Xiao Daocheng, with the courtesy name Shaobo, from the Xiao family, also known as Doujiang, was the 24th generation grandson of the Chancellor of the Han Dynasty, Xiao He. This lineage can be traced back through Xiao Yan, the son of Lord Zan Dinghou Xiao He, and includes Shizhong Xiao Biao, Gongfu Yuan Xiao Zhang, Xiao Hao, Xiao Yang, Yushi Dafu Xiao Wangzhi, Guanglu Dafu Xiao Yu, Yushi Zhongcheng Xiao Shao, Guanglu Xun Xiao Hong, Jiyin Taishou Xiao Chan, Wu Jun Taishou Xiao Yong, Zhongshan Xiang Xiao Bao, Scholar Xiao Zhou, Sheqiu Chang Xiao Jiao, Zhou Congshi Xiao Kui, Xiaolian Xiao Xiu, Guangling Fucheng Xiao Bao, Taizhong Dafu Xiao Yi, Huaiyin Ling Xiao Zheng, Jiqiu Ling Xiao Jun, and finally to Fuguo Canjun Xiao Lezi. This lineage continued until the ninth month of the second year of Song Shengming, when Xiao Lezi was posthumously appointed as Taichang, who was Xiao Daocheng's father.
At that time, Xiao He resided in Pei County. Xiao Biao was dismissed from his position and settled in Zhongdu Village, Lanling County, Donghai Prefecture. In the first year of the Yuan Kang era of the Jin Dynasty, Lanling County was established as a separate county from Donghai Prefecture. Later, amid the turmoil in the court, Xiao Zheng, Xiao Daocheng's father, styled Gongqi, crossed the river and took up residence in Dongcheng, Wujin County, Jinling Prefecture. At that time, many immigrants from Jiangnan altered their registered hometowns to southern place names, resulting in Xiao Zheng being recognized as a native of Nanlanling.
Xiao Daocheng's father, named Chengzhi, courtesy name Sibo. He had lofty ambitions from a young age, exceptional abilities, and was highly regarded by Xiao Moyi, the Dan Yang Yin, and Xiao Yuanzhi, the Governor of North Yanzhou. He initially served as a military officer in Jianwei Prefecture. During the Yixi period, the bandits in the Shu region, led by Qiao Zong, had just been subdued, and Xiao Chengzhi was promoted to Yangwu General and Prefect of both Angu County and Wenshan County. He was skilled at maintaining peace among the people. In the early years of Yuanjia, he was transferred to the position of Weilie General and the Prefect of Jinan. In the seventh year of Yuanjia, the Right General Dao Yanzhi's northern campaign ended in a crushing defeat, and the enemy forces capitalized on their victory to seize numerous counties in Qingzhou. Anping Duke Yi Zhan led the army to attack Jinan, but Xiao Chengzhi only led a few hundred men to resist the enemy's attack and repelled them. Later, when the enemy forces launched a major attack, Xiao Chengzhi ordered the city gates to be opened and feigned a relaxed demeanor. Some cautioned, "The enemy is strong and we are outnumbered; how can we afford to be so reckless?" Xiao Chengzhi said, "If we show any more weakness, we will surely be slaughtered. We can only pretend to be tough to scare them." The enemy suspected that there was an ambush in the city, so they withdrew. Xiao Sihua, the Governor of Qingzhou, wanted to abandon the city and flee; Xiao Chengzhi strongly advised against it, but Xiao Sihua did not listen and ended up in defeat and fleeing.
The following year, the Grand General of Southern Expedition, Tan Daoji, returned victorious from Shouzhang, but lost the city of Huatai. As a result, the Governor of Yanzhou, Zhu Lingshuo, had to take responsibility. Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty believed that his father had preserved the city back then, and his contribution was significant. He personally wrote a letter to the Commander-in-Chief, Prince Yixin of Changsha, saying, "Zhu Lingshuo governs the people reasonably well, although he is not as good in military matters as Tan Daoji. I intend to appoint him as the Governor of Yanzhou. You can discuss it with Tan Daoji." His father and Tan Daoji were not acquainted at all, so the matter ultimately fell through. Later, Zhu Lingshuo was promoted to Assistant General of the Northern Garrison for Fuguo Town and an official in the Ministry of Personnel.
And so, Zhu Lingxiu actually got a promotion. This is probably what they mean by "a blessing in disguise." Even though he lost Huatai City and had to take the blame, because Emperor Wen of the Song remembered his father's past contributions, he not only did not receive severe punishment in the end, but was instead promoted. This also reflects the complicated relationships and power plays at court back then.
My grandfather, Xiao Sihua, once served as the Governor of Liangzhou, and my dad was the Sima of Hengye Prefecture and also the Prefect of Hanzhong at that time. At that time, the Di tribe leader, Yang Nandang, attacked Hanchuan, and the Governor of Liangzhou, Zhen Fah, abandoned the city and ran, but my grandfather Xiao Sihua didn't push forward after reaching Xiangyang. My dad, with a light load and a small force, took the initiative to attack and defeated the Di tribe's phony Wei Xing Prefect, Xue Jian, at Huangjin Mountain, where Zhang Lu had been stationed. Huangjin Mountain sits south of Hanchuan, right by the post road to the north, and has really tough terrain. After Xue Jian was defeated, my dad took over Huangjin Mountain. The phony Liangzhou Governor and the Governor of Qinzhou, Zhao Wen, first took over the city, but when they heard my dad was coming, they fell back to a smaller town, and Xue Jian also retreated to Xiaotaocheng and set up camp. My dad faced them off with his troops, just two miles away. Xue Jian and the phony Fengyi Prefect, Pu Zaizi, gave it their all, but my dad defeated them. They then stayed behind closed doors and dared not fight again, and my grandfather Xiao Sihua arrived later, which made the enemy pull back a bit.
My father later marched to Mount E Gong and was surrounded by the large forces led by General Zuo Wei and Sha Prefect Lu Ping for several days. Later, General Jianwu Xiao Wang and Protector of Pingxi Duan Qiu arrived to provide assistance, launching a coordinated attack from within and without, and decisively defeated Lu Ping. Yang Nandang then sent Xi He to lead over ten thousand infantry and cavalry to attack my father along both banks of the Han River, supporting Zhao Wen, and launching a fierce assault. The two sides were locked in a stalemate for more than forty days. The enemy were all clad in rhinoceros hide armor, and arrows and swords could not harm them. My father ordered his soldiers to shorten their long spears, fashion them into short spears a few feet long, and then launch a fierce rear assault with large axes. The enemy could not withstand the onslaught and were forced to burn their camp and retreat. My father pursued them to South City, and the army followed closely, achieving victory in several successive battles, ultimately bringing peace to Liangzhou. The court issued a decree declaring, "Cheng Zhi (my father's name) was ordered as the vanguard, braving danger as he ventured deep into enemy territory, achieving multiple victories for the entire army, displaying loyalty and courage, and was specially awarded the title of Dragon Cavalry General." Subsequently, my father was promoted to Sima of Ning Shuo, while retaining the position of Prefect. Later, he was transferred to the capital and appointed as the Prince's Stables Colonel. Emperor Wen wanted my father to take up an official position in Qingzhou due to his merit in pacifying the Di tribe. However, at that time, Prince of Pengcheng Liu Yikang was in power, and my father did not align with him. Therefore, he was instead appointed as the Army Advisor of Jiangxia Wang Situ Zhongbing, Dragon Cavalry General, Prefect of Nantai Mountain, and granted the title of Fifth-Rank Noble of Jinxing County with a fief of three hundred and forty households. He was later promoted to Right Army General. In the twenty-fourth year of Yuanjia, my father passed away at the age of sixty-four. The people of Liangzhou fondly remembered him and constructed a temple in Mount E Gong in his honor. In the second year of Shengming, the court posthumously awarded him the titles of Cavalier Attendant and Grand Master of Splendid Happiness.
Old Master Zhu, that is, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, was born in the fourth year of Yuanjia, which was the year of Dingmao. This child, oh, he looked quite extraordinary, full of spirit, with a broad forehead, a booming voice, and seemed to carry some sort of dragon markings. In short, he was clearly no ordinary person at first glance.
At that time, there was a scholar named Lei Cizong who had a school on Jilong Mountain. Zhu Yuanzhang started studying there at the age of thirteen, studying the "Liji" and the "Zuo Zhuan." When he was seventeen years old, the great general of the Song Dynasty, Wang Yikang of Pengcheng, was demoted and assigned as a local official in Yuzhang. His father followed him to serve as a soldier to defend him, and young Zhu Yuanzhang accompanied his father, putting his studies on hold.
When he was nineteen years old, the tribes in Jiangling revolted, and his father took him to fight the barbarians in the north of the Mian River. At the age of twenty-one, he went to fight the Suo Lu and reached Qiu Jian Mountain, where he routed them. When he was twenty-three years old, the governor of Yongzhou, Xiao Sihua, was stationed in Xiangyang, and he asked Zhu Yuanzhang to follow him to guard the northern Mian River and fight the tribes in the mountains of Fancheng and Dengzhou, destroying their lairs. At that time, he held the position of a junior officer in the left army.
At the age of twenty-seven, the Xiongnu surrounded the defending general Chen Xian at Runan. The court sent General Zang Zhi of Ning Shuo and Sima Liu Kangzu of Anman to rescue him. His father sent Zhu Yuanzhang to deliver the imperial decree and granted him military authority. Word came that the leader of the Xiongnu, Tuoba Tao, was heading toward Pengcheng, so Zang Zhi and his troops returned to defend Pengcheng. When they reached Xuyi, Zhu Yuanzhang split his forces with Zang Zhi, taking five armies, led by Hu Zongzhi, with thousands of infantry and cavalry. Tuoba Tao had already secretly crossed the Huai River, and the two armies met at Guanshan. They fought a battle, defeated the Xiongnu, and fled along the Huai River, although Hu Zongzhi's forces suffered heavy losses. Zhu Yuanzhang returned to hold the line alongside Zang Zhi, as they were surrounded by the Xiongnu in a perilous situation. Fortunately, they managed to survive and returned to the capital.
In the year 418 AD, I led a contingent to assault Chouchi. There used to be a Wuxing Garrison in the west of Liangzhou, which had been occupied by the Di tribe during the Long'an era of the Jin Dynasty; and there was also a Langao Garrison to the northwest of Wuxing, about two hundred miles from Chouchi. I commanded the army to attack and capture these two strongholds. Then, we entered Guanzhong from the mountain pass. When we were just eighty miles from Chang'an, the Governor of Liangzhou, Liu Xiuzhi, dispatched Marshal Ma Zhu to assist me in the assault on Tandi City. We captured the city and drove off the pretender Duke of Hejian. When the enemy reinforcements arrived and my troops were weary and outnumbered, I received news that Emperor Wen had died, so I ordered the city burned and retreated to Nanzheng. Later, I was granted the title of Fifth Rank Baron of Jinxing County.
In the early years of the Xiaojian era, I was appointed as a military officer under the Great Marshal of Jiangxia, Wang, after the mansion was promoted to the Grand Commandant's Office, and then promoted to Assistant Minister, a secretary in the Direct Pavilion, a military officer under the Prince of Xiyang, and the Prefect of Jiankang. Prince Luan of Xin'an was highly favored, and when he selected his assistants, he chose me as a military officer in the Northern Central Army. When Empress Dowager Chen expressed her concerns, I was promoted to General Wulie, and then became the Prefect of Jiankang, with no change in military duties. During the Jinghe period, I was appointed as the Rear Army General. When Emperor Ming ascended the throne, I was appointed as the Right Army General.
At that time, various regions were in revolt, with the Prince of Xunyang, Prince Zifang, and several eastern counties all revolting. Emperor Ming appointed me as General of National Defense, leading troops to the east to suppress the rebels. Upon reaching Jinling, I fought against the rebel vanguard leaders Cheng Han, Sun Yanguan, and others, defeating twelve enemy camps in just one day. I then divided the troops to pacify various county towns, with Yuan Biao, the Prefect of Jinling, abandoning the city and fleeing, and the eastern cities quickly collapsing.
Xue Andou, that rascal, was serving as the Inspector of Xuzhou and actually rebelled, leading troops to attack Pengcheng! His nephew Suo'er also joined in, rushing to Huaiyin to plunder. The Taihou of Shanyang, Cheng Tianzuo, surrendered the city outright to the rebels, and the Inspector of Xuzhou, Shen Lingsun, also surrendered. The situation became critical, so the court dispatched Taizu to quell the rebellion. At that time, Taizu had just finished fighting the eastern rebels and was preparing to head south. When the army reached Xinting, the vanguard had already departed. Consequently, Suo'er crossed the Huai River at Suiling with tens of thousands of cavalry and infantry, killing our main general, Sun Geng, outright, and approaching the camp of the vanguard Zhang Yong, with urgent reports flooding in.
The emperor heard that the bandits had crossed the river, so he quickly sent someone to catch up with the Emperor and ordered him to go to the rescue, setting up camp at Broken Cauldron. Suo'er aimed for Zhongli, so Zhang Yong sent General Ning Shuo, Wang Kuan, to block Suo'er's retreat in Xuyi. Suo'er defeated our army's main general Gao Daoqing, forcing Gao Daoqing to retreat to Shibie, preparing to withdraw to the west. Wang Kuan and Army Chief Nongfu took early control of Baihujian, and Zhang Yong sent the Emperor to supervise Wang Kuan. Suo'er saw the situation was not good and wanted to attack the Emperor from the east to prevent him from supporting Wang Kuan. With one order from the Emperor, the entire army sounded the drums and formed up in battle array, charging directly into Wang Kuan's camp. Suo'er, seeing this situation, was intimidated and didn’t dare to make a move.
After a few days of stalemate, Suo'er camped at Shiliang with the army, and the Emperor pursued them to Gezhong. Scouts reported that the bandits had arrived, so the Emperor ordered the army to set up camp in the valley and divided the cavalry into two teams, setting up defenses on both sides of the camp to prepare for the enemy. Before long, the bandits' cavalry and infantry arrived, along with a number of siege engines attacking fiercely. After fighting for a few days, the Emperor dispatched light troops to strike at the bandits' western flank while the cavalry flanked from behind. The bandits were routed, and during the pursuit, a large number of weapons and equipment were captured. The Emperor's army established their position north of Shiliangjian. At night, Suo'er sent a thousand men to sneak attack the camp. A commotion erupted in the camp, but the Emperor didn't even get out of bed, ordering his troops to hold their positions. Eventually, the bandits retreated.
Emperor Taizu planned to build a fortress on the high ground southwest of Shiliang, open up the road to the south, and cut off the enemy's escape route. Suer indeed came to fight for that high ground, and Emperor Taizu led his army to meet them in battle, achieving a decisive victory over Suer, resulting in many enemy horses trampling one another. Suer fled to Zhongli, and Emperor Taizu pursued him as far as Andan before turning back. Later, Emperor Taizu was appointed as the General of the Valiant Cavalry, Marquis of Xiyang County, with a fief of six hundred households. He was later promoted to the position of Sima of the Guard of the Prince of Baling, serving under the Prince of Baling to defend Kuaiji.
The Inspector of Jiangzhou, Prince of Jin'an, sent Zhang Yan, the Interior Minister of Linchuan, to enter the Jiangnan region via the Poyang Mountain route. The court's army commander, Shen Siren, as well as the rebel leaders Ren Huang and Liu Yuexu, each occupying and defending strategic positions. The emperor then sent Emperor Taizu to lead three thousand men to subdue them. At that time, the court's weapons and equipment had all been sent south for battle, and Emperor Taizu's army was poorly equipped, using horse gear woven from palm leaves and weapon racks made from bamboo, advancing at night while carrying torches. The enemy were terrified at the sight and fled before the battle even started. Emperor Taizu was later appointed as the Northern Expedition Sima under King Guiyang, the Governor of South Donghai, and acting governor of Southern Xuzhou.
Initially, the emperor sent Zhang Yong and Shen Youzhi to persuade Xue Andu to surrender, then asked Taizu, "I plan to seize this opportunity to launch a northern campaign, what do you think?" Emperor Taizu replied, "Xue Andu is incompetent, yet very cunning. If we proceed slowly, he will definitely send his son to the court as a hostage; if we use force now, he will be afraid and come up with all sorts of bad ideas, which would be detrimental to the nation." The emperor said, "Our army is very powerful; we can win battles wherever we go! Stop giving your opinions all the time." When Xue Andu saw the approaching army, he indeed led his troops to strike, and Zhang Yong and his forces defeated them at Pengcheng. Given that the Huainan region was relatively weak, the emperor appointed Taizu as the Provisional Champion General, Commissioner, Commander of the Vanguard of the Northern Expedition, stationed at Huaiyin.
In the third year of Taishi, Shen Youzhi and Wu Xi were defeated in the Battle of Suikou. The garrisons in various places all fled, and the enemy advanced to northern Huai, surrounding Jiaocheng. The defending general Jia Fadu had insufficient forces to resist. The generals advised Taizu to cross the river for a rescue, but Taizu disagreed. He sent Commander Gao Daoqing to lead hundreds of crossbow-equipped warships to the middle of the Huai River, shooting arrows from a distance at the enemy outside the city. They could shoot hundreds of arrows at once, scaring the enemy cavalry into fleeing. Taizu then ordered an attack, and the siege of Jiaocheng was broken. Taizu was promoted to oversee military affairs in the provinces of Yanzhong, Xuzhou, and Nanyanzhou, while retaining his duties as commander-in-chief and inspector for the northern expeditions. Five years later, he was promoted to oversee military affairs in the provinces of Yanzhong, Qing, and Ji. Six years later, he was appointed as a Yellow Gate Attendant and led the Yuezhi cavalry as Colonel, but he declined this appointment. Later, he was granted the title of Champion General while remaining in his original position.
Emperor Ming felt that Taizu was not the type to stay in his lane, and the common folks were secretly spreading rumors that "Xiao Daocheng would become emperor someday," which made Emperor Ming even more wary of Taizu.
Therefore, he sent the Champion General Wu Xi with three thousand soldiers to the north to carry out a mission, specifically instructing Wu Xi to break all the cooking pots in the army, only bringing a silver pot filled with good wine, and then to present the wine to Taizu. Taizu greeted him in his military attire and drank the wine Wu Xi offered right there. After Wu Xi returned, Emperor Ming felt a sense of relief.
After seven years, the court summoned Emperor Taizu back to the capital. His subordinates advised him not to return, but Emperor Taizu said, "You lot are so short-sighted! The emperor himself has killed several of his brothers, the crown prince is young, the emperor is planning for the future—what does that have to do with us collateral branches? We should hurry back; if we dawdle, the emperor will definitely grow more suspicious. Now is the time for brothers to fight each other; if it is not destined by heaven, disaster will strike soon, and we'll have to fight together then!" Later, Emperor Taizu was appointed as the Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary and the Commander of the Left Guard of the Crown Prince.
At that time, due to his achievements, the second emperor was supposed to be made the Marquis of Gan County, but because someone from Emperor Taizu's family had already been appointed as a marquis, Emperor Taizu firmly declined, and the emperor only agreed to grant him a land grant of two hundred households. After the death of the Ming Emperor, the posthumous edict named Emperor Taizu as the General of the Right Guard and also took charge of the Guard Command, increasing his forces by five hundred troops. He, along with Minister of Works Yuan Can, Protector-General Chu Yuan, and General Liu Men, held sway over the court and was also responsible for the selection affairs in the northeast region. Later, Emperor Taizu resigned from the position of Guard Command, was promoted to Palace Attendant, and concurrently managed the military affairs of Shitou Garrison.
The Ming Emperor killed a bunch of royal family members; only Xiu Fan, the Inspector of Jiangzhou and Prince of Guiyang, managed to survive. When the Prince of Cangwu became emperor, Xiu Fan started plotting a rebellion. He practiced riding in secret in the backyard and secretly recruited a group of people and horses. In the second year of Yuanhui, May, Xiu Fan raised troops in Xunyang, quickly gaining control of local officials and the people; within a few days, he had gathered two thousand men and five hundred war horses. They set off from Penkou, boarding merchant ships. The commanders of Dalei Garrison, Du Daoxin, and Que Tou Garrison, Liu Xian, reported this to the court, and the court was thrown into a panic.
The emperor, along with the guards Chu Yuan, General Zhang Yong of the Northern Expedition, General Liu Men, Minister Liu Bing, General Dai Mingbao, General Ruan Dianfu, General Wang Daolong of the Right Army, Imperial Secretary Sun Qianling, and Yang Yunchang, were all discussing countermeasures in the Ministry of Central Affairs, but no one had any suggestions. The emperor said, "The rebels of the past failed due to indecision. Xiu Fan has surely learned from this and will strike swiftly to catch us off guard. We cannot think too far ahead in responding to this situation. If the troops we send out encounter problems, it will severely impact morale. We should establish defenses at Xinting and Baixia, while securing the palace, the East Palace, and Shitoucheng. The rebels are isolated, and their logistical support is inadequate. They won't be able to fight and will naturally collapse. I intend to confront them at Xinting, while the Northern Expedition General fortifies Baixia. The Central Hall was previously the troop's station, therefore, the Leading General should be stationed at Xuanyang Gate to command the various forces. Ministers should remain in the palace, and not all soldiers of the Right Army need to be deployed. I will personally lead the charge and we will surely defeat the rebels!" After saying this, the emperor took up a pen and drafted the battle plan, and everyone signed together.
Imperial Secretary Sun Qianling had secretly colluded with Xiu Fan, and he suggested, "We should still station troops between Liangshan and Luxian. If the Right Guard does not advance to Baixia, they should move to Nanzhou for garrison." The emperor replied sternly, "The rebels are almost here; there is no time to go to Liangshan. Xinting is a critical battleground; I must hold it to serve the nation! We can discuss this later, but not now!" The emperor stood up, turned to General Liu Men, and said, "The Leading General has agreed to my plan; it cannot be changed." So the emperor set out alone, dressed in plain clothes, for Xinting. The emperor was appointed as the Plenipotentiary, Commander of the Expeditionary Forces, and General for Pacifying the South, and was also assigned an additional ceremonial guard.
The city wall of Xinting was still under repair when the enemy's vanguard arrived. Taizu was lying in bed in casual clothes, resting to boost the army's morale. He then had the White Tiger flag brought to him, ascended the west city wall, and ordered General Huang Hui of Ningshuo, Yulin Supervisor Chen Xianda, and Wang Jingze, an official, to lead troops to engage the enemy in naval combat. They battled from Xinlin to Chi'an, defeating the enemy, burning their ships, and inflicting heavy casualties.
The enemy infantry attacked Xinlin, and Taizu quickly sent a messenger to Liu Men to open both the small and large ship locks and move the ships in the Huai River to the north bank. Xiufan rode in a sedan chair with his troops to the southern part of the city fortress, and the Emperor dispatched General Huang Hui of Ningshuo and Chief Zhou Panlong of the cavalry to lead the troops out of the city to meet the enemy. Xiufan split his forces to assault the eastern part of the city, and both sides fought fiercely from the Snake hour to the Horse hour, terrifying everyone and altering their expressions. Taizu said, "Even though the enemy is numerous, they are disorganized, and we can defeat them swiftly." Yang Yunchang led three hundred Sanqi archers, hitting their targets with every shot, keeping the enemy at bay from the city wall.
By the time it was dusk, Zhang Jing'er decapitated Xiu Fan. Taizu sent the squad leader Chen Lingbao to bring Xiu Fan's head back to Taizhou. However, on his way, Lingbao ran into enemy troops and buried the head by the roadside. The Taizhou army did not see Xiu Fan's head, which only heightened their fear and uncertainty. The enemy, unaware of Xiu Fan's death, launched a fierce attack on the eastern city, sending Du Heili to lead the troops. The Chief Scribe of the Ministry of Works, Xiao Huilang, led hundreds of men to charge into the east gate, shouting all the way to the hall below, causing the gatekeepers on the city walls to flee in fear. Taizu immediately mounted his horse and led hundreds of men out to fight, with only a few zhang separating the two sides as the enemy charged up with shields. Taizu divided his troops to shoot arrows and drew his bowstring back to shoot. At this moment, his general Dai Zhongxu raised a shield to protect him. The arrows flew, hitting over a hundred enemy soldiers. Although the enemy resisted desperately, they could not hold on and had to retreat.
Our forces held the city, continuing to fight against Heili. From dusk until the next morning, arrows and stones were flying back and forth. It rained heavily that night, and the sounds of drums and battle cries faded into silence. The soldiers had not slept or eaten for many days, the horses in the camp were spooked, and the people in the city were running around in chaos. Taizu sat with a candle, reprimanding them loudly, going back and forth several times.
Ding Wenhao's band of rebels set up an ambush, defeated the imperial forces at Zaojia Bridge, and chased them all the way to Zhuque Hang. Liu Men wanted to open the bridge gate at Zhuque Hang, but Wang Daolong opposed him. As a result, both Liu Men and Wang Daolong were killed in battle. Earlier, Liu Men had been rather arrogant; he even built a garden for himself called "Dongshan," and he was indifferent to worldly matters. The Emperor advised him, "General, you now bear the heavy trust of the court; you must oversee both internal and external matters. The Emperor is still young, the princes are still children, there are various opinions in the court; you can hear them from all directions. This is the most difficult time for you, but you are so leisurely and do not strengthen your power. When things really happen, it will be too late to regret!" But Liu Men paid no heed.
The rebels reached Du Mamao's residence, and Cheqi Dianqian Maotian shockingly opened the East Palace gates to welcome the rebels. General Shen Huaiming's forces scattered near Shitoucheng, Zhang Yong's forces were defeated near Baina, and news came from the palace that Xinting had also been lost. The Empress Dowager hugged Prince Cangwu and cried, saying, "It’s all over!" The Emperor quickly sent generals such as Chen Xianda, Ren Nongfu, Zhang Jing'er, Zhou Panlong, and others, who crossed the Huai River from Shitoucheng, took a back route through Chengming Gate into the palace, and defended the palace.
After Xiu Fan's death, Dianqian Xugong appeared in Xinting, masquerading as Xiu Fan. The common people were thrown into a panic, with tens of thousands rushing to the rebel camp to register their surrender. Taizu burned the registration lists, then led the troops to the north of the city, loudly announcing, "Liu Xiufan and his son have been killed; their bodies are under the South Hill, go see for yourselves! I have burned your surrender list; you have nothing to fear!" The imperial army divided and attacked the rebels near Du Mamao's residence and Xuanyang Gate, defeating them. Taizu returned triumphantly, and the people lined the streets to welcome him, saying, "The general who saved our country is here!"
Taizu wanted to resign and share the blame with Yuan Can, Chu Yuan, and Liu Bing, but the Emperor did not allow it. The Emperor promoted him to be a Cavalier Attendant, Central Leading General, Commander of Military Affairs in the five provinces of Nan, Yan, Xu, Qing, and Ji, General of the Guard, and Governor of Nan Yanzhou, while retaining his original positions. He also granted him the title of duke, increasing his fiefdom by two thousand households. The Emperor wanted to share the credit with others, requested to increase the fiefdom of Yuan Can and others, and handled political affairs in the palace every day, and people called them the "Four Grand Nobles." This mirrors the "Four Grand Nobles" of the Qin Dynasty, the Empress Dowager, the Marquis of Rang, the Lord of Jingyang, and the Lord of Gaoling; history repeats itself. Four years later, he was also appointed as the Left Deputy of the Secretary, with his original position unchanged.
After Xiao Daocheng (later Emperor Taizu of Song) pacified the Xiu Fanping rebellion, King Cangwu (Xiao Ze) became more and more cruel and brutal, while the young Governor of Nan Xu, King Jianping, Xiao Jingsu, was well-respected from a young age, and he was highly regarded by the court and the people. Xiao Jingsu also secretly planned for himself, attempting to curry favor with Xiao Daocheng, wanting to show his loyalty, but Xiao Daocheng rejected him. In July, the Commander of the Imperial Guards, Yuan Zi, defected to Xiao Jingsu, and subsequently rebelled. Xiao Daocheng personally led his troops to camp at Xuanwu Lake, sent troops north to suppress the rebellion, and returned to court only after the situation was stabilized.
Xiao Daocheng enjoyed a high reputation, and King Cangwu was deeply suspicious of him, nearly sparking a major disaster. Empress Dowager Chen admonished him: "Xiao Daocheng has merits for the country. If you harm him now, who will be willing to sacrifice for you in the future?" King Cangwu ultimately relented.
Xiao Daocheng secretly planned to overthrow the King of Cangwu and declare himself emperor. On the fifth year of Wuzi, on the day of the seventh month, the emperor (King of Cangwu) went out incognito for a private visit and left from Beihu. He always rode ahead on a single horse, with the ceremonial retinue and guards trailing behind. Consequently, the embankment became crowded, and the horses trampled one another, with the guards' horses falling into the lake. The emperor was furious, brought the horse to Guangming Pavilion, mounted his horse, and pursued the guard Zhang Huer to kill him. He then killed Zhang Huer, dismembered his body, and celebrated by imitating the dances of the Qiang and Hu peoples. He even went to Mangang to gamble and revel. It was only in the evening that he returned to Ren Shou Palace to sleep in the eastern Azhan House. He said to Yang Yufu beside him, "Wait until the Vega star passes midnight before coming to tell me." At that time, killings were frequent, and people were in a state of panic, feeling threatened.
Yang Yufu and his accomplices Chen Fengbo and others, a total of twenty-five people, conspired to assassinate the King of Cangwu using a thousand-cow knife in the felt tent. They deceitfully claimed they were following the emperor's orders, had those in the side room play music, and then sent the King of Cangwu's head to Wang Jingze, who then passed it on to Xiao Daocheng. That night, Xiao Daocheng rode the red horse he usually rode into the palace from Chengming Gate. Everyone in the palace was terrified, and when they learned of the King of Cangwu's death, they all shouted, "Long live!" After Xiao Daocheng ascended the throne, he named this horse "General Longxiang," and it later became known as "Longxiang Red."
On the second day, Emperor Taizu of Song, in military attire, gathered four key ministers under the locust tree in front of the palace for a meeting. Emperor Taizu said to Liu Bing, "Danyang (referring to himself as such) is a relative of the country. Today's matter will be decided by me." Liu Bing declined, saying he wasn't up to the task. Emperor Taizu then asked Yuan Can, who also refused. So Emperor Taizu directly decided to display the emperor's imperial guard and go to the East City to welcome Emperor Shun's coronation. After speaking, he drew his long sword and pointed it at Yuan Can and Liu Bing, frightening them into quickly slipping away.
On the fifteenth day, Taizu moved to the East Palace, accompanied by Yuan Can, Chu Yuan, and Liu Bing, each with fifty soldiers entering the palace. On the seventeenth day, Emperor Taizu was promoted, becoming the Imperial Attendant, minister of works, chief imperial secretary, and general of the chariot and cavalry. The positions of military governors, commanders, and provincial governors were retained, and he was also granted the title of Duke of Jingling County, with a fief of five thousand households, along with oil banners, carriages, and thirty guards bearing swords. Emperor Taizu modestly declined the high-ranking positions of Imperial Attendant and minister of works, accepting only the title of general of the chariot and cavalry and also took on the role of governor of the household. On the twenty-first day, he was appointed the governor of Nanxu Prefecture. He also granted titles and rewards to twenty-five others, including Yang Yufu. On October twenty-seventh, he was promoted to governor of Yuzhou and Sizhou.
At the beginning, Shen Youzhi, the governor of Jingzhou, served alongside Emperor Taizu in the palace during the Jinghe period, and their relationship was quite good. He even arranged for his eldest daughter, Princess Yixing, to marry Youzhi's third son, Yuanhe. Later, Youzhi was transferred to Yingzhou, coinciding with the late reign of Ming Emperor. He secretly harbored ambitions. After being transferred from Yingzhou to Jingzhou, he began to accumulate military power. If any of his generals or soldiers fled, he would immediately hold those nearby accountable. He raised more than 2,000 horses, all of which were assigned to soldiers on garrison duty and patrol duty, tasking them with farming and caring for the horses. The warehouses were stocked with provisions and supplies. Every year, Jingzhou had to provide thousands of troops, and Youzhi secretly withheld some of them, claiming it was necessary to suppress the mountain tribes. He also built hundreds or even thousands of warships, hidden in Lingxi, amassing vast amounts of wealth, supplies, and weapons. The court was starting to feel uneasy about him.
There was a man named Gao Daoqing who lived in Huarong. Passing through Jiangling on his way home, Daoqing had exceptional horseback riding skills. Youzhi invited him to dinner and drinks, and in the listening hall, they competed with spears for horseback riding and combat. As a result, Daoqing's spear punctured Youzhi's saddle. Youzhi immediately got angry and tried to snatch Daoqing's spear, but Daoqing quickly rode away. After returning to the capital, Daoqing reported to the court that Shen Youzhi was plotting a rebellion and requested 3,000 troops to attack him. The court deemed the risk too great, and Emperor Taizu also found it untrustworthy, so they ultimately decided against it.
After the founding emperor later deposed the emperor, the son of Shen Yu Zhi, the Grand Secretary of the Ministry of Works, Yuan Yan, took some items that had been discarded to show to Yu Zhi, wanting to test him. Before Yu Zhi could raise an army, he quickly submitted a letter of gratitude and wrote to the founding emperor to request recognition and rewards for his contributions. Yu Zhi always kept a letter, a dozen lines long, hidden in his waistband, stating that it was a pact with the Ming Emperor. In the twelfth month, Shen Yu Zhi finally raised his rebellion. His concubines, Cui and Xu, advised him, "Master, you are old; you should think about our family!" Yu Zhi pointed to the letter in his waistband and showed it to them, claiming that the empress dowager had summoned him back to the capital. The news sent shockwaves through the capital. On the Yimao day, the founding emperor convened the court and ordered the generals to march west to quell the uprising, appointing General Huang Hui as the vanguard.
It is said that there used to be a governor of Xiangzhou named Wang Yun, who was the empress dowager's nephew and had been bold and courageous since childhood. Although his father, Wang Kai, was a famous official, his official rank was modest, so Wang Yun wanted to make a name for himself through military service. He often drew his knife and declared, "Longyuan, Tai'a, you know what I mean!" His uncle Wang Jingwen advised him, "Ada, are you trying to bring down the Wang family?" Wang Yun replied, "What difference does it make between Ada and Tongwu?" Tongwu was the nickname of Wang Jingwen's son, Wang Xuan, and Ada was Wang Yun's nickname.
Wang Yun resigned from his position due to his mother's death and returned to Baling, where he spent a month on a boat, plotting with Huan Xuan every day. At that time, Huan Xuan was still unprepared to rebel, so Wang Yun went to Yingzhou. Jin An Emperor Sima Dezong was serving as the Chancellor in Yingzhou, and Wang Yun waited for Sima Dezong to pay his respects for his mother's death, hoping to take advantage of the opportunity to rebel and seize Yingzhou City. Sima Dezong was aware of his plot and did not emerge at all. Wang Yun returned to the East Palace gate, waiting for Emperor Sima Dezong to emerge, but Sima Dezong still did not come out to offer condolences, and his plan failed again. So, Wang Yun intensified his efforts to make external contacts, preparing for rebellion.
Minister Yuan Can and Liu Bing grew increasingly uneasy seeing Song Taizu's power grow stronger, so they conspired with Wang Yun, Huang Hui, and others to stage a rebellion. Almost all the generals responsible for guarding the palace joined their conspiracy. Song Taizu had recently arrived in Jiankang and sought to discuss matters with Yuan Can, but Yuan Can feigned illness to avoid meeting him. On the night of the Ren Shen day, they revolted and seized Shitou City. Liu Bing, being timid and fearful, only brought the women of Danyang County to Shitou City that evening, unbeknownst to the court. That night, the Danyang magistrate, Wang Xun, reported the incident, and Liu Bing's brother, Liu Yun, along with the General of the Direct Pavilion, Bu Boxing, led troops to provide support within the palace. Song Taizu ordered Wang Jingze to execute them within the palace. He then dispatched troops to assault Shitou City. Wang Yun led several hundred elite soldiers to assist Yuan Can, but the city gates were already shut, and the official troops had arrived, and they were forced to scatter. The army besieged Shitou City, resulting in Yuan Can's death. Liu Bing fled to Luoyang Lake, and Wang Yun escaped to the battlefield, where both were captured and executed.
Although Yuan Can held a high position of power, he lacked the talent for governing and maintaining order. He was known for his unruliness and love of drinking. One day, while strolling in the countryside, he met a scholar and invited him to join him for a drink. The next day, when the man came to pay him a visit, Yuan Can said, "I only asked you to drink with me yesterday because I had no one else around." He really didn't want to see him. Yuan Can once penned a five-character poem: "Though I may wander the world, my heart remains in Cangzhou." This probably reflects his aspirations. When Liu Bing was young, he was well-regarded due to his royal lineage. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu, Liu Bing's brother Liu Xia married the adopted daughter of his stepmother, Yin Shi. When Yin Shi died, blood was found in her mouth, and people suspected Liu Xia had poisoned her. Emperor Xiaowu sent Liu Bing's brother Liu Zhi to question Liu Bing about this. Liu Bing said, "Even strangers wouldn't act that way, let alone family. How could I let my entire family suffer for this? I can't go along with that." Everyone praised him for this, earning him the trust of Emperor Ming of Song.
After the abolition of Cangwu, Liu Bing was summoned back by the court. On the way, he met his younger brother Liu Yun, who drove to meet him and asked, "Shouldn't you be in charge of today's matters?" Liu Bing replied, "We have already handed over the command of the army." Liu Yun pounded his chest and stomped his feet, saying, "How come you have no courage at all!" Mo Sizu, a subordinate of Yuan Can, was aware of his rebellion plan. Emperor Taizu asked Mo Sizu, "Yuan Can is planning a rebellion; why didn't you report it?" Mo Sizu said, "I would never betray my loyalty to the court, even at the cost of my life!" Zhang Chengbo, Wang Yun's favored aide, concealed him. Emperor Taizu eventually pardoned them and reappointed them. Huang Hui, stationed at Xinting, heard the commotion in Shitoucheng and rushed to provide support. There were troops stationed on Zhuque Bridge, under the command of the military governor, prohibiting passage at night. After Shitoucheng was pacified, Huang Hui arrived, claiming he had come to offer assistance. Emperor Taizu knew about this but said nothing. Instead, he treated them even better, sending Huang Hui to a new post in the west. Huang Hui bid farewell with tears.
Legend has it that our Emperor Taizu was training troops in the martial hall, preparing for war. On the day of the lunar month Xin Chou, the emperor issued a decree, commanding him to wield the yellow axe (symbolizing military power) and lead the army to station at the Zhongxing Hall in Xinting, intensifying the construction of fortifications. Taizu ordered, "Those in Henan boast of their kindness, yet they merely conceal the dead; those in Guanghan claim to be righteous, but they are actually burying corpses randomly. The ditches around our camp must be dug deep, and the walls must be built high. Some nearby ancient graves have been disturbed, now overgrown with pine trees and wild grass; they need to be cleaned up. I stand here and look, feeling really sad! These graves should be gathered, reinterred, and honored."
Two years later, in the first month, Shen Youzhi failed to capture Yingcheng and committed suicide. His head was sent to the capital. On the day of Bingzi, Taizu returned to the East Palace. In the second month of Guiwei, the Emperor promoted Taizu to Grand Commandant, granted him control over three thousand households, and appointed him to oversee military affairs in sixteen provinces: Nan Xu, Nan Yan, Xu, Yan, Qing, Ji, Si, Yu, Jing, Yong, Xiang, Ying, Liang, Yi, Guang, and Yue. Taizu intended to resign from his positions as General of Chariots and Cavalry and Commander-in-Chief, but the Emperor disagreed, forcing Taizu to return the yellow battle-axe. On the day of Jiyu in the third month, the Emperor increased Taizu's ceremonial guards to forty swordsmen and one hundred armored soldiers, allowing him access to the palace. On the day of Bingzi, feathered fans and trumpets were added, and everything else remained the same.
On the day of Xinmao, Taizu executed Huang Hui, the General of Zhenbei.
Since the beginning of the Taishi period of the Great Ming Dynasty, a trend of extravagance and waste emerged, and the common people followed suit. After taking on governance, Taizu abolished the Imperial Household, streamlined the two Shangfang agencies, and reduced the extravagant items. He also submitted a memorial requesting a ban on impractical items among the common people: no gold or silver leaf, no gold or silver decorations on horse equipment, no embroidered skirts, no silk shoes on the road, no red flags or clothing, no colorful brocades or silk garments, no deer-patterned brocades, no miscellaneous furniture, no screens made of colored silk, no embroidered seat cushions, no private manufacture of weapons, no seven treasures or lacquer decorations on musical instruments or other objects, no gold or silver birds or animals, and no unauthorized casting of gold or bronze statues. These seventeen regulations required the Emperor's decree for enforcement. Although the palace and the princes maintained previous standards for clothing, food, housing, and transportation, it was suggested that the Emperor consider them carefully.
On the day of the ninth month of the year of Bingwu, I was promoted to an official position, granted the ceremonial yellow battle-axe, and appointed as the commander of military affairs both within and beyond the capital, Grand Tutor, and Governor of Yangzhou. This was a high-ranking official position, allowing me to wear a sword and shoes to court, without needing to hurry or bow when entering the court, and without the need to perform any grand gestures when meeting the emperor. My retinue also expanded, with four each of Left and Right Chief Clerks, Commanders, Palace Attendants, Registrars, and other officials. I also retained my previous positions as Chancellor, Grand Commandant, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Recorder of the Imperial Secretariat, and Governor of Southern Xuzhou. Initially, I declined, but the emperor sent someone to persuade me, so I had no choice but to accept the ceremonial battle-axe while politely declining some special privileges. On the day of Jiayin, I was also given three luxurious carriages. In the third month of the third year, on the day of Yisi, Emperor Taizu petitioned to exempt the people from their overdue taxes. On the day of Bingchen, my ceremonial retinue was augmented with feathered banners and trumpets. On the day of Dingsi, the Grand Tutor's residence was instructed to recruit officials according to established standards. On the day of Dingmao, Emperor Taizu granted me five hundred armored guards who could accompany me when entering and leaving the palace. On the day of Jiawu, the emperor reaffirmed his earlier decree, allowing me to wear a sword and shoes to court, without needing to hurry or bow when entering the court, and without the need to perform any grand gestures when meeting the emperor. In the third month, on the day of Jiachen, the emperor issued a decree elevating my position to Prime Minister, bestowing upon me the title of Duke of Qi, governing ten counties, and in accordance with the ceremonial standards of the Nine Bestowments, granting me the seal and ribbon of authority and a special green sash for the Prime Minister. I also retained my previous roles as General of Chariots and Cavalry, Governor of Yangzhou, and Governor of Southern Xuzhou. Emperor Taizu graciously declined three times, and the officials and ministers in the court strongly persuaded me to accept, so I finally accepted. On the day of Jiayin, I was enfeoffed as Prime Minister Duke of Qi, the scene was truly remarkable... "On the day of Jiayin, the edict stated: "
The changes in the world are nothing more than the changing of seasons, and the movement of the sun and moon best illustrates the heavens. During the harsh winter, pine trees still stand tall, even in dim sunlight, and plum blossoms still bloom. Therefore, wise individuals will not waver in their integrity even in times of chaos, and loyal subjects will stay true in times of peril.
Since the reign of Jinghe was marked by incompetence and cruelty, the royal family's discipline had become lax and chaotic. Emperor Taizong received the Mandate of Heaven and ushered in a prosperous era. The country faced a crisis, besieged by enemies. General Xiao instilled fear in the enemy forces; his contributions and loyalty genuinely stabilized the nation and aided the people. As for me, I possess average abilities and have experienced many misfortunes since childhood. The previous emperor was immoral, not even mentioned in the history books. He disregarded the principles of the Five Elements and ruled the nine counties with cruelty. Heaven looked down upon his actions; birds circled over the sea, ritual vessels lay covered in dust, and no one presided over the temple sacrifices. Describing this merely as "a crisis of the dynasty" is wholly inadequate, and it is not just the satire of "Xiao Wan" and the lament of "Shu Li" that can convey this, is it?
May Heaven bless the Song Dynasty with a wise ruler. I have inherited the throne, carried on the great legacy, rebuilt our foundations, and set forth a grand vision. My achievements and virtues are unparalleled in history. In the past, Bao Heng assisted the Yin and Shang dynasties, and Bo Lu helped the Han dynasty; these were all outstanding heroes. Now I wish to bestow upon you an official title and the associated honors; please heed my decree carefully.
Recently, Yuan and Deng conspired with numerous followers, just like Zhang Liang did in the past, disloyal to the court, raising troops to create chaos and rampaging through the region, invading the territories of Wu and Yue. The sky was abnormal, the sun and moon were dim, the sound of war drums echoed through the capital, and the city was awash with the glint of swords. I looked at the palace, witnessing its transformation into wilderness, thinking about the fate of the country; they were truly enemies of the state. At this time, people were in panic, lacking a sense of stability. Yet you resolutely threw yourself into this crisis, bravely advancing, leading the charge, and organizing the military, uniting the troops; your authority caused the rebel forces to collapse instantly. This laid the foundation for your dominance and the beginning of your loyalty to the throne.
Andu has rebelled, secretly occupying Xuzhou and daring to bully the people along the Huai River with his ragtag followers! Suo, that fool, also joined in the chaos, causing significant damage. Even the heavens turned a blind eye, leading the common people to rebel; the people in the north fell into dire straits, officials neglecting their duties, and the borders becoming critical. At this moment, General, you were ordered to march, shining like the sun and arriving at the front lines with great vigor! You won battles, inflicting countless casualties on the enemy, most notably capturing the enemy commander during the Battle of Shiliang, protecting the people, and restoring peace to the Jiangyang region. All thanks to your efforts!
Zhang Yan, that old fool, grew confused and disregarded the safety of the court, secretly plotting to attack Dong Xia from the south in an attempt to catch us off guard. At that time, the Jianghuai region was not yet fully pacified, and the court's path was very difficult. Your loyalty, bravery, and fearlessness in the face of danger, along with your strategic thinking and use of various tactics to defeat the enemy, caused the enemy to tremble in terror. The court no longer had to worry about the east, and the Minyue region gained peace. This too is a testament to your efforts!
The Xiongnu barbarians are power-hungry, constantly invading the border. The previous army faced crushing defeats; the troops were routed, blood flowed like a river, and corpses littered the ground. Those despised Jie tribesmen were arrogant and domineering, expanding their influence to the Pengcheng and Sishui areas, trying to attack the capital. Our customs and way of life are on the brink of destruction. You were ordered to go to war, day and night, and every time the army fought, the enemy was defeated. You comforted the people, spread the court's benevolence, restoring peace and prosperity to the people of the Huai River and Feidi regions. It was all because of your efforts!
Since then, the Xiongnu have become increasingly brazen, like wild boars and venomous snakes, once again eyeing the Central Plains. However, the court's situation worsened year by year; the army grew weary, the soldiers lost their will to fight, only wanting to go home. Thus, the elite soldiers of Xiapi were filled with dread, and the city was on the brink of falling. You dedicated yourself to the country, sacrificed sleep and sustenance, personally went into battle, facing danger without fear, engaging the enemy directly, forcing them to scatter in panic. You redefined the borders, establishing control over Qingzhou and Yanzhou. This, too, was because of your efforts!
During the later years of the Taishi era, he joined the imperial guard, holding significant military and state positions, with a status as crucial as the emperor's key ministers. When the Prince of Guiyang rebelled, daring to covet the Nine Tripods, which symbolize imperial power, he tore his clothes and removed his hat, rooting out the rebellion completely. Leading his troops into a powerful enemy country, he set up his forces in Wei (a place name), set the enemy palace ablaze, and shot arrows at the enemy king's residence. The situation changed rapidly, an unprecedented occurrence in history, with all the vassal lords in panic and the military leaderless. Calmly holding his sword, he devised a unique strategy, turning the tide with a single stroke; waving the military flag, he commanded the troops, inspiring courage in the timid and fearful. In less than half a day, victory was secured at Xinting, and within a few days, Xuanyang was also pacified, dispelling the chaos of war and bringing peace to the world. All thanks to his efforts!
The royal family faced successive disasters, calamities erupted in Qizhou and Fanzhou, and Hangou, Jinling, Yingcheng, and Hancheng all became hostile forces. The strategic plan of Jianping County failed, and internal rebellion erupted again. He personally commanded six large armies, resolute in justice, and in less than ten days, Zhufang returned to calm. This was also his credit!
There was a rebellion in the Cangwu region, all vassal states were in chaos, the tyrant acted wantonly; who could escape unscathed? The fire reached Kunlun Mountain, with jade and stone burned, the people were in deep sorrow, living in constant fear, the territory established by the founding emperor was on the brink of collapse, and who would uphold the legacy of civil and military accomplishments? He delved into the systems of the Yin and Han dynasties, studied the governance strategies of the Wei and Jin dynasties, disregarding personal safety, exerting all efforts to assist the royal family. The sacrifices at the seven temples were conducted smoothly, and order was restored throughout the realm. This was also his credit!
Yuan Can is quite incompetent, Liu Bing is unpredictable, and Yun and Shu incite each other, leading to widespread chaos. They secretly plot conspiracies, and crises are everywhere as they occupy Shitoucheng and plan to attack Yingcheng and Luzhou. He employed brilliant strategies to undermine the enemy from within and launch attacks from the outside, quickly quelling the rebellion and restoring stability to the country. This is all to his credit!
Shen Youzhi is a treacherous character; as time goes by, his misdeeds only grow worse. He obstructs the military and is especially cruel. The unfortunate people of Jingzhou and Hanzhong are left to endure his tyranny, hoping the court will send troops to their rescue, longing for the distant court as if it were another world. However, just as the court began to reorganize and had not yet dispatched troops to punish, Shen Youzhi showed no remorse and grew even more arrogant. He gathered a band of villains, whose power rivaled that of fierce tigers, instilling fear among both the court and the populace and diminishing the morale of the troops. You wield significant power and command the Jianghuai region; your integrity shines like a blazing sun, and your strategies are as clear as a crisp autumn sky. Thanks to your sense of justice, the people rally behind you; under your command, the army unites to swiftly pacify Xiakou and easily seize Lushan. You eliminated the rebels who had long evaded eradication in one swift blow, the waters of the Jupu River returned to tranquility, and Zhangtai returned to normal order. All of this is your achievement!
You have made great contributions to the country, saving the realm, while also possessing wisdom and talent. Your virtue blesses the people; your ambition is to restore order to the world. You have devoted yourself to the country, tirelessly working from east to west, enduring countless hardships. You have diligently strengthened the imperial ancestral shrine, benefiting the people. Your merits are as widespread as clouds, as diffuse as mist, illuminating every dark corner. You assist me alone, yet bring peace to the world. Therefore, in the countryside, the fragrance of millet grass drifts, the clear waters of the Han River reflect the radiance of auspicious stars. Countries from afar come to pay tribute, showing their admiration. Even the far-off lands of the barbarians send envoys to pay their respects. Your achievements are truly indescribable.
I have heard that throughout history, emperors hold elaborate ceremonies to honor those who have served the nation, granting them titles and positions, as has been the custom throughout history. Therefore, those who have made contributions will receive rewards and commendations from the court. Just like Ji Dan assisting King Wen of Zhou and establishing achievements in Qufu, some are rewarded with jade objects to recognize their merits, while others are granted land to promote their accomplishments. These rewarded officials enjoy special privileges and a status of great prestige, a tradition that continues until the times of Duke Huan and Duke Wen. However, your contributions surpass those of all past officials of merit, yet the rewards cannot be administered according to established traditions. How could there be such a loophole in the ancient and modern reward system? I find myself pondering this quietly, filled with deep regret.
Today you are appointed as the Prime Minister, governing Qi County in Qingzhou, Liang County in Xuzhou, Lanling County, Lu County, Langye County, Donghai County, Jinling County, and Yixing County in South Xuzhou, Wu County and Kuaiji County in Yangzhou, a total of ten counties, and you are conferred the title of Duke of Qi. You are given this land to offer sacrifices using white grass, to stabilize your country, and to establish your ancestral temple and altar. This land originally belonged to your ancestors, who have been lords for generations. Your land and subjects will follow the old system. In the past, the Duke of Zhou and the Duke of Shao established the country, acting as both teachers and caretakers; Duke Mao and Duke Bi held the jade ruler, entered the court as officials, and were favored inside and outside, just like the previous situation.
Now, the envoys are ordered to carry the seal along with the titles of Grand Commandant, Palace Attendant, Director of the Imperial Archives, Minister of Works, Guard General, and Marquis of Yuandu County, to present you with the Prime Minister's seal and the Duke of Qi's seal; and the envoys are ordered to hold the seal as well as the title of Deputy Minister of Works, Chief of the Imperial Secretariat, Monk Qian, to present you with the white grass and the Gold Tiger Seal of the Duke of Qi (from the first to the fifth left seal), as well as the Bamboo Tokens (from the first to the tenth left token). The position of Prime Minister oversees all officials, ranking above the Three Dukes, and the authority changes according to ritual regulations, and the title changes according to the situation. Therefore, as the Prime Minister leading all officials, you will no longer be referred to as the Chief of the Imperial Secretariat. Return to you the previously bestowed Baton of Command, the sable cloak of the Palace Attendant, the Commander of the Guards inside and outside, the Grand Tutor, the Grand Commandant's seal, the seal and the decree of the Marquis of Jingling. Your positions as General of the Valiant Cavalry, Governor of Yangzhou, and Inspector of South Xuzhou will remain unchanged.
In addition, I will give you nine blessings, hoping that you will carefully follow future orders: because you uphold ritual and law, promote statutes, and ensure that the world follows the law, with people having no differing professions, I bestow upon you a large carriage and a war chariot, both drawn by black oxen, along with two more chariots. You prioritize agricultural production, especially grains, which leads to a prosperous royal household and wealthy citizens, so I grant you ceremonial robes and red shoes. You are humble, guiding all things with righteousness and governing the people harmoniously, so I grant you the music of Xuan County and the Liuyi dance. You assist the royal family, spreading education far and wide, delighting the foreign tribes who all flock to you, hence I grant you a residence with vermilion gates. You have a deep understanding of human relationships and the ability to discern right from wrong, select talents, and elevate the virtuous, so I grant you steps to the court. You protect the dynasty, lead by example, prevent disasters, ensuring the people live in peace and happiness, so I grant you three hundred elite Tiger Guard warriors. You administer justice to punish criminals and influence the wicked through virtue; there is no rebellion between ruler and subjects, and if there is rebellion, it shall be punished, so I grant you a battle-axe. Like a phoenix supporting the four directions of the country, like a dragon soaring in all directions, your influence is far-reaching, and foreign lands align themselves with you, hence I grant you a red bow, one hundred red arrows, ten carved bows, and one thousand carved arrows. Your sincere sacrifices and filial piety have moved the spirits, so I grant you a ritual wine vessel and jade ritual vessels. All officials below the Prime Minister in the state of Qi shall follow the old system.
I trust you will faithfully follow my commands, govern the world, achieve great deeds, demonstrate your virtues, and carry on the legacy of our founding ancestor! It is said that the founding ancestor, Liu Yu, declined the throne three times before reluctantly accepting it after much persuasion from his ministers.
In the year of Ding Si (420 AD), he ordered a general amnesty, granting amnesty to all criminals sentenced to lesser punishments before dawn on the fifteenth day of the month. Those who were widowed, orphaned, or unable to support themselves were each given five hu of grain, and the same amnesty was implemented throughout various prefectures and counties.
Emperor Xiaowu of the Song Dynasty issued an edict allowing Duke Qi (Liu Yu) to appoint officials as needed in addition to the original ten counties. Because the Qi state had just been established, the court also granted him five million coins, five thousand bolts of cloth, and five thousand bolts of silk. On the day of Gui You in the fourth month (April 28, 420 AD), Emperor Xiaowu issued an edict, ennobling Duke Qi as King Qi, and granting him the ten counties of Liang, Chen, Yingchuan, Chenliu, Xuyi, Shanyang, Qin, Guangling, Hailing, and Nanpei in Yuzhou as his domain. The Emperor also dispatched Chu Yuan, the Grand Commandant, Minister of Works, and General of the Guards, with the edict, seal, and golden tiger symbol (a five-sided golden tiger symbol and a ten-sided bamboo tally) to confer upon King Qi. The ceremony was grand, held at the altar of the state gods, and the title of King Qi was officially conferred. His previous titles of Chancellor, Governor of Yangzhou, General of the Chariots and Cavalry, and Inspector of Southern Xuzhou were retained. On the day of Bing Xu (April 30, 420 AD), Emperor Xiaowu issued another decree allowing King Qi to wear a twelve-ridged crown, use banners and flags that only the Son of Heaven could use, have gongs sounding and roads cleared for his passage, ride in a golden-rooted carriage drawn by six horses, with a second carriage in tow, and the procession included flag bearers and cloud banners, with a band performing the Eight Dances and all kinds of musical instruments, unprecedented in its grandeur. The Crown Prince of King Qi was appointed as the Crown Prince, and the titles of other royal family members remained unchanged, in accordance with tradition.
On the day of Xin Mao (May 6, 420 AD), Emperor Xiaowu formally abdicated the throne, issuing an edict saying:
Only with virtue can one move the heavens; the Jade Balance maintains order, and those who are wise understand transformations, allowing all beings to return to their true nature. Able to navigate the universe, spread throughout the cosmos, promote greatness, and shelter the people. From darkness to light, generations follow the same path; previous kings followed the path of virtue, and the world must follow suit.
The virtue of the Song Dynasty faded, incompetence and corruption followed one after another, chaos in the Jinghe era, tyranny in the Yuanhui era, unusual celestial phenomena, ancestral shrines on the brink of ruin, the country's power in jeopardy, and the fortunes of literature and martial affairs waning. In light of this chaos, I find my heart filled with anxiety.
When King Qi was in power, his intellect and wisdom were unparalleled, shining brightly like the rivers and mountains. He saved the country from danger, quelled the chaos, helped the people through difficult times, and his contributions were akin to those of the Creator. His strategies were far-reaching, his plans meticulous, his armies were always victorious, and his wise leadership earned him the respect of all, resulting in the entire nation enjoying peace and stability.
Afterwards, he issued laws to promote education and morality. Those who were evil and deceitful trembled at his authority, while those who sought goodness were inspired to strive even harder. His achievements outshone those of ancient rulers Yao and Shun, his contributions surpassed those of ancient King Wen, and his virtues were indescribable. Therefore, leaders of minority ethnic groups with disheveled hair and rough attire came to pay tribute, and tribal leaders in simple clothing also came by boat to pay their respects. This was more than merely offering precious timber or beautiful feathers, as the Yue people did! As a result, harmony and prosperity flourished inside and outside the palace, with treasures being offered from all over the country, and auspicious signs appearing one after another, creating a scene of prosperity and vitality across the nation.
The country's atmosphere was rejuvenated, and the prosperous era grew ever brighter. The right to govern the country should belong to wise individuals, so litigation cases decreased, and people were joyful and inspired. The rule of the Jin Dynasty had already declined, while the virtue of Water (referring to the Prince of Qi's moral character) began to flourish, which was clearly arranged by the heavens. Although I am ignorant and do not understand profound principles, having studied the history of the rise and fall of dynasties for a long time, how could I disregard the lessons and hopes of those who came before? Therefore, I have resolved to abdicate to another palace and transfer the throne to the Prince of Qi, following the practices of the Tang, Yu, Wei, and Jin dynasties.
On that day, the Emperor of the Song Dynasty abdicated in the Eastern Palace, with a meticulously organized ceremonial procession. He rode in a magnificent carriage, coming out from the East Gate, and asked his attendants, "Why is there no music playing today?" No one had the courage to respond. On the Renchen day, he enthroned the Prince of Qi as Emperor: "..."
In the beginning, the heavens and earth were chaotic, and all things were in disorder. Then, there came light to illuminate everything, and order to govern humanity. As for the legendary Rongcheng and Daping eras, the time of Fuxi and the Five Emperors, those matters are too distant in time for us to fully grasp.
Since the era of the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan, the most celebrated period recorded in historical texts is that of Yao and Shun. They were like those who controlled the heavens with a golden rope and held the earth in a jade box. Their virtues were bright and upright, and the imperial palace was filled with auspicious signs. As their era drew to a close, they passed the throne to capable individuals. Thus, the abdication during the Tang Dynasty, with Tang Yao singing as he stepped down and Yu Shun humbly accepting the throne, brought down auspicious signs from Heaven. They completely followed the will of Heaven, selflessly dedicated themselves to the public good, and the people lived in peace and prosperity. The deities also bestowed their blessings upon them, and their esteemed reputation has endured through the ages, with far-reaching influence.
The Han and Wei Dynasties emulated their practices and did not dare to deviate until the Jin Dynasty, when they continued to follow the previous rules. Our ancestors were wise and accomplished, communicating with Heaven and Earth, adjusting the seven policies (sun, moon, stars), consolidating the highest virtues, and governing the world. However, as time progressed, dynasties rose and fell, and the world became increasingly unsettled, with various calamities striking in quick succession, such as solar eclipses, falling stars, landslides, and droughts, creating chaos.
This wise and enlightened king was akin to a mirror that illuminated the cosmos, possessing a majestic power akin to the sun and nurturing the people as clouds do. He governed the nation with simplicity as his guiding principle and treated the people with generosity as a guideline. He lovingly nurtured the people and employed justice to vanquish the unjust. Even when there were obstacles on the country's path, he ensured stability by drawing upon the five considerations (referring to the five worries of ruling a country). When the foundation of the royal family was about to decline, he employed six methods (referring to the six arts of ruling a country) to rectify and restore it.
When those powerful ministers cause chaos within the court, when the border defense becomes lax, when wars break out everywhere and the world is in turmoil, he uses force to suppress the rebellion, then uses culture to appease the people. As a result, peace will be restored both near and far, both internally and externally. He lays down his weapons, devotes himself to Confucianism, and relinquishes military command. His influence will be profound, remote areas will be peaceful, all ethnic groups will follow the same rules, and the Central Plains and the non-Han peoples will unite. Therefore, the vassals from all directions will come to pay homage, and regions will offer abundant tributes. Auspicious signs will appear, heralding the arrival of a new dynasty. Various prophecies will come true, and the significance of the abdication will be clear. With the blessing of the gods, the people eagerly await.
I have heard that the highest truth is profound and subtle; only virtuous individuals can promote it. The mandate of heaven is not unchangeable; only by virtue can it last. Therefore, I admire the will of heaven, observe the wishes of the people, and respectfully abdicate the throne to you. I hope you will govern the world so that the people can live in peace and prosperity, and the country can flourish. Ah! You must govern the country well, emulating the example set by the former kings, to respond to the expectations of the people. You will hold a ceremony, offer sacrifices to heaven, play the "Cloud Gate" music, hold a grand ceremony at the Circular Mound, timely accept the grand ceremony, and forever preserve the national cause. Isn't this a momentous occasion?
Next is the edict:
The Emperor respectfully addresses the Prime Minister, the Prince of Qi: If the Great Way can be realized, it will be like the prosperous times of the three dynasties. Though I may be incompetent, I still aspire to this. The alternation of incompetent and wise monarchs is the natural order of time; the change of seasons is the order of the years. If the mandate of heaven is not unchangeable, how can humans be? Therefore, the achievements and prosperity of the past will be bequeathed to future generations; the examples of the Han and Wei dynasties will also provide guidance for future generations.
It is said that my great ancestor, the emperor, governed with both civil and military achievements, loved the people like his own children, was blessed by the heavens, and united the whole country. However, in later years, the world was full of difficulties and there were too many evildoers. At night, the sound of war drums could be heard, and during the day, the sound of alarms. The common people were displaced and endured unimaginable suffering. What's worse, subsequent emperors neglected state affairs, ruled the people cruelly, and the country teetered on the brink of ruin, with no one to inherit the great land. Thanks to your wise and illustrious leadership, the country was saved from perilous times.
You are as just and fair as the heavens, like the earth, vast and broad. Your wisdom shines as brightly as the sun and moon; your benevolence nourishes all like rain and dew. When the country faces difficulties, you resolve them with unwavering resolve; when development is hindered, you guide with wisdom. You reorganized the Min and Wu regions, pacified the Huai River and Ji River basins, calmed the floods of the Nine Rivers, dispersed disasters in the Haiyi region, eradicated evil, preserved our ancestors' legacy, and ushered in a new era of peace and prosperity. Even when your favored officials err, you cleverly resolve them with strategy; even when the Jingzhou and Hanzhong regions rebel, you quell them with an iron fist. Wherever your army marches, the enemy quakes with fear; your strategies lead to the enemy's defeat.
The whole country is stable, and the minority ethnic groups have also reconciled. You promote culture and have brought an end to wars, leading to the country's prosperity. You educate the people, enabling everyone to lead a happy life. Even in the previously remote areas that were seldom visited, there are now people coming from afar to pay tribute and express their respect. Therefore, auspicious sights are everywhere; historians have recorded these miracles, and celestial phenomena herald a peaceful and prosperous era. Various omens of good fortune have come to pass, indicating the prosperity of the country. You are exceptionally intelligent, wise, and valiant, a worthy monarch; your every word and deed embody the virtues of a true gentleman. As it says in the "Book of Documents": "Heaven does not discriminate, only blessing those with virtue." The sentiments of the people are often hard to grasp; only by showing them kindness can you earn their loyalty. Heaven has favored you greatly, and the people eagerly look to you. Now, music has become more harmonious and pleasant.
I am able to assist you in governing the country, entirely relying on your wise and sagacious leadership. It is said that the Jin Dynasty has ended, and the throne has been passed down to our Song Dynasty. Now the Song Dynasty is also coming to an end; today, we will transfer the throne to the Qi Kingdom. In accordance with established protocols, we have sought input from all, and the royal officials unanimously agree that this is fitting. Therefore, we have dispatched envoys, specifically Yuan (also serving as Grand Preceptor, Palace Attendant, Chief of the Palace Secretariat, Minister of Works, General of the Guards, Marquis of Yudu County) and Seng Qian (also serving as Grand Commandant, Minister over the Masses), bearing the emperor's jade seal and imperial insignia, to conduct the abdication ceremony in the Qi Kingdom, in accordance with the customs of the Tang, Yao, and Shun eras. We hope that Your Highness of Qi will heed the will of heaven and earth, ascend the throne as the emperor, govern the realm wisely, and honor the blessings of heaven.
Emperor Taizu of Qi declined three times, but the Emperor and ministers of the Song Dynasty insisted that he accept the abdication. At this time, Chen Wenjian, who served as the Grand Historian and Director of Works, reported: "The number six symbolizes completion. The Han Dynasty lasted 196 years from the Jianwu era to the 25th year of Jian'an, then abdicated to Wei; the Wei Dynasty lasted 46 years from the Huangchu period to the 2nd year of Xianxi, then abdicated to Jin; the Jin Dynasty lasted 156 years from the Taishi period to the 2nd year of Yuanxi, then abdicated to Song; the Song Dynasty lasted 60 years from the 1st year of Yongchu to the 3rd year of Shengming. The total lifespans of these dynasties are all multiples of six, which represents the end. Based on past situations, the current situation is also clear. I humbly submit this report in accordance with my duty. I hope you can accept this auspicious sign in accordance with the will of heaven." The ministers of the Song and Qi dynasties insisted again that Taizu accept the abdication. Wang Jian, the Minister of the Right, reported: "The Emperor of the Song Dynasty has issued an edict to abdicate. After our discussion, we should set a date for you to accept the abdication in a ceremonial carriage and establish the corresponding ceremony." It was only then that Emperor Taizu agreed. Historical records state: In the "Taiyi Jiugong Zhan," in the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu of Han, the Taiyi star was in the fourth palace, which boded well for both host and guest. The key was who took action first, and that year Gaozu defeated the Chu army. "When Taiyi is in the fourth palace, both the host and the guest will be fortunate; the one who takes action first will prevail. In that year, Gaozu defeated Chu."
In the second year of Emperor Yuanxing of Jin'an, the Taiyi star occupied the seventh palace. The Taiyi represents the emperor, while the Tianmu star symbolizes assistance. The Tianmu star exerted pressure on the Taiyi star, and that year Emperor An was forced out of the imperial palace by Huan Xuan. In the third year of Yuanxing, with the Taiyi star still in the seventh palace, Emperor Song Wu defeated Huan Xuan. In the first year of Yuanjia, the Taiyi star occupied the sixth palace, which was not conducive to proactive measures. Xu Xianzhi and Fu Liang deposed the Prince Yingyang. In the seventh year, the Taiyi star occupied the eighth palace, signifying a perilous year in which military leaders were unable to accomplish anything of note. In the eighteenth year, the Taiyi star occupied the second palace, suggesting a year where both the master and guests would encounter challenges. In the nineteenth year, the stars of both military leaders indicated an inability to act, suggesting severe peril.
In the first year of Taishi, the Taiyi star was in the second palace and was suddenly attacked by generals of all ranks, resulting in Emperor Jing's abdication that year. In the second year, the Taiyi star was in the third palace, suggesting that acting first would not be favorable, and the host would prevail. That year, Prince Xun of Jin'an staged a rebellion. In the second year of Yuanhui, the Taiyi star was in the sixth palace, indicating that those who acted first were destined to fail. That year, Prince Xiufan of Guiyang rebelled and was executed. In the fourth year, the Taiyi star was in the seventh palace, indicating that the first to act was a guest who fled northwest. That year, Prince Jingsu of Jianping failed. In the first year of Shengming, the Taiyi star was in the seventh palace, indicating that it was not favorable to be a guest. The era was marked by peace and prosperity, where those taking action were the hosts and those responding were the guests. Yuan Can, Shen Youzhi, and others rebelled and were executed. That year, the Taiyi star was at the Du Gate, adjacent to the eighth palace, with the hosts being those who acted first, and the abdication aligning with the heavenly mandate.
