Real Histories
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had twenty-three sons: Empress Mu gave birth to Crown Prince Wen of Hui and Prince Liang of Jingling, styled Wenxuan; Consort Zhang gave birth to Prince Qing of Luling and Marquis Xiang of Yufu; Lady Zhou gave birth to Prince Jing of Anlu and Prince Zhen of Jian'an; Lady Ruan gave birth to Prince Mao of Jin'an and Prince Jun of Hengyang; Lady Wang gave birth to Prince Long of Suijun; Lady Cai gave birth to Prince Ming of Xiyang; Lady Le Ronghua gave birth to Prince Han of Nanhai; Lady Fu Chonghua gave birth to Prince Lun of Baling; Lady Xie Zhaoyi gave birth to Prince Zhen of Shaoling; Lady Jiang gave birth to Prince Yue of Linhe; Lady Yu Zhaorong gave birth to Prince Wen of Xiyang; Lady Xun Zhaohua gave birth to Prince Lin of Nankang; Lady Yan Jieyu gave birth to Prince Min of Yongyang; Concubine Xie gave birth to Prince Jian of Xiangdong; Lady He Chonghua gave birth to Prince Xia of Nanjun; the sixth, twelfth, fifteenth, and twenty-second princes died young. Prince Min inherited the title of Yuanwang of Hengyang during the Jianwu period.
Prince Liang of Jingling, styled Wenxuan, was the second son of Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty. At first, during Shen Youzhi's rebellion, he followed Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty in Pencheng and was appointed General of Ning Shuo. Later, he served as the Left Army Attendant of Prince Shaoling of the Song Dynasty, was promoted to Chief Clerk, then to the Military Attendant of Annan, a subordinate known as Wang You, who was a friend of Prince Shaoling, but he did not resign from his previous position. He was later promoted to Chief Historian of Annan Province. In the third year of Shengming of Emperor Xiaowu of the Song Dynasty, he was appointed as the Commissioner, Commander of the Military across the five counties of Kuaiji, Dongyang, Linhai, Yongjia, and Xin'an, the General of State Assistance, and the Prefect of Kuaiji.
During the Yuanjia period of Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty, matters were entrusted to the counties; later, Emperor Xiaowu was very efficient and demanded quick results, so central officials were sent down to supervise because the counties were slow, and from then on, public affairs became increasingly burdensome. After Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty ascended the throne, Prince Liang said to him:
The person sent by the front desk to chase after debts, I've often heard that they keep in touch on the road, waiting for the right moment. After I took office, they didn't distance themselves from me either. These people are neither careful nor diligent; some are greedy and ruthless, going to great lengths just for this job. When they leave the capital in the morning, their demeanor is different; when they spend the night in the countryside, they put on a show of authority and act however they want. As long as they have the vermilion war drums and some weapons ready, they look around, shout orders, and act like they own the place. They raid clans, hitting minor offenses with heavy penalties, threaten checkpoints and ferry crossings, and intimidate postal workers at relay stations. They block river channels, causing merchants and travelers to be forced to stop, making them wait until their own boats pass before they can proceed. The winds in Zhejiang are strong, and both officials and civilians are afraid to cross the river. They rush to board the boat first, driving everyone to set off together. Scolding the common people is their daily routine; insulting and oppressing local officials is endless. As soon as they arrive, they take out the severe documents from the Xing Tai, only saying that it is the Xing Tai's order, without specifying the target of the enforcement. They first rebuke powerful temples, then arrest officials, occupy pavilions and halls, and loot at will. Then they use red-headed documents to urge several times a day; levy taxes in the village and urge ten times in a while. They gather people from all over, blurring the lines between right and wrong. The common people, regardless of age or gender, are all thrown into prison by them. Sometimes, they claim that a foot of cloth is owed, insisting it is a bolt; a hundred coins of tax, they demand a thousand. Sometimes they falsely claim to be messengers of the Imperial Armory, escorting people to Dongye, causing the people to panic and not know what to do. So they are tattered, worn out, and desperate to make a living. Tonight, they eat, drink, and have fun, promising to help you report for amnesty; tomorrow, if the gift you send is too light, they'll act like they don't even know you. If the tribute is even a bit short, they'll whip you without hesitation; rumors and slander follow their anger. Once they've piled up enough money, they sell their stuff elsewhere or entrust them to officials and locals to sell. Then they request help from the county, assist the locals in applying for extensions, report to the Xing Tai, and claim to have fulfilled their duties. I heard that the recent county magistrates and prefects have been greatly affected, unlike in previous years.
I believe that all these inspection assessments should stop dispatching personnel for these tasks. The counties in Jingji Province should issue orders based on imperial edicts, and the distant counties should clearly set separate regulations. Everyone adheres to different directives and hastily completes their tasks. Even with numerous envoys dispatched from the capital, they will ultimately rely on local officials to handle them. This will only foster mutual suspicion, resulting in further delays and negligence. Those officials who wear official uniforms enjoy the benefits of this prosperous era; many of them make mistakes due to hidden delays, and a few are guilty of deception. If all the blame falls solely on the local officials’ dereliction of duty, it will be challenging to address the situation, let alone recover the debts, which would only highlight one's incompetence. It would be better to slightly extend the deadline, set separate deadlines, address emergencies based on the actual circumstances, and handle violations according to the law. The penalties do not need to be overly severe; as long as they can be enforced, they will have a deterrent effect. Moreover, managing the cargo of two ships involves countless tasks; handling a small number of chores in three districts involves tens of thousands of things. Each task must be finished by morning; roughly calculating the distance, each task necessitates dispatching a team of people, with no fewer than twenty assigned to each task. The cost of the ships also needs to be paid. Costs rise exponentially along the Yangtze River. A rough annual calculation shows significant savings can be achieved by cutting down on the number of ships and tasks. This can also help reduce fraud and theft, temporarily stabilizing both local and distant areas. He was appointed Duke of Wenxi County, overseeing 1,500 households.
Ziliang was a person of integrity and kindness, who had a passion for ancient culture. In the county, there was a commoner named Zhu Bainian, who had high moral character. After his death, the court rewarded his wife with one hundred dou of rice, exempted a commoner from taxes, and provided firewood and medical expenses. The county government collected an old bed used by Yu Fan, and when Ziliang returned to his hometown after leaving office, he brought it back with him. Later, he built an ancient study in his mansion in the west, collecting many artifacts and clothing from ancient people. The grand sacrifice at the Xia Yu Temple was attended by Ziliang, who said, "King Yu cried while managing water disasters, demonstrating his compassion. He ate simple meals, lived a simple life, and dressed plainly, which expressed his sincerity." Thus, he proposed that each year only fans and mats be offered. "Yu wept with compassion, ate simple meals, and dressed plainly, which was enough to show his sincerity."
In the second year of Jianyuan, Lady Mu passed away and Ziliang resigned from his official position. Later, he served as the General of Conquering Barbarians and the Intendant of Danyang. He also established a private grain depot to help the poor people in the subordinate counties. The following year, he submitted a memorial stating, "Although the Chief Magistrate resides in the capital, the area he oversees is extensive, spanning thousands of miles with numerous mountains, rivers, and old ponds. The people are impoverished, the land is desolate and has been left fallow for a long time. I recently dispatched officials to conduct an investigation and found that there are many acres of land that can be cultivated in Danyang, Liyang, Yongshi, and other four counties, as well as some villages. In total, there are 8,554 acres of both uncultivated and cultivated land; repairing the ponds would require over 118,000 people and could be accomplished in a single spring." The emperor accepted his proposal. However, due to a transfer, this matter was put on hold.
That year, officials from the Eastern Palace and lower ranks began to respect Ziliang.
After Emperor Shizu ascended the throne, he appointed his son Liang as the King of Jingling Duchy, overseeing two thousand households. He was appointed as the Imperial Envoy, commander of military affairs in the Southern Xu and Yan provinces, General Who Pacifies the North, and governor of Southern Yan province. In the first year of Yongming, he was reassigned as the Imperial Attendant, commander of military affairs in Southern Yan, Yan, Xu, Qing, and Ji provinces, General Who Conquers the North, and governor of Southern Yan province, while retaining his other official positions. The court also provided him with a splendidly decorated carriage. In the second year, he returned to the court as the General of the Guard, concurrently serving as the Minister of Works, with the authority to appoint military leaders and aides, while still holding the position of Imperial Attendant. He was sent to guard the Western province. Three years later, the court provided him with a ceremonial escort. Four years later, his official position was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry.
Liang exhibited noble character from a young age; he was courteous, valued talent, treated people sincerely, was well-liked, and talented individuals from all over the world came to visit him. He was skilled at hosting banquets; in the summer, when guests arrived, he would serve watermelons, beverages, and various fruits, and kept records of these events as examples for future generations. He diligently read and annotated the writings of scholars and memorials from court ministers.
At that time, the emperor had just taken power and was facing both drought and flood disasters. Liang secretly submitted a memorial in which he stated:
I feel that water disasters have become a serious issue, turning once-fertile farmland into muddy wastelands; there was originally a good harvest, but after planting, a drought occurred. The common people sighed and exchanged glances of despair. The country relies on the people, and the people rely on food. Without food, there are no people, and without people, how can the country be governed? Thinking about these matters keeps me up at night. During the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han, there was a severe drought nationwide, and the emperor issued a decree to exempt the people from taxes. Now I hear that there are still many unpaid taxes in various places, and local officials are rigorously enforcing tax collection, even collecting taxes at night. With new taxes uncollectible, where will the money and food come from? If this continues, the people will be driven to become bandits! I believe that all outstanding taxes should be exempted, taxes should be slightly reduced, and the people's plight should be eased slightly.
After the Song Dynasty, social order deteriorated, and morals declined; many individuals were impersonating officials, and powerful families were prevalent. Now, when confiscating the common people's property, it often totals in the tens of thousands, and this trend is becoming more and more serious. If there is suddenly a harsh crackdown, society will be in chaos. Those wrongdoers show no remorse for their actions. Using severity to intimidate them will only make them resentful of subsequent punishments. The consequences could be dire. The Da Qi Dynasty has only ruled for a short time, and its benefits have not yet reached the world. If there is a famine in one place, generous relief should be offered. I believe that the root of the problem must be addressed, and they should not be forced to do heavy labor. Moreover, even if the inspections by central departments are thorough, local officials are cunning, and it is difficult not to be deceived by them. Once they act out of self-interest, the truth will be distorted. Officials have limited insight, while the wicked are numerous; they can easily distort right and wrong, and this phenomenon is everywhere. Therefore, decisions should be made after a careful investigation; it's not too late to act.
The imperial edicts of the wise ruler have repeatedly expressed concern for prisoners in jail, and mercy has been granted repeatedly. But now the legal system has become stringent, often referred to as harsh scrutiny, and those who have committed crimes are now crammed into prisons. The hot and humid summer, coupled with the cold of the iron bars, has led to rising resentment among prisoners, enough to affect even the heavens. The people are voicing their grievances, which bodes ill for the country!
Recently, there have been extensive construction projects underway; although the forced labor hasn't impacted the people yet, the costs have already been substantial. This ongoing drought might also be connected to it. From ancient times to today, the changes in our territory have been profound. The Huai and Yangtze River basins now encompass only a few states’ territories. Compared to the Wei Kingdom during the Han Dynasty, it's barely the size of a county. The disparity is even more pronounced today compared to ancient times. How can we not care for the people, relax the laws, help them in their time of need, and safeguard their lives?
The situation in Xiangxi is very complicated; the barbarian tribes are quite formidable, and it is said that the southern army has not been able to completely defeat them. The common people have suffered for many years, as if they were being eaten away by a festering wound, and the situation along the border is extremely dire. The Jiaozhou area is remote and desolate, having long been considered a wild and untamed region, and it is customary to control them from a distance. Since Emperor Qingde ascended the throne, he has largely ignored it, which is hardly surprising. Now, sending troops on a distant expedition, the journey is long, and the strength of our forces and the enemy's is vastly unequal. We can afford to wait for them to tire; although there is a chance of victory, it cannot be guaranteed to be a complete victory. Moreover, troops need to be mobilized along the way to ensure sufficient strength; the hastily assembled local militias are no match for the well-trained armies. Guangzhou has suffered poor harvests for many years, and the grain in Yuezhou is already scarce. If forced requisitions continue, it will undoubtedly provoke public outcry. I believe we should not grant Uncle Xian's request; rather than risking an expedition, it's wiser to plan for the future. Even if we delay for a while, there will surely be an opportunity to subdue them, which can also reduce the hardships of war. Liu Kai has already demonstrated his strength by sending troops to support Xiangzhong, and those small forces of the barbarians will naturally submit. The emperor issued a decree to reduce and exempt taxes and to collect money in proportion. Ziliang also presented a memorial stating:
I attended the imperial court six times within a month, and the grand palace was packed with people, allowing me only a hurried glimpse of the emperor's face. Even if I had something to say, I didn’t dare to express it. Recently, natural disasters and man-made troubles have been relentless, leading to widespread fear among the common people. Although food prices are stable, many still cannot eat their fill; although silk and cloth are cheap, many still lack adequate clothing. Every time I think about these issues, I can hardly eat or sleep. The Sanwu region is remote and lacks resources, and all expenses must be covered by the locals. Taxes should be reduced or exempted to help them become prosperous. However, local officials are exploiting the people one after another, finding new ways to raise taxes, forcing the common people to cut down trees and demolish houses to pay heavy taxes, plundering their wealth for immediate benefits. The collection of taxes in Dongjun County has no fixed deadline, passed down from generation to generation, always collected at the highest standard. Whenever the state sends people to collect taxes, they demand immediate payment and force the people into labor, driving them further into poverty. Some even harm themselves to avoid missing the deadline, while others cut off their own limbs to evade conscription. Population decline has nearly become the norm. Local officials do not think first about making the people prosperous; they only think about increasing national revenue. Can the country become prosperous when the populace is struggling? Speaking of the minting of coins, it's been ages, and many coins are so worn they're barely recognizable. In the Jiangdong region, it's hard to find a single decent coin among ten. The government only accepts coins in good condition, so one must buy one thousand mother coins and seven hundred child coins. Even then, there's no escape, and getting beaten and punished is just a part of life. It is difficult to find suitable coins, and they cannot be used interchangeably, so one has to repeatedly buy and sell, which won't help anyone get ahead and will only deepen the people’s poverty. Moreover, the exchange ratio of coins and cloth should be fixed for a long time. It is said that some people suggest that officials should collect according to market prices, which not only goes against tradition but also gives corrupt officials a chance to exploit the situation.
The counties near the eight states are all near the capital city. They often requisition loans and allocate materials, which has truly burdened other regions. The common people are already poor, with annual poor harvests, and they are left to subsist on wild vegetables and coarse grains. Many have fled their homes in search of food. As agriculture is being developed, prompt relief is essential; if taxes remain unpaid, they should be permitted to appeal. Yanzhou and Yuzhou, though historically military camps, have seen the people forced to leave their hometowns many times. Living close to enemy territory, they feel constantly insecure. They lead a precarious existence by the Huai River, near Luoyang. Despite receiving imperial favor, they struggle to meet even their basic needs, yet the taxes are as heavy as those in wealthy areas. How is this fair? Taxes should be reduced or exempted for the poor people!
Moreover, market management has historically been a challenging task. This role is now determined not by talent, but by who has money and who pays more. Previous officials inflated prices to curry favor with the powerful; the latter are forced to spend heavily to evade taxes, and this endless cycle continues. When will this cycle end? These officials also dominate key transportation routes, colluding with each other to oppress the people. Property confiscation is routine, regardless of the offense's severity. Most officials in charge of inspecting food and textiles lack integrity. Why are they allowed such brazen behavior without oversight?
Trials must be fair and just; everyone is equal before the law. Even royal relatives who commit crimes must be held accountable under the law; those in power should face even stricter penalties. If only the lower-status individuals are punished while aristocratic families receive leniency, then that undermines the original intent of the laws set forth by the ancient kings.
The various departments of the Ministry of Personnel should be as orderly as the stars in the sky. I heard that for important government orders, the opinions of the Censorate should be consulted first. After the Censorate makes a decision, it is then passed on to the officials for implementation, and carefully drafted documents are then issued for enforcement. I believe the selection of officials should be approached with particular caution.
The Song Dynasty has already perished, and conflict persists; many individuals assume false identities, join the army, and receive military pay, so many people who are not qualified to be officials have amassed significant wealth. The local officials of Guangnan East Road, Guangnan West Road, as well as the county magistrates of Liangzhou and Yizhou, should take the actual circumstances into account when transferring and appointing officials. Furthermore, most of these people are negligent, do not follow the laws, and should be strictly supervised. By discovering and impeaching offenders, this could lead to a reduction of over half within one or two years.
After five years, he was appointed as the Minister of Public Works and was assigned twenty guards as well. His responsibilities at court remained unchanged. He moved to the mansion on the other side of Jilong Mountain, gathered a group of scholars to transcribe the "Five Classics" and writings from various philosophical schools, and compiled a thousand-volume work titled "Essentials of the Four Books" according to the format of the "Imperial Anthology." He also invited many famous monks to expound upon Buddhist teachings and created new sutras. The scale of the audience at that time, whether they were Taoists or ordinary people, was unparalleled in the Jiangnan region.
The emperor enjoys hunting pheasants. Ziliang advised, "Your Majesty, you travel frequently and often inspect various places. The passage of your carriage disturbs the wildlife while you hunt in the wild. Your status is extremely noble, while a small bird is insignificant. You're risking a lot for something so trivial. These days, outside the city, regulations are quite strict, not only prohibiting grazing, but even normal farming is affected. Moreover, it is the busy farming season now, and people are busy in the fields. If Your Majesty goes hunting at this time, the common people will definitely talk and think you don't care about their lives. In the past, when you went on a journey, you would be fully guarded, with generals and officials in armor, guarding on both sides. But now you are hunting in the wild at will, with only a few guards, going out in the morning and coming back at night without a clear escort, which makes me really worried."
Your Majesty has just signed a peace treaty with the northern enemies. They have only recently surrendered. Back in the Han Dynasty's heyday, even surrendered enemies were treated with great respect, and that should still be the case now. But I heard that the envoys have been complaining frequently, expressing dissatisfaction when they were in the Eastern Palace before. The envoys sent by the Song Dynasty could only stand below the steps, while Liu Zuan was able to enter the court as an envoy. Now that the envoys are returning to their country, they should be given generous treatment.
I think the architecture of the Zhongtang is very majestic and spectacular, with high eaves and strict steps, isolating the heat and cold all year round. If another building is built, it may cause some suspicion. In border areas, rumors spread easily; destroying a person is just as easy as flipping a coin. It would be best to stick with the original system, keeping the palace open for people to see.
Recently, the market management department has been excessively harsh in their assessment of taxes and rents for vendors, nitpicking and constantly enforcing penalties, leading to many individuals facing harsh penalties for trivial errors. I think the relevant authorities should be instructed to create more lenient regulations.
I am young and inexperienced, like trying to see the sky through a bamboo tube, only able to see a limited perspective, but I know what is right and what is wrong. Surely, those capable people in the court must understand what's right and wrong? I’ve never heard of anyone who would risk speaking up to relieve the emperor's concerns; they may seem compliant outwardly, but deep down, they fear the emperor's power. If I do not speak up, how will the emperor know?
Six years ago, General Zuo Wei and Palace General Handan Chao advised the emperor against hunting pheasants. The emperor heeded his advice then. However, not long after, Handan Chao was still executed. At the end of the Yongming period, the emperor went hunting pheasants again. Ziliang once more cautioned:
I heard people talking outside, saying that Your Majesty is going to personally go hunting wild pheasants. After hearing this, the ministers were deeply shocked and fearful, feeling anxious. They feared it might be a rumor and might not be true. The ministers speculate that Your Majesty, with your compassionate heart, illuminates the realm, which is why you generously donate gold, silver, and treasures to temples, spreading kindness and compassion far and wide, allowing the creatures of rivers, lakes, and marshes to thrive. This is not only to celebrate the country's prosperity and the people's joy but also for the peace and well-being of the realm. The lives of humans and animals are equally precious. Just as we cherish our own lives, we should also cherish the lives of animals. The "Book of Rites" says: "Hearing the cries of animals makes one unable to eat their flesh; seeing animals alive makes one unable to let them die." Moreover, Your Majesty, as one of great nobility, should not hunt and kill innocent creatures as commoners do, as this could tarnish your virtue and diminish your blessings. Buddhism teaches that Bodhisattvas refrain from killing, leading to longevity; giving joy to others prevents disasters; not harming sentient beings prevents suffering. I understand the connection between these merits and their karmic consequences, so I diligently follow the Buddhist teachings day and night, sincerely hoping that Your Majesty can also have a healthy and long life. Whenever I dream at night and see Your Majesty doing something wrong, I become anxious and restless. Your Majesty is usually generous and virtuous, but I still believe you could do even more. How could this happen at such a time? This could jeopardize your blessings, and it may be too late for regret. I humbly express my concerns out of urgency. If this matter has already been decided and cannot be changed, I hope Your Majesty can understand my loyalty and carefully reconsider. Moreover, this is merely for recreation, not a question of right or wrong, but indiscriminate killing should be approached with utmost caution.
Your Majesty, I have heard that children ought to be filial to their parents and subjects loyal to their ruler, and that Heaven will respond accordingly, bringing auspiciousness. I have recently been graced with your permission to take monastic vows. Although I have not fully understood the essence of Buddhism, your Majesty has not yet visited the temple to receive teachings. Why, then, are we to engage in such acts this month? I dare not conceal anything from you.
Although Your Majesty may not fully heed my counsel, I am profoundly grateful for your kindness.
Crown Prince Wenhui also shares your interest in Buddhism, and the bond between you is deep. The Crown Prince is devout in his faith, often holding Buddhist ceremonies in the palace gardens and inviting ministers and monks to participate. Despite criticism for undermining the dignity of a prime minister's position, his dedication to goodness has earned him great renown.
Wang Jian was recommended to be the National Sacrificial Official, but he declined. Eight years later, the court rewarded him with a high-ranking carriage. In the ninth year, a great flood struck the capital, with Wuxing suffering severe damage. Wang Jian opened his granaries to aid the victims, offering shelter, clothing, and medicine to the impoverished and ailing. Ten years later, he was appointed as the Minister of State. He later served as the Commander-in-Chief of military affairs in Yangzhou, the Governor of Yangzhou, and the Supervisor of the Imperial Secretariat.
After the passing of Crown Prince Wenhui, Emperor Taizong personally inspected the Eastern Palace and was angered by the excessive attire and ceremonies of the late Crown Prince. Due to his close relationship with the Crown Prince, Wang Jian was reproached for failing to report this matter in a timely manner.
Emperor Shizong fell seriously ill and issued an edict permitting Wang Jian to enter the Yanchang Hall in full armor to attend to the emperor with soup and medicine. Wang Jian suggested inviting monks to chant scriptures in front of the hall door, which led Shizong to dream of the Utpala flower (a legendary rare flower symbolizing auspiciousness). According to the Buddhist scriptures, Wang Jian ordered the royal household to forge a Utpala flower in bronze and place it at the four corners of the emperor's bed. He guarded the hall day and night, with the Crown Prince visiting to pay his respects every other day. As Shizong's condition worsened, tension grew both inside and outside the palace, as officials donned mourning attire. Many speculated that Wang Jian might be named emperor. However, Shizong soon recovered and asked for the Crown Prince, summoning the ceremonial guards from the East Palace. Shizong left a posthumous edict appointing Wang Jian to assist the new ruler, with Gaozong, Shizong's son, appointed as the Minister of the Left. Wang Jian, who was known for his kindness and preferred to stay out of court politics, endorsed Gaozong. The edict stated: "All matters, big and small, are to be handled by Gaozong." This fulfilled Wang Jian's wish.
Taisun grew up alongside Wang Jian's wife, Yuan Shi, from a young age, who loved him dearly, but he always harbored a fear of Wang Jian due to a previous incident where he nearly lost his claim to the throne. When the coffin of Emperor Shizu departed from the Taiji Hall, Wang Jian was residing in the Zhongshu Province. The Emperor dispatched the Tiger Guard general, Pan Chang, to lead two hundred soldiers to secure the western steps of the Taiji Hall against Wang Jian. Once the mourning period concluded, all the princes exited the palace. Wang Jian requested to wait until the Emperor's coffin was sent to the tomb before leaving, but his request was denied. He was promoted to Grand Tutor, and the number of his guards increased to thirty, while his other official positions remained unchanged, resigning from the position of attendant. In the first year of Longchang, the court gave him special treatment: allowing him to wear a sword and shoes in the court, not having to walk quickly when meeting the Emperor, and was exempted from the formalities of salutation. He was also appointed as the governor of southern Xuzhou. In the same year, he became gravely ill and remarked to those around him, "There must be an omen outside the door." Upon investigation, thousands of fish in the Huai River were found floating on the surface, swimming toward the city gate. Shortly thereafter, Wang Jian passed away at the age of thirty-five.
The emperor had always been worried that Ziliang had ulterior motives. When he died, the emperor was actually quite pleased. The emperor ordered that Ziliang be provided with the Dongyuan Wenming ceremonial objects and that he be buried in court robes. The funeral was held in the Eastern Palace, with the Grand Herald overseeing the proceedings with a ceremonial staff, and the Ministry of Rites sending offerings every morning and evening. The emperor also issued a decree, stating: "To commend Ziliang for his outstanding virtues, in accordance with the laws of the former kings, to honor the ancestors and express my respect. Therefore, I appoint him as the Commander-in-Chief of Military Affairs in Yangzhou, the chief of the Imperial Secretariat, the Grand Tutor, the Minister of Education, the Governor of Yangzhou, the Prince of Jingling, and the newly appointed Governor of Southern Xuzhou. He is intelligent, wise, upright, and far-sighted, beloved by the people. He has always been filial and kind, embodying excellent virtues. Participating in assisting the court, together achieving great accomplishments, shining in the court, promoting all five religions, presenting memorials to the court, all officials respectfully obeying. The emperor entrusted him with significant responsibilities, which he fulfilled diligently. He was like Duke Huan of Qi and Ernan of Lu, following the example of ancient sages. It is precisely because of this that he was blessed by heaven, and the country could prosper and be stable. Unfortunately, he passed away suddenly, and I am deeply grieved, feeling as though my heart is being torn apart. Now, we will bury him according to auspicious directions, as a lesson for future generations. We should hold a grand funeral to honor his virtues. Posthumously confer upon him the title of Yellow Battle-axe, the Palace Attendant, the Commander-in-Chief of all military affairs at home and abroad, the Grand Chancellor, the Chief General, and the Governor of Yangzhou, award him the green silk sash, and conduct the ceremony of the Nine Robes and Bestowal of Titles. The titles of Commander, Chief of the Imperial Secretariat, and Prince shall remain the same. Provide him with the Nine Lü Luan carriages, the Yellow House Left Flag, the Wenzhou chariot, front and rear feathered banners and musicians, two bands of mourning songs, a hundred soldiers with tiger armor and swords, and conduct the funeral in accordance with the standards set for Prince Fu of Anping during the Jin dynasty."
Wang Yi of Yuzhang was buried in Jinniu Mountain, Prince Wenhui was buried in Jiashi. When Ziliang was attending the funeral, he looked at Mount Zhuxing and sighed, "My uncle lies to the north, my elder brother is ahead. If they know in the afterlife, please let me be buried here!" After his death, he was buried there.
He wrote numerous official documents, totaling several dozen volumes, although they were not splendid in style; most of them were writings that advised others. During the Jianwu era, former official Fan Yun submitted a memorial requesting a monument be erected for Ziliang, but this ultimately did not succeed. His descendants continued to honor his memory.
Zhaozhou, whose courtesy name was Jingyin, shared a temperament similar to his father's. In the eighth year of Yongming, he was promoted from the position of Prince of Jingling and became the General of Ning Shuo and Governor of Kuaiji. Later, while in Yulin, he was first appointed as the Right Guard General; before he had the chance to assume office, he was promoted to Palace Attendant and concurrently appointed as General of the Brave Cavalry. In the third year of Jianwu, he became Palace Attendant again, concurrently serving as General of the Valiant Cavalry. He was later promoted to the position of Regular Cavalry Attendant and finally reached the title of Grand Minister. Due to uprisings by minority tribes along the border, in the first year of Yongyuan, he was reappointed as King of Baling.
Wang Jingze's rebellion was the talk of the town. At that time, Marquis of Nankang, Xiao Zike, was in Wu County. Emperor Gaozong was worried that others might also rebel, so he summoned all the royal and noble families to the palace. Prince Jinan, Xiao Baoyi, and Duke Jiangling, Xiao Baolan, were residing at the Ministry of Personnel, while the grandsons of Emperors Gaozu and Wu were housed in the Western Province. The emperor also specifically instructed that each person could only bring one or two attendants into the palace. Anyone exceeding this number would be punished according to military law. If someone was accompanied by a baby, the wet nurse could also enter. That night, the imperial pharmacy was brewing medicine, and the department in charge of palace waterworks prepared dozens of coffins, planning to execute all these royal and noble families by the third watch. When Xiao Zike caught wind of something being wrong, he hurried back to Jiankang and arrived at Jianyang Gate by the second watch, quickly seeking an audience with the emperor. Time was running out, yet the emperor was still asleep. Shen Huifu, a scholar from the Ministry of Personnel, and the eunuch Shan Jingjun, who was close to the emperor, discussed ways to buy some time. After a while, the emperor woke up, and Shan Jingjun quickly reported that Xiao Zike had arrived. The emperor asked in surprise, "Hasn't it started yet?" Shan Jingjun explained the situation to the emperor. The next day, the emperor sent all the royal and noble families back home. Since the Jianwu period, the descendants of Emperors Gaozu and Wu have lived in fear, facing daily uncertainty, and this time it reached an extreme. When Chen Xianda rebelled, the princes and marquises all hurried back to the palace. The two brothers, Xiao Zhaozhou and Xiao Zhaolian, learned from past lessons and, afraid of trouble, quickly fled to Jiangxi, disguising themselves as Taoist priests. Later, when Cui Huijing rebelled, the two brothers joined him. However, Cui Huijing failed, and the two brothers quickly sought refuge with Hu Song, the commander of the Tai army, thus regaining their noble status and returning to their estate. Yet they still felt uneasy and were constantly thinking of how to secure their own futures.
Xiao Ziliang's son, Xiao Ziliang, used to work at the Fangge and knew a person named Sang Yan, who was the deputy to Meichong'er at that time. Xiao Ziliang colluded with the former prefect of Brazil, Xiao Yin, to plan to enthrone Xiao Zhaozhou as emperor. Xiao Zhaozhou promised to appoint Xiao Yin as the Left Minister of the Secretariat and the General of the Guard if the plan succeeded. Because Xiao Yin had soldiers under his command, Xiao Zhaozhou entrusted him with many affairs. At that time, Hu Song stationed troops in Xinting, so Xiao Yin sent someone to tell Hu Song, "When the emperor leaves the palace at night, we will immediately lead the troops to enthrone Xiao Zhaozhou in the palace, then close the city gates and issue orders. The emperor will definitely return to the military camp to find you. Just keep the camp gates closed and ignore him; isn't the position of the Three Excellencies easily within reach?" Hu Song agreed.
As a result, Emperor Donghun had not left the palace for a long time after building the Fangleyuan Gardens. Sang Yan and his associates discussed recruiting more than a hundred strong men to sneak into the palace from Wanchunmen and capture the emperor. However, Xiao Zhaozhou deemed this plan unfeasible. Sang Yan and his accomplice Wang Shansha felt that things were dragging on without progress, so they reported to the Imperial Sword, Xu Sengzhong. Xiao Yin sent someone to kill Wang Shansha on the way, and officials discovered evidence of his activities in Wang Shansha's pocket. Xiao Zhaozhou's brothers and their conspirators were arrested and executed.
Xiao Zhaoying later rose to the rank of General of Ning Shuo and Prefect of Pengcheng. After Emperor Liang Wudi established the capital at Jiankang, Xiao Zhaozhou was posthumously honored as a Cavalier Attendant and General of the Comfort Army. Xiao Zhaoying was appointed as a Yellow Gate Official. After Emperor Liang Wudi ascended the throne, he further bestowed the title of Marquis Jianli upon Xiao Zhaozhou's son.
Prince Xiao Ziqing of Luling, styled Yunchang, was the third son of Xiao Yan, Emperor Wu of Liang. In the first year of Jiayuan, he was appointed as the Marquis of Linru County, with a fief that included 1,500 households, alongside his four brothers. After Emperor Wu of Liang ascended the throne, Xiao Ziqing was appointed as the Governor, Commander of military affairs in Yiyang of Yingzhou and Sizhou, Champion General, and Inspector of Yingzhou. In the first year of Yongming, he was reassigned as the Governor of the Seven Provinces of Jing, Xiang, Yi, Ning, Liang, North Qin, and South Qin, with his duties as Governor unchanged. Later, Prince of Shixing, Xiao Jian, was appointed as the Inspector of Yizhou, and Xiao Ziqing was relieved of his governorship.
This young Ziqing, when serving as an official in the local area, took liberties with his clothing and accessories, many of which violated regulations. The Emperor directly ordered, "I have issued several orders before, and you have made mistakes not once or twice! I have told you princes before not to make those strange clothes and accessories; how could you possibly forget my orders? Using tortoiseshell for riding equipment, what is the meaning of this? Since it's already done, there's no need to take it apart, just send it over quickly. Silver riding equipment, I can accept this begrudgingly, but why did you make the stirrups out of silver too? Quickly take them apart! Also, you actually used gold leaf to wrap the arrow shaft; what is the meaning of this? Dismantle it too! In the future, without my permission, who dares to act on their own and mess around with these clothes and accessories? If I find out, you will face serious consequences!" The Emperor added, "When you were in the capital, you didn't study seriously, but you're getting older. I have been hoping that you would succeed; don’t let my words go in one ear and out the other; I don’t want to be disappointed!"
After five years, Ziqing was promoted and became the Privy Councilor and General Who Pacifies the Waves, but had not officially taken office yet, continuing to serve as the Central Military Guard. He also retained the position of Privy Councilor. In the sixth year, he was promoted to the Supervisor of the Imperial Secretariat and General of the Right Guard, and shortly thereafter was promoted to General of the Central Army, still retaining the position of Privy Councilor. Ten years later, his official position was elevated again, becoming the General of Chariots and Cavalry. Not long after, he was appointed as the Commissioner Bearing Credentials, Commander of Military Affairs in the Three Provinces of Southern Yu, General of the Cavalry, and Governor of Southern Yu Province, still retaining the position of Privy Councilor. On his way to assume his post in the provinces, Ziqing joked with the soldiers, playfully treating them like sailors. When the emperor found out, he was furious and had Ziqing's superior executed, sending Prince Yidu Wang Kang to replace him. Ziqing never saw the emperor again before his death.
After Emperor Yulin ascended to the throne, he appointed Ziqing as the Privy Councilor and General of the Cavalry. In the first year of Longchang, Ziqing was promoted to General of the Guards and awarded the title of Household Counselor with troops and assistants. After Prince Poyang Wang Qiang was killed, Ziqing took over as the Minister of State, also with troops and assistants. Not long after, Ziqing was also killed, at the age of twenty-seven.
Yufuhou Zixiang, styled Yunyin, was the fourth son of Emperor Shizu. Since Prince Yuchang Yi had no sons, he adopted Zixiang and later had a son of his own, requesting to keep Zixiang as his heir. After Emperor Shizu ascended to the throne, Zixiang was appointed as the General Who Supports the State and the Prefect of Nanpengcheng and Linhuai in two counties, but he showed no respect to other princes. Zixiang had great strength, able to draw a bow with a force equivalent to four 'hu,' often riding horses in the garden, weaving through the trees, without any injuries. Since he was adopted, his chariots and horses were different from other princes, arriving at the palace in a fit of rage and often banging his fists against the carriage walls. When Emperor Shizu learned of this, he ordered him to use the same chariots and horses as the princes.
In the year 485 AD, he was promoted to the position of General of the Right Guard. He then took on the role of commissioner, overseeing military affairs in Xiyang County of Yuzhou and Yingzhou, and Runan County of Sizhou, Champion General, and Governor of Yuzhou. The following year, he was elevated to the position of Right General, and he oversaw the four counties of Liyang, Huainan, Yingchuan, and Ruyang in Southern Yuzhou. Later, he returned to the court and held the titles of Cavalier Attendant and General of the Right Guard. In the year 488 AD, a report was submitted to the authorities stating: "Zixiang inherited the family legacy, and Grand Marshal Wang Senqian had no sons prior, so he raised him with care. Your Majesty fosters familial love, and Wang Senqian also deeply values the affection shown by his adopted son. Therefore, Zixiang continued the Wang family's lineage, and the succession of descendants remained intact. This is truly a heartwarming display of harmony, but it contradicts the tradition of appointing the eldest son. We believe Zixiang should return to his birth family." Consequently, he was granted the title of Prince of Badong County, promoted to Central Protector General, while retaining his position as Cavalier Attendant. Shortly after, he was appointed Governor of Jiangzhou, with his position as Cavalier Attendant remaining unchanged.
In the year 489 AD, he was promoted to the positions of Imperial Commissioner, Commander of the military forces in the seven provinces of Jingzhou, Xiangzhou, Yongzhou, Liangzhou, Ningzhou, and both Northern and Southern Qinzhou, General Who Guards the Army, and Governor of Jingzhou. Since childhood, Xiang, his son, was passionate about military affairs. During his time in Xiyu, he selected sixty strong soldiers as his personal guards, each one of them exceptionally brave. After arriving in Jingzhou, he frequently slaughtered oxen and hosted lavish feasts at his home, celebrating with his guards. He also had the servants secretly craft luxurious brocade robes and deep red garments to trade weapons with the barbarians. Chief Clerk Liu Yin and his associates filed a covert report, leading the emperor to demand a thorough investigation. Liu Yin and the others, fearing exposure, tried to cover it up. When he learned that imperial envoys had arrived, Xiang called together Liu Yin, Sima Xigongmu, military advisors Jiang Yu, Yin Tancan, Zhou Yan, military secretary Wu Xiuzhi, Wang Xianzong, and Wei Jingyuan to question them at the Qin Terrace. Liu Yin and the others were left speechless. Wu Xiuzhi said, "Since the imperial edict has been issued, we should respond honestly." Wei Jingyuan said, "We should first investigate and verify." Furious, Xiang dragged Liu Yin and the others to the back hall and executed them. Since Jiang Yu's name was absent from the report, Xiang intended to spare him, but the executioners had already carried out their orders, and Jiang Yu was also killed. When the emperor heard about this, he was furious and sent Guard Commander Hu Xiezhi, Guerrilla General Yin Lue, and Chief Librarian Ru Faliang with several hundred soldiers to capture the rebels. The emperor also ordered, "If Xiang surrenders honestly, his life will be spared." Upon arriving in Jiangjin, they built a camp on Yanweizhou and delivered a message of reassurance from the emperor to Xiang. Xiang said, "I never rebelled; it was the Chief Clerk and the others who framed me. I’m certain I’m going to be executed now." He then slaughtered cattle and sheep, prepared a feast, and rewarded the officials and soldiers. However, Hu Xiezhi and his men were filled with suspicion and fear, so they arrested Xiang's officials.
In a fit of anger, Zixiang ordered the dozens of men he had raised to collect weapons and equipment in Fuzhou, commanded two thousand men to cross the river at the western side of Lingxi, and prepared to engage in battle the next day with the government forces on the south bank. Zixiang himself led over a hundred men, equipped with several powerful crossbows, and spent the night on the river embankment. The next day, Zixiang's men fought with the government forces, and Zixiang fired arrows from the crossbow while on the river embankment. Wang Chongtian and others fought to protect the camp, and the government forces were soundly defeated; Yin Lue died in battle, and the government forces had no choice but to retreat. The emperor sent Danyang Yin Xiaoshunzhi to lead troops to reinforce, and Zixiang's men, terrified, scattered. Zixiang ultimately surrendered dressed in white and was condemned to death. He was just twenty-two at the time. Before his death, he submitted a memorial to the emperor stating: "Liu Yin and others came to search for weapons and equipment, the situation is exactly as I reported earlier. My sins are as high as mountains and as deep as the ocean, and I deserve to face the consequences. The emperor ordered Hu Xie and Ru Faliang to come and comfort me, but they completely ignored the imperial decree and directly built a defensive city on the south bank of Jiangjin. I have sent messengers to deliver letters to Ru Faliang repeatedly, asking to meet in white clothes, but he has always refused. My men were in a state of panic, which led to the battle; this is my responsibility. On the 25th of this month, I intended to surrender, hoping to return to the capital, stay at home for a month, and then take my own life, so that the State of Qi would not be known for killing its own, and I could avoid the shame of being unfilial. But my wish has gone unfulfilled; now that I am about to die, my heart feels heavy and anxious, and I find myself at a loss for words."
It is said that the court has requested the complete revocation of Zixiang's title and estate, to hand him over to the Court of Judicial Review for legal punishment, and to grant him the dishonorable title of "Xiao Shi." Those who were implicated alongside him will be tried separately. Meanwhile, the Emperor posthumously honors Liu Yin with the title of Palace Attendant, Xi Gongmu as Assistant General of the State and Governor of Yizhou, Jiang Yu and Yin Tancan as Yellow Gate attendants, and Zhou Yan as the Valiant Cavalry General. Liu Yin, whose style name was Jingrui, hailed from Gaoping; he was a man of literary talent but somewhat naïve about worldly affairs. Xi Gongmu came from the Yan clan of Anding, a prestigious family from the Guanzhong region.
The emperor actually felt very sorry for Zi Xiang's death. Later, when he went to visit Hualin Garden, he saw monkeys chasing each other and playing, chattering away. The emperor watched for a long time, unable to hold back his sobs and tears. Prince Yu of Yuzhang then submitted a memorial, stating, "I have heard that if a general commits a crime, he must be put to death. This is recorded in the 'Spring and Autumn Annals'; from the Dian people to the princes, it is recorded in the texts, rituals, and laws. Even the sages will still have a heart of compassion, let alone the pain of human ties? Although Zi Xiang's behavior violated the law, logically speaking, we should allow for some leniency. This commoner, Zi Xiang, who was somewhat naive, made a mistake in a moment of confusion, acted impulsively, and committed a serious crime. His behavior was not filial, nor loyal to the emperor, and he ultimately died in the wilderness, his guilt still lingering. But he had already laid down his weapons, surrendered, confessed, and accepted his punishment. If we examine his heart at its core, he has also turned back from his mistakes. His bones have nowhere to rest, his restless spirit cannot find peace. Reflecting on these past events is truly heartbreaking. Previously, Min Rong was seriously injured, and the emperor mourned for him; Si Jing was killed, and the emperor also lamented for him. Both of these men committed crimes during prosperous times, but were forgiven, and this has been praised by emperors throughout history, with no criticism found in the annals. I humbly beseech the emperor for mercy, allowing the Shi family to bury Zi Xiang's body, letting him rest in peace, even if it's just a simple ceremony to express our sorrow. This would not only be a kindness to the deceased, but also a reflection of benevolence in the realm. As a member of the imperial family, I have always had a close bond with Zi Xiang. Zi Xiang received your grace during his lifetime and was nurtured and raised by you to adulthood. Though he left no descendants, his character was as pure as jade. I have always held him in high regard and have great compassion for him. I risk offending the emperor, and I humbly request the emperor's permission." The emperor ultimately refused. Prior to this, Zi Xiang had already been demoted to the Marquis of Yufu.
Wang Jing of Anlu, whose style name was Yunduan, was the fifth son of Song Taizu. He was initially granted the title of Duke of Yingcheng. In the second year of Yongming, he was appointed as the Commissioner, overseeing the five provinces of Nanyuan, Yanyu, Qing, and Ji, as well as the General of the Northern Army and the Governor of Nanyuan Province, as his official rank continued to rise. In the fourth year of Yongming, he was promoted to Right Army General. By the fifth year of Yongming, he was reassigned as the Commander overseeing military operations in the six provinces of Jing, Xiang, Liang, Yong, Nan, and Bei Qin, General Who Pacifies the West, and Governor of Jingzhou, while retaining his previous titles. Shortly after, he was promoted to General of Western Peace. In the seventh year of Yongming, he was recalled to court to serve as Palace Attendant and Guard General. In the tenth year of Yongming, he was once again promoted to Cavalier in Regular Attendance, General Who Calms the Forces, and Intendant of Danyang. In the eleventh year of Yongming, he was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry, and was even granted a ceremonial guard. In Longchang's first year, he was appointed as Commissioner, overseeing the five provinces of Nanyuan, Yanyu, Qing, and Ji, and General Who Conquers the North. In the first year of Yanxing, he was further appointed as Palace Attendant. Unfortunately, Emperor Gaozong sought to diminish the power of the feudal lords and sent the Guard General Wang Xuanmiao to quell the rebellion in Jiujian. Wang Guangzhi seized this opportunity to assassinate Wang Jing, who was just twenty-three at the time.
Prince Jin'an, whose name is Wang Mao, styled Yunchang, was the seventh son of the founder of the Song Dynasty. Initially titled Duke of Jiangling, in the third year of the Yongming era, he was appointed as Commissioner, Commander of Southern Yu, General of Southern Zhonglang, and Governor of Southern Yu Province. At that time, Yu Fuhou Zixiang was serving as the Governor of Yuzhou, so Wang Mao relinquished his duties as Commissioner. In the fourth year of the Yongming era, he was promoted to General Who Pacifies the Barbarians. Due to the recently established Southern Yu Province and the shortage of manpower and resources, he was also made Prefect of Xuancheng. In the fifth year of the Yongming era, he was appointed as Supervisor of Military Affairs in Southern Yan, Yanzhou, Yuzhou, Qingzhou, and Jizhou, General of the Rear, and Governor of Southern Yan Province, while keeping his role as Commissioner. In the sixth year of the Yongming era, he was reassigned as Supervisor of Xiangzhou, General Who Pacifies the South, and Governor of Xiangzhou. In the seventh year of the Yongming era, he was additionally appointed as Commissioner and Commander. In the eighth year of the Yongming era, he was promoted to General Who Defends the South. He also wrote a 30-volume book titled "Examples from the Spring and Autumn Annals" and presented it to the imperial court. The Emperor was impressed by his talent and ordered the manuscript to be kept in the secret archives. In the ninth year of the Yongming era, he began to personally manage the affairs of the Prefecture. In the tenth year of the Yongming era, he returned to the court as a Court Attendant, concurrently holding the position of General of the Right Guard. In the eleventh year of the Yongming era, he was further promoted to Household Cavalry Commandant and Director of the Palace Library. Before he took office, he was appointed as Commissioner, Commander of Southern and Northern Qin, Yong, and Liangzhou, Jingling of Yizhou, Suijun of Sizhou, General Who Conquers the North, and Governor of Yongzhou, with a ceremonial guard. At that time, Prince Yuzhang was still in mourning, but given the need for a respected figure to defend the border, the court allowed him to take up the position. After Emperor Yulin ascended to the throne, he immediately named himself Grand General. His son, Xiao Zimao, seeing the young Emperor just enthroned, was figuring out how to protect himself and quickly had weapons and equipment made. At that time, Chen Xianda was the General Who Pacifies the Barbarians, stationed in Xiangyang, and sought to recruit Xiao Zimao as his commander. Chen Xianda secretly wrote to the Emperor, and Emperor Gaozong summoned Chen Xianda back to the capital.
In the Longchang era's first year, Xiao Zimao was promoted to Governor of Jiangzhou. He left some of the Western Chu army to guard Xiangyang, taking only his trusted aide Bai Zhi and a few soldiers with him. Chen Xianda came to bid farewell to him, and Xiao Zimao said, "The court has commanded me to return alone. I am the son of the Heavenly King; how can I act so recklessly? I want to take two or three thousand men with me. What do you think?" Chen Xianda replied, "Your Highness, if you don't return with troops, it will be a serious violation of the imperial edict. This is no small matter. Besides, the locals here are hard to manage." After a moment of silence, Xiao Zimao still hadn't come up with a solution, so he returned to Xunyang.
In the first year of Yanxing, Xiao Zimao was appointed as a court attendant. Hearing that the two princes of Poyang and Sui counties had been killed, he wanted to lead troops to rescue them. His mother, Ruanshi, was in the capital, so she wrote a letter secretly planning to bring Xiao Zimao back to the capital. Ruanshi told her brother Ruan Yaozhi about this plan, and Ruan Yaozhi quickly informed Emperor Gaozong. Emperor Gaozong then ordered tight security measures, sent General Wang Guang to the north to conduct military operations, and instructed the military commander Pei Shuye and Ruan Yaozhi to sneak attack Xunyang, publicly claiming that Pei Shuye was the magistrate of Yingzhou. Upon learning of this, Xiao Zimao sent 300 soldiers to guard Pencheng. Pei Shuye went upstream and attacked Pencheng again at night. Le Ben, the military officer of Pencheng, opened the city gate to welcome them. Xiao Zimao led the state army and had already prepared boats at Jitingzhu. When he heard that Pei Shuye had taken Pencheng, he defended the city. Most of Xiao Zimao's subordinates were from Yongzhou and were eager to fight bravely. Pei Shuye was afraid and sent Ruan Yaozhi to persuade Xiao Zimao: "Returning to the capital now will definitely not be dangerous. The court will surely grant you titles and wealth, and will not let you lose your riches." Xiao Zimao chose not to attack Pei Shuye, and the morale of his troops began to wane. The military officer Yu Linzhi, who was Ruan Yaozhi's brother, urged Xiao Zimao to offer a substantial bribe to Pei Shuye, so Xiao Zimao sent Linzhi. Linzhi persuaded Pei Shuye to capture Xiao Zimao. Pei Shuye sent military commander Xu Xuanqing to lead four hundred soldiers into the city alongside Linzhi. Xiao Zimao's subordinates all scattered and fled in panic. Linzhi stormed into Xiao Zimao's residence with two hundred soldiers, and Xiao Zimao shouted, "How can you bear to do such a thing!" Linzhi covered his face with his sleeve in shame and ordered the execution of Xiao Zimao. At that time, he was just twenty-three.
Initially, Zimao was stationed in Yongzhou, and Emperor Shizu issued orders to him regarding border defense, saying, "I have recently received reports from various regions, all conveying similar information. The enemy certainly won't recklessly throw themselves into death, but we must remain vigilant. This autumn, the crossing of those barbarians fleeing across the border is a sign of their impending doom. I am currently scheming in secret, and clear goals are needed to make major decisions. I now order all officials stationed in various places, as well as the able-bodied people, to immediately respond and transport supplies in case of war. I’ve already sent people to hurry them along, and I believe someone will arrive soon. Discuss with everyone and send a suitable number of people to key locations like Nanyang and Wuyin for reconnaissance. Food is essential; don’t worry about the number of soldiers; regularly check the relay stations and horses, and be diligent. Also, inform all prefectures that they need to do the same within their territories. If the regulations are not followed, accountability will be enforced." The Emperor continued, "I have ordered Jingzhou and Yingzhou to each raise an army of five thousand men, initially to confront the enemy. If the enemy dares to fight fiercely, mobilize the army immediately to confront them. I have ordered Zizhen, Yu Jizong, and Yingu Min to go to garrison; Yingu Min can be the city lord, and three thousand men are enough for him. You must consider the hierarchy of officials carefully; don’t let others seek positions or promote them out of turn. Writing articles and composing poetry are all good things, but handling political affairs is fundamental; you must always remember this. The weapons you requested are those I personally use; how can you expect to use them? The rank must comply with regulations; I'll find another way to get them to you." Earlier, Zimao asked the Emperor for his favorite books, and the Emperor said, "I know you read diligently, and I’m very pleased." Then the Emperor gifted Zimao with Du Yu's annotated "Zuo Zhuan" and "Ancient and Modern Good Words."
Next, let's talk about Prince Zilong, whose courtesy name was Yunxing, the eighth son of the founding emperor of the dynasty. He was very talented and was initially titled as the Duke of Zhijiang. In the third year of the Yongming era, he served as the General of State Protection, Governor of Nanlangye Commandery and Pengcheng Commandery. The following year, he was promoted to Governor of Jiangzhou, but before he assumed office, the rebellion of Tang Yuzhi was suppressed, and he was further promoted to Governor, Inspector of Kuaiji, Dongyang, Xin'an, Linhai, and Yongjia Commanderies, General of the Eastern Household, and Prefect of Kuaiji. Later, he was promoted to Minister of Personnel.
Zilong married the daughter of the Minister of Personnel, Wang Jian, and the emperor, impressed by Zilong's talents, said to Wang Jian, "My family is also from Dong'e." Wang Jian replied, "To have such outstanding talents emerge, Dong'e is truly a great help to the royal family!" Before he officially took office, Zilong received another promotion, first serving as the Central Protector-General, and later as Palace Attendant and General of the Left. Eight years later, he succeeded the Marquis of Yufu, Zixiang, as Commissioner, Commander of the Six Provinces of Jing, Yong, Liang, Ning, South and North Qin, General Who Guards the West, and Inspector of Jingzhou, with an accompanying honor guard. In the same year, Prince Jian of Shixing was relieved of his post as Inspector of Yizhou and promoted to Governor of Yizhou. Nine years later, Zilong began to oversee the affairs of the Prefecture. Eleven years later, Prince Ma of Jin'an was appointed as Inspector of Yongzhou, and Zilong stepped down from his role as Commander. When Yulin was established, Zilong was promoted to General of the Western Expedition. In the first year of the Longchang era, he served as Palace Attendant and General Who Pacifies the Army, with the power to appoint his own advisors. In the first year of the Yanxing era, he was promoted to Grand General of the Central Army, while retaining his position as Palace Attendant.
At the age of twenty-one, Zilong was already tall and strong, often taking aloe pills to lose weight. During the regency of Emperor Gaozong, in an attempt to eliminate other imperial princes, Zilong, because of his remarkable talents and looks, was particularly feared, and thus he and Prince Qiang of Poyang were murdered on the same night. His writings have endured through the ages.
Jian'an Wang Qizhen, courtesy name Yunxian, was the ninth son of Emperor Shizu. In the fourth year of Yongming, he was appointed as General of Assistance to the Nation and Governor of Nanlangye and Pengcheng. Later, he was promoted to Grand Commander, Commander of Military Affairs in Southern Yu and Yu provinces, Champion General, Governor of Southern Yu, and concurrently Prefect of Xuancheng. He was later promoted to General of the Southern Central Army. In the sixth year of Yongming, due to busy prefectural affairs, he submitted a request to resign from his position as prefect. In the seventh year of Yongming, he was promoted to Right General and transferred to Intendant of Danyang, while maintaining his military rank. He was later promoted to Left Guard General. In the same year, he was further promoted to Central Protector General, and then appointed as Grand Commander, Commander of Military Affairs in Yingsi provinces, Pacifying the West General, and Governor of Yingsi. During the establishment of Yulin, he was promoted to General of the Western Frontier. In the first year of Longchang, he served as Regular Cavalry Attendant and General of the Guard. In the first year of Yanxing, he was promoted to Garrison General, with the authority to appoint his own staff, while retaining his position as Regular Cavalry Attendant. In the same year, he was assassinated at the young age of nineteen.
Prince of Xiyang, named Wang Ziming, courtesy name Yunguang, was the tenth son of Emperor Shizu of the Song dynasty. In the first year of Yongming, he was titled as Prince of Wuchang. Three years later, he lost the national seal, which resulted in his title being changed to Prince of Xiyang. In the sixth year, he was appointed as Grand Commander, Commander of Military Affairs in Southern Yan, Yanxu, Qing, and Ji provinces, Champion General, and Governor of Southern Yan, as his official rank steadily increased. Eight years later, he was promoted to General of the Conquest. In the tenth year, he rose to the position of Left General, concurrently serving as Commander of Military Affairs in Kuaiji, Dongyang, Linhai, Yongjia, and Xin'an five counties, and Prefect of Kuaiji, while maintaining his military rank. Wang Ziming was exceptionally handsome, with a clear and bright temperament. Whether male or female, anyone who saw him could not help but admire him.
After Emperor Yulin ascended to the throne, Prince Ming was promoted to General of Pacifying the East. In the first year of the Longchang era, he was further promoted to Right General and Minister of the Interior. In the first year of the Yanxing era, he was promoted to Attendant of the Palace and concurrently served as General of Agile Cavalry, while still holding the title of Right General. In the first year of the Jianwu era, he was transferred to the position of General Who Suppresses Rebellions, with the authority to command troops and appoint subordinates. The following year, due to the false accusation of conspiring with his student Hanzizhen and the late Xiao Chan, Prince Ming was tragically murdered at the age of seventeen.
Prince of Nanhai, named Prince Han, styled Yunhua, was the eleventh son of Emperor Shizu of the Song dynasty. In the sixth year of the Yongming era, he was appointed as a Commissioner, General of the Northern Central Army, and Prefect of Nanlangye and Pengcheng. Initially, the court allocated the Baixia region to Langye County and moved the county seat of Langye to Jincheng, where Prince Han was stationed there from that point onward. Ten years later, he was appointed as a Commissioner, Commander of Military Affairs in Southern Yanzhong, Yanzhou, Xuzhou, Qingzhou, and Jizhou, General Who Subdues the Enemy, and Governor of Nanyanzhou. After Emperor Yulin ascended to the throne, he was promoted to General of the Rear. In the first year of the Longchang era, he was appointed as Cavalier in Regular Attendance and Right Guard General. In the first year of the Jianwu era, he was transferred to the position of General Who Protects the Army. The following year, he was also murdered, at the age of seventeen.
Prince Baling, whose name was Xiao Lun and style name Yunzong, was the thirteenth son of Emperor Xiaodaicheng. In the seventh year of Yongming, he was appointed as the Commissioner, Commander of Military Affairs of the Southern Yuzhou and Nanyu Prefecture, General of the South, and Governor of Nanyu Prefecture, holding a prestigious position. Ten years later, he was promoted to General of the North, Prefect of Nanlangye and Pengcheng, with an even larger jurisdiction. Later, when Xiaoze ascended the throne as emperor, he thought that the fertile and prosperous land of Nanpengcheng needed to be reclaimed from Xiao Lun. He also reclaimed the fief of the Palace Attendant Qimu Zhen and compensated Xiao Lun with the fief of Nanlanling. In the first year of Longchang, Xiao Lun was promoted to Cavalier In Regular Attendance and Left General. In the first year of Yanxing, the emperor sent the Palace Attendant Ru Faliang to kill Xiao Lun. Xiao Lun came out dressed in formal attire to accept the imperial decree and said, "When a bird is about to die, its chirps are particularly mournful; when a person is about to die, their words carry profound weight. The fall of the Liu Song dynasty was fated, and what is happening today is also fated. You were a loyal minister of the late emperor, and now you are executing this order, presumably against your will." Ru Faliang did not dare to reply and withdrew. Xiao Lun met his end at just sixteen years old.
Prince Shaoling, whose name was Xiao Zhen and style name Yunsong, was the fourteenth son of Xiaodaicheng. In the tenth year of Yongming, he was appointed as General of the East, Prefect of Wu County. After Xiaoze ascended the throne, Xiao Zhen was promoted to General of the Conquering Forces, and later to Rear General. In the second year of Jianwu, he was assassinated when he was just fifteen.
Xiaoyue, King of Linhe, styled Yunqiao, was the sixteenth son of Xiao Daocheng. He was granted the title of king in the seventh year of Yongming. Emperor Gao Zong killed many of Xiao Daocheng's sons; only Xiaoyue and a few of his brothers survived, and they were known as the "Seven Kings." They had to visit the emperor in the palace on the first and fifteenth of every month. After the emperor returned to the palace, he would always sigh and say, "The sons of Situ (Xiao Ze's father) and me did not live long, while the grandsons of Gaozu (Xiao Daocheng) and Wudi (Xiao Ze) are growing up every day." In the first year of Yongtai, the emperor fell seriously ill, temporarily lost consciousness but then revived. Afterwards, he ordered the execution of Xiaoyue and the others.
During the Yanxing and Jianwu periods, Xiao Ze executed several kings three times. Before each execution, Xiao Ze would first burn incense and weep; everyone knew that someone was going to be killed that night. Xiaoyue died when he was only fourteen years old.
Xiao Wen, styled Yunru, was the seventeenth son of Xiao Daocheng. In the seventh year of Yongming, he was titled as King of Shu County. During the Jianwu period, he was renamed King of Xiyang. In the first year of Yongtai, he was killed at the age of fourteen.
Xiao Jun, styled Yunsong, was the eighteenth son of Xiao Daocheng. In the seventh year of Yongming, he was titled as King of Guanghan County. During the Jianwu period, his title was changed. In the first year of Yongtai, he was killed at the age of fourteen.
Lin, styled Yunzhang, was the nineteenth son of Song Shizu. His mother was Lady Xun, who was highly favored, which meant Lin was also well-loved. In the seventh year of Yongming, he was titled as King of Xuancheng. The following year, the emperor granted Lin the title of Nankang Duke, previously held by Chu Zhen. In the first year of Yongtai, he was killed at the age of fourteen.
It's really a pity to die so young. Just think about it: royal children, pampered from a young age and living in luxury, have never faced any hardships.
The King of Xiangdong, named Jian, courtesy name Yunli, was the twenty-first son of Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty. His mother was from the Xie family and was not favored; Emperor Taizu eventually sent her to become a nun. It was only after Emperor Gaozong ascended to the throne that she was allowed to return home. Jian was also killed in the first year of Yongtai, at just thirteen years old.
It's truly heartbreaking that these two brothers, so young, are already gone. The fate of these royal children is truly unpredictable.
The Prince of Nanjun, named Xia, courtesy name Yunguang, was the twenty-third son of Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty. As the Emperor grew older, Xia was the youngest son and therefore especially favored. It is said that Emperor Taizu once dreamed of a golden-winged bird flying into the palace, eating many small dragons, and then flying into the sky. In the first year of Yongtai, Xia was also killed, at the age of only seven.
This is just too tragic! Three brothers, so young and all dead; the royal life may seem glamorous, but it conceals a hidden danger.
Historians say: the ease or hardship of the common people is shaped by their experiences, which, over time, becomes a habit; those who are wise understand this truth. The Emperor's sons and brothers grew up in a noble and wealthy environment from a young age, having no idea of the hardships of life, living in extreme wealth and glory. They grew up in the deep palace from a young age, learning rituals of bowing, receiving education in the Confucian classics, mingling daily with officials and nobles, rarely having true friends, and having little understanding of human relationships and the struggles of life. Even if some children are intelligent and have their own thoughts, their experiences are limited, and what they know is still very little.
In the morning, they come and go from the palace and attend to government affairs in the evening. Even if they become local officials, opportunities to connect with the people are rare. According to age order, they should be kept away from the royal family to prevent them from becoming arrogant and hedonistic. This has been a tradition throughout past dynasties, a fair approach to prevent future troubles. Therefore, they should be provided with experienced officials to assist them, as is the emperor's duty. Let the old ministers assist them, allowing them to assume command, ensuring someone reports on their daily activities, and allowing them to enjoy their salaries in peace. They should exercise restraint when necessary and be lenient when appropriate. They should not speak carelessly, and their actions should be supervised. If they make any mistakes, they must take responsibility. Although their status is high, their actions are restricted, and their authority cannot be fully exercised. Once they encounter an emergency, various difficulties may arise. It is unlikely they would relinquish their power to address the crisis. Lu Wenshu once said, "The Qin Dynasty had ten mistakes; as long as one still exists, it will lead to the country's destruction." The lingering issues from the Song Dynasty have only worsened in the Qi Dynasty. Now, let's take a moment to praise King Wushiqi! He is accomplished in both civil and military matters, especially valuing talent and having a passion for studying ancient texts. Future generations continue to remember his merits and contributions. It is said: "Praise be to King Wushiqi, a virtuous and esteemed leader, fond of talents and ancient knowledge, kind, honest, and gentle, leaving behind unforgetful blessings." This is high praise for him! As you can see, he governs Luling County with great order, and the Anlu region is also well managed under his governance. Prince Jin'an quickly recognized his capabilities and quickly followed his governance methods. The county also adopted his governance strategies, studying diligently and implementing them rigorously.
Jianzhou, Hezhou, Xiangzhou, Haizhou, as well as the two tombs and the two Yangs, all flourished under his rule. He had been favored by the emperor since childhood, and the counties of Nanjun and Nankang thrived under his governance. "Luling's transgressions, Anlu's enclosures. Jin'an awakened early, with counties marked by carved seals. Jianhe Xianghai, two tombs and two suns, young and favored by many, Nanjun Nankang." This summary captures all his achievements beautifully. In short, Prince Wu Seventeen is an exceptional figure!
Liu Zhuang, with the courtesy name Zige, was a native of Xiang County in the State of Pei and was the sixth-generation grandson of Xie Mao, the Governor of Danyang during the Jin Dynasty. His grandfather, Liu Hong, served as an official, and his father, Liu Hui, served as an Imperial Historian. Liu Zhuang was initially appointed as the Chief Ritual Officer in the local government. In the fourth year of the Song Da Ming reign, he passed the imperial examination for scholars; his brother, Liu Xiu, was also well-known and had previously passed the provincial examination. At that time, the Attendant of Prince Yuan Zeng of Donghai wrote a letter to Liu Zhuang's father, Liu Hui, saying, "Your family has produced many outstanding children in recent years, making the pride of both the province and the countryside!" Liu Zhuang was later appointed as a court attendant, but he did not take up the position.
Liu Zhuang had a deep love of learning since childhood and was very knowledgeable in the Five Classics. He often gathered students for group study, often with dozens of students. Later, when Intendant Yuan Can held a gathering in the backyard, Liu Zhuang was also present. Yuan Can gestured towards the willow tree in the courtyard and said to Liu Zhuang, "People say this tree was planted by Intendant Liu (referring to Xie Mao) during his lifetime. Every time I see it, I think of his noble character; now seeing your noble virtues gives me great hope for the future!" Yuan Can recommended Liu Zhuang to be a Secretary, but the recommendation was not accepted. He was later appointed as the Chief Registrar of Prince Shaoling's county, the Grand Preceptor of Prince Anlu's kingdom, and the Military Attendant of Prince Ancheng, but due to his busy schedule, he declined all positions. Liu Zhuang never had any aspirations for officialdom, and he never took on another official position. Later, he was appointed as a Military Attendant of the Chariots and Cavalry, the Magistrate of Nanpengcheng County, and a Gentleman of the Ministry of Rites, but he did not take up any of these positions.
After Yuan Can was killed, Liu Zhuang wore plain clothes to mourn him and sent money for offerings.
After Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, he called Zhang Zao to Hualin Garden for a chat and asked him, "Now that I've changed dynasties, what does everyone think about it?" Zhang Zao replied, "Your Majesty, if you can learn from the previous dynasty's mistakes and practice benevolent governance, even if the situation is precarious now, it can be stabilized; but if you repeat those mistakes, even if things look calm now, trouble will surely arise later." After Zhang Zao left, Zhu Yuanzhang turned to Situ Chuyuan and said, "This guy is really blunt! Scholars are just different." The emperor often summoned Zhang Zao, but Zhang Zao wouldn't even step foot in the palace unless the emperor summoned him.
The emperor wanted Zhang Zao to take on the role of Zhongshu Lang, so he had the Minister of Personnel, He Ji, convey the order. He Ji told Zhang Zao, "The emperor wants you to work in Fengchi (the Ministry of Personnel), but feels that your qualifications are still light. He'll give you a different position first, and after some time, promote you to National Scholar, and then let you become Zhongshu Lang." Zhang Zao said, "I have never thought about getting promoted and getting rich in my life. Now that I hear I am supposed to be a Zhongshu Lang, that is not what I had in mind!" Later, because his mother was getting old and needed care, Zhang Zao accepted the position of County Magistrate of Pengcheng. He told Situ Chuyuan, "I believe I do not have the ability to assist the emperor. I just want to serve as the County Magistrate of Pengcheng in peace."
The emperor wanted Zhang Zao to also serve as the Chief Priest of the Zongming Temple and be the Military Secretary of Prince Yuzhang Xiao Ye, while retaining the position of County Magistrate of Pengcheng, but Zhang Zao kept turning it down. Prince Yuzhang Xiao Ye became the Governor of Kuaiji, and the emperor wanted Zhang Zao to teach him, so he appointed him as the County Magistrate of Kuaiji, and more and more people followed him to learn.
In the early years of Yongming, Prince Jingling, Xiao Ziliang, invited me to serve as the secretary of the Ministry of Northern Expeditions. I wrote to Zhang Rong and Wang Siyuan, saying: "Thanks to your teachings, I have respectfully accepted the summons. I should have set aside my current matters to take up the position. However, upon careful consideration of my usual aspirations and character, I have truly let you down. I am naturally not very bright and struggle in the political arena. I previously held a minor position but was dismissed for being incompetent, which everyone knows. I know my own limitations and do not dare to aspire to wealth and glory. I've been poor and somewhat lazy since childhood, and my clothing and grooming have always been shabby. Since my elderly parents need support, I often walk around in simple clothes. This has been my life for over a decade, spanning two generations. The previous dynasty encouraged me to improve and even promoted me, and even provided me with clothing. However, I ultimately failed to change. Since I did not do well before, how could I possibly do well now? As the ancients say, once you take off a hat, you don't put it back on. I believe this reflects a principle of moderation. In ancient times, titles were bestowed based on merit, and some officials retired after completing their term; salaries were given based on merit, and some retired due to illness. I admire the noble qualities of my predecessors; what should I do? Moreover, at my age, I am reluctant to dive into the political scene, neglecting my duties to my parents. The previous dynasty understood my situation, allowing me to turn down official appointments for many years, only receiving a meager salary. I have grown used to this life for many years, and now that I am old and sick, how could I possibly handle such an important position in Hejian and work alongside officials from Dongping? I have no lofty ambitions, nor do I try to come across as aloof. These are matters that wise people should take to heart."
I recently received your invitation. I originally wanted to immerse myself in the beauty of nature, leading a carefree life, but I firmly declined the offer of high office and wealth. Why is that? Because in ancient times, those kings and ministers often used this to attract talents from all over the world; those exceptional talents all flocked to Yan to admire the king's benevolence, went to Wei's capital to follow the virtue of its noble sons, then followed Shen and Bai into Chu, and envied Zou Yan and Mei Cheng as they traveled to Liang. I do not dare to compare myself to those ancient sages; I merely wish to emulate their pastoral life of seclusion. Since I have the opportunity to study the teachings of the sages at Panyu Palace, free from the constraints of an official position, I can serve my parents and manage household affairs, and my ambition lies in this. I was finally appointed as an infantry colonel, but I chose not to accept the position.
This gentleman, named Yan Zhitui, was of small stature, but his mastery of Confucianism was exceptionally profound at that time. Scholars and dignitaries from the capital flocked to him for wisdom. He was modest, kind, and never acted superior because of his fame. When visiting old friends, he would only bring along a student who carried a bamboo bed. He would sit down and discuss scholarly matters even before the host had come out to greet him. He resided in several tile-roofed houses in Tanqiao, all of which leaked. His students held him in great esteem and dared not point out these shortcomings, referring to him as "Mr. Qingxi." Even Prince Liang of Jingling personally visited him. After seven years, the emperor issued a decree to construct a lecture hall for Yan Zhitui and granted him the former residence of the owner of Yanglie Bridge. His students congratulated him, yet he replied, "A fine house can bring misfortune. How can this magnificent residence be my home? Even if I were to convert it into a lecture hall, I fear it would invite trouble!" Before he had the chance to move, he fell ill. Prince Liang dispatched Yan Zhitui's students to prepare meals for him. After Yan Zhitui passed away, his students and those who had studied under him donned mourning attire to pay their last respects. He was fifty-six years old at the time.
Yan Zhitui was known for his filial piety. His grandmother suffered from a carbuncle for several years, and he personally applied medicine to her, causing his fingers to become soaked and raw. His mother Kong was very strict and once told relatives, "Acheng (Yan Zhitui's nickname) is like the Zengzi of this era!" Yan Zhitui was over forty years old and still unmarried. During the Jianyuan era, Emperor Taizu and Minister Chu Yuan arranged for him to marry the daughter of Lady Wang. When Lady Wang accidentally knocked off shoes from the wall, causing soil to fall onto Kong's bed, she was very displeased, and Yan Zhitui divorced her. After his father's death, he observed a three-year mourning period, and his legs became bent, so he could no longer stand without crutches. In the first year of Emperor Wu of Liang's Tianjian reign, the emperor ordered a stele to be erected for Yan Zhitui, posthumously honoring him with the title "Mr. Zhenjian." His writings, which focused on the principles of ritual, were compiled into a collection and passed down through the generations.
Initially, after finishing teaching the "Monthly Ordinances," Yan Zhitui told his student Yan Zhi, "Since the time of the Jiangnan region, the study of Yin-Yang and numerical principles has declined. Even now, I have not been able to fully grasp their essence." At that time, Cai Zhongxiong from Jiyang was knowledgeable in the study of ritual. He said, "When the musical scale reaches the south, the different soil types have thrown the musical scale out of tune. In ancient times, the five tones associated with metal and stone were originally in the Central Plains region. Now, in the south, the different soil types have thrown the musical scale out of tune." Yan Zhitui also agreed with his statement. Cai Zhongxiong later served as the Anxi Registrar and the Left Minister of the Ministry of Rites. Yan Zhitui had a younger brother named Yan Jin.
This is Jin Zizi, whose given name is Jing, a person of upright character. During the Taiyu era of the Song Dynasty, he served as a ceremonial attendant to the Ming Emperor. Later, he passed the imperial examination and was summoned by Prince Jingsu of Jianping to take the position of Northern Registrar, and was granted high honors. He was later summoned by Prince Shaoling to serve as a military officer in the campaign against Annan; in the early years of Jianyuan, he served as a military officer under Prince Yeh of Wuling. Once, while drinking with his subordinates, Prince Yeh cut the roast goose himself. Zijin noticed this and remarked, "Your Highness, how can I possibly sit here and watch!" After speaking, he excused himself. He and his friend Kong Che traveled east by boat, but Kong Che couldn't take his eyes off the women on the shore, so Zijin shifted his seat to distance himself from Kong Che. Later, he served as an official in the office of Prince Yuzhang. One night, his brother Yung shouted to him from behind a wall, but Zijin did not respond immediately. Instead, he got out of bed, got dressed, and stood up before responding. When his brother asked why he took so long, Zijin replied, "I was just tying my belt." This illustrates how meticulous and serious he was in his daily affairs! Later, Prince Wen Hui summoned him to serve in the Eastern Palace as an attendant, and he would always draft a memorial before presenting it. He was soon appointed as a military officer, taking on roles such as military secretary, chief of the Grand Marshal's military affairs, and even as a captain of the archery unit, before passing away while still in office.
Lu Cheng, whose courtesy name was Yanyuan, was a native of Wu County in Jiangsu Province. His grandfather, Lu Shao, served as the Governor of Linhai, and his father, Lu Yuan, held a position as a state official. Lu Cheng loved learning from a young age, reading extensively and becoming knowledgeable in various subjects. Whether sitting, standing, sleeping, or eating, he was never without a book. He first served as a lecturer in the Imperial Academy, then as an aide in the Central Military Command, and later as a military officer in the Taizai, deputy in the Ministry of Rites, county registrar, and military officer in the Northern Central Army.
In the early years of the Tai Shi era of the Song Dynasty, he served as a Gentleman of the Imperial Secretariat, participating in discussions on the title of the Empress, suggesting that the old tradition of using the Empress's surname should be followed. At that time, the Left Minister Xu Yuan cited the viewpoint of Sima Fu, believing that the Empress should not be referred to by her surname, and cited the example of the Queen of Qi from the "Spring and Autumn Annals." Lu Cheng did not use classical texts to argue, but expressed his own thoughts, and as a result, he was dismissed from office and could only wear white robes while in office. Although there were regulations for corporal punishment for officials, they were rarely enforced. Lu Cheng accumulated numerous penalties during his tenure, and one day he was punished with a thousand strokes! Later, he was promoted to the position of Attendant, concurrently serving as a Gentleman of the Palace Library, and soon was promoted to concurrently serve as the Left Minister.
In the year 270 AD, the Emperor issued an edict for the Crown Prince to wear the Nine Chapters Guan Mian for court ceremonies. Cheng and the Imperial Secretary Qiu Zhong discussed, stating, "Wearing the Guan Mian for court ceremonies is a proper ritual system! The Qin Dynasty abolished six types of crowns, which were later reinstated by Emperor Ming of Han. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, courtiers were not allowed to wear the Guan Mian, so high-ranking officials were only given the title of attendant. Now, the Crown Prince's status is noble, surpassing other descendants, so he should follow the grand ceremonies of the sage kings' era and change the recent practice." Not long after, he was promoted to the position of Compiler of Imperial Edicts, while retaining his other official positions. Later, he was appointed as the Prefect of Ancheng, then transferred to serve under Liu Yun as the Chief Military Advisor, and was also appointed as the General of Suiyuan and the Prefect of Xiangyang, though he never assumed these positions. He was later transferred to serve under Liu Bing as the Chief Military Advisor of the Rear Army, and then became the Prefect of Donghai. Finally, he was promoted to the Deputy Censor-in-Chief.
In the year 276 AD, Shen Xian, the aide of the General of the Flying Cavalry, and others were accused of robbery due to their servants and guests at home, which also implicated their children. However, Shen Xian and the others remained unruffled. Left Minister Ren Xia lodged a complaint against Deng for not taking the matter seriously and requested his dismissal. Deng defended himself in an official memorial, stating: "The Zhou Dynasty adhered to old regulations, while the Han Dynasty followed established traditions. From the Yellow River in Luoyang to the Huai River and the sea, the court's regulations and actions should first be based on previous standards. If we whimsically violate ancient customs and create new rules, how can we say we are referring to past traditions and selecting excellent regulations?" Oh, this situation is quite a headache. The two brothers, Shen Xian and Shen Kuang, one a military adviser to the General of the Flying Cavalry and the other a son of the Crown Prince, were both dispatched to Jiankang. Shen Xian was officially dispatched, while Shen Kuang took leave, and no issues were found with either of them. I believe that failing to investigate their issues constitutes negligence in itself!
I carefully checked the cases of impeachment of the Left Chancellors of the Jin and Song Dynasties and found that there were many examples of impeachment, but there were very few direct impeachments of the Vice Chancellors. Wang Xianzhi was a senior figure who understood the rules well. When he was the Left Chancellor, he impeached the Minister of Works, Wang Meng, who was so frightened that he voluntarily resigned and was so distressed that he became ill and was seen running around. However, Wang Xianzhi did not impeach the Vice Chancellor. Regarding Huan Mi, he failed to pay his respects at the imperial mausoleum, and Left Chancellor Zheng Xi did not impeach Huan Mi; he only impeached Vice Chancellor Kong Xin, even stating that Kong Xin also served as the Inspector of the Orchid Pavilion, which implied a direct impeachment of the Vice Chancellor. Only Left Chancellor Yu Dengzhi impeached General Tan Daoji, who was in charge of guarding the North, saying that he was ineffective in the northern expedition, leading to the loss of Hulao, resulting in the resignation of ministers at court, but he did not impeach Tan Daoji; he only requested punishment for him, exempting Vice Chancellor He Wansui from his duties. Think about it, the imperial mausoleum is a significant matter, and the northern expedition is even more pertinent to national matters. Huan Mi has a high status, and Tan Daoji has outstanding achievements, so attributing the responsibility to the Vice Chancellor is not entirely appropriate; even so, Huan Mi's case was not impeached to the Vice Chancellor. If we compare these examples now, it could become problematic. People's identities and statuses vary, and so do the importance and urgency of different matters. These rules must be clearly defined and should not be conflated.
Let’s consider some other examples. Zuo Cheng Jiang Ao brought impeachment charges against Duan Jingwen and Pei Fangming; Zuo Cheng Zhen Fachong impeached Xiao Zhen, Du Ji, Duan Guo, and Fan Wenbo; Zuo Cheng Yang Xuanbao impeached Xiao Wang; Zuo Cheng Yin Jingxi impeached Zhang Zhongren; and also the concurrently serving Zuo Cheng He Chengtian impeached Lv Wanling. None of these impeachments involved the Prime Minister, yet they were all serious allegations. These dozen or so examples are similar to the cases of Shen Xian and Shen Kuang, which also did not involve the Prime Minister. Zuo Cheng Xun Wanqiu, Liu Cang, and Jiang Mi impeached Wang Senglang, Wang Yunzhi, and Tao Baodu, without impeaching the Prime Minister. These are the most recent examples, and they are quite clear. The Emperor is aware of the incident that Jiang Mi reported. I have reviewed ten memorials from a distance and two cases up close, and they should all be handled in accordance with these examples. How can we ignore this?
I feel my abilities are lacking, yet I’ve taken on the responsibility of enforcing the nation’s laws. The matters I’m reporting now, though they are only temporary, if I don’t speak up, they could set a bad precedent in the future. If others commit similar mistakes in the future, they will also be held accountable, and I’ll become a sinner who benefits without contributing and harms future generations. Therefore, I must outline all these cases to uphold the nation’s legal code, even though my actions may seem foolish, they are meant to be my best effort. Please take my memorial out and let everyone discuss it thoroughly. If I am correct, may heaven be my witness.
The emperor handed over the memorial to the relevant departments for discussion. The Minister of Personnel, Chuyuan, reported: "During the Song Dynasty, the Left Minister Xun Bo impeached the Pengcheng magistrate Zhang Daoxin and others for failing to apprehend the criminals involved in the robbery case, so Zhang Daoxin and others were dismissed; the Deputy Minister Wang Zhun failed to rectify Xun Bo's erroneous impeachment and was also dismissed. The Left Minister Yang Xuanbao impeached the Governor of Yuzhou, Guan Yizhi, for failing to catch the thieves in the Qiaoliang area, so Guan Yizhi was dismissed; the Deputy Minister Fu Long did not correct Yang Xuanbao's wrongful accusation and was also dismissed. The Left Minister Yang Xuanbao also impeached the Governor of Yanzhou, Zheng Congzhi, for improperly collecting cloth and raising taxes on cotton, so Zheng Congzhi was dismissed; the Deputy Minister Fu Long did not correct Yang Xuanbao's wrongful accusation and was also dismissed. The Left Minister Lu Zhan impeached the magistrate of Jiankang, Qiu Zhensun, and the magistrate of Danyang, Kong Shanshi, for failing to catch the criminals in the robbery case, so Qiu Zhensun and Kong Shanshi were dismissed; the Deputy Minister He Xu did not correct Lu Zhan's wrongful accusation and was also dismissed. The Left Minister Liu Meng impeached the Governor of Qingzhou, Liu Daolong, because Liu Daolong accidentally set fire to the government warehouse, so Liu Daolong was dismissed; the Deputy Minister Xiao Huikai did not correct Liu Meng's wrongful accusation and was also dismissed. The Left Minister Xu Yuan impeached the Right Guard General, Xue Andu, for falling ill and failing to fulfill his duties, so Xue Andu was dismissed; the Deputy Minister Zhang Yongjie was also dismissed as a result. These incidents have caused a negative impact due to poor handling, misled future generations, clouded the emperor's judgment, and muddled the courtiers' perceptions, so I believe that Cheng should be dismissed from his post." The emperor said, "Cheng's memorial contains numerous errors, but they are not sufficient for severe punishment; therefore, let him resign and return home."
In the second year, he was promoted to the position of Counselor, then Secretary of Personnel, and subsequently to the Ministry of Officials. Four years later, he served again as Secretary of Personnel, also serving as a National Scholar. He was later promoted to the Ministry of Justice. He was then appointed as Assistant General of the State, Chief Historian of the Northern Garrison, Chief of the Imperial Guards, and concurrently as Valiant Cavalry General. In the first year of Yongming, he was promoted to Minister of Finance. Soon after, he also served as a National Scholar. At that time, he taught at the National Academy, covering Zheng Xuan's "Book of Changes," Du Yu's "Spring and Autumn Annals," He Xiu's "Gongyang Commentary," Mi Zhu's "Guliang Commentary," and Zheng Xuan's "Classic of Filial Piety." Cheng said to Wang Jian, the Minister of Personnel: "The 'Classic of Filial Piety' belongs to the category of elementary education and should not be part of the imperial canon." So, he and Wang Jian wrote letters to discuss this matter, saying: "The 'Book of Changes,' in simple terms, starts from oneself, then understands it from the perspective of all things in the external world, grasps the principles of heaven and earth, and understands the principles of all things. From Shang Qiu to Tian He, it has been transmitted over five generations, not a long time, with no errors or omissions; even when Qin Shihuang burned books and buried Confucian scholars alive, it was not destroyed. Although there are various schools of thought, they all have the basis of symbolism and numerology. Wang Bi emerged several hundred years later. Wang Ji said that Wang Bi's understanding was very profound, and there's no need to completely dismiss earlier Confucian scholars. If Wang Bi has explained the principles of the 'Book of Changes' clearly, then it deserves thorough discussion; perhaps it is just a difference in perspectives. Furthermore, the principles of the 'Book of Changes' are not fixed and cannot be limited to just one interpretation."
During the fourth year of the Tai Xing era in the Jin Dynasty, Xun Song, the Minister of Rites, proposed the establishment of a Doctorate of the "Zhou Yi" with the annotations of Zheng Xuan, following the system of the preceding dynasty. At that time, the leaders were Wang Dao and Yu Liang, both brilliant individuals capable of discussing profound and esoteric concepts. They decided to set aside Wang Bi's annotations in favor of Zheng Xuan's, a decision that was not taken lightly. During the Tai Yuan period, Wang Su's annotations of the "Book of Changes" were also widely respected, perhaps falling between Zheng Xuan and Wang Bi. When education was first established during the Yuanjia era, both Zheng Xuan's and Wang Bi's annotations were utilized. However, when Yan Yanzhi became the Sacrificial Official, Zheng Xuan's annotations were cancelled in favor of Wang Bi's, aiming to emphasize Wang Bi's mystical thoughts, which ultimately resulted in setbacks for Confucian teachings. If Confucian teachings are not actively promoted today, education will struggle to succeed. While other classics are rooted in Confucianism, the "Book of Changes" stands apart as a mystical text, and neither can be disregarded. Retaining both is essential to uphold the principle that the "Book of Changes" is formless. Furthermore, Wang Bi has already explained the "Appended Judgments" in his annotations; thus, separate annotations on the "Appended Judgments" are unnecessary. If only Wang Bi's annotations of the "Book of Changes" are utilized, the "Appended Judgments" will remain without annotation.
During the Tai Yuan era, the "Zuo Zhuan" utilized Fu Qian's annotations while also incorporating Jia Kui's text, because Fu Qian's annotations lacked the text. If only Fu Qian's annotations are retained without Jia Kui's, the text will be incomplete. Du Yu's annotations of the "Zuo Zhuan" and Wang Bi's annotations of the "Book of Changes" are comparatively later annotations that commend the talents of subsequent scholars. Du Yu's annotations differ from the ancient versions, but they do not go so far as to overturn the ideas of earlier scholars, such as Wang Bi, who, despite respecting his predecessors, diverged from their teachings. The work "Shi Li" extols profound knowledge.
During the Taiyuan period, Mi Xin originally used the annotations of "Guliang Zhuan," while Yan Yanzhi used Fan Ning's annotations. Mi Xin's annotations were still in use. Yan Yanzhi commented on the leap section of Fan Ning's annotations, believing that he only favored those interpretations that aligned with his own views. He has always believed that "Guliang Zhuan" is not as good as "Gongyang Zhuan," and the annotations of "Gongyang Zhuan" are also lacking, and ultimately, it has not reached the level of He Xiu. It seems that the two cannot coexist. If Fan Ning's annotations are good, then Mi Xin's should be removed.
Currently, there is a book titled "Xiaojing" that is attributed to Zheng Xuan, but its wording differs from Zheng Xuan's other annotations. Checking Zheng Xuan's own preface, he does not include "Xiaojing" among the works he annotated.
Jian stated: "The Yi Jing is profound and extensive, encompassing all classics, with differing interpretations from Shi and Meng, and distinct interpretations from Zhou and Han. How can we completely dismiss it based solely on Xiao Wang's opinions? It would be wise to retain both Zheng Xuan's and Gao You's annotations. Yuan Kai's annotations on 'Chunqiu Zhuan' surpass those of previous Confucian scholars. If they aren't part of the official curriculum, it would be a real shame. Jia Kui's annotations on the Yi Jing are rarely studied by the world. Since the 'Guliang Zhuan' is relatively brief, it doesn't need two sets of annotations. It is sufficient to retain the annotations of Mi Zhu and Fan Ning and continue with the traditional approach. These opinions align with what everyone thinks. I don't think Zheng Xuan actually annotated the 'Xiaojing,' but I believe this book explains the fundamentals of human relationships and is foundational to ethics. The 'Qilue' and 'Yiwen Zhi' both include it in the six arts, unlike works such as 'Cangjie Pian' and 'Fanjiang Pian.' Previous generations did not find Zheng Xuan's annotations problematic, and I believe they should also be retained and continued."
Jian considered himself more knowledgeable than Wang Cheng. Wang Cheng said, "I had little else to do but read since I was young. And I am twice your age; you were busy with royal affairs when you were young. Even if you can read ten lines at a glance, you still may not have read more books than I have." Jian gathered scholars, including He Xian, for a discussion. After Jian finished speaking, Cheng pointed out hundreds and thousands of details that Jian had missed, all of which Jian had never seen. Jian was impressed. While serving in the Ministry of Personnel, Jian took out boxes, desks, miscellaneous items, and clothes to distribute among the assisting scholars. Those with more responsibilities received more items, with each person getting one or two things. Later, Cheng took out other items unknown to others, giving several to each person, and then took back everything.
He was later promoted to Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary, Director of the Imperial Secretariat, Zhongzheng of Wu Commandery, and Grand Master of Ceremonies. He was also appointed as a Supervisor, with his position as Zhongzheng unchanged. Shortly after, he became the National Preceptor. When Prince Liang of Jingling obtained an ancient artifact with a small opening, a large body, and a flat base, capable of holding seven to eight liters, he asked Cheng about it. Cheng said, "This is called 'funi' in the north, and it was once given to Su Wu by the Chanyu." Later, Liang carefully examined the bottom of the object and found faintly discernible inscriptions, exactly as Cheng had described. In the first year of Longchang, due to old age and frail health, he was appointed as Grand Master of Ceremonies and Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary. However, he passed away before assuming the position, at the age of seventy, and was posthumously honored with the title Jingzi.
During that time, Wang Cheng was regarded as a distinguished scholar. He spent three years attempting to grasp the meaning of the Book of Changes but never finished writing the History of the Song Dynasty. Jian jokingly said, "Lu Gong, you're nothing but a walking library!" His home was filled with many rare books that few others had the chance to see. His geographical writings and miscellaneous notes were discovered only after his death.
Cheng Di Xian, because he committed a crime, was sentenced to death by the Song Dynasty. Cheng met his friend Wang Daolong on the road, knelt and kowtowed until his head bled, begging Wang Daolong to help plead for his brother's life. Gu Ce, the registrar of Yangzhou, offered two servants as collateral to secure a ransom, but Xian ultimately met his death. Xian's son, Zhao, falsely accused Gu Ce of selling his debt note. Later, Cheng was appointed as a minister, and he and Gu Ce exchanged letters in which they accused each other. Cheng then wrote a letter to the magistrate Xiao Mian saying, "Cheng wishes to shield his brother from the consequences of his crimes, which contradicts the principles of righteousness and moral education. Even common merchants would not stoop to this, let alone people like us who hold important positions and have extensive knowledge." Cheng's actions ultimately stifled Gu Ce's career, and as a result, he was looked down upon by others.
At that time, Wang Chi of Donghai, also a well-read and knowledgeable person, had served as the Left Minister in the Ministry of Personnel. One time, Prince Liang of Jingling questioned all the scholars, and only Chi answered every question correctly. During the Yongming period, a yellow light suddenly appeared in the sky, illuminating the earth, and no one knew what was going on. Chi declared it a symbol of good fortune, a sign of glory. Emperor Shizu was delighted and appointed him as the magistrate of Yongyang County.
The history books say: Confucian thought has been passed down through the ages to guide people on the right path in life; the profound sayings of sages serve as teachings that have transcended generations. Although Confucius' school of thought has faded into history, its principles differ from those of the seventy disciples (Confucius' students); while the various schools of thought at Jixia Academy engage in debates among themselves, they ultimately all submit to Confucius' ideology. Subsequently, the emergence of Confucian schools specializing in the study of the classics arose, with many Confucian scholars devoted to this study. The factional disputes at the Shiqi Pavilion, debates on the classics at the White Tiger Pavilion, and interpretations of the "Six Classics" and "Five Classics" each adhere strictly to their own teachers' interpretations, clinging to the texts and striving to avoid errors. The Confucian scholars of the Western Han Dynasty did not dominate alone; the intellectual landscape of the Eastern Han Dynasty was dominated by Zheng Xuan and Jia Kui.
Kang Cheng, known as Zheng Xuan, was born in the late Eastern Han Dynasty; his interpretations of the classics were both profound and insightful, and at that time the entire Confucian school took him as the standard. The older Confucian scholars regarded him as a sage, while younger scholars dared not voice any dissent. In contrast, Wang Su held differing views from the esteemed Confucian Zheng Xuan in classical debates, which led to the publication of the book "Holy Evidence," citing "Family Sayings" as evidence. At that time, the influence of aristocratic families was substantial, and many followed Wang Su's teachings. The Confucian schools in the Jiangnan region during the Eastern Jin Dynasty exhibited considerable doctrinal differences; although not entirely severed, few experts in classical studies emerged. The Jin Dynasty favored metaphysical discourse, while the Song Dynasty treated literature as a pastime. Although they respected the system of rites and music, this environment was not conducive to purity, and as a result, two generations later, Confucianism began to decline.
During the Jianyuan era (reign title of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei), when the country was just beginning to unify and the chaos of war had not yet subsided, the young emperor studied Confucian classics with a strong desire to revitalize Confucianism. Once the chaos was subdued, he ordered the establishment of schools. During the Yongming era (reign title of Emperor Wu of Southern Qi), the court vigorously promoted education, with Wang Jian serving as the chief minister, well-versed in Confucianism and rituals. The court held his knowledge in high regard, and scholars looked up to him as a role model, leading to households studying Confucius' teachings, reciting Confucian classics, and enthusiastically studying books, resulting in a resurgence of Confucianism. During the Jianwu era (reign title of Emperor Wu of Southern Liang), although following past practices, literary standards were not prioritized at that time, and the ministers assisting the emperor lacked talent. Although schools continued to be established, it was difficult to match the past glory. Liu Zhuang inherited the teachings of Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, and was regarded as a teacher by scholars at the time. When the Tiger Gate (Emperor Wu's secondary palace) was just completed, the emperor personally went there, lacking the etiquette of waking up before dawn for those who came to ask questions. The palace was filled with the sound of wheels rolling over the ground. Despite Liu Zhuang's low official position after his death, his teachings were passed down, demonstrating the significance of nurturing talented individuals. Most other Confucian scholars either held low-ranking positions or chose to live in seclusion in the mountains, as noted in other historical records. Praised as follows: The profound teachings of the Confucian masters are as intricate and complex as intertwined threads. They entered schools to receive education, with their contributions recognized throughout the Guanzhong region. Even in dimly lit rooms, they remained steadfast in their principles. Scholars such as Yanyuan (Confucius' disciple Ran Yong, also known as Yanyuan) diligently explored the uncertainties in the classics.
Xiao Jingxian, a native of Nanlanling, was a descendant of Emperor Taizu. His grandfather, Xiao Yuanzhi, served as an Assistant Minister; his father, Xiao Jingzong, was an officer in the central army in the Kingdom of Shixing. Xiao Jingxian lost his father at a young age, but he was deeply filial, and Emperor Taizu admired him greatly. Later, Xiao Jingxian went to the capital to serve as an official, and Emperor Taizu always looked after him. He was first appointed as the General of the Upper Army in the Kingdom of Hailing, then became the Prefect of Jianling County, and later was promoted to the Right Gentleman of the Kingdoms of Xin'an and Guiyang. When Emperor Taizu was stationed in Huaiyin, Xiao Jingxian followed him, serving as the chief military officer in charge of city defenses, earning the trust of Emperor Taizu. He was later appointed as Rear Army Military Advisor, the Prefect of Qiong County, and an Assistant Minister.
Xiao Jingxian had a close relationship with the future Emperor Shizu. When Shizu was appointed as the Prince of Guangxing County, he requested Emperor Taizu to let Xiao Jingxian accompany him. Xiao Jingxian was then appointed as Shizu's Marshal of Ning Shuo Prefecture, and he remained by Shizu's side ever since. After Shizu became the Chief Historian of the Western Garrison, Xiao Jingxian was appointed as Military Advisor of the Western Garrison, and was later promoted to General of Ning Shuo, and subsequently transferred to Central Army Military Advisor while still serving as Military Advisor of the Central Army. In the early period of the Shengming era, he was appointed as the Marshal of the Expeditionary Office under Shizu, concurrently serving as the Prefect of Xincai, accompanying Shizu in defending Pencheng. After the rebellion of Shen You was suppressed, Xiao Jingxian returned to the capital and was appointed as General of Ning Shuo and Valiant Cavalry General, concurrently serving as Military Advisor of the Central Army of Shizu, and also as the General of the Left Guard. In the first year of Jianyuan, he was promoted to Commander of the Crown Prince's Left Guard and was granted the title of Count of Xinwu County with a fief consisting of five hundred households. It is worth mentioning that Xiao Jingxian's original name was Xiao Daoxian, but he changed it to avoid offending the Emperor’s taboos.
Later, Xiao Jingxian was appointed as the governor and military commander of Sizhou, General Ning Shuo, and also as the Prefect of Yiyang. That winter, nomadic tribes from the north invaded the Huai River and Sishui River basins, prompting the court to reinforce the defenses along the Sizhou border. There was a man named Xie Tiangai in Yiyang who colluded with the enemy, and Xiao Jingxian immediately reported this to the military authorities. Prince Yuzhang then dispatched the Assistant General of Fuguo, Xiao Huilang, to lead two thousand men to support Xiao Jingxian. Xiao Huilang built city walls according to the mountain terrain, blocked the passes, and attacked Xie Tiangai and his followers. The enemy then sent the pretender Eba, who claimed to be the Southern Chief Secretary, to station his troops in Runan, while the Governor of Luozhou, Prince Changli, stationed his troops in Qingqiu. Xiao Jingxian readied his forces. Prince Yuzhang also sent General Ning Shuo, Wang Sengbing, General Wang Yingzhi, and General Longxiang, Zhuang Ming, to set up camp outside Yiyang City as reinforcements. Eventually, the enemy retreated, and Xiao Jingxian was promoted to Assistant General as a result.
Jingxian lauded the emperor, saying, "Your Majesty, your virtue has spread throughout the world; it's truly great!" The emperor replied, "Morality in the world is declining, and the people's values are eroding. It has been more than twenty years. This mess has landed in my lap. How can I possibly clean it all up at once? However, if I can hold on for a few more years and do my best to help the common people, it will surely benefit everyone! Even a sage needs good helpers to govern the world. You all should do your best. Don’t worry; we can definitely govern the world well."
After the emperor ascended the throne, he appointed Jing Xian as a court attendant, then made him the General of the Left, and shortly after also appointed him as the General of the Army. Jing Xian was loyal to the emperor, so the emperor held him in high regard. Once, when the emperor returned to the Western Palace, he hosted a banquet for former officials at Jingyang Tower, with only Prince Yuzhang and Jing Xian in attendance. Later, Jing Xian was promoted to General of the Central Army. Whenever the emperor went hunting into the countryside, Jing Xian always followed fully armed, diligently checking on the guards. Soon after, Jing Xian was elevated to the rank of marquis and appointed as the Director of the Crown Prince's Affairs, while retaining his previous positions. After Jing Xian's mother passed away, the emperor promoted him to General of the Army. Subsequently, he was promoted to General of Conquering the Barbarians and Intendant of Danyang.
Five years later, a barbarian chief named Huan Tiansheng led his troops to the border of Yongzhou, in the region north of Sizhou, instilling fear among the people. The emperor knew Jing Xian was familiar with the terrain there, so he ordered, "Upon receiving the report from the Governor of Yongzhou, Zhang Gui, that the barbarians are likely to invade because of their collusion, this is as perilous as a swarm of bees and a den of vipers, and must be dealt with swiftly! General of Conquering the Barbarians and Intendant of Danyang, Jing Xian, is to lead infantry and cavalry directly to Yiyang. He is granted the authority of a military commissioner, and all troops in Sizhou are to obey his command." Upon arriving at Yiyang, Jing Xian positioned his troops north of the city, which put the people's minds at ease, and they came out to greet him with food and drink.
The general fell ill before returning, leaving behind his last words: "This illness is different from before; I feel I won't get better. I have always been deeply grateful for the emperor’s kindness, and now that I have received the imperial order to go to war, I am not capable, and many things have not been handled well; I have let down the emperor's kindness. As I am about to leave this world, my heart is heavy with sorrow; I don't know what to say. Please help me write a memorial to thank the emperor and express my gratitude on my behalf. My son Yi is grown up, but lacks guidance; my daughter Zhen is still young and doesn't understand anything. They will rely on the emperor's grace in the future; I lack the strength to say this again. Since I fell ill, many of the singers and concubines in the house have been sent away; the ones who remain aren’t very capable. You can send Mingyue, Fonyu, Guizhi, Fuer, Yuniu, Meiyu to serve in the palace; Meiman and Yanhua can be sent to the Eastern Palace. I have privately raised more than twenty horses and a few cows; you can select some good ones. Ten horses and two cows can be sent to the palace, and give two horses to the Grand Marshal and Minister of State respectively, one horse each to the Cavalry Commander and the Garrison Commander. All the weapons I have hidden should also be sent to the palace. Many of my relatives and friends have not been taken care of; please take care of them accordingly and express my gratitude on my behalf. The house given by the emperor is too large; I’m afraid my family and I won’t be able to live in it, so please return the house to the palace after the funeral. The house of the Liu family is said to be worth a lot of money; you can sell it, and if the money falls short, ask the government to make up for it. I have three pieces of land; if tended to properly, it should provide enough to live comfortably. If there are not enough hands, hire some laborers to help. You don’t have to worry about us anymore."
After the General finished speaking, he passed away at the age of fifty. The Emperor was extremely saddened and regretful, and issued a decree saying, "The victorious news from the western front has just arrived, and General Jingxian has suddenly passed away. I am heartbroken and can hardly bear this loss, so I hereby declare a period of mourning. I will reward him with one hundred thousand coins and two hundred bolts of cloth." After General Jingxian's coffin was brought back to the capital, the Emperor issued another decree saying, "The late General Jingxian, Marquis of Xiwu, was broad-minded, quick-witted, and meticulous since childhood, with notable achievements and strong family connections. He served the country faithfully in dangerous situations and made remarkable contributions. Just as he was gaining trust and being promoted to important missions, he passed away suddenly. I am deeply saddened. I posthumously appoint him as a Palace Attendant, General of the Northern Expedition, and Governor of Nanxu Prefecture, and grant a set of musical instruments to the court musicians. His titles of Marquis and Duke remain unchanged, and he is posthumously conferred the title of Loyal Marquis."
Ziyi, due to his family's noble status, had served in many official positions since childhood. He had been a Junior Chamberlain to the Crown Prince, a stable boy, a companion to the Prince, the Prefect of Yongjia, a military advisor to the Grand Marshal, the Prefect of Nankang, and a Gentleman of the Palace Library. During the Jianwu period, he was appointed as the Marshal of the Fumilitary, and later promoted to Marshal of the North Central Army. At that time, there were uprisings among the northern minority groups, and he led troops to guard the city of Langye. Ziyi was known for his extravagant and bold personality, enjoying horseback riding and archery, which aroused Emperor Gaozong's suspicions. Later, when Wang Yan got into trouble, Ziyi was also implicated and executed. At that time, the army surrounded his house while he was entertaining guests with music. When he heard the news, he couldn't even find a weapon before the soldiers stormed in, arrested him, allowed him a final farewell with his mother, and then executed him.
Xiao Chifu, a man from Nan Lanling, was a distant cousin of Emperor Taizu. His grandfather was named Xiao Longzi, who served as a military officer responsible for the guard; his father was named Xiao Shizhi, who served as a military officer in the Champion Army. Xiao Chifu rose through the ranks and became an official in the imperial court, as he was known for his gentle and prudent demeanor, earning the appreciation of Emperor Taizu. During the early years of the Song Dynasty, Prince Xiaoling staged a rebellion in Guangling, and Xiao Chifu took on the role of military commander, joining Shen Qingzhi in besieging Guangling City. After achieving success in the campaign, he was bestowed the title of Marquis of Yong'an, with a fief consisting of 370 households. He later served as a cavalry officer, and was then appointed as the magistrate of Jinling, a councilor, and the magistrate of Danyang. He later returned to the court as a councilor for Prince Jinxi, and was then sent as General and Magistrate of Qiantang. He was subsequently promoted to a higher office. Xiao Chifu was well-loved by the people in his various positions, and local officials and residents alike requested that he remain. The court consented, and he was appointed General of Ning Shuo.
During the reign of Emperor Taizu, Xiao Chifu was appointed as the General of the Left Army and Sima of Kuaiji, to guard the eastern border. He was later promoted to the Attendant of the Yellow Gate and Prefect of Huailing. When the emperor abdicated, they built a palace in Danyang, and Xiao Chifu was responsible for assisting with the farewell procession until the emperor's passing. In the beginning of the Jianyuan era, Xiao Chifu was appointed Chief of Staff to the Champion General of Wuling, Marshal of Cavalry, and Prefect of Nan Donghai, while retaining his previous titles. He was later promoted to Grand Master of Palace Attendants but resigned after his grandmother's death. He was later reinstated as Champion General, Commander of Ningman, and then appointed as Governor of Yongzhou, with his previous titles retained. He was recognized for his integrity and diligence. He later rose to the position of Cavalier Regular Attendant and General of the Left Guard. Emperor Shizu valued him highly, even comparing him to Xiao Jingxian. He was bestowed the title of Count of Nanfeng, with a fief consisting of four hundred households, and later promoted to Attendant Officer and Prince's Consultant. Unfortunately, in the third year of Yongming, while serving in the emperor's procession guard, Xiao Chifu overworked himself and died at the age of fifty-six. He left no savings, not even a proper blanket. Upon hearing this, the emperor was deeply saddened and ordered a reward of fifty thousand pieces of silver, a high-quality coffin, one hundred bolts of cloth, and two hundred pounds of candles. He posthumously conferred the title of Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and honored him with the posthumous title of Baron Yi. His son, Yingzhou, succeeded him in his title.
Yingzhou, whose courtesy name was Yunchang, was a man of integrity who inherited his father's virtues. He began his career as a secretary. The Emperor Taizu once praised him, saying, "Yingzhou, this child, dressed in simple clothes, yet steadily rose through the ranks, it is truly gratifying!" Later, Yingzhou was promoted to be a companion of the Crown Prince. After his father passed away, he was consumed by grief and developed a foot ailment, which left him unable to walk for several years. The Emperor personally sent officials to offer him comfort and gave him medicinal herbs. He was later appointed as a military advisor to the Prince of Jingling, and then became the literary scholar for Prince Jinxi. Yingzhou loved literature, while his younger brother Yingji excelled in martial arts. Once, the Emperor ascended the beacon tower and asked the ministers to compose poems. The poem composed by Yingzhou greatly pleased the Emperor, who said, "You possess remarkable literary talent, and your brother excels in martial arts. You two brothers are the pillars of your family!" Consequently, Yingzhou was appointed as General Mingwei and the Minister of Internal Affairs of Anlu, later promoted to the position of a clerk in the Imperial Library. The Emperor regarded Yingzhou as a member of the nobility, appointing him as the Left General in charge of court affairs, granting him access to the Emperor's private quarters. Later, he was sent to serve as the Prefect of Xin'an, where the local populace held him in high esteem. In the first year of Longchang, Prince Yongjia Zhaocan became the Inspector of Nanxuzhou and appointed Yingzhou as the Prefect of Nandonghai, responsible for the governance of Nanxuzhou. He was later promoted to Governor, Commander of the military in Qing and Ji provinces, Assistant General to the State, and Inspector of Qing and Ji provinces. However, he never assumed this position and was later appointed as a Chamberlain of the Yellow Gate, overseeing the operations of the Four Gates, and finally promoted to Commander of the Imperial Guards. During the events of the abdication by Emperor Gaozong, Yingzhou remained calm and impartial, which earned him the Emperor's favor and a role in significant accomplishments. In the second year of Jianwu, Yingzhou was promoted to a marquis, with his fief expanded to six hundred households, and the Emperor gifted him a carriage drawn by a white ox, the same one he often used.
The emperor advocated frugality and wanted to melt down the silver wine vessels used for the New Year celebration at the Taiguan, and Wang Yan, the Shangshu Ling, and others agreed that it was a good idea. However, Ying Zhou said, "The most important grand ceremony of the court was the Sanyuan Festival, and this wine vessel is an old item, not worth the trouble." The emperor was not very happy at the time, but later at a banquet, the tables were laden with silverware. Ying Zhou said, "Your Majesty wanted to melt down that silver wine vessel before; it seems these silverware should be melted down as well." The emperor, feeling a sense of shame, took note.
Prince Bao Xuan of Jiangxia was awarded the title of champion and was sent to guard Shitou City. He appointed Ying Zhou as his chief of staff, in charge of military affairs in Shitou City. Later, Bao Xuan was promoted to Weiwei. After that, he successively served as Champion General, Rear Chief Historian of Prince Lu Ling, Taishou of Guangling, and serving as the governor of Nan Yuanzhou.
That year, the enemies from the north launched an aggressive advance, threatening to ride their horses across the Yangtze River. The emperor was very afraid, so he ordered Ying Zhou to move the people outside the city into the city for refuge. Upon hearing this, the common people panicked and rushed south to escape. Ying Zhou felt that the enemy's army was still far away and there was no need to be in such a hurry, so he did not carry out the emperor's order. As a result, the enemy withdrew shortly afterward. Because of this incident, Ying Zhou was promoted once more and appointed as the General, supervising military affairs in the five states of Nan Yuan, Yuan, Xu, Qing, and Ji, the assistant general of the nation, and the governor of Nan Yuanzhou.
Emperor Han He appointed Ying Zhou as Champion General, Chief Historian of the Western General, and Taishou of Nanjun, allowing him to act as the governor of Jingzhou. At that time, Dong Hunhou was known for his foolishness and cruelty, killing ministers indiscriminately and favoring villains. After the failures of the Cui and Chen families, the local officials in various states and counties each had their own schemes. In October of the second year of Yongyuan, Marquis Xiao Yi, the Shangshu Ling of Linxiang, and his brother Xiao Chang, the Weiwei, were both assassinated.
Previously, the court sent General Liu Shanyang, the Prefect of Bazizhitong County, to lead three thousand soldiers to carry out the emperor's orders by attacking Yongzhou alongside Ying Zhou. The Governor of Yongzhou, Prince Liang, was preparing to rebel, and he was worried that Ying Zhou was not flexible enough, so he sent the messenger Wang Tianhu to Jiangling, announcing that Shanyang was advancing westward to simultaneously attack Jingzhou and Yongzhou. Prince Liang also wrote a letter to Ying Zhou, urging him to rebel together. At that time, Ying Zhou had not yet made a firm decision. When Shanyang left Nanzhou, he told others, "The court sent someone with a white tiger flag to chase me, so I can't go back." He departed with his wives, concubines, and all his possessions. When he arrived in Baling, he delayed for over ten days without taking action. Prince Liang sent Wang Tianhu with a letter to meet Ying Zhou and explained his plan in detail. Some claimed that Shanyang intended to kill Ying Zhou, seize Jing Zhou for himself, and rebel alongside Prince Liang. Ying Zhou then conspired with Prince Liang to kill Wang Tianhu and send his head to Liu Shanyang. Then Ying Zhou mobilized the local populace to provide vehicles and livestock, announcing that he was going to lead troops to attack Xiangyang. On the eighteenth day of November, Shanyang arrived at Jiangjin with only one carriage, dressed in white clothes, surrounded by dozens of people, to meet Ying Zhou. Ying Zhou had already arranged ambushes, including former Prefects Liu Xiaoqing, Liu Xiyue, Xiao Wenzhao, former General Chen Xiu, and General Sun Mo. As soon as Shanyang entered, Ying Zhou ordered him to be hacked to death in the carriage. Shanyang's deputy, Li Yuanlu, surrendered to Ying Zhou along with the remaining soldiers. Ying Zhou sent the messenger Cai Daoyou to hurry to deliver Shanyang's head to Prince Liang, then ordered strict vigilance and recruited soldiers everywhere. Donghun Hou heard that Shanyang had died and issued a decree to launch an attack on Jingzhou and Yongzhou. Later, the court posthumously conferred the title of General of Ning Shuo and the Governorship of Liangzhou upon Shanyang.
Xiao Yingzhou, this young man, is strong and capable, and has the courage to take on responsibilities. When he expressed his ambition to undertake significant tasks, everyone respected him and willingly followed him to work. The emperor was pleased and directly promoted him, appointing him as the Right General, and entrusted him with commanding both the marching troops and the garrison forces, as well as assigning him a scribe, while his original position remained unchanged. Sima Xiahou Xiang from the Western Command was also promoted and became the General of Conquering the Barbarians. In addition, the emperor also sent General Wang Fadu of Ning Shuo to Baling.
In order to support the army, Yingzhou donated 200,000 coins, 1,000 hu of rice, and 500 hu of salt from his own pocket. Cizhi Zong Sai and Biejia Zong Guo also donated 2,000 hu of grain and two cows. Everyone generously donated, with those with wealth contributing money, while those with supplies offered grain, truly working together in unity. It is said that there is a rich monk in a temple in Changsha who secretly forged thousands of golden dragons and buried them in the ground, passing them down through generations, referred to as "Golden Iron from Below," which no one had ever seen. This time, he unearthed all these golden dragons to aid the army.
In December, Xiao Yingzhou and Xiahou Xiang issued a notice together to the officials of the capital and the governors of various provinces and counties:
"The world is ever-changing, with fortunes rising and falling in cycles. When the Shang Dynasty was declining, Pengzu and Duke Wei of Guo stepped forward; when the Han Dynasty was on the verge of extinction, Xufu and Mou Yi also sacrificed themselves to save the country. Therefore, they secured their places in history, and their descendants thrived. Our founding emperor had noble virtues and great achievements, receiving the blessings of heaven. Our second emperor inherited his legacy and made even greater achievements, with all under heaven submitting and the four seas paying tribute. However, the Yulin region has suffered under incompetent and chaotic rule, disrupting the order and almost causing the downfall of our Great Qi Dynasty."
Emperor Gaozong Ming inherited the foundation laid by his ancestors, ruled with diligence, practiced benevolent governance, attracted talented scholars from all over the world, and gathered virtuous individuals. He established a refined system of rites and music, strengthening the nation's governance, which were seen as auspicious signs! His achievements are comparable to those of the Heavenly Emperor, unmatched by anyone else!
However, this new emperor disregarded state affairs, was exceptionally cruel and corrupt, leading to a complete moral decay in society. His father had just died, but he showed no signs of grief, appearing rather pleased. He spent his days reveling in wine and pleasure, failing to punish those who disrespected him; he befriended those treacherous and corrupt officials. As a result, loyal ministers and honorable generals were ruthlessly slain, resulting in a massacre of ministers. People like Jiang Puyi, Generals Xiao and Liu, Minister Xu, Minister Shen, and Captain Cao, some hailed from royal lineage, some were highly respected, some were loved by the people, and some were pillars of the country. They had significantly contributed to the nation's revival, comparable to ancient virtuous ministers such as Zhou Gong and Shao Gong, assisting in state affairs and carrying on the legacy of the late emperor. Yet, their prominence led to suspicion from the emperor, and the righteous were executed, bringing ruin to their families, with even infants and young children not spared. The emperor showed no regard for his predecessor, nor did he care for the lives of his kin. Those who were honest were inevitably viewed with suspicion, the loyal were unjustly punished, leaving the populace fearful and uncertain about what lay ahead.
Cui Huijing was driven to desperation and had no choice but to rebel and attack the palace in order to survive. The people in the city were in a state of panic, fearing for their lives. Fortunately, Xiao Lingjun rose up to resist, saving the common people and restoring peace to the land, allowing them to live and work in peace. Although Prince Jiangxia had great power, he failed to stop the disaster in time. He knew deep down how serious the situation was but did not take action in time, which ultimately led to tragedy. Xiao Lingjun, as an elder of the clan and a loyal minister, advised the emperor earnestly every day, but the corrupt officials obstructed him, leading to the emperor gradually alienating and suspecting him, resulting in a tragic outcome. His efforts to hire capable people were aimed at stabilizing the country, but the motives for his killings were driven by his own depravity.
After the prime minister was killed, the corrupt officials grew even bolder. Mei Chong'er and Ru Fazhen, savage and foolish, took advantage of the emperor's power to do evil, misleading and manipulating the emperor. Over a thousand palace maids were forced to serve them in the nude, while dozens of corrupt officials chased and frolicked in the palace. They drank recklessly in the wine shop during the day, roamed the streets at night, and sought pleasure with a gang of thugs.
Liu Shanyang secretly accepted the emperor's secret order to continue his evil deeds, but justice finally caught up with him and he was eventually killed.
God gave birth to the common people, appointing rulers to govern them and keep them from losing their humanity. How could there be such a so-called noble magistrate who poisoned his own people, cut off family bonds, ignored the bonds between ruler and subject, killed those with great merits first, and quickly killed those with high merits? Internal strife among the nine clans, rebellions among the minority ethnic groups on the border, the territory shrinking day by day, continuous warfare, an empty treasury, exhausted people, yet he remained unbothered, leisurely enjoying himself.
The common people are complaining loudly, and heaven is punishing us. Mars strikes the moon, palaces are destroyed by fire, ominous waters signal disaster, earthquakes and ground fissures foreshadow calamities. Ancestral temples are on the verge of collapse, and the balance of heaven, earth, and humanity has been disrupted. I genuinely fear our country's fate is doomed to eternal suffering.
Prince Nankang, the son of Emperor Gaozong, is naturally wise and valiant. He participated in the Battle of Shiye at a young age and earned military accolades. Signs of auspiciousness appeared in his childhood, indicating an extraordinary future. The people of the country hope that he can bear great responsibilities and assist the court. Moreover, with his high status and power, leading the great army, the rise and fall of the country depend on him alone.
The Mo Family (referring to the Nankang Prince's Mansion), as a royal relative, has been entrusted with great responsibility and trust by the Emperor. Bearing a heavy burden, they are determined to eliminate obstacles and bring peace to the chaotic world. The Emperor has appointed General Yang Gongze, General Wang Fadu, General Pang Hui, General Zong Fu, General Le Ai, and other generals to lead thirty thousand elite soldiers swiftly heading for Moling.
Furthermore, General Cai Daogong, General Xi Chanwen, General Ren Yangzhi, General Han Xiaoren, General Zhu Bin, General Zong Bingzhi, General Zhu Jingshu, General Yu Yu, General Yu Yue, and other generals have been appointed to lead twenty thousand soldiers straight to Jianye. Additionally, General Deng Yuanqi, General Wang Shixing, and other generals have been appointed to lead ten thousand cavalry to launch an assault on Bai Xia. Finally, General Xiahou Xiang, General Liu Chen, General Liu Xiaqing, General Jiang Qian, and other generals have been appointed to lead fifty thousand elite soldiers, following closely behind and departing one after another.
Once upon a time, the General waved his mighty sword, with the five stars aligning to protect him; he pointed to the distance, and clouds and rainbows shifted in response. The heavens and earth trembled, the mountains and rivers surged! General Mo personally led the troops into battle, holding military power, commanding one hundred fifty thousand soldiers, the sound of war drums resonating, shaking Jingnan. General Ningshuo and King Nankang's friend Xiao Yingda led thirty thousand elite soldiers to defend against the enemy in the rear. Xiao Yongzhou's military achievements were illustrious, his strategies profound. He was heartbroken over family feuds and outraged by the plight of the nation, weeping blood on his pillow each night, vowing to avenge and wipe out hatred. One hundred thousand elite soldiers have set forth from Hanchuan. Zhang Yingzhou was equally fervent and committed. Prince Shaoling of Jiangzhou, Zhang Xingshi of Xiangzhou, and Wang Sizhou all responded actively, leading elite soldiers and strong generals, breaking through the waves. The warships were continuous, covering thousands of miles of water; the army's chariots and cavalry were vast and formidable, filling the plain. Our army is united and determined, vowing to defeat the rebels. This is the army of justice, to save the country in crisis. What enemy can withstand us, what traitor can escape our wrath!
At present, our sole targets are Meichong'er and Rufazhen. Generals, your families have served the country for generations, with outstanding achievements. Now, you find yourselves amidst chaos, in perilous circumstances, beset by scoundrels, surely full of worries. The army is about to arrive; you must find a way to extricate yourselves and join us. On the day the edict arrives, whoever can slay Meichong'er and Rufazhen and present their heads will be granted the title of Marquis over two thousand households. If you are swayed by the treacherous faction and dare to oppose the army, you will be severely punished, with nine generations implicated! Rewards and punishments are as clear as the blazing sun in the sky, with the river as my witness, I will not go back on my word!
We dispatched Champion General Yang Gong to Xiangzhou. General Wang Fadu, however, has delayed his advance and has thus been relieved of his command. After Yang Gong took Baling, he pressed on toward Xiangzhou. We also dispatched General Ningshuo, Liu Tan, to Xiangzhou to manage state affairs.
Yingzhou sent someone to talk to King Liang: "The timing isn't right yet; it's better to wait until February next year to take action. It's not a good idea to go to war now." King Liang said: "We now have a hundred thousand troops, and our supplies are running out. Besides, our army has a good reputation, and the soldiers are all high-spirited. Moreover, the appearance of the Bright Star in the west indicates that the righteous army is about to move. With favorable timing, location, and people, how could we possibly fail? When King Wu attacked King Zhou, he also went against the direction of the Bright Star; do we still need to consult the almanac for an auspicious day?" Yingzhou had no choice but to go along with it. So he sent Army Colonel Deng Yuanqi to lead the troops to Xiakou.
In the first month of the third year, Emperor He was appointed Prime Minister, and Yingzhou was appointed Left Chief Historian and promoted to General of the Garrison. From then on, he began selecting local officials. King Liang repeatedly advised Emperor He to accept the honorary title, and the Governor of Liangzhou, Liu Yan, and the Prefect of Jingling, Cao Jingzong, also urged him to accept the title. Yingzhou had Zong Zuo organize the relevant ceremonies, petitioned Emperor He to accept the honorary title, change the era name, and built ancestral temples and suburbs in Jiangling, with the city gates designed like those in Jiankang. He also established the five ministries of personnel, renaming the southern shooting range as Orchid Platform, and the Prefect of Nanjun was renamed Yin. During the Jianwu era, there was a great storm in Jingzhou, and a dragon flew into Baizhai, leaving claw marks on the pillars and walls. The governor at the time, Xiao Yaoxin, was so frightened he didn't dare stay there anymore. Later, this place was later rebuilt as Jiayu Hall. In the first month of the Zhongxing period, Yingzhou was appointed Attendant and Minister of Personnel, without any changes to his roles as Acting General and Governor of Jingzhou, and he also took on the role of Minister of Personnel, overseeing military matters across the eight provinces, serving as the Acting Governor of Jingzhou, while retaining his original positions.
Left Minister Yue Ai presented a memorial, saying, "According to the imperial edict, due to busy military affairs, court meetings will be temporarily suspended. However, I believe that as court officials, we should be hardworking and dedicated, starting work early in the morning. This is an old tradition of the country and should not be easily abolished. After discussing with Right Minister Jiang Quan and others, we have decided that officials of the Eight Seats rank and below should take turns on duty every five days. When there are matters to attend to, officials must stay until the end of the drum signal before leaving, but if there are no matters, they can go home earlier depending on the circumstances." The memorial was approved.
Prince Liang led his troops from Miankou, preparing for battle. The Governor of Yingzhou, Zhang Chong, defended the city and resisted firmly. General Yang Ping pacified Xiangzhou, then sent General Zhang Baoji to Jiangling to join forces with the troops on the Xiaokou side. The Governors of Baxi, Lu Xiulie, and Badong, Xiao Huixun, both sent their sons to resist Prince Liang's army. Yingzhou also sent the Prefect of Wenyang, Liu Xiaoqing, to Xiakou to defend together with the Prefects of Badong, Ren Yangzhi, and Yidu, Zheng Fashao. At that time, with chaos and panic, the Chief Historian of Yingzhou, Zhang Chi, led dozens of followers dressed in crimson into Qianqiu Gate, frightening the people in the city, who suspected there might be internal collusion. As a result, the Chief Censor accused Zhang Chi, and the emperor ordered him to be punished according to the law.
Yingzhou's younger brother, Ying Fu, was in the capital at the time. A man named Xiu Lingyou from Luling secretly ran south and raised a force of two thousand men in the mountains of Xichang County, attacking Luling Prefecture. The Interior Minister of Luling, Xie Juan, was so terrified that he fled to Yuzhang. Ying Fu and Xiu Lingyou occupied Luling Prefecture and requested support. Yingzhou then sent General Ning Shuo, Fan Sengjian, to support them to the south of Xiangzhou. Fan Sengjian captured Ancheng and was appointed as the Assistant General of Fuguo and the Interior Minister of Ancheng. Ying Fu was also appointed as the Champion General and the Interior Minister of Luling. They united the forces of both prefectures and set out from Pengli Pass.
Duke Dong Hun sent Peng Pen and Liu Xizu to lead 3,000 men, under the command of the Jiangzhou Governor, Chen Bozhi, to march south to quell the rebel forces in those two counties and also to take over Xiangzhou. Wang Dan, the Prefect of Nankang, also led troops to defend the county city, in coordination with Peng Pen and his troops. Ying Fu, upon hearing the enemy troops approaching, fled in terror. The former Intendant, Xie Zhuan, who had previously fled, returned to Luling County. Liu Xizu arrived in Ancheng, fought for seven days and nights straight, resulting in the death of Fan Sengjian. Liu Xizu then became the Intendant of Ancheng. Ying Fu fled with his defeated forces to Xichang, where Xie Zhuan sent troops to attack him, leading to the defeat of Ying Fu's forces and his flight to Xiangzhou. The court appointed Ying Fu as the Military Governor of Xiangdong, Hengyang, Lingling, Guiyang, and Yingyang counties, also making him the Intendant of Xiangdong, bestowing upon him the title of Acting General, while his official position remained the same. Shortly thereafter, Ying Fu passed away due to illness. Later, Xiu Lingyou led the remaining troops to attack Xie Zhuan, who suffered another defeat and fled to Yuzhang, while Liu Xizu surrendered.
Wang Sencan, the Intendant of Xiangdong, also revolted, appointing himself as General of the West and Governor of Xiangzhou, enlisting Zhou Fu, the Chief of Nanping Garrison, as his Chief Clerk, leading the vanguard to assault Xiangzhou, still over a hundred miles distant. Yang Gong's Chief Clerk, Liu Tan, defended the city, sending the Garrison Chief Yin Falue to resist, but suffered defeat in multiple encounters. Later, upon learning that Jiankang City had fallen, Wang Sencan fled in fear and was ultimately executed. The Prefect of Nankang, Wang Dan, was likewise slain by the local populace.
Yingcheng fell, and the bulk of the rebel forces moved eastward. By August, Lu Xiulie and Xiao Gui defeated Liu Xiaoqing, the governor of Wenyang, at the Xia Gorge. The Badong governor, Ren Yang, was also killed. The rebels advanced all the way to Shangming, sending the people of Jiangling City into a panic. Yingzhou, in a panic, rushed to inform the Prince of Liang, "Liu Xiaoqing was defeated by Xiao Gui; we should send Yang Gongze back to provide support!" The Prince of Liang said, "Gongze is currently stationed upstream in Jingzhou, which is too far. Xiao Gui and Lu Xiulie's motley crew will soon fall apart on their own. What Jingzhou needs right now is to hold its ground and avoid any rash actions. If we're short on troops, my two brothers are in Yongzhou; I'll send them to gather troops; it shouldn't be too hard." With no other options, Yingzhou appointed Ren Yang as the Assistant General and Governor of Liangzhou, and sent military commander Cai Daogong with the emperor's insignia to set up camp in Shangming to hold off Xiao Gui.
King Liang pacified Yingzhou and Jiangzhou, and the situation was very promising. Yingzhou assisted the emperor from his stronghold in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, enjoying a stable position and a strong sense of security. He was a heavy drinker who could consume three liters of raw white meat in one meal. It is said that Xiao Gui and others were deadlocked in the army, feeling anxious and agitated, and passed away on the night of the twelfth month of the Ren Yin year. He left a testament, which read: "I have been unwell these past few days, and did not expect the illness to be so severe. My breathing is weak, and I am nearing the end. Although I am mediocre in ability, I have received the emperor's grace and the special favor of the late emperor. I have always endeavored to repay this kindness and vowed to dedicate myself to the nation. At a time of national turmoil and unrest, I led the vassals and assisted the wise ruler. Thanks to the blessing of heaven, the Han Dynasty enjoys great fortune, and wherever the army went, no one dared to refuse surrender. Now that the world is about to be pacified and the war is about to end, I look forward to returning to the capital with the emperor to behold the sights of our former home. Unexpectedly, I fell ill and departed this world, full of regrets, and can only be forever laid to rest in the earth. I firmly believe that the royal duty is of utmost importance, the country's affairs are numerous, ascending to the throne is no small feat, and preserving it is even more challenging. Your Majesty is in the prime of your life and should think carefully about the difficulties faced by our ancestors in founding the dynasty, learn from the lessons of the downfall of the Yin and Shang dynasties, and consider how to establish a prosperous reign and protect the people. General Chen Yan, known for his outstanding achievements and noble character, is celebrated far and wide. As long as Your Majesty rules with virtue, peace will reign throughout the realm, and even in death, I will have no regrets." He passed away at the age of only forty. The emperor personally attended his funeral. The court posthumously granted him the titles of court official and prime minister, with no change in his original position, and bestowed upon him an elaborate funeral attended by thirty mourners, feathered banners, drums, a grand carriage, and a ceremonial flag.
King Liang surrounded the city of Jiankang and stationed at Shitoucheng. The emperor secretly issued an edict to inform Yingzhou of Yingzhou's death, but it was not made public for the time being. After the city was captured, some insightful individuals learned of this, and everyone recognized it as the will of heaven.
In the year 502 AD, the emperor issued a decree saying, "Throughout the dynasties, it is important to commend the virtues of those who have rendered meritorious service, remember the deceased, and express sorrow. The former Servant-in-Chief, Prime Minister, and Minister of the Left of the Qi Kingdom, Yingzhou, had noble character, dignified appearance, outstanding achievements, and high reputation. He had been assisting since the founding of the Qi Kingdom, laying the foundation of the Qi Kingdom, facing numerous challenges, and remaining loyal. After I ascended the throne and governed the world, every time I thought of him, I felt more grief. He is posthumously titled as Duke of Badong County, with a fief of three thousand households, and his official position remains unchanged." When Yingzhou's coffin was brought back, the emperor personally went to the riverbank to pay his respects, crying incessantly. The emperor issued another decree saying, "The funeral of the former Servant-in-Chief, Prime Minister, and Minister of the Left of the Qi Kingdom, Yingzhou, should be handled with the same honors as those of Wang Dao and King Qi Yuzhang in the past, following all the rituals. He is posthumously honored as 'Xianwu'." Fan Sengjian was appointed as the Inspector of Jiaozhou.
Historians commented that the Wei Kingdom's strength stemmed from its military prowess, with families like the Xiahou and Cao clans holding military positions due to their royal connections. Throughout history, high-ranking officials who supported the monarch often had familial ties with them. During the time of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty, the region of Fengpei was full of high-ranking officials, and most of the meritorious generals came from Nanyang. Therefore, it is said that only loyal and upright individuals can achieve great accomplishments, which is not an empty phrase.
Praise: The New Wu region thrived on its military accomplishments, and Yingzhou's contributions were highly valued by the emperor; the region of Nanfeng was stabilized due to his governance, and his legacy continued to shine long after his passing. He commanded the military camps, had remarkable military achievements, broad knowledge, and profound strategies; he played a key role in establishing political power in Jingnan and always remained loyal to the Han Dynasty.
This person is called Dao Huo, courtesy name Maoqian, from Wuyuan, Pengcheng. His grandfather was named Dao Yanzhi, a Cavalry General during the Song Dynasty; his father was named Zhongdu, a Cavalry Officer. Dao Huo inherited the Duke of Jianchang title. Initially, he served as a Scholar of the Imperial College, then as the Director of Carriages, and later as the magistrate of Yanling County. However, he did not enjoy this job and resigned. He then served as a military advisor to the Prince of Xin'an (Liu Ziluan), but was dismissed due to his official duties. He was then appointed as a military advisor to the Prince of Xin'an, but before taking office, the Prince was killed, and he was appointed as the Left Minister of Personnel.
After Emperor Ming ascended to the throne and wanted to understand the people's sentiments, he promoted Dao Huo to be the Crown Prince's horse groom. Later, he was appointed as a military advisor to Wang Jingwen. Dao Huo was wealthy, enjoying a lavish lifestyle. His house and garden were one of the finest in the capital, and he had the finest entertainers. He was talented, good at making friends, and his home was always bustling with guests. He particularly liked a singer named Chen Yuzhu. When Emperor Ming heard about her and wanted her, Dao Huo refused to give her up. As a result, the Emperor forcefully took Chen Yuzhu away, which left Dao Huo feeling resentful. Later, the Emperor orchestrated a plot against Dao Huo, arrested him, and prepared to execute him. Dao Huo spent a few days in prison, his hair and beard had turned white. In the end, his death sentence was commuted, but he was imprisoned in the Shangfang, and his title was stripped and conferred upon his brother Dao Ben. Since then, Dao Huo curbed his extravagant lifestyle and embraced a simpler life. The Emperor appointed him as a military advisor to Yang Xigong, then to Liu Yun as a military advisor, and to Wang Jingwen as a military advisor, but he declined, citing illness. Shortly after, he was awarded the title of General of Mingwei, then appointed as the military advisor to the Prince of Guiyang, and later promoted to a high-ranking official, and ultimately resigned from his position.
After the emperor's death, his younger brother went to the capital to request the return of his title, and the court agreed. He was appointed as the Left Minister of Works, but he did not take office and remained at home for several years. His younger brother, Dao Dun, rose to the rank of general during the Yuanhui era, serving in Guangzhou as General of Ningyuan, Chief Historian of Fuguo, and Administrator of Nanhai. In the first year of Shengming, when Shen Youzhi rebelled, the governor Chen Xianda raised troops to support the court. Dao Dun was killed because he had prior knowledge of the rebellion. His family lived in the capital, and one night when they returned from the countryside, they saw a few people whitewashing their door. The next day, news of Dao Dun's death spread. Dao Wei was filled with fear and hastily went to the emperor to apologize, who then appointed him as a military advisor to the emperor. In the early years of Jianyuan, he was promoted to the Right Chief Historian of the Ministry of Works, then appointed Administrator of Yongjia, and later served as Chamberlain of the imperial household before resigning from office.
After ascending to the throne, the emperor first appointed Xie Mao as the Crown Prince's Imperial Household Attendant, but he did not take up the position. Later, he was appointed as Chief Historian of the Central Army of the Prince of Changsha, and then as Left Chief Historian of the Ministry of Works. During the Song Dynasty, the emperor visited Xie Mao's home several times and even went hunting with him and Emperor Ming. Once during a hunt, everyone felt thirsty and tired, and Xie Mao happened to find an early ripe cucumber, which he shared with the Emperor. The emperor, recalling Xie Mao's past kindness, treated him exceptionally well. Therefore, that year, Xie Mao received three promotions.
In the first year of Yongming, Xie Tiao was appointed as the General of the Protectorate and then promoted to Deputy Imperial Censor. Once, when the emperor went to Danyang County to attend a banquet, Xie Tiao, relying on his previous relationship with the emperor, got drunk and made some inappropriate remarks with his colleagues, which was reported by Left Chancellor Yu Gao and almost led to punishment. Three years later, he became the Left Historiographer of the Minister of Works and was later promoted to the General of the Left Guard. When he followed Prince Zilong to Pengcheng County, Xie Tiao did not take good care of the people and was criticized by the relevant departments, which ultimately led to his dismissal. After some time, although he did not hold an official position, he also served as Deputy Imperial Censor. Later, he was promoted to Chief of Staff for Prince Linchuan, the Left Historiographer of the Minister of Works, and then further promoted to Minister of War. Finally, he was appointed as the General of the Protectorate and Chief of Staff for Prince Luling. After his mother passed away, he resigned from his official position to fulfill his mourning duties, but before the mourning period ended, he died at the age of fifty-eight.
Xie Tiao's younger brother, Xie Ben, initially served as the Chief Clerk of the Guard and later became the Commandant of the Imperial Carriage. In the early years of the Shengming era, he became a Gentleman of the Central Secretariat and then served as an Adviser to the General of the Cavalry under Emperor Taizu. During the Jianyuan period, he became the Marshal of the Conquering Barbarians. He later died.
Xie Ben's younger brother, Xie Tan, initially served as a Censor in the provincial government. In the second year of Shengming, he also became an Adviser to the General of the Cavalry under Emperor Taizu. He later served as an Adviser to the Governor of Yuzhang for the Western Garrison of the Two Prefectures. Xie Tan was handsome and had a beautiful beard. He knew Emperor Taizu and Prince Yuzhang previously. He was promoted alongside Prince Yuzhang and later became a Military Advisor to the Grand Commander. He was then sent to Jin'an as the Intendant, and upon his return, he served as an Advisor to the Grand Commander and a Gentleman of the Central Secretariat, eventually dying.
Liu Quan, styled Shi Cao, was from Anshangli in Pengcheng. The Liu family of Pengcheng was a descendant of King Yuan of Chu, and their territory was divided into three parts, distinct from the Song royal family. His grandfather, Liu Yingzhi, served as the Prefect of Runan and Xinchai counties. His father, Liu Men, served as the Minister of Works.
Liu Yansun served as a staff officer under the Governor of Nan Xu Prefecture, initially as a clerk. Later, he followed his father Liu Men to Guangling to campaign against King Dan of Jingling. Due to his achievements, he was appointed as the Cavalry Commandant. He was then transferred to Zong Que's Ningman Prefecture as the Chief Scribe, and later to Prince Jian'an's Minister of War as a Cavalry Officer. He also followed his father Liu Men to Shou Chun to battle Yin Yan, achieving victories in Hengtang and Sihu. He steadily rose through the ranks to become an Assistant Officer, serving as a military officer in the Grand Commandant's office and the Minister of War, and even temporarily serving as the Librarian of the Imperial Archives. He was later promoted to General of Ningshuo and Prefect of Shu County, but before he took office, he joined his father Liu Men in battle and was granted the title of General of Ningshuo, as well as being named the heir to the Marquis of Poyang County. He was then transferred to Prince Guiyang's Northern Military Command as a military officer, and served alongside the Emperor in the palace, winning the Emperor's favor and maintaining a close relationship with him.
He was later promoted to the position of a Cavalry Officer, then was sent to Anyuan as a military commander, and later served as the Prefect of Wuling. There was an old riverbank on the southern border of Wuling County that had not been repaired for a long time and was in disrepair. Liu Quan started the repairs, but before they were completed, the river suddenly rose, causing the locals to flee. Liu Quan personally encouraged them and finally repaired the embankment. There was a man named Shao Rong in Hanshou, whose family had lived under the same roof for six generations. Liu Quan made a special visit to their home. Liu Quan was honest, capable, and very popular among the locals. There was a mountain king named Tian Tong who lived in the mountains and was over a hundred years old. When Wang Yixuan was serving as the Inspector of Jingzhou, Tian Tong had visited him. This time, Tian Tong came to visit Liu Quan. After Emperor Ming passed away, Liu Quan submitted a request to attend the funeral, and the court ordered him to complete county matters before returning to the capital. Thousands turned out to see him off, and Liu Quan shook hands and bid farewell to each one, moving the people who then gave him many gifts.
Upon his return, he resumed his position as a Cavalry Officer. When there was trouble in Guiyang, he was appointed as the General of Ning Shuo and went to help defend the city of Shitoucheng. His father Liu Meng died in the battle of Daheng, and Liu Quan happened to be sick at that time. He cried all the way to find his father's body, leaning on a crutch. There was a large wound on the back of his father's neck, so Liu Quan cut off his own hair to cover it. He mourned by his father's grave and refused to wear warm clothes even in winter. After his father Liu Meng's death, Taizu took over as the commander of the army. Taizu had a good relationship with his father and wrote Liu Quan a letter of comfort, saying, "I know you are very devoted to your father, but now you are grieving too much, and I am really worried about your health. Ancient sage kings all emphasize mourning and adapting to changes, so why do you not wear warm clothes and sleep on a cold bed in such sorrow? Your body cannot bear it! You should take care of yourself and find a way to cope."
Prince Jianping Wang Jingsu rebelled, and Emperor Taizu personally led a large army stationed at Xuanwu Lake. Xiao Quan was still in mourning after just losing his father and specifically summoned Xiao Quan and his brothers. However, when he saw them, they all looked emaciated and unrecognizable, so Taizu dismissed the idea. Later, Xiao Quan was appointed as a Secretary of the Central Secretariat and sent to manage political affairs in Nanyang, the former territory of the Song Dynasty. Not long after, he was promoted to Marshal of the Southern Central Army and Prefect of Changsha, responsible for managing Xiangzhou. Before he could set out, the Xiao Liang regime fell, and Xiao Quan promptly pledged his loyalty. As the situation with Shen You escalated, Xiao Quan was appointed as an Assistant General of the State. Later, while in Pengcheng, Emperor Shizu requested a westward campaign, wanting Xiao Quan to go in his place. When Emperor Shizu declined, Xiao Quan was reassigned as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, overseeing Wu County affairs. Shortly after, he was promoted to Chief of Staff for the Prince of Jinxi’s army, in charge of managing Yangzhou. Eventually, he was appointed Inspector of Guangzhou while retaining his general rank and inheriting the title of Marquis of Poyang. Upon returning from Xunyang, Emperor Shizu encountered Xiao Quan by the water, and the two joyfully reminisced for more than ten days before parting. Emperor Shizu even had Crown Prince Wen Hui and Prince Liang of Jingling personally see to Xiao Quan's attire, showing respect for their old friend.
After Emperor Taizu ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, the country stabilized. Xiao Quan was promoted to Champion General. Xiahou Gongshu, a military secretary, submitted a memorial stating that Liu Yuanjing was a meritorious official of the dynasty and Liu Mian sacrificed himself for the country, so their titles should be preserved. Emperor Taizu issued an edict saying, "The rise and fall of dynasties has been this way since ancient times. The court has already made a decision, so this matter should not be brought up again." Earlier, Cangwu County was disbanded. Emperor Taizu held a meeting at Zhonghua Gate and saw Xiao Quan, asking him, "How have you been lately?" Xiao Quan replied, "I have been doing well recently, just busy with official duties." At this point, Emperor Taizu said to Xiao Quan, "Building a career and achieving merit are things that everyone will remember. Your earlier response at Zhonghua Gate sounded like you wanted to resign and retreat." Xiao Quan said, "I have received the grace of the Song Dynasty for generations and also the support of the Qi Dynasty. I cannot claim such extraordinary merits. I neither resent the previous dynasty nor disappoint the emperor. I can only answer you truthfully." Later, Xiao Quan was promoted to the Crown Prince's Imperial Secretary and concurrently appointed as Chief of Yueqi. It is said that when Emperor Shizu was still the Crown Prince, he often went to Quanfang to play, sometimes not returning until late at night. The Crown Prince would even reward him with screens and curtains. After Emperor Shizu ascended the throne, he promoted Xiao Quan to Front General, and his position as Imperial Secretary remained the same. Later, when the Prince of Jingling led troops to South Yanzhou, he appointed Xiao Quan as Chief Historian and also conferred upon him the titles of Champion General and Governor of Guangling. He was later promoted to Grand Commandant, Commander of Military Affairs in Sizhou, while retaining the title of General.
Quan's father, Meng, once quelled the rebellion of Yin Yan, captured Shouyang, and during the battle, not a single innocent bystander was harmed. The common people were grateful to him and even erected a monument in his honor. Quan later passed by Shouyang and, upon seeing his father's monument, dismounted, knelt down, and wept uncontrollably. Years ago, Xia Boyi from Yiyang killed the garrison commander in Gangling, defected across the Huai River, and was appointed as the Governor of Yiyang by the enemy. Quan devised a plan to lure him out and had the Provincial Governor Xie Jing kill Xia Boyi's brother, which caused Li Rong, the Prefect of Beixiangcheng, to surrender. Quan established a school in the province and unearthed ancient ritual vessels, including bronze jars, wine vessels, and bells, each in pairs, which he offered up.
Later, Quan was promoted and appointed as an Imperial Advisor. The emperor visited Quan's home several times. Quan's residence was well-built, set amidst mountains and ponds, and even had specially made small windows. Once, Emperor Shizu wore a deerskin hat and covered himself with Quan's rabbit fur blanket, celebrating and enjoying themselves by the window, and even gave the hat to Quan before he finally left late that night. Another time, Quan accompanied the emperor to climb Jiangshan, where the emperor repeatedly sighed, "One should not forget friends in poverty, nor abandon one's wife in adversity!" He then looked at Quan and said, "This is what I mean when I say you! They say that wealth and power can change who you are, but although I rule the world, being with you today feels as comfortable as it did when we were both in humble clothing." Quan quickly expressed his gratitude. Subsequently, Quan was promoted to General Champion, Left Chief Historian of the Ministry of Works, and soon after was tasked with military affairs along the Huai River in Beiyanzhou in his official capacity. He was later appointed as the Chief Historian of the Vanguard of Prince Shixing, Inspector of Pacification of the Southern Tribes, and Prefect of Shu Commandery, retaining his military titles and overseeing the affairs of Yizhou. Shu Commandery was later renamed Neishi. He was later transferred to Anxi along with the prefectural office. Quan was hardworking and responsible in his role, earning the emperor's deep appreciation.
When Song Taizu was in power, he intended to mint coins, but because of the abdication issue, it had not yet been implemented.
In the fourth year of Jianyuan, a court official named Kong Ji submitted a memorial suggesting minting coins to stabilize prices, with detailed arguments. The gist is that the circulation of food and currency is closely related, which is a natural principle. Just like Li Kui said: "If food prices are too high, it harms the people; if they are too low, it harms the farmers." When the people are harmed, they will disperse, and when the farmers are harmed, the country will be poor. The dangers of food prices being too high or too low are identical. Look at the border areas in Wu region, where there have been consecutive years of floods, yet food prices are not high. This indicates a nationwide currency shortage, and it is not because food is cheap due to abundant harvests. The drawback of minting coins is the fluctuation in their weight. If the coins are too heavy, it is inconvenient for the people to use, which leads to the coins becoming lighter; if the coins are too light, they are easily counterfeited, and the risks of counterfeiting are even greater. Common people dare to counterfeit coins because the court's strict laws fail to deter them, largely due to the court's excessive frugality with copper and labor in minting. Saving copper and labor leads the court to view coins as insignificant, as long as they can be used for transactions. Therefore, they try to make the coins lighter and more in quantity to save labor and materials, making it easier to produce, without carefully considering the harm of doing so. From the Han Dynasty's minting of Wu Zhu coins to Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty, more than five hundred years have passed. Although the system has been abolished and revived, the system governing Wu Zhu coins has remained unchanged, indicating that the weight ratio is appropriate and meets the needs of circulation. It is essential to establish a coin minting institution to collect copper from all regions and vigorously develop the coin minting industry. The weight of the coins should be set at Wu Zhu, following the standard of the Han Dynasty. With the treasury enriched and the country having reserves, salaries can be appropriately increased and taxes reduced, ensuring that the common people can live without worries. Those who counterfeit new coins now use scissors and chisels to modify old coins, rather than minting new coins themselves. They grind the coins flat, then dye them, making them look similar to old coins at first glance. However, after several transactions, flaws will be revealed, and they will become new coins again. Common people will not grind and dye coins, so these coins will not be used, causing losses to the sellers. Counterfeiters buy these new coins cheaply, grind and dye them for continued use, perpetuating a cycle of fraud. This is behavior that a wise ruler must prohibit and should not tolerate. Once government-issued coins circulate among the public, cutting and modifying them must be strictly prohibited: light, damaged, defective, and coins without round edges should not be circulated; if the government-issued coins are too small, they should be melted down according to the standard weight and minted into larger coins. This benefits the poor and also closes off the deceptive practices of fraudsters. With normal circulation of coins, prices in various regions will be unified, people will live and work in peace, and the market will be free from competition, ensuring clothing and food are guaranteed. At that time, many officials believed that low coin circulation necessitated large-scale minting, increasing the weight of coins to prevent people from committing crimes. Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty ordered various states and counties to purchase copper in large quantities, but after his passing, the matter was left unresolved.
In the eighth year of Yongming, Xiao Quan told the emperor, "At the foot of Mengshan in Nanguang County, there is a city called Mengcheng, which is about two hectares in size, with four smelting furnaces measuring one zhang high and one zhang five chi wide. If you walk south from Mengcheng and cross the river for more than a hundred steps, you can dig down two feet into the flat ground to find copper ore. There are ancient copper mining pits over there, up to two zhang deep, and the nearby ruins of ancient residences are still visible! Deng Tong hails from Nan'an. Emperor Wen of Han once gave him the copper mountain in Yandao County for minting coins. Currently, Mengshan lies to the south of the Qingyi River, and the west bank of the Qingyi River corresponds to the former territory of Yandao during the Qin Dynasty. Qingyi County was later renamed Hanjia. Moreover, Mengshan is two hundred li away from Nan'an. Given these circumstances, this mine is likely where Deng Tong minted coins. I recently sent someone to gather information from the locals in Mengshan, and they remarked, 'This place is definitely worth developing.' If you take my advice, the profits could be immense!" With that, Xiao Quan presented a piece of Mengshan copper ore, a sample of it, and a Pingzhou iron knife. The emperor agreed to his proposal and dispatched people to Shu to mint coins, resulting in millions of coins being minted; however, the costs were too high, leading to its eventual cessation.
Xiao Quan then succeeded King Xiao Jian of Shixing as the military governor of Yining and Ningzhou, while retaining his military title. Xiao Quan relied on his past favors, as well as his ability to please the emperor and flatter the powerful. His home was always bustling with guests, living a luxurious and wasteful lifestyle, spending money recklessly. He gathered the wealth of Guangzhou and Sichuan as offerings to the emperor, leaving no savings at home. He even had a bathtub made of gold in Shu, along with countless other gold and silver items. After stepping down, he brought these treasures back to the capital to offer to the emperor, only to discover that the emperor had died. The new emperor, Xiao Yulin, ascended the throne, and Xiao Quan's offerings decreased. When Xiao Yulin found out about this, he signaled the relevant authorities to arrest Xiao Quan and hand him over to the court, intending to execute him. Later, Emperor Gaozong intervened, and Xiao Quan was spared from death but was sentenced to life imprisonment. Despite his dismissal from office, he still had many visitors coming to see him every day. Xiao Quan's brother-in-law, Wang Faxian, separated from him due to an incident involving Gaozhou County of the Song Dynasty, and they never met again.
After Prince Hailing ascended to the throne, Xiao Quan was appointed as the Left Minister of the Ministry of Personnel in white robes, and soon was promoted to an official position. After Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, Xiao Quan was promoted to the General of the Vanguard, restoring his original position, and was also appointed as the Marshal of the Cavalry. In the second year of Jianwu, the Northern Wei army invaded Shouyang, and the court ordered Xiao Quan, in his official capacity, to station himself at Xi Lake. He was later promoted to the Cavalry Attendant and Right Guard General. As enemy forces advanced aggressively, Xiao Quan was ordered to guard Xinting in his official capacity.
A man named Quan has been favored by emperors throughout the ages. When Emperor Taizu was the Prince of Poyang, he took Quan's sister as a concubine; when Emperor Gaozong was the Prince of Jin'an, he married Quan's daughter as his concubine, so their family became related to the imperial family. Later, Wang Jing rebelled, and Quan went to defend Langya City. He was then promoted to Grand Master of the Sanqi and also served as the General of the Elite Cavalry. Before he could officially take office, the Ming Emperor died, and Dong Hunhou ascended the throne. His official position was changed to Sanqi Changshi, while still retaining his position as a Shangshu. Later, he escorted the emperor's coffin but died on the way at the age of sixty-one. He was posthumously appointed as Taichang, and his positions as Changshi and Duwei were also retained, and he was posthumously named "Jing."
Yu Cong, whose courtesy name was Jingyu, was from Yuyao, Kuaiji. His grandfather Yu Xiao was the Left Minister of the Jin Dynasty, and his father Yu Xiuzhi was a Chamberlain of the Yellow Gate. Yu Cong was cautious from a young age and especially filial. When his father Yu Xiuzhi passed away in the capital, Yu Cong mourned all the way, not even stopping for a drink of water during the journey. Later, he was appointed as the chief registrar by the state and served as a military officer under Prince Jianping, a court gentleman of the Ministry of Rites, the Crown Prince's Groom, the Chief Military Historian, and a regular official, eventually rising to the positions of state governor, special assistant, and Chamberlain of the Yellow Gate.
In the beginning, when Emperor Taizong first began his official career, his family was still very poor. Yu Cong held great respect for Emperor Taizong, often sharing his possessions with him; every time he went out, he would take Emperor Taizong with him in the carriage. Emperor Taizong was deeply grateful to him. During the Shengming era, when Emperor Taizong became the commander of the central forces, he promoted Yu Cong to be a military counselor and even sent a personal letter via Jiang Mi from the Ministry of Personnel, saying: "Now, because of Jiang Lang's recommendation and considering your talent, I would like you to assume this position." During the Jianyuan period, Yu Cong was promoted to Imperial Secretary to the Crown Prince and later promoted to Chief Historian of the Rear Army, leading the infantry as General of Zhenbei, General of Ningshuo, and Governor of Southeastern Sea. Shortly thereafter, he became the Interior Minister of Yuzhang, while still retaining his military titles. Yu Cong's family was quite affluent, and all the servants in his household were diligent and dedicated. Although he served in the south, seafood from his hometown of Kuaiji was consistently sent to him. Later, he was promoted to Assistant General, Chief Historian for Prince Shixing, Inspector of Pacification of the Barbarians, and Prefect of Shu County. Eventually, he was promoted to Minister of Works, while still retaining his military titles.
Yu Cong was highly skilled in cooking, with a refined sense of flavor and pairing. When Prince Yuzhang hosted a lavish banquet for guests, he asked Yu Cong, "Is there anything missing from today's dishes?" Yu Cong replied, "It's a pity that there is no yellow-necked bird, which is a dish mentioned in 'Shi Shu'." He was initially appointed as Cavalry Attendant and later became the Right Commander of the Crown Prince. In the eighth year of Yongming, a great flood occurred, and all the officials went to rescue the ancestral temple in military uniforms. However, this fellow, dressed in bright red, rode in a carriage with a grand presence as he rode out from Xuanyang Gate, even bumping into people with his horse. He was reported, but ultimately, the matter was dismissed.
The emperor remembered his past when he wore coarse clothes, and graciously said to him, "I intend to let you return to your ancestral occupation." So he was promoted to the position of Attendant, and the court officials all thought the emperor's appointment was quite impressive. Later, he was promoted to the position of Minister of Rites. One day, the emperor went to relax at Fanglin Garden and asked him for some good rice and noodles. He sent dozens of carts filled with rice, noodles, and various dishes all at once, even more lavish than the royal banquets! The emperor wanted to learn some cooking techniques from him, but he refused to say. Later, when the emperor was drunk and feeling unwell, he finally shared a recipe for pickled fish to help sober up.
Afterwards, he was appointed Champion General and Chief of Chariots and Cavalry, then later as the Minister of Revenue, and also served as Infantry Colonel. When Prince Yulin was made emperor, he was appointed as the Right General, the Chief Justice of Yangzhou, and also served as the Master Craftsman. Later, he was dismissed from his position due to the use of cow wine in the construction of the tomb at Xiu'an Ling. In the first year of Longchang, he was reappointed, this time as a commoner. After Prince Yulin was deposed, he privately lamented, "The Wang and Xu families could conspire to depose the emperor—how could such a thing happen?" In the first year of Yanxing, he was reappointed as the Right General. After Emperor Ming ascended the throne, he claimed illness and did not attend court meetings. The emperor sent the decree regarding the deposition of the emperor through the Minister of Personnel, Wang Yan, because he was an old minister and wanted him to assist the new emperor. But he said to Wang Yan, "The emperor is wise, and the court officials are doing their utmost; what need is there for an old man like me to assist? I dare not accept the order." Some people in the court wanted to investigate his responsibility, but the Minister of Works, Xu Xiaosi, said, "This was also the way of upright individuals in ancient times." As a result, the matter was dropped.
He reported being seriously ill, returned to his hometown, and submitted a request to resign from his official position. In the letter, he said: "My family is humble and my status is low, but I have received the emperor's favor and have been promoted several times. I am truly ashamed. My health has been poor for a long time; I have seen many doctors, but there has been no improvement. My health is really failing now, and it is difficult to recover. I request to resign from my official position and recuperate properly." The emperor approved his request and granted him a hundred days of leave. Later, he was appointed as an official, the Grand Minister of Splendor, and was soon promoted to the position of an attendant. In the first year of the Yongyuan era, he passed away at the age of sixty-five.
He had a sincere and honest character. In his interactions with others, he would always make it a point to visit them, regardless of their relationship, and would always follow through on his commitments. Everyone praised him.
His younger brother was named Mao and was resolute in his decision not to pursue an official career. When Wang Jing rebelled, Mao was forced to become the inspector of Kuaiji County, and the military power was handed over to a commoner named Zhang Lingbao. The county residents attacked the government office and killed Zhang Lingbao, but Mao was spared because he had not taken part.
Hu Xiezhi hailed from Nanchang in Yuzhang. His grandfather, Lianzhi, served as an imperial secretary; his father, Yizhi, was called upon by the state to take an official position, but he declined. Hu Xiezhi was initially summoned by the state to serve as a registrar and later served as an attendant, a junior official, a military advisor, a military advisor in the Anxi region of Prince Linhe, and the governor of Nanliang County, thanks to his exceptional talents. He was later appointed as the military advisor of the South Central Army of Prince Shaoling and concurrently as the governor of Runan, but he turned down this position. He was later appointed as the Archery Director and the state carriage commander. He was then appointed as the General of the Left Army, but he declined that role and was subsequently appointed as the military advisor to Prince Shaoling's Left Army.
When the emperor was stationed in Pencheng, he sent Hu Xie to guard Xunyang City. Later, he appointed him as the Assistant to the Prefect of Jiangzhou and entrusted him with significant responsibilities. When Prince Wenhui was stationed in Xiangyang, the emperor trusted Hu Xie and sent him to serve as the General of the Northern Middle Army, the Governor of Fufeng, and also appointed him as the Marquis of Guannei. He assisted the prince in the local area with utmost dedication. In the second year of Jianyuan, he returned to the court and served as Court Attendant, General of the Elite Cavalry, and Chief Justice of Benzhou. He was later transferred to the Commander of the Feathered Forest, concurrently serving in the same position as Chief Justice. In the first year of Yongming, he was transferred to the Guard Commander, with his position as Chief Justice unchanged. In the second year, he was promoted to Court Attendant. In the third year, he was promoted to Sanqi Changshi and the Right Rate of the Crown Prince. In the fifth year, he was promoted to Left Guard General, with an additional title of Court Attendant and his position as Chief Justice unchanged.
Hu Xie was handsome and composed, and many officials in the court associated with him because of the emperor's favor. In the sixth year, he was promoted to Minister of Personnel. The emperor wanted to promote him and casually inquired, "How many Shizhong are there in Jiangzhou?" Hu Xie replied, "In recent years, there has only been Cheng Daohui." The emperor said, "Then there ought to be two." Later, the emperor told the Prefect Wang Jian about this conversation, but Wang Jian had a different opinion, so Hu Xie was appointed as the Crown Prince's Chief Assistant, concurrently serving as the Left Guard Rate.
When Xie's older brother died, he submitted a memorial saying, "My family has grave misdeeds and has endured much suffering. The three brothers grew up together and supported one another. We all had sicknesses in our youth and finally grew up. The eldest brother, Chen, passed away early, and I and the deceased second brother, Mo, grew up together at home, with deep affection like brothers. I never anticipated such a sudden separation; fortunes are fickle, and I have failed to fulfill my filial obligations. I humbly request to be relieved of my duties." The emperor did not acquiesce and instead appointed him as the Guard Commander, keeping his position as Chief Assistant the same.
Eight years later, the emperor sent Xie to lead the imperial army to Jiangling to quell the rebellion led by Prince Xiang of Badong. Xie also served as Chief Historian, responsible for handling government affairs. The army was defeated by Prince Xiang, and the relevant authorities petitioned for Xie's removal from his post, but he was allowed to continue overseeing military affairs. Later, he was promoted to Commander of the Imperial Guards, continued to serve as Chief Clerk, and also held the position of Chief Justice of the province. Xie was remarkably insightful and strategic. Whenever there were vacancies or transfers needed among officials, he would secretly recommend suitable candidates to the emperor. The emperor always accepted his suggestions, and Yu Cong greatly admired him for this. Ten years later, he was promoted to Minister of Revenue and also served as Commander of the Imperial Guards. He passed away at fifty-one. The court posthumously appointed him as Right General and Governor of Yuzhou, and conferred upon him the posthumous title "Su."
Historians say: By sending two fine horses, he showed that he would not forget kindness; by giving a cart of gifts, he obtained the rank of Commandant. Money can be lost, but the human heart is the most precious. He was cautious, honest, and had a wide-ranging concern for others, so he received many benefits. Moreover, he was talented from a young age, like a lurking dragon, he forged deep friendships among the common folk. It is only fair to assign official positions according to one's talent.
Praise: He experienced wealth and honor only in his later years, yet he maintained a simple and contented mindset. Yu Cong was wealthy, but he was never extravagant or wasteful, living in moderation. Xie engaged with others at court with integrity, without flattery or sycophantic behavior. His remarkable abilities enabled him to ascend rapidly in his career.
Xie Chaozong, from Yangxia, Chen County. His grandfather Xie Lingyun was the Governor of Linqing in the Song Dynasty. His father Xie Feng was exiled to Lingnan during the Yuanjia period because of Xie Lingyun's affairs, and he passed away at a young age. Xie Chaozong only returned to the capital at the end of the Yuanjia period. He had a good relationship with Daoist Huixiu, often visiting each other. He was a keen learner, had impressive literary talent, and was well-known. He initially served as a court official responsible for presenting petitions to the court. Prince Xin'an Liu Ziluan, the beloved son of Emperor Xiaowu, appointed Xie Chaozong as a constant attendant in the Kingdom of Prince Xin'an after being selected. When Prince Xin'an's mother Yin Shuyi passed away, Xie Chaozong wrote a memorial and presented it to the emperor, who highly praised him: "Xie Chaozong has truly inherited the talent of his grandfather Xie Lingyun. It seems that Xie Lingyun has come back to life!" Later, Xie Chaozong was promoted to the military advisor of Prince Xin'an.
In the early years of the Taishi period, Xie Chaozong served as the Minister of War for Prince Jian'an and the Chamberlain of the Imperial Palace. Three years later, Luo Zai, the Director of Imperial Archives, established standards for the scholar exam. He stipulated that answering five questions correctly was excellent, four or three questions was average, two questions was below average, and failing to answer one question would result in elimination. Xie Chaozong expressed his own opinions on this standard, saying, "A single sentence can resolve a case; a single sentence can convince many people. The praise and criticism from Lu's historians, and the records of rise and fall in Confucius' 'Spring and Autumn Annals' do not require many words to make judgments. Expressing the essence of things and analyzing the key points of reasoning—does it always have to be written in great detail to reflect the way of governing a country? It's not about being afraid of not being able to answer all the questions, but about being afraid of using those cliché answers that lack originality. If one can provide a concise answer, it is better than answering five mediocre ones; if all answers must be brilliant, then at least one answer should be accepted." The emperor accepted both Luo Zai's opinion and Xie Chaozong's viewpoint.
Xie Chaozong later rose to the position of Registrar of Situ and Prefect of Danyang. Prince Jian'an Liu Xiuren recommended him as Situ's secretary and a regular official, while he also served as Deputy Minister of the Left in the Ministry of Personnel. Due to his outspokenness, he offended Minister of Works Liu Kang and was demoted to a Palace Attendant. Later, when Song Taizu became the General of the Imperial Guards, he often co-authored articles with Xie Chaozong and greatly admired his talent. When General Wei Yuancan heard about this, he told Song Taizu, "Xie Chaozong is quick-witted and exceptionally insightful; it is worth having a conversation with him." So, he summoned Xie Chaozong to serve as Chief Clerk and Prefect of Linhuai. After Yuancan was killed, Song Taizu appointed Xie Chaozong as Prefect of Yixing. In the second year of Shengming, Xie Chaozong was dismissed from his post due to official matters. He personally went to the East Palace entrance to explain himself. On that cold and windy day, Song Taizu said to those around him, "This guest has arrived, making everyone feel warm even without their coats." After Xie Chaozong sat down, had a few cups of wine, and spoke boldly, Song Taizu had a very enjoyable conversation with him. Later, Song Taizu appointed Xie Chaozong as Cavalry Advisor. After Song Taizu ascended the throne, Xie Chaozong was promoted to the position of Huangmen Lang.
The leaders wanted to compose songs for the temple sacrifices, so they ordered Situ Chuyuan, Shizhong Xie Pu, Sanqi Shilang Kong Zhigui, Taixue Boshi Wang Xuanzhi, Zongming Xueshi Liu Rong, He Fajing, and He Tanxiu, these ten individuals to collaborate on writing, and in the end, only the song written by Chaozong was ultimately selected.
Chao Zong, boasting of his talent, loves to drink and often offends people. He often gets drunk while on duty at the court. Once summoned by the emperor to discuss the northern war, Chao Zong said, "The northern barbarians have been invading for twenty years; even the Buddha can't do anything about them!" The emperor thought his words were too disrespectful and demoted him to be a military advisor under the Prince of Nanjun. Chao Zong was quite disgruntled and complained to others, saying, "In my current situation, I might as well be a donkey keeper!" This remark was reported to the court, and he was dismissed and imprisoned for ten years due to showing resentment. Recalling when Minister Chu Yuan sent Governor Wang Sengqian to Xiangzhou, the pavilion collapsed, and he fell into the water; and when the Minister of Works, Wang Jian, jumped off the cart because the ox was startled. Chao Zong burst into laughter and clapped, saying, "The three nobles fell into the water, and the Minister of Works fell off the cart!" His earlier sarcastic remarks gradually spread throughout the court and among the people. After Emperor Shizu ascended the throne, he appointed Chao Zong to oversee the national history and appointed him as a military advisor under Prince Jingling, also serving as a secretary. However, he was still very dissatisfied. Chao Zong married Zhang Jing'er's daughter, which raised the emperor's suspicions. In the first year of Yongming, Zhang Jing'er was executed, and Chao Zong said to Li Anmin, the magistrate of Danyang, "Previously they killed Han Xin; this year they killed Peng Yue. What do you intend to do?" Li Anmin reported this to the emperor. The emperor was always dissatisfied with Chao Zong's disdainful attitude and had Minister Yuan Tuang report this to him:
I heard that Xie Chaozong, a soldier in the Northern Expedition, has a boastful and unpredictable character, acts impulsively and rashly, flatters the powerful in the court, and always flatters others first and then slanders them. Whenever someone is demoted, he is quick to slander them; he praises them on the surface but badmouths them behind their backs. He constantly creates trouble for the talented in the court, and he always speaks harshly about government policies. He speaks ill of others when he is unhappy; there's no one worse than him. He shows disrespect to the emperor, and very few people can get along with him.
I quickly reported to Wang Yongxian, "What crime has Xie Chaozong committed? When he visited the nobles, he was disrespectful in his remarks. Please explain the situation in detail." Yongxian said, "Xie Chaozong often visits the nobles, and each time he visits, he offends them with his resentment. He was close to Zhang Jing'er and even pledged to marry her. After Zhang Jing'er died, he has been moping and grumbling. Earlier this month, he visited Li Anmin and said, 'Zhang Jing'er should not have died.' Li Anmin replied, 'Zhang Jing'er's memorial was clearly stated; how can you say such things?' He said many disrespectful things; I can't remember them all." His account matches what we heard; Xie Chaozong's offenses are quite evident and should be handled according to standard protocol.
Xie Chaozong was improper in his youth, and his behavior only worsened as he grew older. He was arrogant and cunning; he has been despised throughout history for his character. He made repeated mistakes and was criticized daily. They hoped he would turn over a new leaf and vanish from public view for good. However, the Emperor, in his benevolence and mercy, forgave him and gave him a chance to reform. Unexpectedly, his ambitions did not wane, and he grew even more arrogant; his true nature became more unruly after receiving favor. So he began stirring up trouble again, complaining everywhere, acting arrogantly and domineering in front of the officials in the capital city, and acting wantonly before the ministers. If we do not punish him severely, what becomes of the rule of law in the country? If we let him go, who else cannot be tolerated? I respectfully request the Emperor to dismiss Xie Chaozong from his post, revoke his secretary status, hand him over to the court, and punish him according to the law. Xie Chaozong's rank has not been reported yet, but I am reporting to the Emperor now.
Although the Emperor agreed to the memorial, he was greatly angered because Yuan Tuan's memorial was vague, so he ordered Left Minister Wang Quan to present a memorial saying:
"It is said that a loyal minister serves faithfully, while a disrespectful one is detestable; a farmer removes weeds and weeds out evil. Therefore, those who are virtuous and achieve greatness have never stored private benefits while in office, and yet they are able to preserve their reputation."
On the ninth day of the ninth month, the Imperial Censor Sima Kan accused Xie Chaozong, a military advisor for the Northern Expedition, of being "confused in nature, reckless in mind, contrary in opinion, and offensive in speech, causing his relatives and friends distress, donning a mask of propriety, and handing over to the court for punishment." Although the accusation was severe, the official in charge dismissed the memorial for being too brief. That night, the Deputy Imperial Censor Yuan Tuan revised the memorial to provide more detailed content. Initially, the situation was concealed, but this was ultimately due to Yuan Tuan's actions.
Let's talk about this kid, Xun Chaozong, who is fierce, violent, and wicked, with grand ambitions, acting like a tyrannical jackal, bringing disaster to the people. Zhang Jing'er secretly wanted to turn against him, but before Xun Chaozong's crimes were fully investigated, he cried out injustice, putting on a show of innocence. He also gathered a band of rogues, suspected those who had merit, stirred up malicious sentiments, criticized current affairs, fueled public outrage, and everyone hated him. Yet, the court turned a blind eye, treating his reports with indifference. He also accused some old ministers, with unfair standards of judgment, allowing those guilty of serious crimes to self-report, thus covering up his own misdeeds. Moreover, Xun Chaozong's crimes far exceed those of historical traitors; even when caught, he receives lenient sentences, with inconsistent punishments, undermining the dignity of the law!
Next, let's talk about Wang Tuan. This Wang Tuan, who possesses shallow knowledge and mediocre abilities, only rose in rank by clinging to the powerful, abusing his power with the emperor's favor. He not only cannot control his own desires but also rarely repays the emperor's favor, pursuing personal gain and abusing his power to satisfy his own selfish desires. How can he correct the flaws in the court and uphold the emperor's authority? After discussing among ourselves, we suggest removing Wang Tuan from his position, revoking his role as the Deputy Chief of the Censorate, temporarily appointing someone else to take over, and prohibiting him from continuing to participate in government affairs.
Although the Censorate Sima Kan has been fair in his work, he did not firmly oppose Xun Chaozong from the beginning and should also be punished. We suggest that he be punished with fifty strokes and removed from his position for one hundred days. As for those lower-ranking officials, there is no need to investigate further; let's proceed with this course of action.
Regarding Sima Kan's accusation against Xun Chaozong, we participated in the investigation at that time and submitted the case to the chief official, but it was subsequently dismissed. We are deeply regretful and shocked by our oversight.
The emperor said, "The crimes of Xun Chaozong are akin to treason and are utterly unforgivable! Wang Tuan concealed the truth, deceived the state, protected his accomplices, and showed contempt for the monarch; he should be sentenced to death, but in light of his past merits, he is pardoned from execution, removed from his position, and imprisoned for ten years."
Xun Chaozong was taken to the Ministry of Justice, and overnight, his hair turned completely white. The emperor exiled him to Yuezhou, and when he reached Yuzhang, the emperor ordered Yu Cong, the Intendant of Yuzhang, to inform Xun Chaozong to commit suicide there, but not to harm his body.
The following year, Xun Chaozong's student Wang Yongxian accused Xun Chaozong's son Cai Qing of committing more than twenty capital crimes. The emperor suspected this was a false accusation, handed Cai Qing over to the Ministry of Justice for trial, and the investigation proved the accusations false, leading to Cai Qing's release. Wang Yongxian took his own life in prison.
Liu Xiang, whose courtesy name was Xianzheng, hailed from Dongguan in Ju County. His grandfather Liu Shizhi served as the Governor of Wu County, and his father Liu Ai served as the Grand Attendant of the Grand Commandant. During the Song Dynasty, Liu Xiang first served as a military advisor for the Western Expedition of the King of Baling, and later held various official positions in the Cavalry Central Army. He also served as the Grand Libationer of the Eastern Pavilion of the Grand Marshal Tai Zu and the Chief Clerk of the Cavalry. During the Jianyuan era, he became the Champion Recorder of Military Exploits and was highly regarded by the Prince of Wuling at the time, Wu Yang, which led to his promotion.
Liu Xiang has had a passion for literature since childhood, with a frank and cheerful disposition, speaking and acting relatively casually, without regard for others' status. Once, when Situ Chuyuan went to court, holding a fan at his waist to shield himself from the sun, Liu Xiang walked past him and said directly, "Your actions are truly embarrassing to witness. What's the use of using a fan to block the sun?" Chu Yuan replied, "People from humble origins are not bound by etiquette." Liu Xiang retorted, "If even figures like Yuan Shao and Liu Biao could not be defeated, why would we be afraid of us humble-born disciples?" In the first year of Yongming, Liu Xiang was promoted to the positions of General of the Town Army and Military Advisor, and he also participated in the compilation of the "Book of Song," which criticized the issue of abdication. Wang Jian, the Minister of the Interior, privately reported this to the emperor, and although the emperor was angry, he did not investigate further. Later, he held various positions such as the Zhenglü of Wang Zhaolu, the Yuzhang of Wang Dasi, and the Linqing of Wang Biaoqi of the Marquis. His brother Liu Zheng served as an official in Guangzhou and died in office. Liu Xiang went to his sister-in-law to claim the property left by his brother before his death. This matter reached the court, and many courtiers felt his actions were inappropriate and criticized him. When Wang Huan was the Minister of the Interior, Liu Xiang and Wang Huan's son Wang Rong traveled together in a carriage. As they approached the main hall, they saw someone driving a donkey on the roadside, and Liu Xiang said, "Donkey! You’re quite skilled; someone like you has already been made a servant in my eyes!" He also composed fifteen poems known as "Lian Zhu" to express his thoughts. When he resigned from office, he wrote:
It is said that the path to promoting education must be uniform; the means of saving the common people lies in eliminating wrongs. Therefore, the custom of yielding dates back to the times of Yao and Shun; the glories of war were seen in the eras of Yin and Zhou. The gentle breeze brings forth spring, and the white frost warns against severity.
It is said that the drum carries music, waiting for the drumsticks to vibrate; heaven and earth are filled with spirits, providing darkness and light to descend. Therefore, talented ministers borrow from Tang and Wu to prosper; wise and virtuous rulers borrow from Yi and Zhou to govern.
It is said that in times of famine, one should admire the abundance of wild vegetables; enduring the scorching heat, one should remember the warmth of a fox's fur. Therefore, talent should be harnessed to adapt to the times; the path should be honored to align with the common people.
When learning a skill, one must rely on external resources to succeed; in exploring the truth, if the timing is not right, nothing can be found. Look at those craftsmen, working hard every day, yet their skills become more refined; while those who understand the greater way may find their wisdom buried, which is quite common.
Once one understands the truth, their heart will be at ease, not caring about worldly evaluations; with sincere feelings, one can face the world's insults calmly. Each fragrant flower and plant has its own character; there is no need to lament like Qu Yuan; those who understand the truth do not need to weep like Jing Ke.
Look at the towering platform that reaches the clouds; it is not built from just a tree that can withstand frost; a spring that fills a foot may not necessarily yield treasures like luminous pearls. Therefore, although the truth is grand, sometimes it is disconnected from reality; some things may be small, but contain profound truths.
A loyal minister does not necessarily have to serve as an official in the court; those aspiring individuals who rectify the situation, as long as they have a sense of justice, can make a difference. Look at Bao Xu crying desperately, not for seeking high office and wealth; Wang Sun sacrificing himself for righteousness, not for scheming in the temple.
Wisdom comes from within; truths cannot be confined. Reputation depends on external objects, which can be exhausted. Look at the bird flying over the waves, unable to escape; the trees growing on the cliffs, unable to withstand the wind.
Valuable treasures in the hands of those who do not appreciate them cannot fully realize their worth; talented individuals who fall victim to villainy will be buried. Therefore, fallen leaves blocking the sunlight obscure the brilliance of the moon; grand halls can sometimes seem dim and dull when the lights are low.
Focusing solely on immediate benefits can lead to the loss of long-term planning; only being busy with the present can lead you to forget long-term goals. Therefore, those who are solely concerned with immediate benefits often find themselves feeling sad; those who only seek immediate pleasure cannot appreciate the kind of broad-mindedness that embraces the world.
The difficulty of tasks depends on whether you can grasp the key; emotional connections can still be understood even when separated by thousands of miles. Therefore, those who can inspire great change often find success; those who merely complain often lack wisdom.
As achievements grow, emotions may fade; even amidst the sound of bells and drums with thousands listening, it might not truly touch hearts. Even with the Dao within oneself, it may not necessarily gain the approval of the world.
Wild grass in the deep mountains won’t change its fate of withering just because winter arrives; pine trees by the mountain streams will not lose their beauty with the changing seasons. Therefore, Zhang Fu was dismissed three times and left no good reputation behind; not all figures of history are known to the world.
Rare treasures, if they miss the right moment, will lose their value; worldly items, if not recognized by the wise, may be forgotten. Therefore, beautiful jade buried in Chu may go unnoticed, and Zhang Fu's hat in Yue will go unappreciated.
I heard that if someone is deaf, they cannot hear even the loudest sounds; if someone is blind, they cannot see even the brightest light. Therefore, the deaf cannot hear the thunderous roar; the blind cannot see the bright glow of the moon.
This is similar to the case of Xiang; someone reported him to the emperor using the article "Lianzhu." The emperor ordered the Chief Censor Ren Xia to investigate, and Ren Xia reported: "Xiang has been cunning and eccentric since childhood, and he has not changed at all as he grew up. He often sneaks around through back channels, argues with people in public, and dares to speak casually about the emperor's travels. He has been demoted several times for committing numerous unscrupulous acts, and he always speaks so arrogantly. When his brother died, his younger brother showed no signs of grief whatsoever; he didn't even collect his brother's funeral expenses, and his sister-in-law and nephew cut off ties with him. His brother's coffin was returned alone, and he showed no concern for whether his brother was dead or alive. As a result, bandits robbed the coffin on its way back, which caused great sorrow among the onlookers. Xiang's student, Sun Langer, reported him: 'Xiang has been drinking heavily recently, becoming increasingly reckless in his speech, discussing court matters, and saying disrespectful things, completely disregarding those around him and proving to be utterly untrustworthy. When his brother passed away while serving as an official in Guangzhou, last year, he requested that his brother's coffin be brought back. When it arrived in Leizhou, it was reported that Xiang and his brother's wife, Meng, had a fierce quarrel over the division of family property, so Xiang sent the coffin back, and before it could reach Que Tou, it was robbed by bandits that night, and his sister-in-law was also assaulted by the bandits.' Sun Langer's accusations align with the rumors we've heard. Therefore, we request that Xiang be dismissed from his official position and handed over to the court for trial."
The emperor said, "Your conduct has always been inappropriate, and everyone in the court knows it well. You disrespect your family and insult your brothers and sisters-in-law; this is your own issue and has nothing to do with anyone else. Your abilities and insights are hardly worth mentioning. Your official position is already very high, so you have no reason to feel aggrieved. Why do you still behave recklessly, slander officials and spread rumors indiscriminately, and belittle others to elevate yourself? I hope that you, being older, can reflect on yourself and make a fresh start. But I heard that your bad behavior is getting worse, causing trouble in the court, disregarding rank and respect, speaking indiscriminately and without restraint, utterly lawless. I recently saw the poem 'Lian Zhu' you wrote, full of defiance and arrogance; this behavior cannot persist. Consider Xie Chaozong; his talents are merely average, far inferior to yours, but the errors you’ve committed are far more serious than his. Considering that you still have some credit, I shall spare your life and send you far away for reflection. Should you manage to reform, I will allow your return."
During the interrogation, Xiang defended himself, saying, "The Emperor asked me, 'You have been cunning and deceitful since childhood, and you have not repented as you grew older. Recently, you have been drinking excessively, disrespecting the Emperor, slandering the ministers of the court, showing no respect for rank, and speaking recklessly everywhere.' I answered according to the imperial decree. I have been an official from the common people for more than twenty years, always low-profile, never thinking of rising to higher ranks. After the Emperor ascended the throne, he quickly promoted me, appointing me as the Grand Sacrificial Official and Registrar, positions that were previously held in the Prime Minister's office. The Emperor is wise and martial, showing me special favor, and made me a Consultative Gentleman, promoting me twice in a year. At every grand banquet held by the court, I could attend, and I could see the Emperor at every morning court session. Though I may be foolish, how could I not feel gratitude? What grievances do I have to dare criticize the Emperor? Since becoming an official, I have served four princes: as a clerk in Wuling for two years, as a counselor in Changsha for a period, working in the Grand Marshal's office, being favored and appointed as a Cavalry Gentleman for a short time, and the Prince of Linchuan treated me well, even inviting me to his banquets. The Prince of the Ministry of Works is respected for his civil and military achievements, deeply loved by the people. My humble status only allows me to greet them according to the rules, occasionally receiving their guidance. As for other princes, I have not visited them, so I have no chance to serve them, nothing significant to say. If there are doubts about imperial decrees and official documents, they should be reported. Due to the Emperor's authority, I wouldn't dare to speculate recklessly. For private doubts, I once sought advice from General Wei Jian, a respected minister of the court. Knowing my limited knowledge, he helped me analyze it, and I still have the notes he gave me. I do not understand these matters; how could I 'slander the ministers of the court'? Who did I disrespect the Emperor to? If I did, there should be evidence; how could there be slander without any basis? Everyone knows I cannot hold my liquor; I get drunk after just a liter of wine." Xiang defended himself once again. Ultimately, he was demoted to Guangzhou.
After Xiang Liu arrived in Guangzhou, he was deeply unhappy, drinking heavily day after day, and not long after, he fell ill and died at the young age of thirty-nine.
Xiang Liu was the younger brother of his ancestor, Liu Biao, and also a direct descendant of his great-great-grandfather Liu Mu. In the early years of the Jianyuan era, he was appointed as the Duke of Nankang County and rose to the rank of General of the Imperial Guards. However, during the first year of Yongming, he was demoted due to the lack of maintenance of ancestral tombs. Later, he also served as the Director of the Imperial Guard. Nine years later, he failed to take proper care of his deceased brother's mother, Yang Shi, who lived apart from him; she passed away without being buried in a timely manner, resulting in a significant scandal. In the end, a nun named Huishou from Chongsheng Temple took vows and became a nun, bought a coffin for five hundred coins, and used a simple mud cart to bury Yang Shi in the Liu family's graveyard. The authorities became aware of this incident, and although it was reported, it ultimately led to no consequences.
Historical records note: Emperor Wen of Wei once said, "Scholars do not pay too much attention to minor details," which remains true to this day. Xiang Liu believed he valued deep emotions and righteousness and did not care much about external things such as fame and fortune. However, he went too far in his actions, resulting in increasing problems and offending many. He originally wanted to protect himself but ended up harming himself. Therefore, it's important for wise individuals to exercise moderation in their actions and not overly rely on their own ideas.
Praise: Surpassing his ancestors in literary talent and carrying on their legacy. Xiang Liu admired the extraordinary, and his words were equally distinctive. By defying the court and neglecting tradition, he was exiled to the south.
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