo and others from the Wuxing Di tribe also submitted a request for leniency. Emperor Shizong was quite pleased.
The Xuan family have been Confucian scholars for generations and had always admired those who were upright and reclusive. He often sighed and said, "Talented individuals like Jia Yi, who served during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han, did not achieve high positions in the government, likely due to misfortune!" He then told his relatives and friends, "I am just an ordinary commoner, with no ambitions to become a high-ranking official in the court. I only followed the orders of the officialdom to reach my current position. Now that my salary is enough to support me in my old age, and I cannot bring glory to my ancestors, I believe it's time for me to return home." So he decided to resign. Emperor Shizong did not agree, so he wrote a piece called "Huai Tian Fu" to express his intentions.
In the fourth year of Yongping, he fell seriously ill. Emperor Shizong sent imperial physicians on fast horses to see him and rewarded him with medicinal herbs. Mr. Xuan was already proficient in the arts of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements, and from the beginning of his illness, he knew he would not live long. He calculated the day of his death, and it turned out to be as he predicted. He was fifty-eight years old that year. Emperor Shizong was very saddened by his passing. He posthumously appointed him Left General and Governor of Yuzhou, with the posthumous title "Ding," later changed to "Mu."
His sons Jingxian and Zhuangbo are both mentioned in "Wenyuan Chuan." His fourth son Xianbo was appointed Minister of Justice towards the end of the Wendin period.
An Zu's younger brother was bright and clever from a young age. At the age of seven or eight, he followed his teacher to read the "Book of Songs." When he read the poem "Deer Cry," he said to his brothers: "Deer, as animals, can find food and call out to each other, so why can't people do the same?" From then on, he never ate alone again. When he reached the age of twenty, the county summoned him to serve as a registrar.
Later, two brothers had a dispute over family property and went to the county to file a lawsuit. An Zu called them in and advised them with kindness and respect. The next day, the two brothers apologized to him. People from all around the county greatly admired him. Some encouraged him to go to the capital and pursue an official position, but An Zu said: "I can't dare to dream of such noble pursuits. Besides, the capital is too far from home, and I am afraid of the exhausting life of running around." So he lived a quiet life at home, rarely stepping outside.
Once, An Zu went out on business on a particularly hot day and rested under a tree. Just then, a bird of prey chased a wild chicken; frightened, it hid beside An Zu but ended up crashing into a tree and dying. An Zu felt sorry for it, so he gently moved the wild chicken to a shady spot and took care of it. After a while, the wild chicken surprisingly came back to life! An Zu was delighted and released it. That night, An Zu dreamed of a man in splendid attire bowing before him. An Zu asked who he was, and the man said: "Thank you for releasing me a few days ago, so I came to thank you for your kindness." Those who heard this story found it unbelievable.
Later, the emperor was traveling through Chang'an and passed through Hedong, wanting to see the local elders. An Zu met with the emperor at Puban, and they had a pleasant conversation. The emperor appointed him as the magistrate of Anyi County. Due to his advanced age and ill health, An Zu resolutely declined, so the emperor rewarded him with some money to buy medicine. An Zu passed away peacefully at home at the age of eighty-three.
His son Siji was ambitious and principled, but sadly passed away at a young age. His other son was named Zongxian. Siji's younger brother, Youjun, later served as the magistrate of Yishi County, but he too passed away.
Xin Shaoxian hailed from Longxi and belonged to the Di ethnic group. His ancestor Yi, five generations ago, had served as the Inspector of Youzhou during the Jin Dynasty. His father, Xin Yuan, was privately appointed by King Li Mao of Liang as the General of Cavalry. Li Mao's son, Li Xin, held Xin Yuan in high regard. Later, during a battle against Juqu Mengxun at Liaoquan, Li Xin was defeated and lost his horse. Xin Yuan gave his own horse to Li Xin and died in battle, and because of his selfless and honorable actions, his actions became legendary in the Western Regions. After Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei pacified Liangzhou, Xin Shaoxian moved to Jinyang.
Xin Shaoxian was intelligent and quick-witted, with great insight and wisdom. He maintained close relationships with You Minggen from Guangping, Lu Dushi from Fanyang, and Li Cheng from his home county. He was extremely filial; after his father's death, he refrained from indulging in rich food for three years, did not comb or wash his hair, and lost all his hair, often wearing a long skirt that fell to his knees and a black cap. He initially served as a scholar in the Zhongshu and later was promoted to the Minister of the Divine Department. During the era of Emperor Huangxing, Xue Andu led the people of Pengcheng to submit to Northern Wei. The court wanted to pacify the recently submitted territories, so they appointed Xin Shaoxian as the Governor of Xiapi and also granted him the title of General of Ning Shuo. He never conducted harsh investigations during his tenure, focusing instead on the bigger picture, mainly teaching the people to develop production and prepare against thieves.
Later, the generals of Liu Song, Chen Xianda, Xiao Daocheng, and Xiao Shunzhih launched an attack. Xiao Daocheng said to Xiao Shunzhih, "Xin Shaoxian is not so easy to deal with; we must be careful." Therefore, they bypassed Xiapi and went directly to station at Lüliang. In the thirteenth year of Taihe, Xin Shaoxian died. The court posthumously awarded him the title of Champion General, Inspector of Bingzhou, and Duke of Jinyang, and conferred upon him the posthumous title of Hui.
His son, Xin Fengda, was fond of studying Taoist philosophy and had a passion for ancient texts, earning a reputation as a wise elder at that time. Later, he served as a court attendant to the Prince of Jingzhao but passed away. Xin Fengda's son, Xin Xiang, styled Wanfu, passed the provincial examination and became a successful candidate, a Xiucai in Sizhou. He served as a military officer and was later promoted to chief clerk. When the Grand Tutor Yuan Pi was appointed as the governor of Bingzhou, Xin Xiang worked under him and was assigned to handle affairs in Jianxing County. The concubine of King Xianyang, named Xi, was Xin Xiang's sister. Later, when King Xianyang plotted rebellion, many of his close associates were implicated, but only Xin Xiang remained unaffected. He was later promoted to the position of Sima of the Pingbei Prefecture in Bingzhou.
When the governor of Bingzhou passed away, the court appointed him as the acting governor directly, bypassing the position of the chief historian due to his fair and honest character. When Xin Xiang first became Sima, a man named Bai Bi, who was known for his military medicine, was falsely accused of being a thief, and other officials believed he was guilty. However, Xin Xiang said, "Yao Daoxian has a sad expression on his face; when judging a case, one must observe a person's expression; isn't that what it means?" He insisted on defending Yao Daoxian. A month later, the actual thief was apprehended, proving Xin Xiang's judgment to be correct.
He later became the chief clerk of the Longxiang Prefecture in Yingzhou and also served as the Administrator of Yiyang. When Bai Zaosheng rebelled, Xiao Yan sent troops to support, but the garrison along the Huai River surrendered one after another, while only Xiang held the city firmly. Xiao Yan sent Hu Wucheng and Tao Pinglu to camp on Jinshan in the south of the province, tightening the siege, instilling fear in everyone. However, Xiang remained calm and encouraged everyone, stabilizing the morale of the troops. He also took the initiative to engage in battle to feign weakness, deliberately retreating to mislead the enemy. The enemy indeed let down their guard, attacking fiercely every day without preparing proper defenses. Xiang capitalized on the cover of night to launch a surprise attack on the enemy camp. Just before dawn, both sides engaged in close combat, and the enemy was thrown into chaos. Tao Pinglu was captured, and Hu Wucheng was beheaded, with their heads sent to the capital, safeguarding the province.
Just as he was about to reward his subordinates, the Inspector Lou Yue, feeling envious of his accomplishments, went to the court to report him, which resulted in the rewards being rescinded. Later, when the Hu people Liu Longju rebelled in Huazhou, the court sent Xiang to be the Chief Clerk of the An Ding Wang Xie Commandery in Huazhou, and also made him the vanguard to join Xue He in suppressing Liu Longju, ultimately quelling the rebellion. He died in the first year of the Shen Gui era at the age of fifty-five. In the second year of Yong An, the court posthumously awarded him the title of Champion General and Governor of South Qingzhou.
His eldest son was named Kun, whose courtesy name was Huaiyu, who was bright and clever from an early age. He initially served as a military officer in the Xiangzhou granary and gradually rose through the ranks to become the Governor of Chenjun, a General of Light Cavalry, and Chief Clerk of the Zhenlu Office in Jizhou. He passed away at the age of forty-six.
Kun’s younger brother was named Huairen, who served as the Governor of Chang Le during the Wuding era.
Huairen’s younger brother was named Ben, whose courtesy name was Shuwen. He was educated from a young age and was recognized for his composure and wisdom. His initial official position was as a military officer in the Northern Central Bureau and an honorary attendant. During the Jianyi era, he was responsible for compiling the Annals. Later, he became the Chief Clerk of the Fuchun Office in Jizhou. By the time of Emperor Chudi, he was promoted to Chief Clerk of the Cheqi Office in Jiaozhou, and later became the General of Pingdong, as well as the Chief Clerk for the Grand Tutor, King Tan of Xianyang. During the Wuding era, Lieutenant Cui Xian recommended him for the governorship of a certain region, where the local populace held him in high regard. After retiring from his governorship, he passed away in Ye City at the age of fifty-eight.
Ben’s younger brother was named Lie, styled Jiwu. He served as the Grand Tutor and the Sacrificial Official of the Eastern Pavilion, and ultimately passed away while serving as the Chief Clerk of the Southern Pacification Office in Liangzhou.
Kong Shu, styled Jizheng, was well cultured. During the Yong'an period, when he first started his official career, he was appointed as the magistrate of Fengqiu County and was also promoted to the title of General Weilie. At that time, the Battle of Heyin was underway, and many court officials were thinking of fleeing to other places, which led to Kong Shu being exiled. Later, he was promoted to Pingyuan General and Minister of Imperial Seals. He eventually rose to the rank of Longxiang General and Deputy Minister of the Palace Guard, dying at thirty-five. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the titles of Chamberlain, Former General, and Governor of Yongzhou.
His younger brother Shaoyong, styled Jizhong, was intelligent and perceptive from a young age, filial and sensible, particularly cherished by their grandfather Shaoxian. Their grandfather particularly liked to eat sheep liver and often invited Shaoyong to eat with him. After their grandfather's death, Shaoyong never ate sheep liver again. He was kind-hearted and honest, valued propriety and righteousness, and his family had a very good upbringing, earning him much respect at that time. When he first started his official career, he served as a court official, later becoming a Doctor of the Imperial Academy and an Assistant Minister of the Palace Guard. Sikong and Prince Gaoyang Yong brought him on board to serve as an officer in the Department of Agriculture. Shaoyong was upright and incorruptible, not afraid of the powerful; he could swiftly handle long-pending cases, and no one dared to approach him for favors. At that time, everyone regarded him as wise. During the Zhengshi period, the court ordered officials to recommend talented individuals, and both Prince Gaoyang Yong and Minister of Personnel Li Xian listed him as their top recommendation. He was later promoted to the position of Minister of State. The Chamberlain You Zhao also recommended him, but unfortunately, Shaoyong died young at forty-two. Shaoyong's wife, Wang, was also virtuous and lived with her nephew Huairen and his brothers. Huairen and his family greatly respected Wang, and their family had an excellent reputation at that time, unparalleled by others, and scholars and officials praised them.
My son Yuan Zhi served as the Deputy Minister of Ceremony during the Wuding period. Yuan Zhi's younger brother Shixun served as an officer in the Grand Tutor's office.
Feng Da's younger brother is called Mu, with the courtesy name Shu Zong. He passed the imperial examination with honors and became the Deputy of Dong Yongzhou. At first, he followed his father in Xiapi and had a good relationship with Chen Jingwen from Pengcheng. Chen Jingwen's younger brother is called Jingwu, who became a monk when he was young and went far away to study, and did not return for a long time. When Chen Jingwen was dying, he entrusted Mu to deliver twenty pieces of variegated silk to Jingwu. Mu searched for him for many years without success. It was not until more than twenty years later that he met Jingwu in Luoyang, returned the items to him, and the seal was still in its original condition. Everyone praised him for being honest and trustworthy.
Later, he became Sima of East Jingzhou, was promoted to Changshi, and also served as the Prefect of Yiyang, in charge of the local garrison. He was known for his care for the people. He was then transferred to be the Prefect of Ruyang. During a flood that caused widespread hunger among the people, he submitted a request to reduce taxes. The emperor agreed and specifically permitted Ruyang County to pay taxes with fine silk. He was further promoted to be a Senior Official and appointed as the Dragon Cavalry General. In the fourth year of Zhengguang, he requested retirement due to old age. The emperor summoned him and, seeing that he was still energetic and willing, appointed him as the magistrate of Pingyuan. Mu had a distinctive approach to governance, and both the people and officials respected him greatly.
In the second year of Xiaochang, the court called upon him to take up the roles of General of Conquering Barbarians and Grand Master of the Palace. Before he could set out, he passed away in office at the age of seventy-seven. The court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of General and Inspector of Youzhou, and posthumously honored him as Zhen.
The eldest son, Zifu, had the courtesy name Yuanying. He excelled in his studies from a young age and had good character. During the reign of Emperor Xiaochang, he was appointed as a military officer in the Longxiang Prefecture of Nansi. After his father's death, he devoted himself to filial piety. He was later promoted to Minister of State and Commander of the Defense of Nanjizhou. He was always favored by Emperor Zhuang, and after Emperor Zhuang ascended the throne, he promoted him to General of Propaganda and Public Affairs and Right Minister of Guests, sending him with the emperor's edicts to comfort the people in the four prefectures of Nanjizhou, Jizhou, and Qingzhou. Not long after, he was promoted to General of Ning Shuo and an honorary cavalry attendant, while still serving as a minister. When Grand Chancellor Yuan Tianmu was campaigning against Xing Gao, he took Zifu along as an official. He was then promoted to County Magistrate of Pingyuan. Both Zifu and his father held positions in Pingyuan County, where the common people enjoyed a peaceful life.
After Yuan Hao invaded Luoyang, Zifu firmly rejected his offer of amnesty. Yuan Zhongjing, the Inspector of Pingyuan, defected to Yuan Hao, capturing Zifu and imprisoning his family. Later, when Emperor Zhuang regained power, he issued an edict to bestow the title of Marquis of Sanmen County on Zifu, with a fief of two hundred households. During the Tianping period, he served as the Left Minister of the Southeast Circuit and was later promoted to Chief Historian of the Prefecture. He was then recalled to serve as Sima in the Grand Commandant's Office. The Changbai Mountain area borders several states, including Qizhou, and was infested with bandits. Zifu was ordered to inspect the area, and he quickly identified key locations in the valleys, suggesting that a military fortress be established there. He also discovered that some powerful landlords in the states were secretly forging weapons in the mountains, forming gangs and engaging in illegal activities, so he recommended that the court shut down these foundries. The court accepted his recommendation. After returning to court, he was promoted to Right Minister of State and later appointed Governor of Qinghe. In the eighth year of Wuding, Zifu died in office. Zifu compiled a book comparing the three classics: "Zuo Zhuan," "Gongyang Zhuan," and "Guliang Zhuan," and wrote annotations comparing different versions of the classics; unfortunately, he died before completing it.
His other son, Zidewei, served as a military officer during the late years of the Wuding period.
Zi Fu's grandson is called Zi Hua, courtesy name Zhong Yi. During the Tianping era, he served as the Right Grand Minister of Rites. Liu Chong, courtesy name Seng Sheng, was from Jiexian in Hedong. His family’s ancestor Liu Gui, seven generations back, had served as the Minister of Justice during the Jin Dynasty, a rather prestigious position. Liu Chong himself was tall and robust, over eight feet tall, handsome, and possessed extensive knowledge and virtue. He participated in examinations and ranked among the top, rising steadily through the ranks, first serving as the Chief Clerk of the Grand Commandant, and later becoming the Right Minister of War.
At that time, Hedong and Hebei were embroiled in disputes over territorial issues, quarreling over the valuable salt pits and the crucial transportation route at Yuban. Officials and common people from both regions feared that their land would be ceded, leading to underhanded tactics and accusations, causing chaos that disturbed the court. The emperor, at a loss, dispatched Liu Chong to investigate and resolve the matter, thereby helping to settle the disputes between officials and the populace.
Just as Jingzhou and Yingzhou had been recaptured by the court, southern enemies began to harass the area again. The emperor dispatched Liu Chong to those regions to reassure the populace and coordinate the work of various states and counties. After completing his mission, Liu Chong was promoted to Palace Horsekeeper and also served as the Chief of the County. Later, he was further promoted to General of the Central Garrison, then to Cavalry Attendant, and subsequently became the Minister of Works, while continuing to serve as Chief of the County. After that, he was appointed as the Governor of Hebei.
Liu Chong had just arrived in Hebei Prefecture for his appointment when he came across a case: a man named Zhang Ming had lost his horse and suspected more than ten people. Liu Chong spoke with these individuals, but instead of directly asking them if they were thieves, he adopted a gentle approach, chatting with each person individually, inquiring about their family's health and the harvest, while carefully observing their expressions and words. As a result, he easily captured the true culprits, Lü Mu and others, while releasing the others. The people of Hebei Prefecture held him in awe and respect, and the entire prefecture became stable. Liu Chong eventually passed away in office at the age of fifty-six. The court posthumously awarded him the titles of General Who Assists the Country and Prefect of Qizhou, and he was given the posthumous name "Mu." Unfortunately, Liu Chong's writings were lost during the wars, which is a real shame.
Liu Chong's eldest son, Liu Qinghe, had a steady personality and was not interested in fame or fortune. He initially served as a low-ranking official at court, but gradually rose through the ranks to become a general of light cavalry and an official in the Ministry of Rites, and he also served as the local magistrate of the prefecture. He later passed away.
Liu Chong's son Liu Deyi served as the chief clerk in the office of the Prime Minister of King Qi during the reign of Emperor Wu of Northern Wei.
Liu Qinghe's younger brother, Liu Kai, styled Xiaoze, was also tall, over eight feet high, and excelled in cursive script. He had considerable knowledge of history and classical texts. He initially served as an assistant to the riding attendants, and later, during Xiao Ji's western expedition, he was called up to serve as the chief clerk of the cavalry and also served as an aide to the traveling court. After the western expedition ended, he became an assistant minister and at the same time served as a censor in the palace. He was then promoted to the military secretary to the Grand Commandant and subsequently promoted to General Ningyuan and assistant minister of the riding attendants, and he also served as the local magistrate of the prefecture. During the Putai era, he was appointed to work in Jishu Province, and later he was appointed to various posts, including General of the Expeditionary Forces, Minister of the Interior, and Clerk of the Central Secretariat, and then he was promoted to Chief of the Grand Council. During the Tianping era, he served as the Chief of the Cavalry of Sizhou, gaining a good reputation, and later he was further appointed as General of the Central Army. During the Xinghe era, he served as the Military Commissioner until he passed away due to illness.
Chong's younger brother Yuanzhang was tall and imposing. He served as a Deputy Military Advisor, a recorder for the Minister of Works, an assistant in the Ministry of War, and later rose to the position of Chief Historian of Pingdong Prefecture in Xiangzhou. When the governor Yuanxi rebelled and tried to eliminate Yuancha, Yuanzhang and others captured Yuanxi. The court rewarded him with the title of Earl of Yishi and appointed him as the Prefect of Zhengping. Later, Empress Dowager Ling resumed power and stripped him of all his titles, and he eventually died at home.
Chong's cousin Jingqi, styled Huazhi, initially served as a Scholar of the Imperial Library, then transferred to be the literary officer of Prince Chengyang. He later was promoted to General of Ningyuan, Supervisor in the Ministry of Rites, General of Longxiang, and Prefect of Pingyang. He died, leaving behind five sons.
Jingqi's eldest son Yong, styled Shenhud, had a rough character. He started as a court attendant, then became an attendant cavalier, and later served as a military recorder for the Minister of War. He was then promoted to Counselor, then General of Pacifying the Barbarians, Grand Master of the Palace, and Chief Justice of the local county. Due to his elderly mother, he resigned from his position to care for his elderly mother at home, and eventually died there. He was posthumously appointed General of Conquering the West and Inspector of Qinzhou.
Yong's younger brother Chang, styled Shuzhi, started as a court attendant and after three promotions, he became General of Fubo and Chief Historian of the Qilu Expeditionary Prefecture. He later became General of Pacifying the Barbarians and Prefect of Luyang. Upon returning to the court, he was appointed as Left General and Grand Master of the Palace, then promoted to General of Pacifying the East and Grandee of the Household, before passing away. Posthumously, he was appointed Grand General of Wei and Inspector of Yongzhou, with the posthumous title of Mu.
Chang's younger brother Fan, styled Hongli, died while holding the titles of Former General, Imperial Clerk, and Chief Justice of his home province.
Fan's younger brother Cui, styled Jiyi, was the son of his uncle Zhongqi. In the late Wuding period, he participated in the battles of Pingdong and Houjun and was later appointed Prefect of Liaoxi.
The respectful younger brother Zhongqi, whose courtesy name was Shaolong, passed the xiucai examination and, when Wang Xi was the governor of Xianyang, he was summoned to serve as a secretary in the Western Department. He had no sons, so his nephew Cui inherited his family business.
Chong's son, Junqi, had grand ambitions from a young age. He initially served as a court attendant, later promoted to Grand Commandant, then to the General of the Fubo, and also served as an assistant to the Minister of Granaries. He passed away later.
Junqi's eldest son Damo became the governor of Yangcheng towards the end of the Wuding period.
Junqi's stepfather's brother, Wei Yuan, courtesy name Qianhu, was exceptionally tall, standing at eight feet (about 1.8 meters), and had a particularly imposing appearance. He started as a minor official at the Military Minister's office, known as the Military Officer Assistant, and later rose to the position of Commander of the Guards. Gradually, he was promoted to the General of the Champion and then to the Chief of Works, and later became the Deputy Minister of Justice. He was sent out to serve as the General of Anxi and the Governor of Nanjin Province. Soon after, he was recalled to the court and served as a Regular Attendant and General of the Garrison Army, followed by promotions to General of the Western Expedition and Grand Minister of Golden Purple Robes. Ultimately, he reached the rank of General of Chariots and Cavalry and Right Grand Minister. After his death, the court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of General and Governor of Qin Province.
His son, Wei Changcan, served as a mid-ranking military officer in the Qiongzhou Cavalry Office during the Wuding period. Wei Yuan's uncle, who was also his paternal cousin, named Wei Zhongjing, served as a regular attendant under the Prince of Runan.
Historical records state that the Wei and Du families are long-established prestigious clans, and their reputations have remained strong and unblemished. Families such as the Pei, Xin, and Liu families have always had solid foundations, and their descendants have consistently exhibited good character and talent. Therefore, members of these families have held important positions in the court and maintained a stellar reputation.
Luo Jie, from Daijun, was a descendant of tribal leaders who served as subjects of the state. When Liu Xian rebelled, Emperor Taizu transferred him. Luo Jie protected the emperor's carriage and accompanied him to the Helan region. Later, he was granted the title of Marquis of Qushe in recognition of his achievements. During the early reign of Emperor Taizong, he held the titles of Attendant to the Emperor, General of Ningnan, and Town General of Henan. In the early period of Emperor Shizong's reign, he was promoted to Attendant, Grand Official of the Outer Capital, and was responsible for the affairs of thirty-six departments. He lived to the age of one hundred and seven, maintaining sharp mental faculties throughout his life. Emperor Shizong regarded him as loyal and trustworthy, placing great trust in him, and appointed him to oversee the harem, granting him the title of Changxin Qing. At one hundred and ten, the emperor ordered his retirement and bestowed upon him Daining Dongchuan as a fief, constructing a city for him named Luohou City, which still stands today. Whenever significant matters arose in court, messengers were dispatched to seek his counsel. He died at the age of one hundred and twenty. The court posthumously appointed him as General of Ningdong and Inspector of Youzhou, granting him the posthumous title of Zhen.
Luo Jie’s son was named Luo Jin, who served as a palace eunuch during the reign of Emperor Taizong. Later, he followed Emperor Shizu in the campaign against Helian Chang. When Emperor Shizu pursued Helian Chang into the city, Helian Chang set an ambush, and many people around him died. Luo Jin distinguished himself in battle. Emperor Shizu highly valued him. Subsequently, in recognition of his achievements, he was appointed as a Chamberlain, a palace official, and the Minister of the Four Offices, and was also promoted to the title of General Who Pacifies the West. Later, he subdued Liangzhou, winning victories in both siege and field battles, and in recognition of his achievements, he was granted the title of Duke of Daifang Commandery and became the Grand General of Chang'an. When the Rouran invaded the border, the court urgently dispatched a courier to summon him back and appointed him as the Grand General of Rouxuan Commandery. Later, because of Luo Jin's eloquence, the emperor ordered him to join Wang Jun on a diplomatic mission to the Rouran to welcome the princess into the palace. He was again appointed as the General, established his office, and served as the Grand General of Chang'an. After his death, he was posthumously honored with the title of General, Governor of Yong Province, and given the posthumous title Jing, with his remains buried in Jinling.
Luo Jin's son, Luo Dun, inherited the title. He was strikingly handsome and graceful. He rose from being the Crown Prince's horse attendant to palace eunuch, and eventually to the Minister of the Treasury. After his death, he was posthumously honored with the title of General of the East and Governor of Youzhou, and given the posthumous title Gong.
Ili, this guy, inherited his title during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. He initially served as a court official because he was steady, meticulous, and diligent, responsible for the royal dining and hunting affairs. Once, when Ili fell ill, Emperor Xianzhu personally visited his home and inquired about his medical condition, indicating the emperor's high regard for him. He gradually rose through the ranks, becoming a Sancai Changshi and then the Minister of Ceremonies, and later was appointed as General of Andong and Governor of Yanzhou. He was quite effective at governing, and after several years in the province, thousands of border residents came under his authority. During Emperor Gaozu's reign, when the Ruanruan people invaded, the emperor ordered Ili to pursue them, but he couldn’t catch up and had to pull back. Consequently, he was demoted as per the rules and became the Minister of Agriculture and a Grand Master of Ceremonies. He eventually died. After Emperor Shizong ascended the throne, he was posthumously given the titles of General of the Northern Expedition and Governor of Yanzhou, with the posthumous name "Jing."
His son, Anu, was also a loyal and honest guy who wasn't much of a talker but very intelligent. Because his father was a meritorious minister, he began as a low-ranking palace attendant, then inherited the title, and later was promoted to a middle-ranking official. He also eventually died.
His grandson, Shagui, inherited the title. During the Wutai years, he rose to General of the Cavalry and Governor of Southern Qingzhou.
Ili's other grandson, Dundi Ba, became the Minister of the Imperial Court, and the emperor made him Duke of Jinan. During Emperor Gaozu's reign, he was promoted to a king and served as General of the Western Expedition and Minister of Personnel, later being re-titled as King of Zhao Commandery. He was subsequently demoted as per the rules and became a duke. After his death, he was posthumously given the titles of General of Ningdong and Governor of Dingzhou, with the posthumous name "Kang," and was buried in Jinling.
Dundi Ba's son, Daosheng, worked as a military advisor in the Anbei Prefecture of Sizhou and later died.
Daosheng's brother, Yan, during the Tianxing years, rose to the rank of General of the Cavalry and Left Grand Master of Ceremonies.
Ili's cousin Wo, along with Wo's son Ti, both held fairly high-ranking positions. Ti fought alongside Emperor Shizu against Helian Chang, distinguished himself, and married Helian Chang's daughter.
Ili's other son Yun held a respectable official position at a young age. During Emperor Xianzu's reign, he served as an Imperial Councilor and was killed by the enemy during the campaign against the Qile.
Ili's son Gai served as Right General and General-in-Chief during Emperor Shizong's reign, and later was promoted to Dragon Cavalry General and Governor of Jizhou. He was posthumously honored with the titles of General and Governor of Yanzhou.
Ili's eldest son Jian climbed the ranks to become Champion General and Governor of Qizhou. After returning to court, he became an Attendant Cavalry Officer, Grand Minister of the Golden and Purple Ranks, and Chief of Clothing. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the titles of Chamberlain, Commander of Military Affairs in Jidengying and the three provinces, Right Minister of the Ministry of Works, Duke of Sikong, General of the Guard, and Governor of Jizhou, thanks to his status as a relative of Empress Xiao Jing.
Jian's younger brother Heng also climbed the ranks, serving as the Governor of Tianshui and Yueling, and held positions as General of National Defense and Governor of Guangzhou.
Jiezong Renmi was an impressive figure, a master archer with immense strength. During Emperor Shizu's rule, he served as an officer, participated in wars multiple times, and earned significant accolades, ultimately becoming the Governor of Fanyang County. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the title of Governor of Youzhou.
Renmi's grandson, named Nian, courtesy name Zihuai, served as Cavalry General and Governor of Jiaozhou during the Wuding era.
Yichan was from Dai County. In his youth, he was brave and strong, able to run faster than a horse, skilled in archery, and strong enough to drag an ox backwards. During the Northern Wei's Shengu period, he was promoted to the position of Attendant Minister, and later promoted to Sanlang, was granted the title of Baron of Fenyang, and also received the title of General of Valiant Might.
Once, Emperor Wu planned to launch a campaign against Liangzhou. Many ministers opposed it, but only Minister Cui Hao advised Emperor Wu to proceed. After the other ministers left, Yi Xian said to Emperor Wu, "If Liangzhou doesn't even have resources, how can it become our territory? Those who oppose him are mistaken; we should listen to Cui Hao's advice." Emperor Wu appreciated his insight. After conquering Liangzhou, Emperor Wu hosted a lavish banquet in Guzang and said to his courtiers, "Cui's strategies are truly impressive; I am not surprised by him. What truly astonishes me is Yi Xian, a capable warrior, yet his insight is unique like Cui Hao's, which is truly astonishing!" Emperor Wu then turned to Cui Hao and said, "Yi Xian's intellect and capabilities are exceptional; he will surely rise to the position of a high-ranking official in the future." Cui Hao replied, "Is formal education the only path to knowledge? Wei Qing and Huo Qubing didn't study either, yet they accomplished remarkable military successes and eventually became important court officials, right?" Emperor Wu smiled and agreed.
This individual was named Yi Xian, renowned for his loyalty and integrity. Emperor Wu liked him a lot, treated him well, and granted him numerous rewards. Once, Emperor Wu wanted to appoint him as a Minister, even granting him the title of Duke. Yi Xian quickly declined, saying, "The duties of a Minister are overwhelming, and the title of Duke is too high for me. I am still young and limited in ability; I cannot shoulder such responsibilities; I kindly ask you to withdraw your order!" Emperor Wu asked him what he wanted to do, and Yi Xian said, "The Imperial Secretariat and the Ministry of Personnel have many talented scholars. If Your Majesty continues to favor me, why not let me assist there?" Emperor Wu held him in high regard and appointed him as General of the Guards and Director of the Imperial Secretariat. Later, in recognition of his achievements, he was granted the title of Marquis of Wei'an and was additionally bestowed the title of Champion General.
Later, he was sent to serve as the Governor of Dong Yongzhou, where he governed with great skill and was greatly missed by the people. He was later promoted to the position of Minister of the Palace, often in charge of palace security, and was highly trusted by the Emperor. Once, he accompanied the Emperor to Guabu, where he achieved great military success and was promoted to General of the Guard. In the second year of Xing'an, he was further promoted to General Who Conquers the North, Minister of State, and was also given the title of Court Attendant, with his title elevated to Duke of Henan Province. In the first year of Xingguang, he was appointed as Minister of Public Works. After becoming one of the Three Excellencies, he lived a simple life, dedicated to his political duties, focusing only on important matters and not getting caught up in trivial details. In the second year of Tai'an, he became the Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent. Three years later, he worked with the Minister of the Interior, Lu Li, to handle the affairs of the Imperial Secretariat. Five years later, he passed away.
His son, named Lan, inherited his title and later became the Cavalier in Regular Attendance and Minister of the Palace Library, before passing away as well.
His other son, named Pensheng, was a brave and resourceful man. Initially serving as a military general, he achieved great success in battle and became a renowned general. Due to his merits, he was conferred the title of Viscount of Pingcheng County. In the second year of Shengui, he was promoted from General of the Swift Cavalry and Directing Officer to Commissioner, Right General, and Governor of Luozhou. He, along with the Prince of Huainan, Shizun, and the Prefect of Luyang, Cuimu, mounted an assault on Xiangyang, but failed to capture it and was instead relieved of his duties. He later served as General of the Pacification Army and Grandee of the Household. He also held the positions of General Who Calms the Army, Minister Steward of the Household, Acting General Who Guards the West, and Commander of the Western District, excelling in every battle. Following Cui Yanbo, he was considered the second most formidable figure. He was later promoted to General Who Conquers the West, acting Governor of Qizhou. He then became the Commander of the Western District and ultimately fell in battle. He was posthumously honored as General of Chariots and Cavalry and Inspector of Yongzhou. During the Yongxi era, he was further posthumously honored as Grand General of the Valiant Cavalry, Supervisor of the Imperial Secretariat, and Inspector of Dingzhou.
His son Wuping served as Libationer under the Minister of the Interior. His brother, Wurong, served as Directing General. Bu's great-grandson, Baozi, served as General of the Guards. Baozi's son, Lin, also held the position of General of the Guards.
Yi Gui was from Daijun. His ancestors were leaders of the tribe. His father, Pi Zhi, held the Northern Wei dynasty's grace and teachings in high regard. During the reign of Emperor Shizu, he sent Yi Gui as a tribute envoy, and the Emperor decided to retain him. Yi Gui excelled in archery, was precise with his arrows, and could also fight wild beasts bare-handed, demonstrating remarkable strength. He accompanied the Emperor in many battles, earning the Emperor's trust and favor. Later, he married the Emperor Shizu's daughter, Princess Shanggu. He was appointed General Who Guards the South, Grand Master of Writing, and was conferred the title of Duke of Xiping as well.
During the Southern Campaign, he was appointed Commissioner with Credentials and Commander of the Vanguard Army. In every battle, he led the charge with extraordinary bravery, being the bravest general in the entire army. Later, he was promoted to Palace Attendant, General Who Conquers the East, Chief of the Palace Secretariat, and Governor of Dingzhou. His title was later elevated to Prince, and he also served as the Commander of the Western Front. He passed away peacefully at the age of twenty-nine. The court posthumously awarded him the title of Grand Commandant, with the posthumous name of Gong.
His son, Yi Qian, inherited his title. At the age of twelve, he was appointed Palace Attendant. As an adult, he stood eight chi tall, had a robust physique, and had studied some literature, with a particular interest in military strategy. He also married Princess Anle, daughter of Emperor Xiaowen, and was appointed Prefect of the Masters of Writing and Palace Attendant. At the beginning of Emperor Xianzu's reign, he was appointed General Who Conquers the West and Governor of Qinzhou, implementing benevolent policies in the region. After Emperor Gaozu ascended to the throne, he was appointed Commander of the Western Front, later serving as Commander of the Central Front. He passed away in the fifth year of Yanxing at the age of thirty-one. The court posthumously awarded him the titles of Left Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and Director of the Imperial Household, with the posthumous name of Kang.
His son, Yi Hai, whose courtesy name was Huai Ren, served in his youth as a Palace Attendant and Cavalry Attendant. He died at the age of forty-one. The court posthumously awarded him the titles of Cavalry Attendant, General of the Guards, and Governor of Jizhou, with the posthumous name of Xiao.
His son Yi Yuan, courtesy name Ya Zhen. He married Princess Huaiyang, daughter of the founding emperor, and was appointed as the Duke of Fuma and the Prince of Runan. However, he adamantly refused the title of Prince of Runan. Later, he served as the Prefect of Jinan. During the rebellion led by Liu Tao against Jinan prefecture, Yi Yuan escaped by scaling a wall, thereby saving himself. Later, Commander Li Shuren quelled the rebellion led by Liu Tao, allowing Yi Yuan to return to his post in Jinan prefecture. He was later promoted to various ranks, including Assistant Minister of Agriculture, Silver Seal, Golden Purple, Left and Right Grandee, General of the Central Army, and Governor of Western Yanzhou. In the first year of the Tianping era, he joined the uprising led by Fan Zihu, engaged in battle against Song Xian, the Left Deputy of the Imperial Secretariat, and died in battle at the age of forty-six.
Yi Xie, younger brother of Yi Yuan, courtesy name Zun He, served as the Sima during the Wuding era.
Yi Chen, younger brother of Yi Xie, courtesy name Zhong Zhen, initially held the position of Colonel in the Ministry of Works. He gradually rose through the ranks and served as the Prefect of Dongping and Jiyin prefectures, as well as a Cavalier Regular Attendant. He passed away at the age of forty-nine.
He was known as He Qi Nu and hailed from Dai commandery. He was known for his integrity and skill in horseback riding and archery from his youth. He began his career as a Third Rank Officer and was later promoted to the Household Cavalry Commandant due to his diligence and dedication, which earned him high praise. The emperor granted him the title of Duke of Dongyang and appointed him as a General of Valiant Cavalry. During the early reign of Emperor Gaozong, he was promoted to the position of Imperial Secretary, given the title of Pingchang Duke, appointed as General of Pacification in the South, and was later promoted to Left Deputy of the Imperial Secretariat.
In the first year of Tai'an, the emperor ordered the ministers to discuss naming the crown prince. He and his aide, along with Minister Li, believed that the name should reflect virtues, and the emperor adopted his suggestion. He also worked with Prince Lu Pi of Hedong, Grand Preceptor Chang Ying, and others to handle the affairs of the Ministry of Personnel. He handled his official duties with caution, strictly abiding by the law, and never engaged in favoritism or corruption. At that time, the generals on the western expedition against the Tuyuhun tribe were long delayed in their advance and were detained without trial. He and Minister Mao Faren questioned the generals rigorously for several days in a row, eventually uncovering the truth, and the generals confessed.
In the sixth year of the Peace Era, he was promoted to Minister of Works and also appointed as an attendant. After the death of Emperor Gaozong, Yi Hun and Lin Jinlu executed Shangshu Yang Baonian and others without authorization. Shangshu Yuan Yu, leading the soldiers of the palace guard, wanted to take action against Yi Hun. Fearing for his life, Yi Hun shifted the blame to Lin Jinlu, who was then arrested and handed over to Yuan Yu. At that time, he believed that Lin Jinlu's crimes had not been thoroughly investigated, so he sent him to serve as the Governor of Dingzhou. In the first year of Huangxing, General Dongping, Wang Daofu, rebelled in Chang'an. The emperor appointed him as the General of the Western Campaign, leading ten thousand elite cavalry to suppress the rebellion. Before reaching their destination, Wang Daofu was defeated, and the army returned to the capital city. Three years later, he passed away, and the court and the people mourned his passing. He was posthumously bestowed the title of Prince Pingchang and the posthumous name Xuan.
His son, Tian Shou, inherited his title, initially serving as the Director of the Imperial Household. In the sixth year of Taihe, he was promoted to Senior Officer of the Crossbow Bureau, but he later passed away. Gou Tui, a descendant of the Dai people, hailed from a distinguished lineage. His great-grandfather, Wu Ti, made significant contributions during the founding of the nation and was granted the title of Prince Wuning. His father, Luo Ba, held a senior position in the court. Gou Tui himself was calm, reserved, strict, upright, and skilled in martial arts. He was later promoted to the position of Middle Counselor, working diligently and cautiously.
When the emperor went on a southern expedition, he appointed Gou Tui as the vanguard general. Every time they went to battle, he would always charge at the forefront, the first to break into the enemy's formation. When the emperor reached the Yangtze River, he granted him the title of Marquis of Jian De and also appointed him as General Ningyuan. After returning from the battle, he was promoted, becoming a court official responsible for the workshops in Liangzhou. He was later promoted to Minister of Internal Affairs, then to Minister of Court Affairs, and finally appointed as the governor of Luozhou. He was strict in his governance, suppressing the strong and supporting the weak, causing the mountain tribes to fear him and preventing them from raiding.
In the first year of Chengming, Empress Wenming asked all the ministers to recommend talented and reliable individuals, and they unanimously recommended Gou Tui. As a result, he was summoned to be Cavalry Attendant, the Minister of the Palace, and was promoted to the Marquis of Chengde, and further elevated to General. In the first year of Taihe, he was promoted to Cavalry Attendant, then appointed as Attendant, General of Andong, the Minister of the Capital, and his title was raised to Duke of Henan.
Gou Tui was a man who loved to speak the truth. Even when Empress Wenming said something of life and death importance, he spoke frankly and never resorted to flattery. When Li Su and Li Fu were killed, Gou Tui also submitted a memorial to advise against it, but the Empress did not listen to him. Three years later, he was promoted to Grand General of the Northern Expedition and Duke of Hedong, with his title raised to Prince of Hedong. As a senior minister, the court permitted him to ride in a carriage and use a cane when attending court.
Once, when the emperor went on a tour to Sanchuan, Gou Tui stayed behind in the capital. As a result, a monk named Fashou plotted a rebellion, and Gou Tui immediately led the Imperial Guards to capture them all, quickly restoring peace to the capital. When the emperor returned, he hosted a banquet to celebrate, and Empress Wenming said, "If you had hesitated and not captured them in time, the consequences could have been dire! Now the capital region is peaceful and the state is secure, all thanks to you!"
Seven years later, the emperor issued a royal edict: "Gou Tui, you are like the backbone of the nation, faithful to your duties, assisting four emperors, with significant contributions. You deserve higher honors to commend your achievements. From now on, you can always enjoy opportunities for promotion." In the winter of the thirteenth year, Gou Tui passed away. The founding emperor mourned for him for a long time, giving him a lavish funeral and posthumously honored with the title of Prince Xi.
His eldest son Gou Kai rose through the ranks to become Champion General, serving as the Grand General of Ruo Xuan, Huai Huang, and Wu Chuan, inheriting his father's title as Prince of Hedong, later granted the title of Duke. He died in the second year of Zhengguang, posthumously appointed as General of Pingbei and Inspector of Hengzhou.
His son Gou Bao served as the Governor of Beiliang in the Wuding era.
My grandfather's younger brother, Kai Di, held the position of Infantry Colonel, but sadly passed away at a young age.
His other brother, Zi, rose through the ranks, serving as Cavalry Attendant, Governor of Hejian, Minister of the Household, Governor of Jijun, later becoming General of Longxiang and Inspector of Sizhou. After returning to court, he was appointed as General of the Guards and bestowed the title of Hou General. Unfortunately, he died during the Yanchang era. He was posthumously appointed as General of Pingbei and Inspector of Bingzhou, and the court granted him two hundred bolts of silk and one hundred bolts of cloth, posthumously honored with the title of Min.
My father was named Jing Man, serving as General of the Righteous Army and Senior Grandee of Golden Purple Radiance during the time of Emperor Zhuang.
Besides my father's father, my grandfather's other brother, Ruo Zhou, served as Cavalier Attendant and Minister. During the Taihe period, he was promoted to General of Annan and Inspector of Yuzhou, also being granted the title of Marquis of Yingchuan. After his passing, he was posthumously honored with the title of Senior Grandee.
Zhou's younger brother was named Shoule. During the Taihe period, he served as the Minister of Northern Affairs, General of Annan, and Governor of Huaizhou. The court also posthumously conferred upon him the title of Duke of Shanyang, but he passed away before he could formally receive the title. Later, he was posthumously awarded the titles of Cavalry Commandant, Minister of the Interior, and Marquis of Jin'an. After his death, he was further posthumously honored with the title of General of Andong and Governor of Jizhou.
My grandfather's great-uncle, who was my great-grandfather, was named Gu. He was known for his integrity and loyalty from a young age. After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he was honored as General of Chariots for his contributions in policy-making. He was later promoted to Grand General of the Garrison, Governor of Bingzhou, and Duke of Boling. Throughout his life, he was not greedy for wealth, and when he died, his family had no savings; the common people held him in high regard.
Xue Ye hailed from Dai County. His father, Datou, led a tribe to submit to the court during the era of Yao Chang. Emperor Taizu greatly admired his loyalty, granting him the title of Marquis of Liaocheng and appointing him as a Gentleman of the Imperial Guard, treating him like a distinguished guest and marrying him to a member of the Zheng family. Datou was humble, elegant, cautious, and respectful, earning great favor from Emperor Taizu. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the title of General of Pingnan and Governor of Jizhou, with the posthumous title of Dao.
Xue Ye lost both his parents in childhood and was raised by his clan member Li Jia. As he grew up, he was diligent in his studies and excelled at archery. In the early reign of Emperor Gaozong, he was summoned to the palace to serve as a Gentleman of the Imperial Guard. He was later promoted to the position of Registrar, responsible for managing the household register and counting the population, executing his duties exceptionally well. The court also granted him the title of Marquis of Shunyang. Having lost both parents in childhood, he did not inherit his father's marquis title until it was finally conferred upon him. During the Pinghe period, he was appointed as General of Pingnan and Governor of Bingzhou, and his title was elevated to Duke of Hedong. He was later transferred to Governor of Taizhou, where he achieved significant political accomplishments. He died at the age of sixty-one and was posthumously honored with the titles of Cavalry Commandant, Grand General, and Governor of Bingzhou, with the posthumous title of Jian.
A young man from the Zhao family, named Zhao Huzi, was tall and strong, smart and decisive; he fully inherited his father's virtues. At the age of thirteen, he began serving in the court of Emperor Gaozong. During the Tai'an era, he was promoted to Internal Affairs Director, responsible for handling memorials from different departments. He was known for his integrity as an official, earning respect and fear from both within and outside the court. Later, when Empress Wenming took charge of the government, Huzi was sent to Fangtou as a military commander.
Huzi was always known for his uprightness and simplicity, which offended some court ministers. He was demoted to a town gate soldier due to a minor mistake. Later, when Emperor Xianzu was on a southern tour and passed through Shanyang, Huzi stopped the carriage to present a memorial, crying as he said, "I once served the late emperor and received great kindness. Your Majesty, when you were still a prince, I was unjustly demoted to this remote place, and it has been many years. I never expected to see your esteemed face today." As he spoke, tears streamed down his face. Emperor Xianzu replied, "You were a loyal minister of the late emperor; it pains me to see you have suffered for so long." He then ordered Huzi to accompany him and asked about state affairs. For dozens of miles, the two discussed state affairs without pause. At that time, Shandong was experiencing a famine, and banditry was rampant. More than five hundred citizens from Xiangzhou, led by Sun Hui, reported that when Huzi was in Fangtou, the local security was excellent, so they requested the court to reinstate Huzi. The court then reinstated Huzi as the military commander of Fangtou, and he took office that very day. Upon his arrival, bandits from several regions vanished without a trace. Emperor Xianzu even sent him a letter of encouragement. Later, he was promoted to General Pingnan and Governor of Xiangzhou. After Emperor Xianzu's death, he did not attend the funeral out of respect. In the second year of the Taihe era, he inherited his title. Three years later, the court ordered Huzi to lead three armies from Shouchun, together with Liu Chang, to march south to quell the rebellion.
Four years later, the Xuzhou people, led by Huan He, rebelled and set up camp in Wugu. The court appointed Hu Zi as the deputy general for the southern campaign, and, along with Wei Yuan and others, he quelled the rebellion. Afterwards, he was appointed as the general and stationed at Pengcheng. He governed Pengcheng effectively and won the people's support. Later, he was promoted to the rank of Kaifu and became the governor of Xuzhou.
It is said that the soldiers stationed in Shizhou had to take the silk cloth issued to them, without turning it over to the public treasury, and used it as they pleased, which often left them both hungry and cold. Huzi wrote to the emperor saying, "I have heard that no matter how strong a city may be, it cannot be defended without provisions; even Han Xin and Bai Qi, no matter how formidable they are, cannot fight without provisions. Therefore, throughout history, before engaging in warfare, it has always been necessary to stockpile food in advance in order to think about conquering others. Currently, the southern regions beyond the Yangtze River are not yet pacified, and those enemies, akin to whales and crocodiles, are waiting for us to eliminate them. If we do not first stockpile food in Pengcheng and strengthen our military power, how can we advance into Jiangguan and clear Hengshan and Huoshan? I believe that the soldiers stationed in Shizhou number in the tens of thousands, each issued twelve pieces of silk cloth, which they take for themselves, with no set standard for their expenses, and before the next batch is issued, they are bound to suffer hunger and cold. Claiming this is for the country offers no real benefit; saying it is for personal gain, that extra expense is hardly worth mentioning. This is fundamentally not a good method that aligns with the national system and benefits both public and private interests. In the areas surrounding Xuzhou, transportation by land and water is convenient, and the land is fertile, with the Huai River and Bian River connected, making irrigation quite simple. There are several tens of thousands of acres of good farmland here. If we were to use the silk cloth issued to the soldiers to purchase cattle and assign some soldiers to farm the land, if we calculate the number of cattle, we could acquire over ten thousand. If we vigorously develop public fields, we are sure to harvest a substantial amount of grain. After a single year, we could not only supply the rations for the officials and soldiers but also allow half of the soldiers to farm, and the remaining soldiers would still be numerous enough to guard the borders while farming, with no issues at all. The harvest in a single year could surpass the value of ten times the silk cloth; a temporary farming initiative would be sufficient to sustain us for several years. For future military supplies, we could just allocate from the national treasury, and after five years, we would have enough food and cloth to last indefinitely. Not only would the soldiers stationed here be able to eat well and stay warm, but the country would also gain the strength to conquer enemy states. In the past, Du Yu cultivated land in Wancheng and Yexian, pacifying the Wu state; Chongguo farmed in Xiling, making the Han dynasty even stronger. Although my knowledge is limited and I cannot compare to those of the past, since I have taken on the heavy responsibility of border defense, I should do my best to contribute more to the country." Emperor Gaozu adopted his suggestion.
I once again humbly present: "I have heard that the former kings established laws that are difficult to alter, followed by all generations; the wise monarchs set up enduring systems, admired by people for thousands of years. 'The former kings established immutable rules, passed down through generations; the wise rulers set up enduring systems, admired for a thousand years.' Your Majesty, your benevolence is widely felt across the land, your grace is as boundless as nature itself, your kindness extends to all the people, and your accomplishments surpass those of the wise rulers of the past. You uphold the ancient classics, diligently study strategies for governing the country, eradicate the corrupt practices of past emperors, and implement measures that are suitable for today's circumstances. You have determined the burden of taxation and adjusted the ranks of officials, ensuring that all officials receive adequate salaries to support their families, and the people can benefit from the resulting prosperity. This flourishing prosperity is truly magnificent and beyond measure!"
However, I conducted a private investigation into the situation of the common people in the border areas. They have only recently begun their education, and living in regions plagued by frequent warfare, their lives are already extremely difficult. A small household may have only one able-bodied laborer, and when considering the annual costs imposed on him, he has to pay as much as seven bolts of silk. Last year, due to inadequate tax collection, some people were forced to sell their land and homes, and even resort to pawning their wives and selling their children. The wailing on the roads was unbearable to hear. Currently, the people of Huainan are eager for enlightened education and hope for the court's favor; nine out of ten households feel this way. However, they worry about heavy taxation, feeling uncertain about whether to come. This not only undermines the grand reputation of imperial grace but also hurts the people's yearning for benevolence and righteousness. Moreover, since my residence is connected to Huainan, I understand the wishes and thoughts of the local people very well. Therefore, taxes should be appropriately reduced to attract more people to come. Those small county magistrates, who govern only a few households, even demand six feet of silk in tribute, which is not enough to cover one piece by the end of the year. They bear the heavy responsibility of border defense and should be treated generously; why then be stingy with their meager salary?
Now, the salary system has been established and is known throughout the land; therefore, it should not be defied, as doing so would disrupt the court's order. "The salary system has been implemented, and it is not appropriate to contradict it, lest it disrupt the court's regulations." But I only occupy an important position because of your favor, and regarding the responsibilities I bear, I dare not speak anything other than the truth." After my memorial was submitted, the wise Empress Dowager decreed, saying: "The salary system has been promulgated; it cannot be disrupted over a minor grievance." "The salary system has been implemented; it cannot be undermined for small grievances, lest it undermine the established regulations."
He served in the army in the province, and every year during the changeover of duties, Huzi would personally escort the transfer. When someone passed away, he would deliver burial shrouds. When there was a major flood in the province and the wheat harvest failed, he petitioned the court for grain relief for the people. For those families with carts and oxen, he arranged for them to go to Donggun to collect relief grain. Everything was done according to his recommendations, and the common people lived peacefully and content. Emperor Gaozu once casually asked his secretary Cheng Li Biao, “You often go to Jiangnan; how do you think the performance of the governor of Xu Province is?” Li Biao replied, “He pacifies the border and educates the people, and his governance is very harmonious.” Emperor Gaozu said, “I know that too.” The governor of Pei County, Shao An, and the governor of Xia Pi, Zhang Pan, were both investigated for corruption and bribery. Huzi handled them according to the law. Shao An and the others sent their sons to the capital to complain, falsely accusing Huzi of being in league with bandits. Emperor Gaozu said, “This must be false; I don’t think Huzi would do that.” The investigation confirmed it was indeed false. As a result, an edict was issued stating: “When the relationship between the ruler and the subjects is harmonious, the country can prosper; when there is suspicion between upper and lower ranks, the country will decline. The governors of Pei County, Shao An, and Xia Pi, Zhang Pan, were both guilty of corruption and bribery. They sent their sons to the capital to complain, falsely accusing Governor Huzi of condoning the people’s collusion with bandits, which is utterly baseless. Shao An was sentenced to death, while Zhang Pan and his son Zhang Sengbao each received one hundred strikes and were exiled to Dunhuang. Zhang Anxi also received one hundred strikes. Officials, soldiers, and common people from the province can be assembled to publicly announce the verdict. This will cut off the roots of frivolous deceit and highlight the contributions of those who work for the country.” He stayed in the province for eleven years and passed away in the fifteenth year of the Taihe era at the age of fifty-one. The court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of Sanqi Changshi, General of the Southern Town, and Governor of Xiangzhou, with the posthumous title “Wen.” He had six sons. His eldest son, Shizun, inherited the title, which was downgraded to a marquis as per regulations. During the Jingming years, he served as the governor of Qinzhou and was eventually promoted to Left General. He died at the age of forty-two.
He was Chang Sun Chen, styled Anmin. During the Zhengguang period, he inherited his title. Later, he was gradually promoted to General of the Southern Frontier, Governor of Julu Prefecture, Counselor to the Governor of Dingzhou, and Left Chancellor of the Grand Commandery under King Xianwu of Qi. He was later appointed as the Chief Historian of the Biaoqi Prefecture in Yinzhou. In the fifth year of Wuding, he was appointed as General of the Northern Town and Governor of Beiguangping. His governance was harsh and cruel; due to public affairs, he executed many people at his residence. The common people reported him and sought justice against him, but he fell ill and died in the prefecture. The court was posthumously granted the titles of General of the Western Expedition and Governor of Xiyanzhou.
Chen's younger brother, An Hao, served as the Chief Historian of the Western Expedition in Dongyu Province towards the end of the Wuding period.
Shi Zun's younger brother, Tan Qing, had insight and demeanor from a young age. During the Yongping period, he served as a Court Gentleman and was later promoted to a Minister of the Interior. He died at the age of fifty-one.
Regarding Zi Yan, whose courtesy name was Yuansun, he was generous and loyal. During the Xiping period, he became an Imperial Censor and was appointed to serve in the court. In the Yong'an period, he became a Minister of the Imperial Vehicle Department and also handled affairs in Heshun County. He eventually died in office as the Governor of Zhengping. After his death, he was posthumously conferred the titles of General of the Eastern Expedition and Governor of Xuzhou.
Tan Qing's younger brother, Tan Bao, initially served as a Gentleman of the Imperial Court. Emperor Gaozu commanded Tan Bao to gather lost texts from across the realm. Later, he was promoted to various positions including Gentleman of the Imperial Court, General of the Direct Pavilion, and Captain of the Prince's Infantry. During the Shizong period, the court sent envoys to inspect various regions and appointed Tan Bao to carry the emperor's edict while concurrently serving as a Gentleman of the Imperial Court, General of the Dragon's Might, and Great Envoy of the Southern Road. Tan Bao passed away in Yuzhou at the age of twenty-nine.
Tan Shang, the younger brother of Tan Bao, was quite handsome and had a gentle personality. Initially summoned by the court to serve as an imperial censor, he was later promoted to a position of court official. In the second year of the Xiping era, he was appointed as the commander of Guyang Garrison in Xuzhou, also overseeing the affairs of Ping County in Nanyang. After his mother passed away, he resigned from his official position to observe mourning at home. During the Zhengguang era, the court issued an order stating that due to its proximity to the territory of Xiao Yan, a talented individual was needed to guard the border, and thus the Left Chancellor recommended suitable candidates. The Left Chancellor, Xiao Baoyan, recommended Tan Shang, who quickly made his way to Ping County. In the early years of the Xiaochang era, the Governor of Xuzhou, Yuan Faseng, rebelled and defected to Xiao Yan. Tan Shang killed the envoy sent by Yuan Faseng and presented the envoy's head to Inspector Jian, Prince Anle. However, Prince Anle was unable to come to Tan Shang's aid, and as a result, Tan Shang was captured by Xiao Yan's general Wang Xidan and sent to Xiao Yan. Xiao Yan treated Tan Shang with courtesy, and upon Tan Shang's request to return home, Xiao Yan agreed to let him go. Emperor Suzong restored his original official position. In the early years of the Wutai era, the power of Erzhu Rong grew, and the court sent Tan Shang as an attendant to Erzhu Rong to investigate his intentions, ostensibly to offer condolences but actually to observe secretly. In the early years of Jianyi, Tan Shang was appointed as the Left Chief Historian of the Ministry of Works and concurrently as the Minister of Personnel, and was also granted the title of Duke of Taiyuan by Erzhu Rong. Upon his return, the Emperor granted him the title of Marquis Yong'an. Shortly after, he was appointed as General of the Rear and Inspector of Dingzhou. After the death of Erzhu Rong, Tan Shang was appointed as Governor, concurrently serving as Minister of the Northern Bureau, succeeding Wei Langen. He was later promoted to General Who Guards the East and Grand Master of Splendid Happiness. In the early years of Taichang, he was promoted to General Who Conquers the East, managing the affairs of Yanzhou. During the Tianping era, he was demoted to General of Cavalry and Inspector of Qizhou. Tan Shang was notorious for his greed and cruelty while governing the three provinces. Upon his return to the court, he was appointed as Grand Minister of Works and ultimately passed away in this role at the age of sixty-one. Posthumously, he was honored with the title of Commander of the Armed Forces of Ying and Cang Provinces, General of the Army, and Secretary of the Standard for the Ceremonial Guards, and Inspector of Yingzhou.
Zi Zhongfen, during the Wuding period, was a military officer in both the inner and outer court of King Wenxiang of Qi. This indicates that he served in the Qi army at a young age. Tan Shang's younger brother, Tan Chu, styled Tan Zhen. In the later period of the Wuding era, he held high positions as the Minister of Ceremonies and Right Deputy of the Ministry of Rites, indicating that he had a successful career. Yuwen Fu was from Luoyang, Henan. His ancestors were a distant branch of the Southern Xiongnu tribe, and for generations they were tribal leaders. His grandfather, Yuwen Haobo, once worked under Murong Chui, serving as the Interior Minister of Tangjun and the Duke of Liaodong. Later, Northern Wei's Taizu eliminated Murong Bao, and Yuwen Haobo surrendered to Northern Wei, where he was highly valued and became Taizu's esteemed guest. Yuwen Fu was brave, skilled in battle, and exceptionally strong from a young age. During the Northern Wei Taihe period, he was appointed as General of the Imperial Guards, later promoted to General Jianjie, granted the title of Marquis of Xinchang, and appointed as the Southern Expedition General. He achieved military merit in the campaign against General Xiao Ze and was bestowed the title of Xianwu General. He was then promoted to Huiwu General and Northern Expedition General, and the emperor even specially rewarded him with a set of military uniforms. He once defeated a tribe of Rouran, capturing more than ten thousand people. Upon returning to the court, he was appointed as the Grand Minister. In the seventeenth year of Taihe, the emperor personally led a southern expedition and appointed Yuwen Fu as the Champion General and Rear General. At the same time, the court moved to Luoyang, and the emperor ordered Yuwen Fu to inspect and manage the areas designated for horse breeding. Yuwen Fu planned a thousand miles of land west of Shiji, east of Henan, and north and south of the Yellow River as pastures. His proposals were swiftly accepted, leading to the establishment of the horse farm we know today. Later, various livestock were transported from Dai to the pastures, and Yuwen Fu skillfully managed and bred the livestock without incurring any losses, which greatly pleased Emperor Gaozu.
Subsequently, Yuwen Fu was appointed as the Commander of the Imperial Guards. He followed the emperor to Yuzhou and was promoted to Champion General and General of the Western Route, and was granted the titles of Acting General and General of Suppressing Invaders, commanding a thousand elite cavalry specifically to protect the emperor's rear. Soon after, he was promoted to General of Valiant Cavalry while also taking on the role of Grand Marshal and Director of Pasture Affairs. Later, he accompanied the emperor on a campaign against Nanyang, concurrently serving as General of Military Guards.
In the twenty-second year of the Taihe era, the emperor launched another southern expedition and sent Yuwen Fu and Right Guard General Yang Bo to lead the advance troops. Upon reaching Dengcheng, Yuwen Fu selected elite troops and organized them for an assault. Emperor Gaozu praised Yuwen Fu's disciplined army and well-trained troops. Xiao Luan sent his official Cui Huijing and Huangmen Lang Xiao Yan to lead a hundred thousand troops for rescue. Emperor Gaozu led his troops in battle, ordering Yuwen Fu to lead five hundred high chariots and the Feathered Forest Army to attack from the southern side of the enemy, seizing their bridges and cutting off their retreat. The enemy was thrown into disarray and attacked from six directions. Yuwen Fu remained steady in the saddle, encouraging his soldiers to fight bravely against the enemy. He led by example, stopping the enemy's advance, and ultimately, the enemy was defeated and routed. Yuwen Fu was granted the title of Earl of Changli, served as the General of Imperial Guards, and was further promoted to General of Suppressing Invaders. Shortly after, the Gao Che clan rebelled, and the emperor ordered Yuwen Fu to serve as General for Suppressing the North and Commander of the Northern Expedition to quell the rebellion. As a result, he was defeated and dismissed from his position.
In the early years of Jingming, he was appointed as General of Pingyuan, in charge of military operations in the south. He advised Governor Wang Xie of Pengcheng, saying, "Jian'an is a crucial strategic stronghold in Huainan and a key location contested by both sides. If we take Jian'an, we can easily capture Yiyang; if we cannot capture Jian'an, it will be difficult to secure Shouchun." Wang Xie adopted his suggestion. When Wang Xie became the provincial governor, he ordered him to attack Jian'an. After the city of Jian'an surrendered, in recognition of his contributions, he was granted the title of Marquis of Xiangle with an estate of two hundred households. Subsequently, he was appointed as the Minor Minister of the Imperial Stable.
Shortly thereafter, a general named Yan instigated unrest at the border, and he was ordered to assume the title of Acting General and General of Capturing Rebels, leading troops through the Three Passes to quell the rebellion. The court also appointed him as the acting governor of Yuzhou, collaborating with Tian Yizong, the governor of East Yuzhou, to jointly quell the rebellion in the Mánchǔ region. After successfully quelling the rebellion, he was appointed Grand Minister of Ceremonies and was subsequently promoted to Minister of the Imperial Stable. During the Yan Chang era, he held his original position while concurrently serving as General of the Left Guard, and was further promoted to Regular Attendant and Minister of the Interior, receiving additional titles of General of An Dong and Grand Commander of Yingzhou.
In the early years of Xiping, he was appointed as General of the Northern Garrison and Governor of Yingzhou. He was known for his loyalty and integrity, being strict and decisive in his official duties, governing the people with honesty, earning deep affection from the populace and a good reputation. After stepping down, he was again appointed as the Minister of the Imperial Stable, and later promoted to Grand Minister of Ceremonies, marked by gold and purple insignia. He was then appointed as Regular Attendant, overseeing the military affairs of the three towns of Huaishuo, Woye, and Wuchuan, serving as General of the Northern Expedition and commander of the Huaishuo garrison. Tragically, shortly after arriving at his post, he fell ill and died. The court dispatched Chief Scribe Le Anjia to convey condolences. The court posthumously conferred upon him the titles of Grand General of Cavalry and Governor of Dingzhou, with his marquis title remaining unchanged, and he was posthumously bestowed the name Zhenhui.
His eldest son, Shan, styled Qingsun, inherited his title. He started as an official in the Ministry of Works and gradually rose to the rank of General Who Pacifies the South and Grand Minister of Splendor. In the later years of the Xiaochang era, he died in battle in the northern campaign. The court posthumously honored him with the titles of General of Chariots and Cavalry and Governor of Jizhou Province.
Shan's younger brother, Yan, styled Qingshou, was tall and robust, with clear and handsome features. During the Yongping era, he became a court attendant and later was promoted to the position of Attendant of the Imperial Secretariat. As their father grew old, the Emperor allowed him to accompany their father in Yingzhou. When the rebel army of Dacheng invaded the city, Qingshou bravely fought back alongside his servants and guests, several of whom were killed, and he himself was seriously injured. After the rebels retreated for a moment, they set fire to the hall. His brother, Fu, was inside at the time, so Qingshou rushed into the flames, rescued his brother, and sustained severe burns and lost all his hair. He then led everyone in a fierce battle against the rebels, ultimately defeating them. His reputation soared because of this incident. During the Xiaochang era, he was appointed as General of Fictitious Military Authority, General Who Establishes Might, and General of the Western Front, to support operations in the Guanlong region, where he achieved notable military success. He later became an Attendant of the Imperial Secretariat and was eventually promoted to a senior position. He died in battle against Wanqiu Chounu and was posthumously honored with the titles of Champion General and Governor of Yuzhou.
His son, Zhongluan, served as a military officer in the Prime Minister's Office of the Prince of Qi during the Wuding era.
Qingshou's younger brother, Qing'an, rose to the rank of Palace Attendant, Central Secretariat Gentleman, and was later appointed as General Who Pacifies the North and General of the Military Guards. He was killed in the turmoil at Heyin and posthumously honored with the titles of General Who Conquers the East and Governor of Yanzhou. His eldest son, Zhongrong, and his younger brother, Zhongyan.
Fei Yu was originally from Dai County. His grandfather, Fei Jun, served under Helian Chang and rose to the rank of General of Ningdong. During the Tai period, Fei Jun led his troops to surrender to Northern Wei and was granted the title of General Longxiang and the rank of Duke of Qianwei. He was later promoted to General of the Southern Expedition and Grand General of Guang'e Town, with his title elevated to Duke of Xiapi. His father, Fei Yu, was granted the title of a fifth-class baron for his contributions in following his father’s surrender and served as Governor of Yan County. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the title of Inspector of Youzhou.
Fei Yu was known for his integrity from a young age, initially serving as an Inner Third Officer. When Emperor Shizu launched a southern campaign, he accompanied the emperor to the Yangtze. Due to his diligent service in the palace, he was appointed General of Ningyuan and granted the title of Baron of Songyang. He later became the Second Department Chief of Merchant Affairs, then General of Pingnan and Inspector of Huaizhou. He eventually died.
His son, Fei Wan, inherited his title. In the early years of the Taihe era, he was appointed General of Pingnan and Town General of Liangguo. Later, when Emperor Gaozu undertook a southern campaign, Fei Wan accompanied the emperor across the Huai River and died in battle. After his death, he was posthumously awarded the title of General of Zhengdong and Inspector of Jizhou.
His son, Mu, styled Langxing, was strong-willed and very masculine, having read many books and was determined to achieve great deeds. When Emperor Shizong ascended the throne, he inherited the title of baron.
Later, he was appointed as the Deputy Chief of Xiazhou, soon promoted to General of Ningyuan, and then transferred to serve as Chief of the Pingxi Prefecture in Jingzhou. At that time, the Inspector, Huangfu Ji, was the uncle of Empress Ling and, relying on his royal connections, committed numerous illegal acts. Mu openly advised him candidly, and Huangfu Ji was wary of him.
Afterward, Mu was promoted to Governor of Anding while still serving as Chief. Upon returning to the court, he was appointed as General of the Left Army and then transferred to serve as Ling of Heyin, known for his strictness.
At that time, the leader of the Ruanruan, Borumen, surrendered from Liangzhou, and his subordinates, due to hunger, invaded the border towns. The court ordered Mu to pacify them, and as a result, they all swore loyalty.
In the second year, the Rouran launched another rebellion and invaded Liangzhou. The court appointed Zimu as the General for the Protection of the State, acting General of the Expedition, and concurrently held the position of Left Minister of the Ministry of Personnel Affairs and the Northwest Circuit, also assigning him as the vanguard to lead the campaign against the Rouran. After Zimu arrived in Liangzhou, the Rouran army fled.
Zimu said to his subordinates, "These barbarians are like wild animals; they are only motivated by wealth and run away when they see the enemy. Once we leave, they will come out to create unrest again. Now that the imperial army is here to attack them, they have fled out of fear, but once the troops withdraw, they will surely invade again. I plan to use our weary troops as bait to lure them, hoping to draw them into a decisive battle. If we do not instill enough fear in them, we may find ourselves perpetually on the run."
Everyone agreed with his reasoning.
Zimu then selected an elite cavalry unit to set up an ambush in the valley, deploying the weary infantry as bait outside the encampment. After the enemy's cavalry conducted reconnaissance and believed our forces to be weak, they surged forward. Zimu ordered the ambushers to strike, achieving a resounding victory against the enemy, slaying their leaders, Yujue Wuer and Sijin Shidai, and capturing numerous prisoners and livestock.
When the six towns rebelled, the court appointed General Mu as a deputy general to join forces with Commander Li Chong in a northern expedition. After Commander Cui Xian was defeated, Li Chong was about to return to the court. He convened the generals to discuss, saying, "Shuozhou is the key point of the White Road, the enemy's vital supply route. If Shuozhou is lost, Bingzhou will be in danger. I need to choose a general to stay in Shuozhou to defend against the enemy. Does anyone have a recommendation?" The consensus was clear: "No one is better suited than General Mu." Thus, Li Chong recommended General Mu to serve as the governor of Shuozhou while keeping his title as general. Later, he was transferred to be the governor of Yunzhou. General Mu excelled at rallying his troops and was well-liked. At that time, almost all the border towns in the north had fallen; only General Mu alone defended a city, facing enemies on all sides. After a prolonged period without reinforcements, the roads were blocked and supplies ran out. General Mu knew the situation was critical, so he abandoned the city and fled south to seek refuge with Erzhu Rong in Xiurong County. Later, he returned to court to plead for forgiveness, and the emperor granted him a pardon.
During the Xiaochang era, rebellions broke out in Jiangzhou and Shuzhou. The court appointed General Mu as the commander to suppress the rebellion. The emperor appointed him as the former general, Cavalier Attendant, and later promoted him to Pingnan General and Grand Master of Splendid Happiness. Subsequently, the rebel Li Hong rose in Yangcheng and allied with the barbarians. The court appointed General Mu as the General of the Military Guard, leading the army to suppress the rebellion, ultimately defeating Li Hong in southern Guanzhong. General Mu was promoted to the Golden Purple Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and the Right Military Guard General.
Er Zhu Rong led his troops south to attack Luoyang. Empress Dowager Ling summoned General Mu and ordered him to stay in Xiaoping. When Er Zhu Rong enthroned Emperor Zhuang, the bridges on the Yellow River were left unguarded, so General Mu deserted his army and surrendered to Er Zhu Rong. General Mu had previously earned Er Zhu Rong's favor, who was very pleased to see him. General Mu secretly advised Er Zhu Rong, saying, "General, your army is only ten thousand strong. You are able to attack Luoyang without obstruction because you have enthroned the emperor in line with the people's will. You lack the strength to achieve victory in battle, and the people are not truly loyal to you. Now Luoyang is fortified, with numerous officials assembled there. Once they realize your weaknesses, they will undoubtedly underestimate you. If you do not conduct widespread purges and establish your own trusted followers, should you return north, you might struggle to cross the Taihang Mountains, and internal strife may occur." Er Zhu Rong agreed with his words. Thus, the "He Yin Rebellion" occurred. Upon hearing of it, the populace was filled with rage. After Er Zhu Rong entered Luoyang, General Mu was promoted to General of the Central Army and Minister of Personnel; he was bestowed the title of Marquis of Lu County, with a fief of 800 households, and also served as the Grand Prefect of Xiazhou.
Xiao Yan dispatched General Cao Yizong to assault Jingzhou, and then issued an edict appointing Wang Mu as the Commissioner, Southern Expedition General, Commander of Southern Expeditionary Forces, and Grand Commander, ordering him to lead troops to support the campaign. Wang Mu led his troops straight to Huanglong, catching the enemy off guard and securing a decisive victory. He captured Cao Yizong alive and escorted him back to the capital. As a result of this decisive victory, he was elevated to Guard General, granted the title of Duke of Kaiguo County of Zhao Ping, and his fief was increased by one thousand households. He was later promoted to Commissioner, with additional titles of Palace Attendant, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Acting Scribe of the Left, and Grand Commander of the Vanguard.
Later, he and General Yuan Tianmu launched a campaign to suppress Xing Gao, ultimately subduing him. At that time, Yuan Hao attacked from within, forcing Emperor Zhuang to retreat northward, and Yuan Hao captured the capital city. After Wang Mu and Yuan Tianmu pacified the Qi region, they turned back to launch an attack against Yuan Hao. Wang Mu's vanguard surrounded Hulao and concentrated their forces for a vigorous assault. Just as they were about to capture Hulao, unexpectedly, Yuan Tianmu crossed the Yellow River and headed north without any reinforcements, which caused morale to plummet, and Wang Mu ultimately surrendered to Yuan Hao.
Due to the tragic events of the He Yin incident being related to Wang Mu, he was held responsible and ultimately executed at the age of fifty-three. After Emperor Zhuang returned to the capital, he posthumously granted him the titles of Shizhong and Situ Gong, with the posthumous title of Wuxuan.
His eldest son, Wang Qingyuan, during the Yong'an period, rose to the rank of Longxiang General and served as Sima of Qingzhou.
His second son, Wang Xiaoyuan, inherited his father's title. During the Tianping period, he defected to the western territories.
Meng Wei, styled Nengzhong, was a native of Luoyang, Henan. He was very ambitious and well-versed in the customs and habits of the northern ethnic minorities. He held positions such as the head of the Eastern Palace and the Commander of the Feathered Forest. At that time, the Gaoche tribe in the northern garrisons rebelled and sought refuge with the Ruanruan. Emperor Gaozu sent Meng Wei to reason with them and appeal to their emotions, to explain the consequences of rebellion, and to retrieve the scattered people and settle them as commoners.
Later, because Meng Wei was very skilled in understanding the language of the northern people, the court appointed him as an official in the Bureau of Writings, so he could be dispatched at any time to handle related affairs. During the Yongping period, he held successive positions as General of Zhenyuan, General of the Front Army, and Left and Right Commanders, and was subsequently promoted to Longxiang General, sent on a mission to the Gaochang Kingdom. Upon his return, he was further promoted to City Gate Captain, General of the Straight Pavilion, and Commander of Woye Town.
During the Zhengguang period, Ana Gui, the leader of the Rouran tribe, returned to his country. The court appointed Lu Xidao, the former governor of Yingzhou, as the chief envoy, with Meng Wei serving as the deputy envoy to welcome Ana Gui. When Ana Gui returned to his country, the court also appointed Meng Wei as the General Who Pacifies the North, Grand Master of Rites, and temporarily as an attendant official to escort Ana Gui back. He successfully completed several missions to the border, earning him the emperor's appreciation. Later, he was promoted to the General Who Calms the Army.
During the Putai period, he was appointed as the Minister of Works, and soon after was also appointed as the General of Valiant Cavalry and Left Grand Master of Rites. He passed away in the third year of Tianping. After his death, he was posthumously honored as the Commissioner of Credentials, Chief Attendant, General of the Army, Commander of Military Affairs in the provinces of Ji, Ying, and Cang, Duke of Sikong, and Governor of Ji Province. His son, Meng Xun, inherited his titles.
Meng Wei's younger brother, Meng Ji, also gradually rose through the ranks, becoming the General Who Guards the Distant, General of the Household Gentlemen of the Left, and Chief of the Palace. Later, he was appointed as the Governor of Guangzhou in the position of General of the Army. He participated in the uprising of Erzhu Rong and was granted the title of Duke of Julu County, with a fief of one thousand households granted. He later served as the General Who Calms the Army, Supervisor of the Palace, and later as Minister of Agriculture. Finally, he was appointed as the General Who Pacifies the West and Governor of Huazhou. After his death, he was posthumously appointed as the Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry and Governor of Yongzhou.
Historical records state that Luo Jie gathered a large group of people, all of whom were his former connections, and his descendants also rose to high positions, reaching the rank of public princes. Yi Wei was promoted and valued for his bravery and strength, as well as for coming up with a good idea to participate in the planning of the attack on Guzang. He also requested a central position, which the Emperor praised him for. The valor of Yigui, the integrity of Nu, the uprightness of Gou Tui, the strength of Hu Zi, and the demeanor of Yuwen—these were all indeed valuable talents.
Fei Mu started from the grassroots, worked hard, and eventually achieved success. However, in the end, due to a single remark, he brought disaster upon himself and others, implicating a large number of people. This is quite similar to Wen He's situation; even though the times were different, the outcomes were similar. In a way, he was fortunate to die the way he did! Meng Wei worked tirelessly in the border areas; his hard work deserves recognition.
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