Wang Jie, from Zhicheng County in Jincheng Prefecture, originally named Wang Wenda. His grandfather Wang Chao was the General Fubo of the Wei Kingdom and the Governor of Yanzhou, while his father Wang Wenda was the General Longxiang and the Town Commander of Yuzhong. Wang Jie has always been ambitious since childhood, eager to make achievements, who excelled in equestrian skills and archery, and was also exceptionally strong. When Emperor Xiaowu of Wei just ascended the throne, Wang Jie was appointed as the Deputy Commander. After the Western Wei relocated its capital, he was granted the title of Duke of Duchang County. Later, Emperor Taizu of Northern Zhou valued his talents, promoted him to General Yanglie and the Commander of the Imperial Guards, and soon after, he was further promoted to Deputy Commander. Taizu once said to his generals, "Wang Wenda, one man can be worth ten thousand, but sometimes he is too impulsive and reckless." Wang Jie gained fame for his bravery and skill in battles, including the assaults on Tongguan, Shayuan, the struggle for the river bridge, and the Battle of Mangshan. Taizu grew to value him more and granted him more rewards than his peers. Eventually, Taizu also bestowed upon him the surname Yuwen.
Next, Wang Jie was appointed as the Governor of Qizhou, then promoted to General of the Army and Silver Seal Gentleman, with his title elevated to Duke, and a fief of 800 households. Later on, he continued to be promoted, becoming the Grand Governor, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Supervisor of the Three Offices, Palace Attendant, General of the Flying Cavalry, and Supervisor of the Three Offices of the Household. His official positions kept getting higher. In the first year of the reign of Emperor Gong of Wei, he followed Yu Jin in the siege of Jiangling. At that time, there was a skilled guard in the city who was especially good at using a long spear, and many soldiers died at his hands. Yu Jin asked Wang Jie to shoot the skilled guard, and Wang Jie's arrow hit him, causing him to collapse. Then the soldiers seized the opportunity to attack the city, and others followed suit and finally captured Jiangling. Yu Jin happily said, "To accomplish great things, it all depends on this one arrow of yours!" After Emperor Xiaomin ascended the throne, Wang Jie was appointed as the Duke of Zhangye County, with his fief increased to 1,000 households, and later he was sent as the Inspector of Hezhou. The court felt that Wang Jie had outstanding achievements and high prestige, so they appointed him as the Inspector of his home province. In the third year of Baoding, Wang Jie was promoted to Grand General. Three years later, the court ordered Wang Jie and Duke Yang Zhong in a campaign against Northern Qi, but turned back upon reaching Bingzhou. In the third year of Tianhe, Wang Jie was appointed as the Inspector of Yizhou, with his fief increased to 3,600 households. Six years later, he accompanied Duke Yuwen Xian on the eastern expedition, defending against the Northern Qi general Hulü Mingyue, and he was promoted to Grand General of the Pillar State. In the early years of Jiande, Wang Jie was appointed as the Governor of Jingzhou.
Although Wang Jie had not held an official position when he was young, the provinces and prefectures he passed through were characterized by his loyalty and kindness, so he was very beloved by the people. After Emperor Xuan ascended the throne, he was appointed Grand General. He passed away in the first year of Daxiang, at the age of sixty-five. The court posthumously granted him the title of Inspector of Hezhou and posthumously granted him the title of Duke of Eguo, with the posthumous title of Wei. His son, Xiaoxian, became the Grand General of the Supervisor of the Three Offices of the Household during the Daxiang era.
Wang Yong, from Wuchuan, Daijun, originally named Hu Ren. He was strong and courageous from a young age, skilled in horseback riding and archery, and far stronger than most people. During the reign of Emperor Yong'an of Wei, when Wanqi Chounu and others instigated a rebellion in the Guanzhong region, Wang Yong volunteered to join the army to quell the uprising. He was awarded the titles of Ning Shuo General and Feng Che Captain for his military achievements. Later, he followed Hou Mochen Yue and He Bayue on multiple expeditions, achieving notable military accomplishments and being promoted to a separate general.
When Gaozu became prime minister, he recruited Wang Yong to serve as the commander of the army, and he was subsequently appointed as Rear General and Grand Master, granted the title of Lord of Baoxin County, with a fief of three hundred households. In the early years of the Datong period, he received an additional four hundred households in his fief and was promoted to the rank of Marquis. In the battles of capturing Dou Tai and recovering Hongnong, as well as the Battle of Shayuan, he displayed exceptional bravery and achieved victory. Gaozu praised him highly and rewarded him generously. He was later promoted to Duke, with a fief of fifteen hundred households, appointed as the General of Zhen Nan, and Commander. In the campaign against Zhao Qingque, he achieved significant success and was awarded the titles of Wei General and Governor of Yinzhou, and appointed as a Cavalier Attendant of the Palace, concurrently serving as the Taiji Wuwei Rate.
In the Battle of Mangshan, Wang Yong led three hundred valiant warriors, armed with short weapons, bravely charging into the enemy ranks, slaughtering countless enemies, and no one dared to stand in their way. In that battle, the army's overall situation was dire; only Wang Yong, Wang Wenda, and Geng Linggui made significant contributions by bravely fighting the enemy. As a result, Gaozu rewarded them with two thousand pieces of silk to distribute among themselves. After the war ended, they were all promoted to the position of governor of Shangzhou. The court originally intended to grant the three states of Yongzhou, Qizhou, and Beiyongzhou to Wang Yong and the others, but the three states varied in desirability, so they decided to draw lots to decide. As a result, Wang Yong obtained Yongzhou, Wang Wenda obtained Qizhou, and Geng Linggui obtained Beiyongzhou. Gaozu also bestowed upon them new names: Wang Yong remained Wang Yong, Geng Linggui changed his name to Geng Hao, and Wang Wenda changed his name to Wang Jie, in order to commend their merits.
It is said that Yuwen Yong became a grand general at the age of thirteen, and later on, he was promoted repeatedly, eventually becoming the Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry and a Supervisor of the Right. At the age of fifteen, he was further promoted to Palace Attendant, Grand General of the Vanguard, and Supervisor of the Imperial Household, with his rank steadily rising. In the first year of Emperor Wei Gong, he followed General Zhao Gui to campaign against Ruru, won a great victory, and relentlessly pursued the enemy, capturing several thousand livestock. For his outstanding military achievements, he was granted the title of Duke of Xinyang, with an additional land grant of two thousand households, and the emperor also bestowed upon him the surname of Kuhan. Later, when the Six Ministries were established, he was appointed as a Senior Official of the Slightly Bohai. Because of his merits in subduing Ruru, he was further ennobled as the Earl of Yonggu County, with a land grant of five hundred households. At that time, those who were additionally ennobled usually passed on their titles to their sons, but Yuwen Yong gave his title to his nephew Yuwen Yuanxing, which was regarded as particularly honorable by his contemporaries. Shortly thereafter, he was promoted to Grand General.
When Emperor Shizong ascended the throne, the Qiang tribal leaders Gong Lian and Juhe staged a rebellion in the Minshan region. Yuwen Yong led troops to quell the rebellion. Yuwen Yong was known for his fierce demeanor and was a famous general of the time. However, he had a notable flaw: he enjoyed boasting about his achievements and disparaging others, which led many to look down on him. There was a renowned marquis, Mochen Chong, who, along with other generals, met with Jin Gonghu. Upon hearing that Yuwen Yong often spoke ill of others, he publicly humiliated him in front of everyone. Yuwen Yong, filled with shame and anger, eventually succumbed to a poisonous sore on his back. His son, Yuwen Chang, inherited his title and later became a grand general.
Now let's talk about Yuwen Qiu, whose courtesy name was Yiren, from Wuchuan, Daijun. He was brave, with exceptional courage and insight. He enlisted in the military at a young age, earning numerous military accolades. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Wei, he was appointed as General Who Conquers the Barbarians, a Cavalier Attendant, and was also appointed as a commander. When Emperor Xiaowu of Wei first ascended the throne, he fought alongside Dugu Xin in Jingzhou, defeating the Liang army at Xiaoxi, then captured Ouyang City and Langcheng. Yuwen Qiu captured many enemies and attacked the cities of Nanyang and Guangping, capturing a county magistrate. For these accomplishments, he was promoted to General of the Western Pacification, Silver Seal Gentleman, Member of the Secretariat, General of the Palace, and Director of the Palace. He was also granted the title of Marquis of Nan'an County, with a fief of 900 households. Later, when Emperor Xiaowu relocated westward and Dugu Xin took on the regency, Dugu Xin appointed Yuwen Qiu as his aide, in charge of military affairs. In the battle to capture Tian Baneng and the Governor of Jingzhou of Eastern Wei, Xin Zuan, Yuwen Qiu made significant contributions. Later, he followed Dugu Xin to join the Liang Dynasty.
In the year 537, Yuwen Qiu returned to the capital. The court awarded him four hundred households based on his previous military achievements and promoted his title, granting him the title of Duke. He had previously made notable achievements by capturing Dou Tai, recovering Hongnong, and in the battles of Shayuan and Heqiao. The court also awarded him an additional eight hundred households and appointed him General of Chariots and Cavalry and Left Minister of Rites. Five years later, he was appointed as the Governor of Hanyang County, and then he followed Dugu Xin to campaign against Liang Jian Ding, achieving victory. In 545, he was appointed as the Inspector of South Qin Prefecture, and his official rank was elevated to General of Chariots and Cavalry and Minister of the Three Offices, later rising to General of Cavalry and Minister of the Three Offices. For his earlier achievement of defeating Xin Zuan, he received an additional one thousand households as a reward. In 551, he campaigned alongside General Wang Xiong against Shangjin, Weixing, and other regions, successfully quelling them. He also fought against Yang Qian, a general under King Xiao Ji of Wuling, at Baima and defeated him. Yuwen Qiu always led the charge in battles, which earned him the loyalty of his troops, and he consistently achieved victory. Later, when Weixing revolted again, Yuwen Qiu once more pacified the rebellion alongside Wang Xiong. Not long after, he was appointed as the Inspector of Jin Province, and his rank was elevated to General. He later died after a prolonged illness.
Yuwen Sheng, courtesy name Baoxing, was from the Dai people. His great-grandfather Yi Yu, grandfather Changshou, and father Weng Gu all served as military commanders of Woyezhen. Yuwen Sheng had lofty ambitions and exceptional bravery from a young age. He initially served under Emperor Taizu, participating in the campaign against Houmo Chen Yue, for which he was granted the title of General Wei Lie, appointed as Marquess of Yuyang, along with a fief of three hundred households. In 537 AD, he also took on the role of Governor. He participated in capturing Dou Tai, recovering Hongnong, and breaking through Shayuan, and was appointed as Governor, General Pingyuan, and Infantry Captain, eventually promoted to Duke with an additional fief of eight hundred households. Later, he was appointed as the Governor of Fengyi County, and further elevated to Commander-in-Chief, Grand Justice of Xi'an Prefecture, Cavalry Attendant, and General of the Army, with an additional three hundred households added to his fief. He rose through the ranks, eventually reaching the ranks of Grand Governor, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Deputy Minister of the Three Offices, General of the Cavalry, and Governor of Yanzhou. When Duke Zhao Gui of Chu conspired against the state, Yuwen Sheng secretly reported him to the capital. After Zhao Gui was executed, Yuwen Sheng was appointed as General and promoted to Duke of Zhongcheng, and was assigned as Governor of Jingzhou. The court also bestowed upon him a full set of armor, two hundred servants, five hundred horses, along with a large number of cattle, sheep, fields, and various goods. He also followed Helan Xiang to pacify the cities of Taoyang and Honghe, and granted one of his sons the title of Duke of Gantang County. Later, he was appointed as the overall commander of Yanzhou, reaching the rank of Pillar of State.
In 576 AD, he became the Grand Minister of Personnel, equivalent to the head of the highest personnel department of the central government. The following year, he went to war in the east with King Yuwen Xian of Qi, following the Qi King. At that time, Fenzhou had been besieged by the enemy for a long time, and the Qi King sent a large amount of supplies to assist them. Afterwards, he went to Yaoxiang City and accepted the Qi King's appointment as military governor. General Duan Xiaoxian of Qi launched a major offensive, and he fought valiantly to repel the enemy. After that, he constructed Daning City and then returned with his troops.
In 578 AD, he was appointed Shao Shi, a very high official position, equivalent to the Deputy Prime Minister at that time. In 581 AD, he went to war in the east with Emperor Gaozu Yang Jian, leading ten thousand infantry and cavalry to guard the Fenshui Pass and defend the border. When Emperor Xuan ascended the throne, he was granted the title of Shang Zhuguo, and his fiefdom was expanded to include a total of 4,600 households. He passed away around 580 AD during the Da Xiang era, and his son Sheng Shu inherited his title. Later in the Da Xiang era, he was posthumously granted the titles of Shang Zhuguo and Duke of Puyang, a significant honor.
His younger brother, Sheng Qiu, had the courtesy name Hu Nu. At first, he served as the General of Xiangwei, also holding the positions of Court Counselor and Commander, and was granted the title of Marquis of Linyi County. Later, he gradually advanced to the positions of General of Assisting the State and Grand Commander. He foresaw Zhao Gui's rebellion in advance, which earned him recognition, and he was appointed Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, granted the title of Duke of Anyi County, with a fief comprising one thousand households. After that, he was promoted to Grand General of Cavalry and appointed Grand Commander of the Three Departments, further elevating his title to Duke, and he was also appointed as the Governor of Xianyang County. He was later transferred to serve as the Inspector of Fen Prefecture, and then returned to the court to serve as the Left Minister of the Palace, with his position elevated to Grand General. He was then dispatched again, serving as the military commander of the Three Defenses of Yansui, Dan, and the Inspector of Yanzhou. Later, he was transferred to serve as the military commander of the Three Defenses of Liang, Gan, and Gua, and the Inspector of Liangzhou, with his title elevated to Grand General of the Pillar State. In 577 AD, he passed away at the age of sixty. After his death, the court posthumously awarded him the titles of Grand General of the Pillar State and Inspector of Yifu and other states, and his son Sheng Long inherited his title.
Geng Hao was from Julu in Hebei, originally named Ling Gui. His ancestors fled to Liaodong to escape the chaos instigated by Liu Yuan and Shi Le, and later held positions in the Yan state. His great-grandfather, Geng Chao, led the family to seek refuge with the Northern Wei and settled in Shenwuchuan. From a young age, Geng Hao was known for his rough character and exceptional martial skills, preferring to intimidate others with his presence. Later, when He Ba Yue was campaigning in the west, he recruited him as a personal bodyguard. After He Ba Yue was killed, Geng Hao sought refuge with Gao Huan, the founder of Northern Wei, and gained recognition for his exceptional bravery. Geng Hao felt he had finally found a master to whom he could swear loyalty. He followed Gao Huan to quell the rebellion of Hou Mochenyue and participated in the welcome of Emperor Xiaowu of Wei back to the court. In recognition of these accomplishments, he was granted the title of Marquis of Pingyuan County, with a fief of three hundred households, and was appointed General of Ning Shuo and Commander of the Chariots.
Later, he was promoted to the position of General of the Cavalry and was appointed as an imperial attendant and Cavalry Commander, and was elevated to the rank of Marquis, with his fiefdom increased to seven hundred households. In the battle to capture Dou Tai and recover Hongnong, Geng Hao charged into the fray and achieved great success, earning him the title of General of the Front and Chief Officer. In the Battle of Shayuan, Geng Hao fought fiercely, his armor drenched in blood. Upon seeing this, Gao Huan exclaimed, "He is truly courageous and unstoppable! Just look at his armor; there is no need for further rewards!" Thus, Gao Huan promoted him to Duke, with his fiefdom now expanded to fifteen hundred households, and appointed him as General of the North, Golden Purple Grand Master, and Inspector of Southern Yingzhou.
Nine years later, Gao Huan fought against the enemy at Mangshan. Geng Hao told his subordinates, "A true warrior facing the enemy must draw his sword with his right hand, hold his spear with his left, pierce and slash straight ahead, never frowning in fear of death!" With that, he shouted and charged into the enemy ranks alone. The enemy's swords rained down on him, and everyone thought Geng Hao was doomed. However, to everyone's surprise, he burst forth swinging his sword. After several charges, countless enemies lay dead or wounded before him. He then told his soldiers, "I do not take pleasure in killing, but as a warrior, I must defeat the enemy. If I cannot kill the enemy without being harmed, then what is the difference between me and a coward?" Gao Huan greatly admired him and appointed him as the Inspector of North Yongzhou. Thirteen years later, in recognition of his past military achievements, he was promoted to Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, with his fiefdom increased to eighteen hundred households. In the fifteenth year, Gao Huan granted him the surname Ji, and promoted him to Palace Attendant, General of the Flying Cavalry, and Director of Household Affairs.
Geng Hao, a person with a brash personality, speaks harshly and is quite rude. However, Emperor Taizu admires his boldness and always shows him leniency. Geng Hao believes his spirit surpasses everyone else's and has never submitted to anyone. Initially, Li Mu and Cai You were both appointed as generals at the same time as him, but later they rose to higher ranks than his. Geng Hao was deeply frustrated by this and said to Taizu, "Everyone's saying my contributions are greater than Li Mu's and Cai You's." Taizu asked him, "Why do you say that?" Geng Hao replied, "Everyone says that Li Mu and Cai You are the arms of the Prime Minister, while Wang Yong and I are like the neck of the Prime Minister. The neck is above the arms, so I say I am more powerful than them." Geng Hao's rudeness and arrogance exemplified this attitude. He died at the age of forty-five, and Taizu was deeply saddened, posthumously reinstating his original position and appointing him as the Inspector of Shuozhou. His son Geng Xiong inherited his title and later became a Grand General.
Gao Lin, courtesy name Jimin, came from Goguryeo. His sixth ancestor, Gao Qin, was once taken as a hostage by Murong Hui and later became an official in the Yan Kingdom. His fifth ancestor, Gao Zong, led everyone to submit to Northern Wei, was appointed as the first leader of the people, and was granted the surname Yu and the title Zhen. Both his grandfather and father held official positions in Wei and excelled in their roles. Gao Lin's mother once went to the banks of the Sishui River for a ritual sacrifice, where she found a radiant stone and brought it home. That night, she dreamt of a person dressed like a celestial being, who said to her, "Madam, the stone you just brought back is the essence of a floating stone chime. If you keep it well, you will definitely have a good son." She woke up in a cold sweat and soon became pregnant. When the child was born, he was named Gao Lin, and given the courtesy name Jimin.
During the early years of the Wei Zhengguang era, he served as the commander of the Imperial Guard. He fought alongside Yuan Tianmu in battle, suppressing Xing Gao's rebellion, defeating the general Chen Qingzhi of the Liang Dynasty, and was promoted to commander for his remarkable military accomplishments. Later, he followed Erzhu Tianguang in defeating Moqi Chounu, achieving outstanding military success, and was appointed as the General of Ning Shuo and the Fengche Commandant. Later, he remained in Luoyang after Erzhu Tianguang's defeat at Hanling Mountain. When Emperor Xiaowu of Wei relocated westward, he also followed into Guanzhong. At the Qin River, he was pursued by Gao Huan, the Emperor of Northern Qi, and bravely resisted and achieved great success, being granted the title of Lord of Juye County, with a fief of three hundred households. In the early years of the Datong era, he was elevated to the rank of marquis, with his fief increased to seven hundred households, and was subsequently promoted to Longxiang General. Not long after, he was appointed as the Direct Pavilion General, then promoted to Pingxi General, and also appointed as an Attendant Cavalry Officer. Three years later, he fought alongside Emperor Taizu (Yuwentai) to defeat Gao Huan at Shayuan, and was promoted to Anxi General and granted the title of duke, with his fief increased to fifteen hundred households. He subsequently rose through several ranks, eventually becoming the Guard General, Silver Seal Grandee of the Yellow Gate, and Right Gentleman of the Yellow Gate. Four years later, he participated in the battle to capture Modolu Daiwen. In the Battle of Heqiao, he charged into the fray with unmatched bravery, proving to be the most valiant of all the soldiers. Emperor Taizu held him in high regard, saying, "You are my Han Xin and Bai Qi!" He then appointed him as the Left Tutor to the Crown Prince. Shortly after, he was assigned to Yubi in his official role.
He followed Emperor Taizu to fight at Mang Mountain, was appointed as the prefect of Zhengping, promoted to Grand General, and his fief was expanded by three hundred households. When the Northern Qi general Dongfang Lao invaded, he led his troops to resist. Dongfang Lao, relying on his bravery, charged straight at him. The two clashed in close combat, and he defeated Dongfang Lao, who retreated with serious injuries and said to those around him, "I have participated in many battles, but I have never seen such a formidable warrior!" Later, Dongfang Lao covertly sent a messenger to persuade him to surrender to Northern Qi, but he killed the messenger and reported the incident to the court. Afterward, he was appointed as the General with the Authority to Command, Chariot and Cavalry General, Supervisor of the Three Offices, and Cavalier Attendant. He was also appointed as the Inspector of Fu Province and promoted to Valiant Cavalry General, Household of the Imperial Clan, and Palace Attendant.
When Emperor Xiaomin ascended the throne, Li Lin was enfeoffed as the Duke of Jianwei County, with a fiefdom of one thousand households. In the early years of Wucheng, he accompanied Helan Xiang to campaign against the Tuyuhun, achieved military merits, and another son was enfeoffed as the Duke of Xuchang County, with a fiefdom of one thousand households, and was appointed as the Inspector of Yanzhou. Later, he followed the esteemed statesman Dou Lu Ning to suppress the rebellion led by the Ji Hu leaders Hao Abao and Liu Sande, and defeated them. Two years later, the leader of the Di tribe in Wenzhou rebelled, and the emperor ordered Li Lin to lead troops to quell the rebellion, which was quickly subdued. After the army returned triumphantly, the emperor held a banquet for his courtiers and asked everyone to compose poems. The final stanza of Li Lin's poem read: "I send my message to General Dou, to thank General Huo, how can I repay the emperor? The desert lies still, untouched by evil spirits." The emperor was very pleased and said, "Those barbarians have not yet completely submitted, your poem foretold reality, this is a blessing for the nation!"
In the early years of Baoding, Li Lin was appointed as the Governor of Liangzhou, in command of military affairs across ten states. In the second year of Tianhe, he was transferred to the position of Governor of Danzhou; three years later, he was promoted to Deputy Governor of Jiangling. At that time, the Chen Dynasty general Wu Mingche attacked the Liang Dynasty, and the governor Tian Hong and Liang Dynasty Emperor Xiao Kui both fled to Jinaan City for refuge. Only Li Lin and Liang Dynasty's minister Wang Cao defended Jiangling. They fought day and night, held out for ten months before Wu Mingche finally retreated. Xiao Kui reported this to the court, and the emperor was very pleased, decreeing that Li Lin be summoned back to court and personally commending him. Subsequently, Li Lin was promoted to Grand General while also serving as the Duke of Wei, stationed in Xiangzhou. Six years later, he was promoted to the rank of Pillar State. In the first year of Jiande, Li Lin passed away at the age of seventy-six years. The court posthumously restored his original official position and also appointed him as the military governor of the four states of Ji, Ding, Qi, and Cang, as well as the governor of Jizhou, posthumously honored with the title Duke Xiang.
His son Li Ru was granted the title of Duke of Xuchang County in recognition of his father's merits and later became a Left Attendant. He eventually inherited his father's title as Duke of Jianwei County and rose to the rank of General of the Guards.
Li He, originally named Li Qinghe, was originally from Di Dao in Longxi. Later, he moved to live in Shuofang. His father Li Sengyang and several generations of ancestors were renowned and influential, skilled in commanding troops, and once served as the chief of Xiacheng. Li He was brave and intelligent from a young age, tall and mighty, deeply admired by the people in his hometown. When Heba Yue was stationed in Guanzhong, he recognized his talents and recruited him as the commander in his tent. Thanks to his repeated military successes, Li He gradually rose to the rank of General of the North, the title of Jinzi Guanglu Daifu, and was granted the title of Duke of Siyang. Shortly after, he was appointed as the governor of Hanyang. He governed with leniency and simplicity, earning deep affection from the people.
At the beginning of the Yuan Datong period, Yu Wenqing's official position rose rapidly. He was first appointed as General of Cavalry, then as the Left Minister of Court Rites and the Governor, and later promoted to the positions of Envoy with Special Authority, General of Cavalry, Equivalent to the Three Excellencies (San Si), Cavalry Commandant, Palace Attendant, General of the Cavalry, and Governor Equivalent to the Three Excellencies, as well as the Governor of Xizhou. The emperor even granted him the surname Yu. Emperor Taizu once told the generals, "Yu Wenqing possesses exceptional wisdom and is cautious and humble. He has been entrusted with important responsibilities multiple times and has always met my expectations." Therefore, the emperor bestowed upon him the name "Yiyan." Later, he was granted the title of Duke of Yongfeng, with a fief of 1,000 households. In the second year of Baoding, he was appointed as the Grand Minister of State, and his noble rank was promoted to Duke of Yicheng. Not long after, he was reappointed as Duke of Deguang and was sent to serve as the Governor of Luozhou. During his previous tenure in Xizhou, he did many good deeds, and the people remembered his benevolence. Therefore, when he was appointed as the Governor of Luozhou, the people of Shangzhou and Luozhou were hopeful he would bring better days. After Yu Wenqing took office in Luozhou, he governed the people with kindness and compassion, leading to a marked decrease in legal disputes. In the third year of Tianhe, he was promoted to General and appointed as the military commander for the pacification of the people in the three states of Yansui, Dan, and Wuan, as well as the Governor of Yanzhou. Six years later, he was again promoted to General of the Pillar. In the first year of Jiande, he was appointed as the military commander for the pacification of the people in the three states of Yansui, Yin, and Wuan, as well as for the five defenses. Later, he was dismissed due to an error, but was soon reinstated as General of the Pillar.
In the first year of the Kaihuang era of the Sui Dynasty, he was promoted to the title of Shangzhuguo. Yuwen Qinghe was known for his integrity and incorruptibility; as he aged, he became even more diligent. His children respected him greatly, treating him like a strict father. He believed that "Yiyan" was the name bestowed by Emperor Taizu, and now that the dynasty had changed, "Qinghe" was the name given to him by his father, so he felt it would be a violation of filial piety to disregard it. From then on, he officially used "Qinghe" as his name. He passed away in the second year of Kaihuang, and the court posthumously restored his original title, along with additional titles as Situ Gong and governor of the six states of Xuguan, Piyi, and Haosi. He was posthumously named "Su." His son Yuwen Che inherited his title.
Yilou Mu, styled Nugan, was a native of Dai County. His father, Yiling, was skilled in archery and horsemanship and had earned the favor of Emperor Taizu. The Emperor once said to him: "In the past, Yi Yin assisted the Shang dynasty and ultimately achieved the greatness of the emperors Yao and Shun. Since your surname is Yi, I hope you will live up to the glory of your ancestors." Thus, he was bestowed the name "Yin." He later rose to the ranks of Jinzi Guanglu Dafu, Wei General, and governor of Longzhou, and was granted the title of Duke of Lunu County.
Mu had gained the trust of Emperor Taizu early on because he was clever, quick to react, and persuasive in speech and action. He was later appointed as a Court Attendant and frequently served by the side of Emperor Taizu. During the Battle of Mangshan, he fought valiantly against the enemy and achieved great merit, leading to his appointment as General Who Pacifies the East and Military Advisor to the Prime Minister. He was later promoted to the position of Foreign Military Advisor. He continued to rise in ranks, eventually becoming the Grand Commandant, General Who Pacifies the East, and Master of Writing. He also held positions such as Supervisor of the Palace Library, Deputy Director of the Ministry of War, General Who Calms the Army, Grand Commandant, and Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary. Once, when he went to present a memorial, the Emperor Taizu was delighted to see him and even gave him a nickname, saying, "This little guy Nu Gan (Mu's style name) came to see me looking so impressive, just like the General of Dignity!" As a result, he was appointed as the Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, General of the Standard of Dignity, granted the title of Count of Anyang County, and given a fief of 500 households. Later, he was appointed as a secretary in the Grand Prime Minister's Office, and then promoted to the position of Palace Attendant. Finally, he became the Minister of Ceremonies in the Imperial Secretariat. In the second year of Wei's abdication, Mu was sent on a mission to Shu. He coincidentally encountered Zhao Xiongjie from Wucheng Commandery, as well as Wang Linggong and Deng Mo from Zitong Commandery, who had revolted and gathered an army of over 30,000, camping by the Fu River preparing to attack Tongzhou. Mu, together with the provincial governor Chi Luo, led the troops to defeat them. For this military achievement, he was granted an additional 500 households added to his fief. After Emperor Xiaomin ascended the throne, Mu was appointed as the Grand Master of the Ministry of War, responsible for overseeing the Imperial Censorate. He was also granted the title of Marquis, with another increase of 500 households in his fief. Shortly after, he was later elevated to the rank of Duke. In the early years of Baoding, he was appointed as the Military Marshal and responsible for military affairs across the eight provinces of Jinzhou. In the second year of Tianhe, his fief was expanded by 2,100 households. He also held the position of Grand Master of the Ministry of Civil Affairs.
General Wei went to Xiangzhou to take office, bringing Mu along as his Chief of Staff. As a result, a man named Wang Daoxu in Yingzhou rebelled and seized the provincial capital. General Wei immediately sent Mu with over a hundred cavalry for urgent support. Upon arriving at the city, Mu consistently defeated Wang Daoxu's troops. At that moment, General Gao Lin arrived with his forces, and Wang Daoxu and his men surrendered. Later, the mountain tribes in Tangzhou, taking advantage of the difficult terrain, defied the imperial orders, and Mu led troops to suppress them. Those tribal leaders occupied fourteen caves, and Mu divided his forces into several contingents to launch an attack, defeating them all in just over ten days and capturing over six thousand five hundred individuals. Six years later, Mu was promoted to General rank. In the early years of Jiande, General Wei was reassigned to Jingzhou and brought Mu along as the Chief of Staff to the Governor. Mu aided the court's vassal states on numerous occasions and received high praise, and later moved to the capital to serve as a junior official. He also followed Zhu Guo Li Mu to pacify cities such as Zhiguan, for which he was rewarded by the court with three hundred bolts of cloth, three hundred measures of grain, and thirty hectares of land. Five years later, he followed the Crown Prince to campaign against the Tuyuhun, and on the way back, he was surrounded by Tuyuhun forces while guarding the rear. Fortunately, Liu Xiong came with troops to rescue him, enabling his escape from danger. Later, Mu passed away due to illness.
Yang Shao, also known by his courtesy name Zi'an, was from Huayin in Hongnong. His grandfather was the General of the West, and his father was the Prefect of Xinxing. Yang Shao was recognized for his bold character and strategic acumen from an early age, participating in battles multiple times and achieving notable military successes. During the reign of Emperor Wei Yong'an, he was appointed as the General of Guangwu, Commander of Cavalry, and Deputy General of Zhidang. In the early years of Putai, he was granted the title of Baron of Pingxiang, with a fief comprising one hundred households, and was further appointed as General of the Western Campaign and Grand Minister of Gold and Purple.
In the early years of Emperor Xiaowu of Wei, he was promoted to General of the Guard and Right Minister of Rites, and was elevated to Earl of Guanjun County with a fief of three hundred households. In the first year of the Datong era, his title was further elevated to Duke, with his fief increased to six hundred households. He steadily rose through the ranks, eventually becoming General of Chariots and Cavalry, Palace Attendant of the Palace Secretariat, General of the Elite Cavalry, and Left Minister of Rites. Four years later, he was appointed as the Governor of Fucheng Commandery. Yang Shao was known for his kindness, integrity, and authority, and the people thrived in peace and prosperity under his leadership. The Jihu people exploited their numerical superiority and the rugged terrain to frequently raid the area. Yang Shao led the local troops under the command of Hou Mochen Chong to defeat the Jihu at Moquan. For this victory, he was appointed as Commander-in-Chief, Palace Attendant of the Cavalry, and Grand Central Inspector of Shuozhou. Thirteen years later, in recognition of his past contributions, his fief was increased to 2,200 households, and he was appointed as Governor of Yanzhou. He continued to be promoted and eventually reached the rank of Grand Commander, General of Chariots and Cavalry, and Supervisor of the Right Three Offices.
I followed the Grand Commander Daxi Wu to fight in Hanzhong. At that time, Liangzhou was heavily fortified by Marquis Yi Feng Xiao Xun. I realized that our army was deep in enemy territory, laying siege to a stronghold. The longer it dragged on, the harder it would be to keep our supplies flowing. If the people in the city fought to the death with us, it would be difficult for us to retreat safely. Therefore, I proposed a strategy to draw the enemy out of the city. I often led my troops to taunt the city, while secretly ambushing soldiers and horses in wait for them. Xiao Xun initially refused to come out of the city. I sent a messenger to insult and provoke him, which finally compelled him to lead his troops out. I pretended to retreat, and the ambushing troops sprang into action, decimating most of the enemy forces and forcing Liangzhou to surrender. As a reward for this achievement, I was appointed Assistant General of the State and Middle Attendant. I was also granted permission to recommend one of my sons for an official post.
Later, I followed Zhu Guo and Duke Yan, Yu Jin, to besiege Jiangling. I fought fiercely against the enemy at the Loquat Gate and was shot in the thigh, but I continued to fight bravely without retreating. After the war ended, I was rewarded with a hundred servants, promoted to General of the Cavalry, granted the title of 'Minister of State,' appointed as the Governor of Hengzhou, and given the surname 'Chili.' After Emperor Xiaomin ascended the throne, I was promoted to General. In the first year of Jiande, I died, and after my death, I was posthumously awarded the title of Governor of Chengwen and eight other states, with the posthumous name "Xin." My son Xiong inherited my title and was granted the title of Shangzhuguo and Duke of Gui during the reign of Emperor Xiang.
Wang Ya, styled Durong, was from the new state of Chuanxi. In his youth, he was calm and decisive, spoke little, but was very bold, with excellent skills in horseback riding and archery. When Emperor Taizu heard of him, he summoned him into the army, where he distinguished himself with many military achievements and was later appointed as a commander, also being granted the title of Marquis of Juyong County.
General Dou Tai of Eastern Wei invaded with troops, and Wang Ya captured him alongside Emperor Gaozu at Tongguan. Impressive, isn't it?
During the Battle of Shayuan, Wang Ya said to his soldiers: "The enemy army likely numbers around a million, while we have less than ten thousand. According to conventional military wisdom, winning would indeed be very difficult. However, our lord (referring to Emperor Gaozu) is brave and formidable, destined by heaven, assisting the royal family, and leading a righteous army to quell the rebels; why would he care about the number of troops? A true man should seize this opportunity to defeat the enemy; what good is living otherwise!" He then donned his armor and charged into battle, invincible. Emperor Gaozu greatly admired him.
Later, he participated in the Battle of Mangshan. At that time, the army was at a disadvantage, and the enemy seized the opportunity to strike. Other generals retreated, but only Wang Ya turned his horse around and charged back to confront the enemy. Seeing him fighting alone without reinforcements, the enemy charged at him on foot and horseback. Wang Ya swung his weapons vigorously and fiercely attacked, successfully beheading nine enemy generals in succession. The enemy momentarily fell back, and only then did Wang Ya lead his troops in retreat. Emperor Gaozu exclaimed, "Wang Ya is a man full of courage!" Due to his previous achievements and this battle merit, Wang Ya was promoted to the title of Earl and appointed as the Governor of Fucheng. He governed the region with a focus on simplicity and practicality, ensuring peace for both the common people and the officials. Later, he was promoted to Grand General and then to the Inspector of Yanzhou, followed by the Inspector of Xiazhou, as his official rank continued to rise. He was also elevated to the title of Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry and was made an official equivalent to the Three Departments, ultimately being promoted to the General of Galloping Cavalry and the Chancellor of the Three Departments, with his position continuing to rise.
When Emperor Shizong first ascended the throne, Wang Ya was appointed as the Inspector of Fenzhou. He worked hard to govern the area, and the people happily submitted to him, with over seven hundred households moving from far away. During the Baoding period, he was once again appointed as the Inspector of Xiazhou, where he eventually died.
His son Wang Shiji inherited his title. Wang Shiji was a prodigy, excelling in both literature and martial arts, and was highly strategic. During the Daxiang period, he was bestowed the title of Grand General and Duke of Yiyang.
Daxi Shi, known by his courtesy name Shifu, was from Luoyang, Henan. While Emperor Gaozu was in Liangzhou, Daxi Shi served as the General of the Western Campaign for the State of Wei and Duke of Shanyang. His father, Daxi Xianxiang, held the position of General of the Imperial Guards.
He has been responsible and capable since childhood. He started as a junior official and was later promoted to General Champion. When Emperor Xiaowu of Wei ascended the throne, he was appointed as the Commander, stationed in Hongnong. Later, he followed the court westward and was granted the title of Count of Linfen, with a fief of six hundred households. He was then promoted to the position of Langzhong, stationed at Tongguan. After Tongguan fell, he, along with Grand General Yangshan Wu, fought against the enemy at Tongguan, and he was greatly feared by the Eastern Wei people. He captured Dou Tai with Gaozu (referring to Emperor Taizu of Northern Zhou, Yuwen Tai), recaptured Hongnong, and broke through Shayuans. In these battles, he fought bravely and achieved great merit, which increased his fief by three hundred households, and his official rank rose to General of the Chariots and Cavalry and Left Minister of Rites. Thirteen years later, he was again appointed as Langzhong and an official in the Chancellor's office, later promoted to Zhonglang. He was serious and diligent, and Gaozu valued him highly. He continued to rise through the ranks, eventually becoming Grand General, holding the position of imperial envoy, and serving as a regular attendant. In the second year of Emperor Fei of Wei, he was appointed as the Sima of the Central and Outer Offices.
When the army was dispatched to conquer Shu, he was sent to handle political affairs in Nangi Prefecture while also serving as the governor of military provisions. Previously, the Shandi tribe in that area was disorderly and refused to pay taxes or serve, and past officials had no way to deal with them. He used political means to guide them, and the Shandi people were touched by his actions and began to pay taxes and serve. This ensured that the army's supply lines were secured. Soon after, he was recalled and continued to serve as Sima. After the establishment of the Six Official System, he was appointed as a high official in the border regions, and additionally granted the title of General of Galloping Cavalry, with the title of Three Departments' Chief, and his nobility rank was elevated to Duke of Pingyang. In the second year of Wucheng, he was appointed as the Grand Minister of Justice, overseeing civil affairs, while also serving as the Sima of the Duke of Jin. In the first year of Baoding, he served as the governor of Wenzhou and died while in office at the age of forty-nine. After his death, he was posthumously granted the title of Governor of Wenkang Prefecture and given the posthumous title of Gong. His son Feng inherited his title and position.
Liu Xiong, courtesy name Mengque, hails from Lintao Zicheng. He was clever and witty in his youth, generous, and had great ambitions. During the Datong period, he began serving as a confidant to the founding emperor. He was soon appointed as a commander, General of Xuanwei (宣威将军), and served as an official in the imperial court, later becoming the magistrate of Zicheng. He was then promoted to governor, General of the State, and Senior Official, while also serving as a secretary in the Central Secretariat, and was granted the surname Yuwen. After Emperor Xiaomin ascended the throne, he was promoted to Grand Governor and successively held the positions of Deputy Minister of the Market and Deputy Minister of Qi, overseeing the Department of Small Carriages, and later promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry and Yitong Sansi. In the fourth year of Baoding, he was in charge of affairs in the Central and Foreign Affairs Offices and followed the army to campaign against Luoyang.
In 570 AD, I was promoted to a senior official position in the Department of Carriages. Two years later, I also assumed an additional role in the Qi Duke's office, accompanying the Duke of Qi on an official mission to Yiyang, responsible for the construction of cities such as Anyi.
In 572 AD, the Chancellor of Qi, Huli Mingyue, brought troops to build Tongguan City, claiming it was for the purpose of supporting Yiyang. Previously, our country had a good relationship with Qi, agreeing to manage our own territories and not infringe upon each other. However, Qi had clearly violated this agreement. The Duke of Qi felt they were not trustworthy, so he sent me to confront Huli Mingyue and ask him to explain why they broke the agreement. I argued my case vigorously, speaking persuasively, and left the Qi officials stunned. Upon my return from this mission, I also assumed an additional role in the Central and Foreign Affairs Offices. Before long, I was promoted again, being appointed as General of the Cavalry, as well as being made the Earl of Zhouchang, with a fief comprising six hundred households.
The State of Qi built five cities, such as Fu Long, at Yao Xiang's location to accommodate the garrison soldiers. I followed the Duke of Qi to attack, and we captured all five cities. Afterwards, the Duke sent me and Zhu Guo Yu Wen Sheng to be stationed west of the Great Wall of Qi, setting up a continuous defensive camp. The Qi general Duan Xiao Xian and others brought troops to besiege Yu Wen Sheng. Our camp had already dug a moat outside, and General Han Huan fought with Duan Xiao Xian, but gained no advantage. I stepped forward, leading over twenty subordinates, and fiercely defended the moat, resisting to the death, forcing Duan Xiao Xian and his men to stop. After the battle, I was promoted to military commissioner, and my rank was elevated to marquis, with a fief of fourteen hundred households.
At first, he was appointed as a counselor, then transferred to military commander, and again became a counselor. Two years later, he was promoted to Senior Official of the Interior, and then served as Deputy Commander. Emperor Gaozu once casually said to him, "As the ancients say, 'Wealth and honor that do not return to one's hometown are like brocade clothes worn on a night stroll.' Now I will let you return to your home province to serve as an official, what do you think?" He quickly bowed his head in gratitude. Thus, the emperor ordered him to serve as the governor of Hezhou. He had previously been the county magistrate, and with this new appointment, the people in his hometown were very proud of him.
Four years later, he followed General Li Mu of Zhu Guo to attack Zhi Guan and captured cities such as Shaozhou. Due to his military achievements, he was rewarded. Five years later, when the Crown Prince launched a western campaign against Tuyuhun, he departed from Liangzhou and followed General Teng Wang You, leading the army to enter Tuyuhun territory first. They were more than two hundred miles from Fushi City, and Teng Wang sent him ahead to the east of the city to light the beacon to signal the main army. The Tuyuhun King led more than seven hundred cavalry to confront them. At that time, his forces numbered only a few hundred, and some scouts had already been dispatched, leaving him with only about twenty men. He swiftly led his men into battle, killing over seventy enemies, but he also lost three horses. From then on, he fought continuously alongside Teng Wang, gaining the most significant achievements and receiving many rewards. When the army retreated, he found himself surrounded by the enemy while covering Li Mu. The Crown Prince ordered him to go for rescue. He led a thousand cavalry to break the siege of Li Mu. The court granted him three hundred households and promoted him to the position of Minister of State.
That same year, during the eastern campaign, he followed Prince Qi Xian to capture Hongtong and occupy Yong'an. After the army returned, he went back with Prince Qi Xian to rescue Jinzhou. Before they reached Jinzhou, the Qi Emperor had already laid siege to the city himself, and Jinzhou was on the verge of falling. Prince Qi Xian sent him to scout the enemy's troop deployments. He then led a thousand infantry and cavalry, beating drums and sounding horns to alert the city. Soon, Emperor Gaozu's army arrived, which forced the Qi Emperor to flee. He took part in the pacification of Bingzhou and was elevated to the Grand General, promoted to the Duke of Zhao, with a fief of two thousand households granted to him, and his original title was also granted to one of his sons. The next year, he took part in the pacification of Yecheng and was elevated to General of Zhu Guo. In the same year, he followed Prince Qi Xian to lead the army north against the Qihu. After the army returned, he was assigned to garrison Youzhou.
In the fourth month of the first year of Xuānzhèng, the Turks invaded Youzhou and kidnapped the common folk. He went into battle, was surrounded by the Turkic forces, and died fighting. The court posthumously honored him as the Governor of Bozhou, Commander of the Seven Provinces, and also as the Governor of Bozhou. His son inherited his title. For sacrificing himself for the country, in the late years of the Great Elephant, the court posthumously appointed him as the General of the Righteous Army.
Hóu Zhí, courtesy name Réngàn, was from Shànggu County. He was the eighth generation grandson of Lú Gān, the Cavalier-in-Ordinary of the State of Yan. His grandfather Hóu Shù was the Prefect of Beidi in the State of Wei. His family had lived in Sānshu, Beidi for generations, becoming one of the most prestigious families in the area. His father Hóu Xīn served as the Governor of Taizhou and was titled Duke of Fengyi County.
Hóu Zhí was exceptionally handsome and brave from a young age, tall and strong, and highly skilled in martial arts. During the Zhengguang era, he was appointed by the court as an envoy. Soon after, chaos broke out across the country, with bandits and thieves running rampant. Without hesitation, Hóu Zhí tapped into his family's wealth to recruit a band of brave soldiers to take out the bandits. Thanks to his outstanding military achievements, he was promoted to army commander and later became the Prefect of Qinghe. He then followed Hè Bái Yuè to fight against the rebel forces led by Wànqí Chǒunǔ, earning accolades in every battle, and eventually being appointed as the Prefect of Yizhou. During his time in Yizhou, he achieved remarkable political success and was beloved by both the local populace and ethnic minorities. Later, when the Qi Shénwǔ Emperor of Eastern Wei launched an attack on Luoyang, Hóu Zhí joined Emperor Wèi Xiàowǔ in the westward migration.
In the first year of the Great Unity, he was granted the title of General of Cavalry and the position of Governor-General, and he was also given the surname Hou, from the noble clan Fuhou. He followed Emperor Gaozu to defeat the enemies at Sha Yuan and distinguished himself in the Battle of Heqiao, rising to the position of Grand Commander and being additionally appointed as Left Minister of Ceremonies. Later, when the Governor of Liangzhou, Yuwen Zhong, rebelled, Hou Zhi, along with Dugu Xin, who held the title of Chief Minister, captured Yuwen Zhong. Due to this military achievement, Hou Zhi was granted the title of General of Chariots and Cavalry, Chief Minister, and was also enfeoffed as the Duke of Feicheng with a fief of 1,000 households; the court also bestowed upon him the surname He Tun. In the first year of Emperor Wei Gong, he followed Yu Jin to pacify Jiangling, and his official rank was again elevated to General of Cavalry and Chief Minister, and he was rewarded with one hundred servants; additionally, one of his sons was enfeoffed as the Earl of Qianyuan. Later, when the court established the six ministries, he was appointed as a Lower Minister in charge of the Granary. After Emperor Xiaomin ascended the throne, Hou Zhi's rank was elevated to Duke of a Commandery, and his fief was increased to two thousand households.
It is said that the emperor was still young, and Duke Jin Hu was in control of the government; Wang Zhi's brother, Long En, was deeply trusted by Duke Jin Hu. Later, Duke Jin Hu killed Zhao Gui, and many veteran generals felt uneasy. Wang Zhi said to Long En, "Now that the emperor is growing older, the nation's safety rests solely on a few high officials. Everyone should work together, yet we are still worried about our abilities; how can we not be afraid of turning against each other? I'm worried this will cause the people to lose faith and the country to fall apart. Since you are in a position of trust, how can you stay silent and not offer advice when you know better?" Long En ultimately did not heed his counsel.
Wang Zhi seized the opportunity to persuade Duke Jin, saying: "Between sovereign and subjects, the bond is like that of a father and son; we should share both joys and sorrows and stand together in times of hardship. As a relative of the emperor and someone who bears the heavy responsibility of the state, the fate of the nation rests on your decisions today. I hope you will sincerely support the royal family, follow in the footsteps of Yi Yin and Duke Zhou, and make the country as stable as Mount Tai, so that your family will enjoy wealth and honor for generations, and the common people will live in happiness and health." Duke Jin replied, "I have received great kindness from Emperor Taizu, and as a close relative of the royal family, I swear to serve the country. My dear brother, you should understand my intentions. Are you implying that I have other thoughts by saying this today?" In fact, Duke Jin had previously heard about Wang Zhi's conversation with Long En and secretly resented him. Wang Zhi, fearing for his life, succumbed to excessive worry. The imperial court posthumously awarded him the title of Grand General, Military Governor of Pingyang, and Governor of Pingzhou, with the posthumous title "Jie." His son Wang Ding inherited his title.
Later, Duke Jin was executed, and Long En and his brother, Grand General and Duke of Wuping, Wan Shou, were also implicated. When Emperor Gaozu handled the case of Duke Jin, recognizing Wang Zhi's loyalty to the court, he specifically pardoned Wang Zhi's descendants. Wang Zhi's son, Wang Ding, later rose to the position of Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry and was granted the title of Yitong Sansi.
Historical records state that figures like Wang Jie, Wang Yong, and Yu Wenqiu all demonstrated courage and loyalty to the court during turbulent times, ultimately defeating strong enemies and achieving merit in defending against foreign invasions, gaining land and titles, which is only to be expected. Confucius said, "You cannot expect a person to excel in everything," and this is indeed true! Scholars tend to be gentle and refined, but their weakness is often a lack of assertiveness; warriors are typically strong and brave, but their flaw is recklessness. Thus, in history, there are those who have brought ruin upon themselves due to drunkenness, and those who have drawn swords against each other over disputes for merit and profit. In severe cases, they may lose their lives, while in milder cases, they might barely escape with their lives. Geng Hao and Wang Yong are just such examples, aren't they?
