Yu Chi Yun was the son of the Grand Minister of Works and Duke of Wu, Yu Chi Gang. He was strong and capable from a young age, with aspirations of achieving great deeds. In the year 556 AD, due to his father's achievements, he was granted the title of Marquis of Anxi County, with a fief of one thousand households. Later, when Emperor Xiao Min (Shizong) ascended to the throne, Yu Chi Yun was appointed as General of Chariots and Cavalry Command, with a high official position. Shortly after, Emperor Xiao Min was deposed, and the court discussed the enthronement of Emperor Wen. Yu Chi Yun was sent to Qi Prefecture to welcome Emperor Wen. For his involvement in this significant event, he was promoted to Duke of Zhoucheng County, with an increased fief of five hundred households. In the year 561 AD, he was further promoted to General of the Flying Cavalry and concurrently served as the Supervisor of the Left Army. In 563 AD, he followed Yang Zhong in attacking Beizhou of Northern Qi. In recognition of his outstanding military achievements, his second son was granted the title of Marquis of Baocheng County, with a fief of one thousand households. In 564 AD, Yu Chi Yun was appointed as the Governor of Longzhou. Longzhou was located in the basin of the Qian and Wei rivers, known for its fierce and unruly populace. However, Yu Chi Yun was able to understand and address the people's needs, leading to effective governance, earning the love and praise of the people. In 570 AD, Yu Chi Yun was recalled to the court and appointed as Minor Right Marshal. In 571 AD, he was promoted to Major Left Protector. Shortly after, he was also appointed as the Military Commander, while retaining his position as Left Protector. Yu Chi Yun was proficient in both civil administration and military strategy, earning the trust and favor of the emperor. Later, when the Northern Qi general Hu Lü Mingyue launched an invasion into the Fenbei region, Yu Chi Yun followed Duke Yuwen Xian of Qi in defending against the attack and capturing Fulong City from the Northern Qi. For this military achievement, Yu Chi Yun was once again promoted to Duke of Guangye County, with a further increase of eight hundred households.
In 72 BC, Yuwen Yun was appointed as the Right Minister of the Imperial Court and later promoted to Right Commander of the Imperial Guard. At that time, Emperor Xuan was still in the Eastern Palace, surrounded by a group of sycophants who often made mistakes. Emperor Gaozu selected loyal, upright, and candid individuals from the court to assist Emperor Xuan, which is why he appointed Yuwen Yun as the Chief of the Right Court.
Three years later, when the emperor went to Yunyang Palace, he also appointed Yuwen Yun as the Director of Military Affairs to assist the Crown Prince alongside Changsun Lan while guarding the Eastern Palace. Not long after, the rebel leader Wang Zhi attacked, leading his accomplices to assault the Suzhang Gate. Changsun Lan was frightened and fled. Yuwen Yun was stationed at the palace gate when Wang Zhi's army suddenly charged in. Without having time to give orders to those around him, Yuwen Yun personally closed the palace gate. The rebel forces clashed with Yuwen Yun for control of the gate, wounding his fingers, but he still managed to shut the door. Unable to enter, Wang Zhi set fire to the gate. Concerned that the fire would spread and the rebels would break in, Yuwen Yun brought wood, bedding, and other items from the palace to fuel the fire, pouring oil on it, intensifying the flames. After a prolonged standoff, Wang Zhi was still unable to break in and had to retreat. Yuwen Yun took the opportunity to lead the soldiers who were guarding the palace to counterattack, defeating Wang Zhi and driving him away. If it hadn't been for Yuwen Yun that day, the palace would have fallen long ago. Emperor Gaozu greatly appreciated him, appointing him as the Grand General and rewarding him with Wang Zhi's lands, singers, musicians, gold, silver, treasures, carriages, horses, and an overwhelming number of other items.
In 71 BC, Yuwen Yun was appointed as the military governor and governor of Tongzhou, Pujin, and six other border defense areas. Emperor Gaozu planned to attack the State of Qi and summoned Yuwen Yun to participate in the strategy. After the pacification of Dongxia, Yuwen Yun contributed significantly. In 70 BC, Yuwen Yun was granted the title of Zhuguo and promoted to the Duke of Lu, with an estate of five thousand households. In the first year of the Xuanzheng era, he was promoted to the position of Senior Minister of War, commanding the Imperial Guard. After Emperor Gaozu passed away in Yunyang Palace, the news of his death was initially kept secret, and Yuwen Yun led the guard troops to escort the coffin back to the capital.
After Emperor Xuan took the throne, he appointed Yuwen Yun to a high position as Shangzhuguo. At that time, Yuwen Yun was a palace official and often advised the emperor, but the emperor did not listen to him and started to resent him. Yuwen Yun, Wang Gui, and Yuwen Xiaobo were all favored by Emperor Gaozu. Wang Gui repeatedly criticized the emperor's actions, saying they were not like those of his father, Emperor Gaozu. Emperor Xuan felt that Yuwen Yun was also involved in Wang Gui's discussions, which only fueled his hatred. Later, after Wang Gui was executed, Yuwen Yun worried for his own safety and went to ask Yuwen Xiaobo what to do. This incident is clearly detailed in the "Biography of Xiaobo." Not long after, Yuwen Yun was reassigned as the governor of Qinzhou, also overseeing the military affairs of Qinzhou, Weizhou, and six other provinces, with the official title of governor of Qinzhou. Even after arriving in the region, Yuwen Yun remained extremely anxious. In February of the first year of Daxiang, Yuwen Yun died in Qinzhou from excessive anxiety, at just forty-one. After his death, the court posthumously granted him the titles of Grand Chancellor and military governor of seven states, including Qin and Weihe, with the posthumous title "Zhong." His son, Yuwen Jing, inherited his title. As the Daxiang period was coming to a close, Yuwen Jing was appointed General of the Same Rank.
Wang Gui was from Qixian, Taiyuan, nicknamed Shamen in childhood. He was a descendant of Wang Yun, a minister during the Han Dynasty. His family had been a prominent family in the region for several generations, with ancestors serving in the state of Wei and later granted the surname Wuwan by the emperor. His father, Wang Guang, was brave and skilled in battle from a young age, showing great military talent and achieving many significant accomplishments in every conflict. The founding emperor recognized his decisiveness and bravery, valuing him highly, and he rose to the position of General of the Cavalry, with the title of Marquis of Pingyuan and the rank of Chancellor.
Wang Gui was known for his integrity, straightforward personality, and considerable insight. He was very firm in his dealings, and others dared not oppose him. He initially held the position of Duke of Fucheng. After Emperor Gaozu ascended to the throne, he appointed him as a junior attendant. Soon after, he was promoted to senior attendant, and the emperor placed considerable importance on him. He was later promoted to senior minister of the inner court and junior doctor of the inner court, and he was also promoted to the rank of Chancellor. From that point on, the emperor valued him even more and entrusted him with important responsibilities. At that time, Duke Jin Yuwen Hu held considerable power, and Emperor Gaozu secretly considered removing him. Because Wang Gui was steady, insightful, and capable of handling major affairs, Emperor Gaozu asked him if he could accomplish this task. Wang Gui expressed his agreement.
Initially, Yang Su was appointed as a junior doctor of the inner court, later promoted to senior minister of state, then became a senior general with the title of Chancellor, and was granted the title of Marquis of Shanghuang County, with a fief of one thousand households, participating in the decision-making of national affairs.
Five years later, Emperor Yang personally led troops on an expedition to the east, and the army surrounded Jinzhou. The Governor of Jinzhou, Cui Jingsong, secretly sent someone to contact Yang at the north gate of the city, expressing willingness to surrender. Yang ordered Yang Su to lead the troops to assist; before dawn, the soldiers climbed the city walls, shouting cheers. The Qi army was frightened and quickly retreated. Jinzhou was captured, and both the Qi city lord, Te Jin, and the King of Haichang, Wei Xianggui, were taken prisoner, along with eight thousand soldiers. Afterwards, Yang Su also participated in pacifying Bingzhou and Yecheng. Due to his military achievements, Yang Su was promoted to Grand General, his title was elevated to Duke of Tanguo, with a fief that included three thousand households.
Later, the general of Chen State, Wu Mingche, invaded the Luliang region with his troops. Liang Shiyan, the governor of Xuzhou, fought him multiple times and was defeated each time, so he had no choice but to retreat to the city and did not dare to engage in battle again. Wu Mingche then built a dam, flooded the city with fresh water, and set up ships at the foot of the city, preparing for the assault. The court sent Yang Su to serve as the commander of the army and lead the troops to rescue. Yang Su secretly entered the Huai River estuary from the fresh water, erected many large wooden logs, and connected them with iron chains across the river to block the Chen army's ships. He was preparing to secretly breach the dam to drown Wu Mingche's forces when Wu Mingche learned of this, got scared, and quickly destroyed the dam to retreat, hoping to escape into the Huai River with the floodwaters. By the time they reached the estuary, the river had widened, the current had subsided, and the ships were blocked by the wheels, unable to pass. Yang Su then led his troops to encircle and pursue them. Only the cavalry commander Xiao Mohe managed to lead two thousand cavalry to escape first. Wu Mingche and more than thirty thousand soldiers, along with their weapons and supplies, were captured. The elite troops of Chen State were thus annihilated. Emperor Gaozu Yang Jian was extremely pleased and promoted Yang Su to the position of Duke, appointing him as the governor of Xuzhou, in command of the military across seven states and fifteen towns. Yang Su was serious, pragmatic, and highly strategic, and with the great victory at Luliang, his reputation intimidated the enemy, making the people of Chen State very afraid of him.
During the time when Emperor Xuan was attacking Tuyuhun, Emperor Gaozu sent Yang Su and Yuwen Xiaobo to accompany him. The army's movements were all directed by Yang Su and the others, while the emperor was simply observing the outcomes. At that time, people like Zheng Yi and Wang Duan in the palace were very favored by the emperor. The emperor, in the military camp, was somewhat reckless, and Zheng Yi and the others were involved in it. After the army returned, Yang Su and the others reported this matter to Emperor Gaozu. Upon hearing this, Emperor Gaozu was furious, directly beat the emperor, dismissed Zheng Yi and the others from their positions, and severely reprimanded them. As a result, the emperor held a grudge against Yang Su.
Yang Su once mentioned this to the junior historian He Ruobi, saying that the Crown Prince definitely wasn't up to this heavy responsibility. He Ruobi thought it made sense, so he advised Yang Su to directly tell the emperor. Later, when Yang Su was serving Emperor Gaozu, he said, "The Crown Prince's reputation for filial piety has not spread; instead, there are many shortcomings. I am just a simple man and unqualified to judge what's right or wrong. You always say that He Ruobi is talented in both civil and military matters, with a long-term vision. Every time He Ruobi talks to me about this, he is very worried." Emperor Gaozu then called He Ruobi to ask. He Ruobi cleverly replied, "The Crown Prince is cultivating himself in the Eastern Palace; I haven't heard of him doing anything wrong. How did you hear these words?" After He Ruobi came out, Yang Su blamed him, saying, "You usually dare to say anything; why did you change your tune in front of the emperor this time?" He Ruobi said, "This is your fault. The Crown Prince is the heir to the country; how can you speak so casually about it? If something goes wrong, the whole family could be in serious trouble. I thought you would talk to the emperor privately; why did you say it in public?" Yang Su was silent for a long time and said, "I'm fully devoted to the country, without considering personal safety. It was indeed inappropriate to say those things in public just now."
Later, when Yang Su attended a banquet in the palace to celebrate Emperor Gaozu's birthday, he even touched the emperor's beard and said, "Dear old man, it's just a pity that the next generation is too weak." Emperor Gaozu thought it made sense. But the Han Prince, who was second in line, lacked competence, and the other sons were too young, so he couldn't take his advice.
After Emperor Xuan ascended the throne, he reinstated Zheng Yi and others as his close advisors. Yang Su knew he was doomed, so he said to his close associates, "In the previous dynasty, I did make important suggestions for the country. I had anticipated this day. This place controls Huainan and is close to a strong enemy; it would be easy to look out for my own interests. But I cannot abandon my principles of loyalty and righteousness. Moreover, I owe a great debt to the previous emperor and have always wanted to repay it with my life. How could I betray the previous dynasty just because I offended the new emperor? I can only wait here for death, with no other intentions. I hope that someone can understand my intentions a thousand years later."
In the first year of Daye, the emperor ordered the Minister of Interior, Du Qian, to go to Xuzhou and kill Gui. This meant the emperor had ordered Du Qian to kill Gui in Xuzhou. The Imperial Secretary Yan Zhiyi strongly advised against it, but the emperor did not listen and ultimately had Yan Zhiyi killed. Ah, poor Yan Zhiyi, who only wanted to help, but the emperor did not listen and ended up killing him; it's truly a tragedy.
Gui was always loyal and righteous in court and had made great contributions, but he was inexplicably killed, which is just baffling. It's hard to believe that someone as loyal and accomplished as Gui could be killed for no reason; who could accept that? Whether one knew Gui or not, everyone felt deep sorrow for his death. When news of this spread, it brought sorrow to everyone in the country.
Yuwen Shenju was a descendant of the Northern Wei Dynasty's founder, Yuwen Tai. He came from a distinguished family; his grandfather Yuwen Jindian served as a general and inspector in the Wei Dynasty and was also granted the title of Marquis of Anji County. His great-grandfather Yuwen Qiunan and his grandfather Yuwen Jinling both held high positions in the Wei Dynasty. His father, Yuwen Xianhe, inherited the title at a young age, was serious and diligent, and had read extensively. He had astonishing strength, able to draw a bow weighing several hundred pounds and hit the target every time.
When Emperor Xiaowu of Wei was still a prince, he valued Yu Wenxianhe and treated him especially well. At that time, the world was in chaos, and Emperor Xiaowu sought advice from Yu Wenxianhe on what to do. Yu Wenxianhe suggested that he stay indoors, keep a low profile, and wait for the right opportunity to act. Emperor Xiaowu took his advice. After ascending the throne, Emperor Xiaowu promoted Yu Wenxianhe to Champion General and Interior Governor, and also made him Duke of Chengyang County, giving him five hundred households as a fief. Because Yu Wenxianhe was an old friend of Emperor Xiaowu from his time as a prince, Emperor Xiaowu treated him especially well. Yu Wenxianhe lived in a small and dilapidated house, and Emperor Xiaowu even had a room in the palace torn down to give him as a bedroom! This demonstrates how much Emperor Xiaowu valued him.
Later, when Yu Wentai was in power, Emperor Xiaowu always felt uneasy and asked Yu Wenxianhe, "The world is so chaotic now, what do you suggest we do?" Yu Wenxianhe replied, "The best course of action now is to choose the right path." Then he recited a poem: "That beautiful person from the West." Emperor Xiaowu said, "This is exactly my thought!" Thus, he decided to take action. Knowing that Yu Wenxianhe's mother was old and that he had significant family responsibilities, Emperor Xiaowu asked him to consider his options. Yu Wenxianhe responded, "In today's situation, loyalty and personal feelings can't coexist. If I do not act with caution, I might lose my life; how can I even think about personal matters?" Emperor Xiaowu was deeply moved by this and his expression softened, and said, "You are my Wang Ling!" He then promoted Yu Wenxianhe to Chief Minister in Crimson Robes and Grand Governor of the Interior, and changed his title to Duke of Changguang County, granting him one thousand five hundred households as a fief.
Yuwen Xian accompanied Emperor Xiaowu of Wei into the pass. When they reached the banks of the Zhin River, Yuwen Tai had heard that Yuwen Xian was an excellent archer, but had not yet seen him shoot. At that moment, a small bird flew by the river, and Yuwen Xian hit it with a single arrow. Yuwen Tai smiled and said, "I know your archery skills are superb!" Later, Yuwen Tai appointed Yuwen Xian as the Grand Commander of the Inner Army. He was soon promoted to Commissioner, Guard General, and Inspector of Dongxia Province. Due to illness, he resigned from his official position, but was greatly beloved by the locals. He was soon promoted to Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, while also serving as the Secretary of the Palace Attendants. In the first year of Emperor Gong's reign, Yuwen Xian passed away at the age of fifty-seven. Yuwen Tai personally went to pay his last respects, and everyone was so saddened that tears were shed. In the second year of Jiande, he was posthumously honored with titles including Commissioner, General of the Flying Cavalry, Secretary of the Palace, Commander of Military Affairs for the Three Provinces of Yandansui, and Inspector of Yanzhou.
Once upon a time, this remarkable figure, Shen Ju, lost his parents at a young age, but he was exceptionally gifted. His cousin, Duke Anhua, particularly admired him. As Shen Ju grew up, he became tall and handsome, with an extraordinary demeanor, great ambitions, and striking features. Those who knew him believed he was destined for greatness. When Emperor Shizong first ascended the throne, Shen Ju became a Senior Attendant. The emperor had a passion for literature, and Shen Ju also particularly liked to write poetry and essays. He always took Shen Ju along on his travels. In the first year of the Baoding era, Shen Ju inherited the title of Duke of Changguang County, overseeing 2,300 households. Shortly thereafter, he was promoted to General of the Guard, and later advanced to Grand General, Envoy, Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, and eventually Right Minister. Four years later, he was again promoted to General of the Cavalry and opened the office of Grand Minister, overseeing the affairs of the minor palace lords. In the first year of Tianhe, he was promoted to Right Minister of the Palace, and his title was elevated to Duke of Qinghe County, with the number of households he governed increasing by an additional 1,000. When Emperor Gaozu planned to assassinate Duke Jin Hu, Shen Ju also participated in the scheme. In the first year of Jiande, Shen Ju was appointed Governor of Jingzhao. Three years later, he was dispatched to Xiongzhou as Inspector. Shen Ju's reputation was great, and the people of Qi feared him greatly. Five years later, he conquered five cities in Qi, including Luhun.
During Emperor Gaozu's eastern expedition, he ordered Shen Ju to accompany the army. After the pacification of Bingzhou, Shen Ju was appointed as the governor of Bingzhou and was also granted the title of General. Bingzhou was an important secondary capital of the Qi state, and its location was very significant. Shortly after Bingzhou was pacified, the local customs were corrupt, with many wealthy and powerful individuals engaging in wrongdoing. Shen Ju devoted himself to governing the region, exhibiting both authority and kindness, and before long, people from near and far were obedient to him. Soon after, he was promoted to General and reappointed as Duke of Wude, with the number of households he governed increasing by two thousand. Later, he was promoted to Grand General and reappointed as Duke of Dongping, with the total number of households under his jurisdiction reaching six thousand nine hundred. In Dongshou County, which he governed, some locals gathered to form a band of robbers, leading five thousand men to attack the state city. Shen Ju used the local forces to defeat them.
In 574 AD, he was promoted to the title of Senior Military Minister. Emperor Gaozu personally led troops on a northern expedition and ordered him to join Duke Ji Yuan and his allies to attack from five different routes. When Emperor Gaozu arrived in Yunyang, he fell seriously ill and ordered a retreat. At this time, individuals from Youzhou, such as Lu Changqi and Zu Yingbo, gathered forces to rebel in Fanyang, and the emperor ordered him to lead troops to capture them. Lu Sidao, the Huangmen Shilang of the Qi state, also participated in the rebellion. After the rebellion was quelled, Lu Sidao was captured and was about to be stripped and punished. However, Shen Ju, who had always respected Lu Sidao's abilities and reputation, released him and politely asked him to draft a victory report. This illustrates how he respected others and valued talent.
Later, the Qihu tribe revolted again, invading Xihe. He led troops to campaign against them alongside King Yue. At that time, the Turks colluded with the Qihu, sending cavalry to assist. He employed unconventional tactics to defeat the Turks, which forced the Qihu tribe to surrender. Afterward, he was appointed as the military commander overseeing four provinces, including Bingzhou, Luzhou, Sizhou, and Shizhou, managing twelve towns, and became the governor of Bingzhou.
At first, he was highly regarded by Emperor Gaozu and held important positions. Wang Gui, Yuwen Xiaobo, and others often spoke ill of the Crown Prince in front of the Emperor, and he was somewhat involved. When Emperor Xuan ascended the throne, he led a debauched life, and he feared being implicated and felt unsettled. After pacifying Fanyang, his reputation was well-known. The Emperor was also wary of his fame, coupled with previous grudges, so he sent someone to deliver poisoned wine to him. He died in Mayi when he was just forty-eight.
He was tall and imposing, eloquent, knowledgeable, fond of poetry and literary arts, and especially skilled in horseback archery. In battle, he was both courageous and cunning; in office, he always achieved good results. He was also willing to help others, cared for his soldiers, and was generous. Therefore, he was able to hold both civil and military positions and had a great reputation. There was no one in the court who did not admire him, and even the older generation still praises him to this day. His son inherited his title and rose to the rank of General of the Same Rank.
His younger brother, Shenqing, harbored grand ambitions from a young age and was highly skilled in martial arts. During the reign of the Daxiang Emperor, he rose to the rank of Chancellor and Duke of Runan.
Yuwen Xiaobo, styled Hu San, was the child of the Minister of Personnel and Duke Anhua, Yuwen Shen. He was born on the same day as Gaozu, who took a particular liking to him and raised him as part of his household. When he grew up, Yuwen Xiaobo studied alongside Gaozu. In the first year of Wucheng, at the age of sixteen, he became a master sergeant. Yuwen Xiaobo was level-headed and principled, and he dared to speak his mind.
After Gaozu ascended to the throne, he wished to have Yuwen Xiaobo by his side. However, at that time, political power was held by some senior officials, and the Emperor could not act alone. So he said that he had studied alongside Yuwen Xiaobo in his youth and wanted to discuss and learn from each other. This alleviated the concerns of Duke Jinhu, and Yuwen Xiaobo smoothly entered the palace, serving as a senior right attendant, frequently accompanying Gaozu in his studies.
In the first year of Tianhe, Yuwen Xiaobo was promoted to a junior master and also served as the Right Ceremonial Officer. After his father's death, the court issued an edict allowing him to inherit his noble title during the mourning period. Emperor Gaozu once nonchalantly said to him, "You are as important to me as Liu Bang was to Lu Wan!" He then granted him a gold belt with thirteen rings. From then on, Yuwen Xiaobo often served beside Emperor Gaozu, entering and leaving his palace, and he was involved in all matters of the court, big and small. Yuwen Xiaobo indeed devoted himself wholeheartedly and never shied away from issues. Whether it was the ups and downs of state affairs or some trivial matters, he reported them to Emperor Gaozu in a timely manner. Emperor Gaozu held great trust in him, and at that time, no one could compare to him.
Later, when Emperor Gaozu planned to execute Duke Jin Guhuo, he secretly conspired with King Wei. Only Yuwen Xiaobo, Wang Gui, Yuwen Shenju, and a few others were involved in this plan. After Duke Jin Guhuo was killed, Yuwen Xiaobo was appointed to the position of Minister of State, holding the title of "Three Departments," and later held the positions of Minister of Ceremonies, Left and Right Minor Palace Ministers, and Left Minister of the Eastern Palace.
After the Jian De period, the crown prince gradually grew up, but he lacked good virtues and only associated with petty individuals. Xiaobo said to Emperor Gaozu, "The crown prince is the future emperor supported by the people of the nation, yet his reputation is not good at all. I cannot shoulder the responsibilities of a court official. Besides, the crown prince is still young, and his aspirations and career have not yet taken shape. I earnestly request you to select some outstanding individuals to be the crown prince's teachers and friends to assist him well, in hopes that he will improve each day. If we don’t pay attention now, it will be too late to regret it!" The emperor sobered and replied, "Your family has been known for its integrity for generations, and you always do your work diligently. Hearing you say this truly reflects your family tradition!" Xiaobo expressed his gratitude and said, "It is easy to say, but difficult to do! I sincerely hope Your Majesty can take my words seriously." The emperor replied, "Is there anyone in the world more upright than me?" Thus, the emperor appointed Yuchi Yun as Right Palace Minister, while Xiaobo continued to serve as Left Minister. Soon after, Xiaobo was promoted to Senior Master of the Ministry.
Later, the Tuyuhun invaded, and the emperor ordered the crown prince to lead the troops to defend against them. Many matters in the army were decided by Xiaobo. Not long after, Xiaobo was appointed as the Governor of Jingzhao and then returned to the palace, serving in succession as the Left and Right Ministers of the Palace. One time, while chatting with the emperor, Xiaobo was asked, "Has my son shown any improvement lately?" Xiaobo replied, "The crown prince has been quite apprehensive of your authority lately and hasn't done anything wrong." Later, during a court banquet, Wang Gui playfully stroked the emperor's beard and made a remark about the crown prince. The emperor immediately halted the banquet and reproached Xiaobo, saying, "You always tell me the crown prince hasn't done anything wrong, but now Wang Gui says this. Are you deceiving me?" Xiaobo bowed twice and said, "I have heard that matters between fathers and sons are the hardest to discuss. I know Your Majesty cannot be harsh-hearted, so I was momentarily speechless." The emperor understood his meaning, remained silent for a long time, and then said, "I have entrusted these matters to you; you must work hard!"
Five years later, the army launched an eastern expedition, and Xiaobo was appointed as a lower minister of internal affairs, responsible for overseeing court affairs. After the army's triumphant return, the emperor said, "Your contributions in defending the court are no less than those in battle." Thus, the emperor promoted Xiaobo to the Grand General, granted him the title of Duke of Guangling, with a fief consisting of three thousand households, and bestowed many treasures of gold and silver along with female performers. Six years later, Xiaobo again served as the Grand Master. Every time the emperor went on a tour, he would leave Xiaobo to guard the court. Later, Emperor Gaozu launched a northern expedition and fell ill after arriving at Yunyang Palace. The emperor urgently summoned Xiaobo to the temporary palace. The emperor took Xiaobo's hand and said, "I know my health is failing; I'm entrusting future matters to you." That night, the emperor appointed Xiaobo as the upper minister of the Imperial Guards, responsible for commanding the guards' troops. He also ordered Xiaobo to hasten back to the capital to ensure security, just in case.
After Emperor Xuan ascended to the throne, he appointed Xiao Bo as a junior minister (equivalent to an assistant to the prime minister). Emperor Xuan resented Prince Qi, Liu Xian, and wanted to get rid of him. Emperor Xuan said to Xiao Bo, "If you can help me get rid of Prince Qi, I will give you his official position."
Xiao Bo quickly bowed and replied, "The late emperor's edict states that royal family members must not be indiscriminately killed. Prince Qi is Your Majesty's uncle, has made great contributions, and has close ties to the royal family; he is an important minister, and the nation's hopes are pinned on him! If Your Majesty kills him on a whim and I assist you in this matter, then I would become a disloyal subject, and you would become an unfilial son!"
Upon hearing this, Emperor Xuan was very displeased and gradually began to distance himself from Xiao Bo. Then, Emperor Xuan secretly conspired with Yu Zhi, Wang Duan, Zheng Yi, and others on how to eliminate Prince Qi. Later, Emperor Xuan sent Yu Zhi to falsely accuse Prince Qi of treason and then sent Xiao Bo to summon Prince Qi to the palace, which ultimately resulted in Prince Qi's execution.
When Emperor Taizong was on his western campaign, some misconduct occurred in the ranks, and Zheng Yi was among them. After the army returned, Yuwen Xiaobo and Wang Gui reported these matters to Taizong. Taizong was furious and gave Crown Prince Li Chengqian a severe beating, and dismissed Zheng Yi from his post. However, it wasn’t long before Li Chengqian grew close to Zheng Yi again. Li Chengqian, still troubled by the beating, asked Zheng Yi, "Who gave me the cane marks on my leg?" Zheng Yi replied, "It was Yuwen Xiaobo and Wang Gui who did it." Zheng Yi also added some details about Wang Gui stroking his beard. Hearing this, Li Chengqian wasted no time and killed Wang Gui. Yu Chiyun, feeling scared, whispered to Yuwen Xiaobo, "We’re definitely in trouble; what do we do now?" Yuwen Xiaobo said, "Now I have an elderly mother at home, and the late emperor is watching from below. As a loyal subject and a son, I know what I must do. Besides, I originally assisted the emperor for the sake of reputation; if he won’t take my advice, where can I go? If you want to stay alive, you’d better leave fast." So they parted ways. Yu Chiyun was soon reassigned and became the governor of Qinzhou.
However, Li Chengqian became increasingly decadent, indiscriminately slaughtering innocents, throwing the court into chaos, and completely disregarding discipline. Yuwen Xiaobo repeatedly offered him counsel, but Li Chengqian refused to listen. Consequently, Yuwen Xiaobo found himself increasingly marginalized. Later, the Jihu people rebelled, and Li Chengqian appointed Yuwen Xiaobo as the commander of the army to quell the rebellion alongside Prince Li Zhen of Yue. After the rebellion was quelled, Li Chengqian wanted to kill him and used the excuse of the Prince of Qi's rebellion to question him: "You knew about the Prince of Qi's rebellion, why didn't you inform me?" Yuwen Xiaobo replied, "I knew the Prince of Qi was loyal to the country and had been framed by malicious individuals, which is why he faced accusations. I realized that advising you would be futile, so I didn't say anything. Moreover, before the late emperor passed away, he entrusted me to assist Your Majesty. Now that my advice has not been accepted, I have failed the late emperor's trust. If I am punished for this, I will accept it willingly." Li Chengqian was filled with shame, lowering his head in silence. Finally, Li Chengqian ordered him to return home and be executed at home. Yuwen Xiaobo passed away at the young age of thirty-six.
When Emperor Wen of Sui, Yang Jian, ascended the throne, he regarded Yuwen Xiaobo and Wang Gui as loyal ministers wronged for their honesty. He ordered their reburial and the restoration of their official titles. Emperor Wen of Sui once said to Gao Feng, "Yuwen Xiaobo was indeed a loyal minister of the Zhou Dynasty. If he were still in the court, we would be in a much better position." Yuwen Xiaobo's son, Yuwen Xin, inherited his title.
Yan Zhiyi, courtesy name Zisheng, was from Linyi in Langya and was the ninth-generation descendant of Yan Han, a court official in the Jin Dynasty. His grandfather Yan Jianyuan held the position of censor during the Qi Dynasty and was known for his integrity and adherence to principles in court, earning him a reputation as a good official. Later, when Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty came to power, Yan Jianyuan resigned from his position due to illness. Shortly after, Emperor Qihe suddenly passed away, which caused Yan Jianyuan to grieve deeply and faint. Emperor Wu of Liang was angered and questioned why Yan Jianyuan reacted so strongly, yet court officials praised his loyalty and integrity. His father Yan Xie also avoided official positions because his honesty offended those in power. Later, Emperor Yuan of Liang appointed Yan Xie as a secretary and military officer at his court. Yan Zhiyi was exceptionally intelligent from a young age, who could read the "Classic of Filial Piety" by the age of three. As he grew older, he devoured a wide range of books and loved writing essays. He once presented a piece called "Ode to Shenzhou," noted for its splendid prose. Emperor Yuan of Liang personally replied in a letter, expressing his pleasure at discovering such talent.
After the fall of Jiangling, Yan Zhiqi followed the court to Chang'an. Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou appointed him as a scholar at the Linzhi Academy and later promoted him to the position of Senior Scribe. When Emperor Gaozu established the imperial palace and needed to select teachers, he chose Yan Zhiqi as a palace tutor. The Crown Prince later led a campaign against the Tuyuhun and made a military error; Zheng Yi and others were punished for failing to advise him, while only Yan Zhiqi was rewarded for his repeated counsel. He was appointed as a minor official in the palace, granted the title of Marquis of Pingyang, and given a fief of two hundred households. After Emperor Xuan ascended the throne, Yan Zhiqi was promoted to Grand General and Minister of Justice, and his title was elevated to Duke, with his fief increasing to one thousand households. As the emperor’s reign grew more tyrannical, Yan Zhiqi spoke candidly to advise him. Although his advice was not taken, he persisted. The emperor thus grew resentful of him. However, due to their past relationship, the emperor remained somewhat lenient towards him. Later, when the emperor executed Wang Gui, Yan Zhiqi firmly advised against it. The emperor was furious and wanted to punish him. However, considering Yan Zhiqi's integrity and lack of selfish motives, he ultimately let him go.
After the death of Emperor Xuan, Liu Fang, Zheng Yi, and others forged a will, intending to install Sui Wendi as Chancellor to assist the young sovereign. Yan Zhiqi knew this was not Emperor Xuan's intention and firmly refused. After Liu Fang and others drafted the will, they forced Yan Zhiqi to sign it. Yan Zhiqi loudly reprimanded Liu Fang and the others, saying, "The emperor has passed away, and the Crown Prince is young. The heavy responsibility of assisting the young sovereign should rest with the talented members of the royal family. Among the wise members of the royal family, Prince Zhao is the oldest, has both kinship and virtue, and is most suitable to undertake this important duty. You are all favored by the court and should think of your loyalty to the country. Why do you suddenly want to hand over the great power of the nation to others?! I, Yang Zhiqi, would rather die than submit and will never dishonor the late emperor!" Seeing that they could not persuade Yan Zhiqi, Liu Fang and others signed for him and then carried out the will.
Later, Emperor Wen of Sui requested the imperial seal from Yang Zhiyi. Yang Zhiyi sternly replied, "This is the emperor's emblem; it has its rightful owner. Why should the prime minister demand it?" Emperor Wen of Sui was furious and ordered Yang Zhiyi to be dragged out and executed, but considering Yang Zhiyi's reputation among the people, he ultimately reconsidered. Yang Zhiyi was demoted to governor of Xijiang. After Emperor Wen of Sui ascended to the throne, he issued a decree summoning Yang Zhiyi back to the capital and appointed him Duke of Xinye County. In the fifth year of Kaihuang, Yang Zhiyi was appointed as the governor of Jizhou. He ruled Jizhou with integrity and was deeply loved by the local people. After a few years, he returned to the capital and lived a leisurely life, no longer holding any official position. In the tenth year of Kaihuang, as was customary, he paid a visit to the court. Emperor Wen of Sui recognized him at a glance and summoned him to the throne, saying, "To accept great responsibilities in times of crisis and to stand firm in the face of great moral integrity is something even ancient people found difficult to achieve; you have done very well!" He then rewarded him with one hundred thousand coins and one hundred shi of rice. In the winter of the eleventh year of Kaihuang, Yang Zhiyi passed away at sixty-nine years old. He left behind ten volumes of collected writings that have been passed down through generations. At the same time, the magistrate of Jingzhao County, Le Yun, was known for his candidness and advice. Le Yun, styled Chengye, was a native of Yuyang in Nanyang and was the eighth generation grandson of Le Guang, the Minister of Works of the Jin Dynasty. His grandfather, Le Wensu, served as the governor of Nan County in the Qi Dynasty, and his father, Le Jun, served as the governor of Yiyang County in the Liang Dynasty. Le Yun was a diligent student from a young age, well-read in history and classics, but not confined to textual studies. When he was fifteen years old, Jiangling was captured, and he relocated to Chang'an as required. Many of his relatives were plundered, but he had worked as a hired hand for years and redeemed them all. He was also very filial to his mother and widowed sister-in-law. Therefore, he was famous for his devotion to family. Wang Cheng, a former official of the Liang Dynasty, admired him and wrote a biography titled "The Story of Filial Piety." Le Yun was upright and never played favorites or buttered anyone up.
At first, he (referring to the character in the text, the same below) served as a warehouse clerk in the Xiazhou General's Mansion and was later transferred to the Zhuguo Mansion as a secretary. Not long after, Tang Jin of Linzi recommended him to become a Lu Men scholar. He repeatedly advised Emperor Gaozu directly, and the Emperor accepted his suggestions. In the second year of Jiande, he was appointed as the magistrate of Wannian County. He dared to stand up to the powerful, was upright, and had a good reputation. Emperor Gaozu admired him greatly and allowed him to report directly to the Emperor on any problems he encountered, regardless of how big or small.
Once, Emperor Gaozu visited Tongzhou and summoned him to the imperial residence. When he arrived, Emperor Gaozu asked him, "Are you going to see the Crown Prince tomorrow?" He replied, "I will report to you tomorrow." Emperor Gaozu then asked, "What do you think of the Crown Prince?" He answered, "Mediocre." At that time, Prince Li Xian and others were beside the Emperor, and Emperor Gaozu said to them, "All officials flatter me, saying the Crown Prince is intelligent and wise; only he says the Crown Prince is mediocre, which demonstrates his loyalty and integrity!" So the Emperor asked him, "What do you mean by mediocre?" He replied, "Ban Gu believed that Duke Huan of Qi was a mediocre person. When Guan Zhong assisted him, he became powerful, but when Shu Diao assisted him, he failed. In other words, a mediocre person can both succeed and fail." Emperor Gaozu said, "I understand." He then carefully selected palace officials to assist the Crown Prince. He was also promoted to the magistrate of Jingzhao County outside the usual practices. When the Crown Prince heard about this, he was quite displeased.
After Emperor Gaozu passed away, Emperor Xuan ascended to the throne. After the burial was completed, the court ordered all officials across the country to return to their posts. The emperor and his concubines were about to perform auspicious ceremonies. He submitted a memorial stating: "The three years of mourning should be observed by everyone from the emperor to the common people. How can we casually disregard the rituals set by our predecessors? The ceremonial regulations state that the emperor should be buried after seven days to allow people from all over the country to attend. Now the burial is taking place so hastily, and officials from various regions have not yet arrived; those from remote areas may not have arrived in time. If we wear mourning clothes to receive condolences, we cannot hold the auspicious ceremonies; if we meet envoys while wearing mourning hats, we are unsure whether this is appropriate according to the rituals. I genuinely believe this is inappropriate." After the memorial was submitted, the emperor chose not to adopt it.
This emperor, you know, always issues pardons indiscriminately, not knowing how to cultivate virtue and perform good deeds. Yun submitted a memorial advising the emperor, saying: "I have referenced the 'Zhou Guan,' which states: 'When the ruler passes through the market and encounters someone to be punished, he should grant a pardon.' This implies that the market is a place for transactions, and a gentleman wouldn't visit without a purpose; if he does, he should bestow kindness to make everyone happy. The 'Shang Shu' says: 'Disasters caused by mistakes should be pardoned.' This means that even for significant offenses caused by mistakes, leniency should be exercised. The 'Lü Xing' states: 'If there are doubts about the five punishments, there should be a pardon.' This means that if there are doubts about the punishment, it should be pardoned. The 'Lunyu' says: 'Pardon minor offenses and promote virtuous talent.' I have carefully studied these classics and have not seen any mention of granting a general pardon regardless of the severity of the crime. Now in this era, not adhering to ancient practices is not beneficial for governing the country; one cannot imitate indiscriminately. Guan Zhong once said: 'To grant pardons is like loosening the reins of a galloping horse; to not grant pardons is like sharpening a stone against a festering sore.' He also said: 'Bestowing kindness is the enemy of the people, while laws are the parents of the people.' Wu Han's last words also said: 'I only hope there will not be a general pardon.' Wang Fu's writings also state: 'Granting a general pardon is not something a wise ruler should do.' How can one repeatedly bestow such excessive kindness, which instead fosters treacherous and evil deeds?" The emperor did not listen at all and became even more foolish and tyrannical.
Yun had no choice but to carry a coffin to the court and enumerate the emperor's eight major faults. First, the internal historian and other officials should assist the emperor; they should participate in state affairs together and govern the world collectively. However, Your Majesty has recently handled all matters, big and small, by yourself. Even wise rulers like Yao and Shun required the help of ministers; Your Majesty, you have not reached the level of wisdom, so how can you possibly act so arbitrarily and independently? Matters of punishment, titles, and military affairs should all be discussed with the prime ministers and decided collectively.
Secondly, indulging in the pleasures of life is something the ancients repeatedly warned against. Your Majesty has just ascended the throne, and your benevolence has not yet spread across the world, yet you are already gathering beautiful women from all over to fill the harem; you have also ordered that women of rank equivalent to that of the ceremonial officials are not allowed to marry freely. Both the rich and the poor are filled with grievances, and complaints have echoed throughout both the court and the populace. Please send back those concubines who are not favored by the emperor to their families; do not prohibit those women who wish to marry anymore.
Thirdly, even if Your Majesty wears coarse cloth and handles numerous state affairs daily, he still fears that he may not manage state affairs thoroughly, leading to a backlog of national matters. Your Majesty has recently spent several days without coming out of the harem. Most matters that need to be reported are conveyed through the inner attendants. If there are inaccuracies in the transmission, it becomes difficult to distinguish right from wrong. If all state matters are handled by eunuchs, this is a sign of a nation’s downfall. Please follow the example of Emperor Gaozu and handle state affairs outside the palace.
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I say, frequent changes in imperial edicts are a major taboo in governing the country, and imposing harsh punishments at every turn is not a long-term solution. If punishments lack clear standards, the people will be left in constant fear; if policies are changed frequently, the common people will not know what to do. Just six months after the decree to reduce harsh punishments was issued, it has been reversed and is even stricter than before? The inconsistency of policies has led to the current situation. Now, if officials of the palace guard do not report for duty for one night, they are to be dismissed; if they escape as a result, their property will be confiscated. This is a crime of treason, equating it to being punished with ten lashes! Although it is said that the law has become stricter, I fear that people's hearts will become even more scattered. While it might be possible to control an individual with a scattered heart, what will happen if the hearts of the entire nation become scattered? The strict legal framework of the Qin Dynasty resulted in its downfall, while Emperor Zhang of Han was lenient and compassionate yet maintained a stable kingdom. I urge you to implement more lenient laws and uphold the fundamental principles, so that the common people can live and work in peace and contentment.
The founding emperor advocated simplicity and sought to pass this tradition down through the generations. Your Majesty, you diligently handle state affairs every day and personally receive imperial decrees. However, less than a year after the founding emperor's passing, you have made the court so extravagant. Does this reflect the founding emperor's intentions? Please, in the construction of palaces, prioritize frugality and simplicity. Those elaborate decorations of carved dragons and phoenixes should no longer be made.
The common people in the capital are burdened with increasingly heavy labor and taxes. If it is for the sake of national defense, the people will endure hardship. But now, daily levies are imposed merely to indulge the extravagant pleasures of entertainers. The common people toil hard every day, just for those troupes, draining everyone's wealth and making life unbearable. All these useless matters should be stopped.
I recently came across a decree stating that anyone who makes mistakes in their written petitions will be punished. If a loyal subject wishes to speak out but makes a few errors in their writing, not expressing their intentions clearly, they will be punished for textual errors. This feels as uncomfortable as a fishbone lodged in the throat. Writing memorials is already difficult, and now such a decree is issued. Who would dare to submit petitions after this? Not to mention the addition of penalties, who will dare to speak! Your Majesty, even if you do not accept slanderous remarks, you should not block the path of submitting petitions. Please revoke this decree, so that all under heaven can be spared from hardship.
In the past, the kings of the Shang Dynasty received blessings from the growth of mulberry and grain, gaining fortune. Now the celestial signs indicate auspicious omens, heralding prosperity for the Zhou Dynasty. Your Majesty, although you have reduced consumption, it is not enough. I hope you can consult widely with virtuous officials, implement benevolent policies, alleviate the people's grievances, and forgive everyone's sins, so that the celestial phenomena can improve and the country can be stable. If Your Majesty does not change these eight matters, I fear that the ancestral temple of the Zhou Dynasty will eventually stop being honored.
The emperor was furious and wanted to kill him. Yuan Yan, the Grand Historian, quickly said to the emperor, “Le Yun knows that submitting a memorial will surely lead to his death, but the reason he is willing to risk his life is that he wants to leave a good reputation for future generations. If Your Majesty kills him, it will instead enhance his reputation!” The emperor found this to be reasonable, and Le Yun was spared from death. The next day, the emperor felt a bit regretful. He summoned Le Yun and said, “I thought carefully about the content of your memorial last night; you are truly a loyal minister! The late emperor was wise and sagacious, and you have repeatedly spoken candidly. Now that I am foolish and incompetent, you can still remain so loyal.” He then rewarded him with royal banquets. The ministers in court, who initially felt anxious at the sight of the emperor’s rage, were relieved when they heard that Le Yun was fine, and they all congratulated him for having escaped a calamity.
The Grand Historian Zheng Yi had once privately asked Le Yun to do something, but Le Yun did not agree, which made Zheng Yi hold a grudge. Later, when Emperor Wen of Sui took office as chancellor, Zheng Yi became the Chief Historian and seized the opportunity to demote Le Yun to be the county magistrate of Taiyang County in Guangzhou. In the fifth year of the Kaihuang era, Le Yun was transferred to be the county magistrate of Gaotang County in Maozhou. He excelled in both positions. Le Yun always hoped to become an advisor who could counsel the emperor with composure. However, he was straightforward and offended many people, so he was never reused. Therefore, he made up his mind to collect the advice from the Xia and Yin dynasties, organizing and compiling them into a book, comprising six hundred thirty-nine entries in forty-one volumes, titled "Garden of Admonitions," and then submitted it to the emperor. Emperor Wen of Sui was greatly pleased upon reading it.
In historical records, it is said that those who have gained fame and glory without relying on learning skills or titles, how could they achieve this? It is their loyalty, filial piety, and righteousness! Wholeheartedly serving and honoring parents is the duty of every child; faithfully serving the monarch is the duty of every subject. These are important principles that have shaped both the past and present. During the Eastern Wei Dynasty, when corruption was rampant in the court and treacherous officials were in power, Wang Gui, Yuwen Xiaobo, and Shen Ju dared to speak out and advise the ruling father and son at the risk of their lives. Tragically, despite their efforts, they ultimately fell victim to the brutal punishments. When Emperor Wen of Sui was about to ascend the throne, the court officials hesitated, waiting to gauge the situation before making their decisions. Only Yan Zhiyi remained steadfast in his principles, spoke out with courage, and upheld righteousness, thus managing to survive in a dangerous environment. Aren't these individuals the true pillars of the nation? If anyone dared to claim they were disloyal, no one would take them seriously. Throughout history, those who secured important positions through family connections often relied on fleeting favors. Individuals like Yuchi Yun, who rose through their talents and accomplishments, are indeed rare and worthy of praise!
