Sun Quan, with the courtesy name Zhongmou. His older brother Sun Ce brought peace to various counties. At that time, he was appointed as the magistrate of Yangxian at the age of fifteen. Later, he was recognized for his filial piety and recommended as a talented individual by the state, followed by serving as the Fengyi Commandant. During the Han Dynasty, due to Sun Ce's long-term tribute to the court, the envoy Liu Wan was sent to bestow rewards. Liu Wan said to others, "Although the Sun brothers are intelligent and capable, their fortunes are unlikely to last. Only the youngest, this filial and talented one, has a remarkable appearance and unique features that suggest great wealth and longevity. Just look for yourselves." In the fourth year of the Jian'an era, Sun Quan followed Sun Ce to campaign against Liu Xun, the Administrator of Lujiang. After Liu Xun's defeat, Sun Quan also participated in the campaign against Huang Zu, held in Shaxian.
In the fifth year of Jian'an, Sun Ce died, so he entrusted power to Sun Quan in light of the urgent situation. Sun Quan wept inconsolably, still in shock. Sun Ce's chief adviser, Zhang Zhao, said to Sun Quan, "Filial piety, is this really the time to grieve? Look, Duke Zhou set up a system, but Duke Qin didn’t adhere to it strictly. This doesn’t mean going against your father’s wishes, but the situation at that time did not allow it. Moreover, now there are treacherous villains fighting each other everywhere; it’s dangerous. You can’t afford to wallow in grief over a family member’s death and worry about etiquette; it’s like throwing open the door to bandits. This is not the way of benevolence and righteousness!" So Zhang Zhao quickly changed Sun Quan's clothes, helped him onto a horse, and let him go inspect the troops. At that time, Sun Quan only had control over the counties of Kuaiji, Wu, Danyang, Yuzhang, and Luling. Even these crucial areas were not completely secured, and heroes from all over the country were scattered in various counties. Those who came to seek refuge decided to stay or leave based on the situation, and the relationship between lord and vassal was still shaky. Zhang Zhao, Zhou Yu, and others believed that Sun Quan could achieve great things with them, so they sincerely assisted him. Cao Cao recommended Sun Quan for the title of General Against the Rebels, concurrently serving as Governor of Kuaiji, stationed in Wu County, managing the administrative affairs of various counties. Sun Quan respected Zhang Zhao like a mentor, while Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Fan, and others served as generals. Sun Quan sought out talented individuals and brought in scholars; Lu Su, Zhuge Jin, and others started to become his advisors. Sun Quan then placed the generals in different locations, calming the mountain regions and bringing rebellious tribes to heel. In the seventh year of Jian'an, Sun Quan's mother, Lady Wu, passed away.
In the eighth year of the Jian'an era, Sun Quan launched a campaign to the west to attack Huang Zu, defeated his navy, but failed to take his cities. Bandits in the mountains began to stir up trouble again. On his way back, Sun Quan passed through Yuzhang Commandery, sending Lv Fan to pacify Poyang, Cheng Pu to attack Le'an, and Taishi Ci to guard Haihun. Han Dang, Zhou Tai, Lu Meng, and others were appointed as county magistrates.
In the ninth year of Jian'an, Sun Quan's brother and Administrator of Danyang, Sun Yi, was murdered by his trusted associates. Sun Quan then appointed his cousin Zhou Yu as the new Administrator of Danyang.
In the tenth year of Jian'an, Sun Quan sent He Qi to attack Shangrao, and established Jianping County, separating it from Shangrao.
Twelve years ago, Sun Quan led troops on a western expedition against Huang Zu, taking many civilians captive.
In the spring of the thirteenth year of the Jian'an era, Sun Quan went to fight against Huang Zu again. Huang Zu dispatched a fleet to resist, but Sun Quan's general, Lv Meng, defeated Huang Zu's vanguard forces. Ling Tong, Dong Xi, and their elite troops also launched a fierce assault, directly breaching Huang Zu's defenses. Huang Zu fled in desperation but was caught by Feng Ze and executed, with many men, women, and children captured—totaling tens of thousands! That year, Sun Quan also dispatched He Qi to campaign against Yi County and She County, dividing She County into four new counties: Shixin, Xinding, Liyang, and Xiuyang, which together formed the Xindu Commandery. When Liu Biao, the Governor of Jingzhou, passed away, Lu Su requested Sun Quan to allow him to offer condolences to Liu Biao's two sons and assess the situation. Before Lu Su arrived, Cao Cao had already reached Jingzhou, and Liu Biao's son, Liu Cong, promptly surrendered to Cao Cao. Liu Bei aimed to cross the river southward, so Lu Su met with Liu Bei to convey Sun Quan's intentions, analyzing the current situation. Liu Bei stationed himself at Xiakou and sent Zhuge Liang to meet with Sun Quan. Sun Quan then dispatched Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu to lead troops. At that time, Cao Cao had just obtained Liu Biao's army, and his momentum was overwhelming, causing many to consider surrendering, urging Sun Quan to quickly engage in battle. Only Zhou Yu and Lu Su firmly opposed this, their thoughts aligning with Sun Quan's. Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu each led ten thousand troops as the flanking units, joining Liu Bei in the battle at Chibi, where they achieved a decisive victory over Cao Cao's forces. Cao Cao burned the remaining ships and retreated, with many soldiers suffering from starvation and illness, leading to heavy casualties. Liu Bei, Zhou Yu, and their forces pursued Cao Cao to Nangong, forcing Cao Cao to retreat northward, leaving Cao Ren and Xu Huang stationed in Jiangling, and Yue Jin defending Xiangyang. At that time, Gan Ning was surrounded by Cao Ren's forces in Yiling; employing Lv Meng's strategy, Ling Tong was left to fend off Cao Ren while half the troops went to rescue Gan Ning, which ultimately led to a victory. Sun Quan personally led the siege of Hefei and dispatched Zhang Zhao to assault Dangtu in Jiujang. Zhang Zhao faced challenges in the battle, and after a month of siege, Sun Quan was still unable to capture the city. Upon Cao Cao's return from Jingzhou, he sent Zhang Xi with cavalry to support Hefei. Before they could arrive, Sun Quan withdrew his forces.
In the fourteenth year of the era, Zhou Yu and Cao Ren confronted each other for over a year, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. Cao Ren abandoned Jiangling and fled. Sun Quan appointed Zhou Yu as the Governor of Southern Commandery. Liu Bei recommended Sun Quan to be appointed as General of Cavalry and Chariots, as well as the Governor of Jing Province. Liu Bei himself became the Governor of Jing Province, stationed in Gong'an.
In the fifteenth year, Yuzhang was separated to establish Poyang Commandery; Changsha was split off to establish Hanchang Commandery, with Lu Su appointed as Prefect and stationed at Lukou.
In the sixteenth year, Sun Quan moved his capital from Jianye to Moling. The following year, he constructed Stone City and renamed Moling to Jianye. Hearing that Cao Cao was planning to attack, they constructed Ruxu Fort at Ruxu Crossing.
In January of the 18th year AD, Cao Cao attacked Ruxu, and Sun Quan confronted him for over a month. Seeing Sun Quan's army, Cao Cao was impressed by their disciplined appearance and withdrew his troops. Initially, Cao Cao was worried that the counties along the river would be taken by Sun Quan, so he ordered the people to move inland. The common people, frightened, moved from Lujiang, Jiujang, Qichun, Guangling, and more, with over a hundred thousand households crossing the Yangtze River, leaving the northern region deserted, with only Wancheng remaining south of Hefei.
In the year 19 AD, during the reign of Emperor Yuan, in May, Sun Quan attacked Wancheng. In the leap month, Wancheng was captured, and the Governor of Lujiang, Zhu Guang, military officer Dong He, and tens of thousands of men, women, and children were taken captive. In the same year, Liu Bei pacified the Shu region. Seeing that Liu Bei had already taken control of Yizhou, Sun Quan sent Zhuge Jin to demand several counties in Jingzhou from Liu Bei. Liu Bei disagreed, saying, "I plan to attack Liangzhou. After Liangzhou is pacified, I will give all of Jingzhou to your kingdom of Wu." Sun Quan said, "That's just an empty promise to stall for time." Furious, Sun Quan sent Lu Meng to lead troops to take Changsha, Lingling, and Guiyang, while also sending Lu Su to station ten thousand troops at Baqiu to guard against Guan Yu. Sun Quan himself stayed at Lukou, commanding various armies. After Lu Meng arrived, both Changsha and Lingling surrendered, only Lingling's Governor Hao Pu did not surrender. Meanwhile, Liu Bei arrived at Gong'an and sent Guan Yu with thirty thousand troops to Yiyang. Sun Quan then recalled Lu Meng and the others to assist Lu Su. Lu Meng convinced Hao Pu to surrender, gaining control of the leaders and garrisons of the three counties. He then returned with troops and, together with Sun Jiao, Pan Zhang, and Lu Su's army, faced off against Guan Yu in Yiyang. Just before the battle started, Cao Cao attacked Hanzhong, making Liu Bei anxious about losing Yizhou, so he sent envoys to seek reconciliation. Sun Quan had Zhuge Jin reply, renewing their alliance and peace treaty, dividing the areas east of Changsha, Jiangxia, and Guiyang in Jingzhou to Sun Quan, and the areas west of Nanchuan, Lingling, and Wuling were allocated to Liu Bei. Liu Bei returned, and Cao Cao had already withdrawn his troops. Sun Quan returned from Lukou and went to attack Hefei. When Hefei couldn't be taken, the troops withdrew. As the army was on the move, Sun Quan, Ling Tong, Gan Ning, and the others were ambushed by Wei general Zhang Liao north of the ferry. Ling Tong and others protected Sun Quan at the cost of their lives, and Sun Quan mounted a swift horse, crossed the ferry bridge, and made his escape.
In the winter of 21 AD, Cao Cao was based in Juchao and launched an attack on Ruxu. In the spring of 22 AD, Sun Quan sent Captain Xu Xiang to meet with Cao Cao and request surrender. Cao Cao sent envoys to negotiate peace and agreed to re-establish their alliance. In October of 216 AD, Sun Quan personally led troops to attack Wu territory and even rode out on horseback to confront a tiger at Chengting! Unfortunately, the tiger injured his horse. Sun Quan quickly threw a pair of halberds to scare the tiger away, and then he and Zhang Shi used a spear to capture the tiger.
In the year 217 AD, Guan Yu laid siege to Cao Ren in Xiangyang. Cao Cao dispatched General Yu Jin to his aid. As fate would have it, the Han River flooded, and Guan Yu captured Yu Jin and his entire force of 30,000 infantry and cavalry using a fleet of ships, escorting them to Jiangling despite being unable to capture Xiangyang. Sun Quan was afraid of Guan Yu's power but sought to claim credit for the recovery of Jingzhou, so he secretly wrote to Cao Cao, requesting permission to launch an attack against Guan Yu to gain glory. Cao Cao had initially hoped that Guan Yu and Sun Quan would wear each other down, but when he received Sun Quan's letter, he sent a messenger to Cao Ren to use crossbows to send a warning to Guan Yu. Guan Yu hesitated and did not leave. In the leap month, Sun Quan officially attacked Guan Yu, first sending Lu Meng to launch a surprise attack on Gong An, where he captured General Shi Ren. Lu Meng then went to Nanchun, where Prefect Mi Fang surrendered without resistance. Lu Meng occupied Jiangling, assured the people, and even freed Yu Jin's captives. Meanwhile, Lu Xun captured Yidu, Zegui, Zhijiang, and Yidao, finally stationed at Yiling to secure the gorges against any potential attacks from the Shu army. Guan Yu retreated to Dangyang before fleeing west to Maicheng. Sun Quan sent envoys to persuade him to surrender. Guan Yu feigned surrender, raised banners on the city walls to create the illusion of a large force, and then made a stealthy escape with only about a dozen cavalry remaining. Sun Quan had already positioned Zhu Ran and Pan Zhang to cut him off on his escape route. In December, Pan Zhang's Marshal Ma Zhong captured Guan Yu, his son Guan Ping, Commander Zhao Lei, and several others at Zhangxiang, effectively bringing Jingzhou under control. That year saw a devastating epidemic, and Sun Quan lifted taxes for the people of Jingzhou. Cao Cao recommended Sun Quan for the position of General of Chariots and Cavalry, appointed him as the Acting Governor of Jingzhou, and granted him the title of Marquis of Nanchang. Sun Quan dispatched Commandant Liang Yu to present tribute to the court, sent Wang Dun to procure horses, and sent Zhu Guang and others back to the court to report.
In the spring of the year 220 AD, Cao Cao died, and his son Cao Pi succeeded him as the Chancellor of Wei and renamed the era to Yankang. In autumn, General Mei Fu of Wei sent people to invite Zhang Jian to come to Wei, expressing willingness to accept him. Five thousand families from the five counties of Yinxian, Zou County, Zhuyang County, Shandu County, and Zhonglu County in Nanyang all came to Wei. In winter, Emperor Cao Pi of Wei changed the era name to Huangchu.
In April of the year 221 AD, Liu Bei declared himself emperor in the Shu region. Sun Quan relocated the capital from Gong'an to E County, renaming it Wuchang, and merged Wuchang, Xiazhi, Xunyang, Yangxin, Chaisang, and Shaxian into Wuchang Prefecture. In May, there were reports of seeing divine dew descending in Jianye. In August, Sun Quan established a city in Wuchang, and then gave his generals an order, saying, "Remember the past failures, be prepared for danger in times of peace; this is a valuable lesson from our ancestors. In the past, Ju Buqi was a famous minister of the Han Dynasty; even in times of peace, he always carried a sword, which shows that a wise leader cannot take military defense lightly. Moreover, we are now on the border, surrounded by enemies on all sides; how can we afford to be careless and not think about how to tackle challenges? I've heard that you generals tend to be low-key and cautious, avoiding leading troops casually; this approach is not sufficient for our defense! Is it really better to protect yourself and maintain a good reputation while serving your monarch and parents peacefully than to risk danger and humiliation? You must stay vigilant, do your utmost, and rise to meet my expectations."
Since the reign of Emperor Wen of Wei, Sun Quan sent envoys to acknowledge allegiance and returned the captured generals, including Yu Jin, to the Wei kingdom. In November, Emperor Wen of Wei appointed Sun Quan as King of Wu and issued a decree saying: "The wise and virtuous monarchs govern the country by granting titles based on virtue and determining rewards based on merit; those with great merit receive high rewards, and those with high virtue receive grand ceremonies. Therefore, Duke Zhou and Jiang Ziya had merits in assisting King Cheng and expanding the territory, respectively. They both established merits for the country and thus received special commendation. When Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang had just ascended the throne, he enfeoffed fertile lands to the eight vassal kings, setting an example for future kings. My abilities are mediocre, but by the grace of heaven, I have been able to unify the world and lead the people. I aspire to emulate the ancient sage-kings and stay vigilant at all times. You are gifted and talented in assisting the monarch, deeply understanding the rise and fall of history, seeing through the situation of the world. By sending envoys to pay tribute, presenting special products from the south, and returning captives, your loyalty and sincerity are evident in your actions, as steadfast as a rock, and your noble deeds are as towering as a mountain. I am very pleased. Now, I appoint you as King of Wu, and Grand Preceptor Gao Pinghou Zhen will present you with the royal seal, royal ribbon, imperial edict, gold tiger tally (one to five), bamboo tally (one to ten), and appoint you as Grand General, supervising Jiaozhou, concurrently holding the title of Governor of Jingzhou. I grant you blue soil and white thatch to spread my will and let you govern the Dongxia region. At the same time, I also give you the seal, ribbon, tally, and decree of the former General of Chariots and Cavalry, Marquis of Nanchang. Now I bestow upon you nine gifts, hoping you will obey my orders diligently. You can stabilize the southeast, manage the areas beyond the river, and allow the people to live and work in peace, without any doubts. Therefore, I reward you with a large and a small carriage, two sets of dark-colored horses. You diligently promote economic development and agriculture, ensuring sufficient food in the granaries, so I reward you with ceremonial robes and crimson shoes. You educate the people with morality and promote ritual and music, so I reward you with the musical ensemble of Xuancounty. You spread good customs and pacify the Baiyue region, so I reward you with vermilion gates. You recognize and employ talented individuals, so I reward you with the steps to the court. You are loyal and brave, eliminate evil, so I reward you with a hundred Tiger Guards. Your achievements in the southern Jing region inspire awe, as you eliminate evil and punish criminals, so I reward you with a battle-axe and a halberd. You govern with civil administration and military trustworthiness, so I reward you with a red bow, a hundred red arrows, ten carved bows, and a thousand carved arrows. You base yourself on loyalty and solemnity, and view frugality as a virtue, so I reward you with a jug of millet wine and a pair of jade cups."
I hope you will faithfully abide by the laws, follow my commands, and assist me in governing the country effectively, and in doing so, bring everlasting glory to our ancestors!
In the same year, Liu Bei led his army to attack Sun Quan, reaching Wushan and Zigui. He sent people to induce the tribes of Wuling, giving them seals and orders, promising them rewards. As a result, the various counties in the Wuling area and the people of the Wuxi region rebelled and joined Liu Bei. Sun Quan appointed Lu Xun as the commander-in-chief, urging Zhu Ran, Pan Zhang, and others to resist Liu Bei. Sun Quan also sent Captain Zhao Zi to Wei. Emperor Wen of Wei asked Zhao Zi, "What kind of monarch is Sun Quan, the King of Wu?" Zhao Zi replied, "He is wise and just, a ruler of great talent and vision." Emperor Wen asked for specifics, and Zhao Zi said, "He can accept ordinary people like Lu Su, which shows his intelligence; he can promote ordinary soldiers like Lu Meng, which shows his wisdom; he captured Yu Jin without killing him, demonstrating his mercy; he took Jingzhou without a single soldier, which shows his wisdom; he controls three provinces and casts his gaze over the world, which shows his ambition; he can submit to Your Majesty, which shows his vision." Emperor Wen wanted to appoint Sun Quan's son Sun Deng as king, but Sun Quan, because Sun Deng was still young, declined in a written response and sent Shen Heng, a clerk of the Western Cao, to Wei to express gratitude and offer gifts. Later, Sun Quan appointed Sun Deng as the crown prince.
In the spring of the year 222 AD, in the first month, the generals under Lu Xun, such as Song Qian, attacked the five military camps of the Shu army and defeated them all, killing their leaders.
In March, Poyang County reported seeing a yellow dragon. The Shu army was spread thin, occupying strategic positions, with more than fifty camps in front and back. Lu Xun dispatched troops to resist according to the enemy's strength, fighting from the first month through the intercalary month, ultimately securing a decisive victory, killing and capturing nearly ten thousand surrendered troops from the Shu army on the battlefield. Liu Bei fled in a panic, barely escaping with his life.
At first, Sun Quan seemed to submit to the Wei Kingdom, but he was not genuinely loyal at heart. The Wei Kingdom wanted to send the attendant Xin Pi and Minister Huan Jie to swear an oath to Sun Quan, and also to appoint his son to an official position, but Sun Quan declined the offer.
In September of autumn, the Kingdom of Wei ordered Cao Xiu, Zhang Liao, and Zang Ba to lead their troops out from the cave entrance, Cao Ren to lead his troops from Ruxu, and Cao Zhen, Xiahou Shang, Zhang He, and Xu Huang to surround Nanjun. Sun Quan dispatched Lu Fan and others to command five armies, using naval forces to resist Cao Xiu and his troops; Zhuge Jin, Pan Zhang, and Yang Can went to provide aid to Nanjun; Zhu Huan defended against Cao Ren at Ruxu. At that time, many of the tribes in Yangzhou and Yuezhou had not yet been fully pacified, and there were still unresolved issues within the country, so Sun Quan wrote a very humble memorial to request permission from the court to improve himself, "If my transgressions are beyond redemption, then I certainly will not be forgiven. I am willing to relinquish land and subjects, and request to be exiled to Jiaozhou to spend the rest of my life there." Emperor Wen of Wei replied, "You were born in turbulent times and have always had great ambitions. Now you have humbled yourself, pledged loyalty to the court, and enjoyed this glory and wealth. Since you joined the court, you have made countless contributions. Your achievements in pacifying Liu Bei are all seen by the court. Burying you and then digging you out is something that ancient people would be ashamed of. The bond of righteousness between us has been established, so why would I be willing to raise troops and launch a campaign to the Jianghan region? The court's discussions cannot be decided by the emperor alone; if the three public officials err, there are reasons and circumstances. Due to my lack of understanding of the situation, even if there are doubts akin to Zeng Mu throwing the shuttle, I hope everyone will not believe them, for the sake of the country's fortune. Therefore, I previously sent envoys to reward you and sent the Grand Preceptor and the Imperial Secretary to reiterate the previous promises and confirm the matter of summoning your son. However, you refused and pushed back, making it impossible for the envoys to succeed, much to the surprise of the court officials. Previously, Commandant Hao Zhou advised you to send your son to serve in an official capacity, which was, in fact, a result of the court officials' joint deliberations to test your resolve. As expected, you refused, using the failure of Wei Xiao's son to enter the court as an excuse, and secretly comparing it to Dou Rong's loyalty to the Han Dynasty. Times have changed, and people's hearts are different. After Hao Zhou returned and reported the details of the incident, it deepened the court officials' suspicions of you. Your actions were contradictory and lacked a solid basis, so in the end, I still followed the advice of the court officials. Now that I have read your memorial, full of sincerity and deep emotion, it is genuinely moving. Today, I will issue a decree commanding all armies to dig only deep trenches and build high walls, refraining from rash actions. If you are truly committed to being loyal to the court and dispelling everyone's doubts, then come to see me in person, and I will order the troops to be recalled tonight.
My words are as certain as the Yangtze River!
Sun Quan then changed his era name and held his ground by the river. In November, during the winter, a strong wind blew, causing several thousand soldiers of Lu Fan and others to drown, and the remaining troops retreated to Jiangnan. Cao Xiu sent Zang Ba to lead five hundred light boats and ten thousand valiant soldiers to launch a surprise attack on Xu Ling, burning the siege weapons and killing thousands of enemy soldiers. Generals Quan Cong and Xu Sheng pursued, killing the Wei general Yin Lu and hundreds of his troops. In December, Sun Quan sent the Grand Counselor Zheng Quan to visit Liu Bei in Baidi City, and the two sides reestablished contact. However, Sun Quan continued to communicate with Emperor Wen of Wei until their relationship was severed the following year. That year, Sun Quan renamed Yiling as Xiling.
In the spring of 222 AD, Cao Zhen took control of Jiangling and the Central Plains. In the same month, Sun Quan's army captured the mountains of Jiangxia. Sun Quan also reformed the calendar and began using the Qianxiang calendar. In March, Cao Ren sent General Chang Diao and others with five thousand troops on oil boats to cross the Ruxu River at dawn and attack the Central Plains. Cao Ren's son, Cao Tai, took the opportunity to lead a decisive assault on Zhu Huan, who resisted and sent General Yan Gui and others to defeat Chang Diao's forces. That month, the Wei army withdrew. In April, Sun Quan's officials urged him to declare himself emperor, but he did not agree. In the same month, Liu Bei passed away in Baidi City. In May, there were reports of manna falling in Qu'a. Prior to this, Jin Zong, the defender of Xikou, killed General Wang Zhi and subsequently surrendered to Wei, who appointed him Prefect of Qichun. He repeatedly launched incursions into the borders of Dong Wu.
In June, Sun Quan ordered General He Qi to lead Mi Fang, Liu Shao, and others to attack Qichun, capturing Jin Zong alive. In November of that winter, Shu Han sent Colonel Deng Zhi to pay homage to Dong Wu.
In the summer of the year 223 AD, Sun Quan sent Assistant General Zhang Wen to visit Shu Han. In August, during the autumn, Sun Quan granted amnesty to all condemned prisoners. In September, Emperor Wen of Wei, Cao Pi, arrived in Guangling, gazed at the Yangtze River, and remarked, "There are people over there; we cannot easily deal with them yet," before he returned. His words were, "There are people there, not yet to be reckoned with."
In the summer of the year 224 AD, Prime Minister Sun Shao died. In June, Sun Quan appointed Gu Yong as the new Prime Minister. Reports surfaced of intertwined branches discovered in the Wankou area. In December of the winter, the bandit Peng Qi proclaimed himself a general in the Poyang area, capturing many counties with tens of thousands of troops. The year was marked by continuous earthquakes.
In the spring of the year 225 AD, Sun Quan ordered, "After fighting for so long, the common people have left their fields; fathers and sons, husbands and wives are unable to care for one another. I sympathize with them. Now that Cao Wei in the north is weakening and there are no major conflicts on the borders, the various provinces can rest and recuperate a bit." At this time, Lu Xun, due to a food shortage in his jurisdiction, requested Sun Quan to allow the generals to increase the area of land for cultivation. Sun Quan replied, "Very well! My sons and I are personally working in the fields, using eight oxen to till four mu of land. Although not comparable to the sages of ancient times, we also wish to share the labor with everyone."
In July, during the autumn, Sun Quan heard of the death of Emperor Wen of Wei, Cao Pi, and led his troops to attack Jiangxia, besieging Shi Yang but ultimately withdrew without capturing it. Reports from Cangwu commandery claimed that someone saw a phoenix. Sun Quan designated wasteland and ten counties from the three commanderies in Jiaozhou, establishing Dong'an commandery and appointing Quan Cong as the governor, suppressing the Shanyue people's rebellion. In October of the winter, Lu Xun advised Sun Quan to show kindness, reduce punishments, and ease taxes and labor obligations. Lu Xun also said, "Some of my loyal suggestions have not been fully articulated; I hope you can overlook this humble servant's shortcomings and allow me to speak to you on several occasions."
Sun Quan replied, "The establishment of laws and regulations is to stop evil, prevent crimes, and warn people not to make mistakes. How can we deter wrongdoers without punishment? The purpose is to establish laws first and impose punishments later, not to encourage wrongdoing. If you think the punishment is too severe, what do I gain from that? It is just a last resort. I now accept your opinion, will consider it seriously, and strive to do my best. Moreover, there are close ministers who can speak frankly and relatives and friends who can provide criticism and suggestions, all for the purpose of rectifying the monarch and making the monarch loyal and upright. The book says, 'I go against your opinion, but you help me correct myself,' how can I not like to hear honest advice to improve myself? But you say you 'dare not express completely,' how can this be considered loyal and upright? If there are merits in your suggestions, how can I not use your advice just because you are a minor official? As for taxation and forced labor, it is only because the world is not completely stable yet and things require everyone's efforts. If we merely sit in Jiangdong, adopt a lax policy, and allow the army to be self-sufficient, why do we need to impose such heavy taxes and forced labor? Just sitting in Jiangdong is simply too complacent! If we don't collect taxes in advance, it might be too late when we need them. Furthermore, our relationship is close; we share both glory and shame, and in your memorial, you say you dare not go along with the crowd and settle for mediocrity. This is exactly what I hope you will do." So Sun Quan then ordered the relevant departments to transcribe all the laws and regulations and had the attendant Chu Feng take these texts to Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin for review, allowing them to make modifications where they felt necessary. That year, Sun Quan split off Jiaozhou to establish Guangzhou, but soon reverted it back to its original form. In the spring of the first month of the year 222 AD, our soldiers captured Peng Qi. In the extra month, Han Dang's son Han Zong surrendered to the Wei state with his troops.
Alas, this is really bad news. In the spring of the year 223 AD, Sun Quan appointed his son Lu as the Marquis of Jianchang, as a form of consolation. That same year, Dong'an Commandery was abolished. In May, Zhou Fang, the Administrator of Poyang, feigned defection to lure the Wei general Cao Xiu. In August, Sun Quan personally arrived at Wankou and sent General Lu Xun to command everyone, achieving a decisive victory over Cao Xiu at Shiting. Regrettably, Grand Marshal Lv Fan passed away that year. By the way, that same year, Heping Commandery was renamed Zhuguan Commandery.
In the spring of the first year of Huanglong, the court officials urged Sun Quan to declare himself emperor. In April, sightings of a yellow dragon and a phoenix were reported in Xiakou and Wuchang.
On Bingshen Day, Sun Quan ascended the throne and declared himself emperor in the southern suburbs, granting a general amnesty and changing the era title. He posthumously honored his father, Sun Jian, as Emperor Wulie, his mother Lady Wu as Empress Wulie, and his brother Sun Ce as King Huan of Changsha. Sun Deng was named Crown Prince, and generals and officials were promoted and rewarded.
It is said that in the earlier years, during the Xingping era, a popular nursery rhyme circulated in the Wu region: "Golden chariot, fragrant orchid, Kai Chang Gate, the emperor emerges."
In May, Sun Quan sent Captain Zhang Gang and Guan Du to Liaodong. In June, Shu Han sent Captain Chen Zhen to congratulate Sun Quan on his ascension.
Sun Quan then divided the realm into three parts, with Yuzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, and Youzhou belonging to Wu, and Yanzhou, Jizhou, Bingzhou, and Liangzhou belonging to Shu Han. The land of Sizhou was delineated by the Han Valley Pass. Then both sides made a covenant, the original text is as follows:
"Chaos descends from above, the imperial authority has collapsed, traitorous ministers seize the opportunity, usurping the power of the country. It began with Dong Zhuo and ended with Cao Cao, rampant evil that has thrown the realm into chaos, leading to the nine provinces being fractured, with no one in control; the people and deities are suffering, with no end in sight. And Cao Pi, son of Cao, a rebellious and vile figure, has been recommended for his treachery, usurping the heavenly mandate, and as for Reimei, following Pi's evil deeds, impeding the troops and seizing territory, he has yet to face justice. In the past, Gong Gong instigated chaos, prompting Gao Xin to march; the Three Miao challenged, and Yu Shun fought. Today, destroying Reimei and capturing his followers, if neither Han nor Wu, who will take charge? To root out evil and tyranny, we must declare their crimes, dismantle their power and reclaim their land, so that the hearts of the soldiers and the people know where to place their loyalty. Therefore, the Duke of Jin attacked Wei in the Spring and Autumn period, dividing their land and giving it to the people of Song; this is the just course of action. And in ancient times, before establishing great things, oaths must be taken; hence the Zhou ritual of oath-taking, the Book of Documents containing the oath texts, even though there is mutual trust between Han and Wu, a formal pact should be established. Prime Minister Zhuge's virtue and reputation are widely recognized, defending his homeland while commanding the army abroad, sincerely affecting the heavens and earth, renewing alliances, expanding sincere oaths, so that people from east to west are informed. Therefore, establishing altars and offering sacrifices, announcing to the gods, making vows and offerings to heaven. The heavens listen intently; their divine power is awe-inspiring, overseeing alliances and honoring the deities; no one is excluded. From this day forward, following the alliance between Han and Wu, working together in unity to combat the Wei traitors, saving the endangered, sharing in both misfortunes and celebrations, good and evil are aligned, with no division. If Han is threatened, Wu will retaliate; if Wu is threatened, Han will respond. Each will guard their own territory, with no encroachment. This agreement shall be passed down through the generations, from beginning to end. All agreements will be documented. Trustworthy words are rooted in virtue. Should this alliance be violated, chaos will surely follow; discord will reign. Defying the will of the heavens, the gods will exact punishment; mountains, rivers, and all spirits will take heed, leading to the downfall of their nation, rendering them unable to thrive. To you, great deity, may your wisdom shine brightly!"
In September, Sun Quan moved the capital to Jianye, as the original residence had not been much altered, so he continued to live there. He summoned Grand General Lu Xun to assist Crown Prince Sun Deng in overseeing political affairs in the Wuchang region.
In January of the year 226 AD (Huangwu Second Year), Sun Quan built a new city in Hefei. He then ordered the establishment of the position of Chief Minister to educate the princes. He also sent generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi with ten thousand soldiers to sail out to sea to locate Yizhou and Danzhou. According to local elders, Danzhou is said to be located in the vast sea, where it is said that Emperor Qin Shi Huang sent the alchemist Xu Fu, accompanied by thousands of young boys and girls, to the sea to find the Penglai Immortal Mountain and the elixir of life, but they settled in Danzhou and never returned. Local folklore claims that Danzhou is home to tens of thousands of households, and the islanders occasionally travel to Kuaiji to sell cloth. People from the coastal areas of eastern Kuaiji also sail out to sea, and some are blown to Danzhou because of storms. In summary, Danzhou is extremely remote, and ultimately, they were unable to reach it, only bringing back a few thousand people from Yizhou.
In February of the year 227 AD (Huangwu Third Year), Sun Quan sent Grand Minister Pan Jun to lead fifty thousand troops to attack the barbarian tribes in the Wuling region. Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi, who had previously been sent to locate Yizhou and Danzhou but failed to complete their mission and disobeyed orders, were imprisoned and eventually executed. That summer, wild silkworms emerged, spinning cocoons the size of eggs! Additionally, a wild variety of rice grew spontaneously, leading Sun Quan to rename the place Hexing County.
In October of that winter, General Sun Bu feigned surrender and deceived the Wei General Wang Ling, who marched his troops to meet Sun Bu. Sun Quan had anticipated this ruse and had already laid an ambush with a large army in Fuling, waiting for Wang Ling. Wang Ling, realizing he had been tricked, quickly fled. Meanwhile, news arrived from Nanshiping County in Kuaiji that Jiahe (the auspicious grain) had sprouted. On the 12th day of the twelfth lunar month, Sun Quan ordered a general amnesty and changed the following year to the first year of Jiahe.
In the first month of the year 228 AD (first year of Jiahe), Lord Lǜ of Jiānchāng passed away. In March, Sun Quan sent generals Zhōu Hè and xiàowèi Péi Qián on a boat to Liaodong. In September that autumn, Wei general Tián Yù launched an attack and killed Zhōu Hè at Chengshan. In October of the same year, the Wei governor of Liaodong, Gōngsūn Yuān, sent Xiàowèi Sù Shū and Lángzhōng Lìng Sūn Zòng to pledge allegiance to Sun Quan, presenting sable fur and fine horses. Sun Quan was very pleased and promoted Gōngsūn Yuān.
In the first month of the second year, the emperor issued a decree stating: "Though I am of humble ability, I have been graced by heaven and have ascended to the throne. Day and night, I diligently work, never daring to slack off, always focused on bringing peace to the realm and helping the people, being accountable to the gods above, and not disappointing the people below. Therefore, I have been diligently searching for talents, hoping that everyone can work together with one heart to stabilize the world. If we all stand united, we can work together for good. Now, I am sending envoys to You Province to appoint the King of Yan as the governor of Qingzhou and the governor of Liaodong. He has long kept the enemy at bay, living in a distant land, loyal yet struggling to communicate. Now, with the favor of destiny, I am sending two envoys to express my sincerity, with the decree being very sincere. I was overjoyed to hear this news! Even when King Tang met Yi Yin, King Wen of Zhou met Lv Wang, and Emperor Gaozu of Han obtained the Hexi region when the world was not yet settled, compared to our current situation, it's just as significant! Across the land, unification is on the horizon, and it's already certain! As the saying goes, 'when one person thrives, the whole world shares in that fortune.' Therefore, I hereby announce a general amnesty and a change of dynasty, and I order all states and counties to be aware of this matter. It is especially crucial to inform the Kingdom of Yan, so they can share this blessing and let the people of the world partake in this joyous moment!"
In March, Shu and Zong returned to the court to report back. The emperor sent the Minister of Rites, Zhang Mi, the Commander of the Imperial Guard, Xu Yan, General He Da, and others to lead ten thousand soldiers, carrying gold, silver, jewels, precious treasures, and the Nine Honors, to pay their respects to Sun Yuan by boat. The ministers in the court, from the Prime Minister Yong downwards, strongly advised against it, believing Sun Yuan was untrustworthy and the rewards were too extravagant, suggesting only a few hundred officials and soldiers escort Shu and Zong back. However, the emperor did not heed the advice. As a result, Sun Yuan indeed killed Zhang Mi and others, sending their heads to the Wei Kingdom and seizing their troops and wealth for himself. Sun Quan was furious and wanted to personally attack Sun Yuan, but the Minister of Works, Xue Zong, and others strongly advised against it, which ultimately led to abandoning the plan. That year, Sun Quan attacked the newly established city of Hefei and sent General Quan Cong to attack Liu'an, both resulting in failure.
In the spring of the year 223 AD, the emperor issued a decree, "The war has lasted too long, the people are exhausted, and the harvest is poor. Therefore, everyone's overdue taxes are waived, and there will be no more demands." In the summer of May, Sun Quan sent Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin to camp in Jiangxia and Miankou, and sent Sun Shao and Zhang Cheng to Guangling and Huaiyang, while he led a large army to besiege the newly established city of Hefei. At this time, Zhuge Liang was leading troops out from Wugong, and Sun Quan believed Emperor Wei Ming would not come so far to fight, but Emperor Wei Ming did send troops to help Sima Yi resist Zhuge Liang, while he commanded the navy in an eastward campaign. Before reaching Shou Chun, Sun Quan withdrew his troops, and Sun Shao also disbanded his troops. In the autumn of August, Sun Quan appointed Zhuge Ke as the Prefect of Danyang to subdue the Shanyue. On the first day of September, the first frost arrived, and the crops had been damaged by the frost. In the winter of November, the Minister of Rites, Pan Jun, pacified the barbarians in Wuling, and after completing the task, returned to Wuchang. The emperor issued a decree renaming Qu'a to Yunyang and Dantu to Wujin. Bandits Li Huan and Luo Li from the Luling region staged a rebellion.
In the summer of 224 AD, Sun Quan sent Lv Dai to attack Li Huan and his group. In July, there was a hailstorm. The Wei Kingdom sent envoys to trade horses for pearls, jade, and tortoiseshell. Sun Quan said, "I have no use for these things. Since I can exchange them for horses, why not agree to their trade?"
In the spring of 225 AD, Sun Quan minted a large coin worth five hundred cash. The emperor issued a decree for officials and civilians to hand in copper in exchange for money based on the weight of the copper. Laws were also established to crack down on private minting of copper coins. In February, it was said that dew fell on the ceremonial hall in Wuchang. The assistant general Zhang Zhao of Wu passed away. The lieutenant Wu Can captured Li Huan, and General Tang Zi captured Luo Li and others. It did not rain from October until summer. In the winter of 230 AD, a comet appeared in the east. Rebels led by Peng Dan rose up in the Poyang region.
In January of 230 AD, the emperor issued a decree stating that the three-year mourning period is a universally accepted practice and the most painful aspect of human relationships. Filial individuals will restrain their grief and adhere to rituals, while even those lacking filial piety will begrudgingly comply. Currently, the country is peaceful and stable, and gentlemen do not force emotional obligations. Therefore, there will be no accountability for filial sons who do not take up official positions during the mourning period. However, in case of urgent state affairs, some of the mourning rites may be relaxed, and mourning attire may be worn while handling public duties. The sage established laws emphasizing propriety and decorum, which are not bound by time constraints. Not attending to duties during mourning was unusual in ancient times, but decisions should be made based on the situation and guided by what is right. Previously established regulations stipulate that officials should first clarify their work responsibilities while in office. If regulations are violated due to mourning, even if held accountable, work would have already been delayed. With numerous important state matters and significant challenges, all officials should fulfill their duties, prioritize public over personal matters, and neglecting work is highly inappropriate. Court officials should collaborate to discuss and establish detailed regulations to find an appropriate solution.
Gu Tan expressed his opinion, saying: Establishing mourning regulations, penalties that are too light are not enough to restrain filial sentiments, and penalties that are too heavy do not match the offense. Even if penalties are increased, the number of violations will not decrease. If someone violates the regulations and faces heavier penalties, it is difficult to accept both emotionally and rationally; reducing the penalties would make the laws impossible to enforce. I believe that officials in distant places cannot know unless they are informed. If someone reports a violation during the handover, and the punishment is death, the officials will not be blamed for neglect, and filial children will not be heavily penalized.
General Hu Zong also expressed his opinion, saying: Although there are regulations for funeral ceremonies, without a time limit, they cannot be enforced. The country is currently in a time of war, and the situation is special. If officials encounter a funeral, knowing that there are relevant regulations but still daring to risk attending, they would rather endure the shame of not attending than worry about the consequences of breaking the law, all because the penalties are too light. Loyalty to the country and filial piety are two responsibilities that are difficult to balance; a person cannot be both a loyal subject and a filial child. Clear provisions should be established, stipulating that violators will be sentenced to death, with no mercy for intentional violations. Executing one as a warning to many will prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future. Prime Minister Yong also agreed to the death penalty. Later, when the mother of Meng Zong, an official of the Wu kingdom, passed away, he attended the funeral and willingly accepted his punishment in Wuchang. Lu Xun vouched for his character and pleaded for leniency on his behalf, and Sun Quan reduced Meng Zong's offense, stipulating that this should not set a precedent, thus ending the matter.
In the second month, Lu Xun defeated Peng Dan and others. In October, General Wei Cong attacked Liu'an but was unsuccessful. After pacifying the Shanyue people, Zhuge Ke stationed his troops in Lujiang.
In the spring of the first year of Chiwu, large coins were minted in the thousands. In the summer, Lv Dai pacified the rebels in Luling, and after completing the task, he returned to Lukou. In August that autumn, it was said in Wuchang that a qilin was sighted.
Officials reported that seeing the qilin was a sign of a peaceful and prosperous era, so the era name should be changed. Sun Quan decreed, "A few days ago, a red raven flew to the front of the palace; I witnessed it myself. This seems like a divine manifestation, a good omen. Let's use 'Red Raven' as the new era name." The ministers also reported, "When King Wu defeated King Zhou in the past, there was also a good omen of a red raven appearing. The king and his ministers witnessed this auspicious sign together, and later conquered the world. The writings of the sages record this in great detail, indicating that this is a fortunate event. I also saw it with my own eyes." So the era name was changed.
Lady Bu passed away and was posthumously granted the title of empress. Initially, Sun Quan trusted the censor Lu Yi, who was cruel and strict in enforcing the law. Crown Prince Sun Deng repeatedly advised him, but Sun Quan did not listen, causing the ministers to become silent. Later, Lu Yi's crimes were exposed, and he was executed. Sun Quan blamed himself for this and sent the palace attendant Yuan Li to apologize to the generals and ask for their suggestions for improving governance.
After Yuan Li returned, Sun Quan issued a decree rebuking Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, Zhu Ran, Lu Dai, and others, saying, "After Yuan Li returned, he said that when he met with you, Zhuge Jun, Zishan, Yifeng, and Dinggong, you all mentioned that you do not handle civil affairs and are unwilling to express opinions easily, pushing the responsibility onto Boyan and Chengming. Boyan and Chengming, when they met Yuan Li, tearfully and earnestly presented their opinions, speaking with difficulty, even appearing anxious and worried. Upon hearing this, I deeply reflect on my actions. Why? Only sages do not make mistakes, and wise individuals recognize their own errors. How can anyone's actions be flawless? It is only because of my stubbornness that I have hurt everyone without realizing it, resulting in your grievances. How could it have come to this?"
I have been fighting for fifty years, and all taxes and corvée come from the people. The world is still not fully stable; there are still rebels, and I know the people are working very hard. But using the people's labor and resources is unavoidable! I have worked alongside all of you, from youth to old age, and we have all turned gray. I have always believed that we should be honest with each other, separate public and private matters, and be able to trust each other. I hope you will speak frankly and offer your advice, and I will humbly accept your opinions and make up for my shortcomings. Duke Wei Wu may be old, but his ambitions remain high. He diligently seeks talented aides and often reflects on his own shortcomings. He is also of commoner origin, getting along well with the ministers, treating them like brothers, and not caring about their tattered clothes. Though our relationship is that of lord and subjects, I consider you all my brothers. We share both glory and disgrace, standing together through thick and thin. I hope you can speak the truth, share your advice, and clearly distinguish right from wrong without too much hesitation! Who else can we count on if not each other? Duke Huan of Qi, who dominated the feudal lords, humbly accepted Guan Zhong's advice, accepted admonition when he made mistakes, and persisted even when the advice was ineffective. I realize I lack the virtues of Duke Huan of Qi, yet you don't even offer advice and instead seem to hold grudges. So, does that mean I'm even worse than Duke Huan of Qi? How can you compare to Guan Zhong? It's been a while since we last met, so I’d like to take this chance to speak openly. Let’s work together to accomplish great things and bring peace to the world. What challenges can we not overcome together? Everything can be improved, and I’m open to hearing everyone’s opinions to address my shortcomings.
In the spring of the year 223 AD, Sun Quan sent envoys Yang Mao, Zheng Zhou, and General Sun Yi to Liaodong to fight, to deal with the defenders of Wei, including Zhang Chi, Gao Lv, and others, and captured many prisoners. At the same time, the good news of the Ganluo rain falling in Lingling came from the other side, which was an auspicious sign! In May of the summer, Sun Quan ordered the construction of Shaxian Fortress. In October of the winter, General Jiang Mi was ordered to the south to suppress the barbarian bandits. As a result, the commander Liao Shi under Jiang Mi unexpectedly murdered the Prefect Yan Gang of Linhe and others, proclaimed himself the General of Pingnan, and together with his brother Liao Qian attacked Lingling and Guiyang, creating chaos in Jiaozhou, Cangwu, Yulin, and other districts, gathering tens of thousands of troops! Sun Quan quickly sent Generals Lu Dai and Tang Zi to suppress the rebellion, and after more than a year, they finally defeated them.
In January of the year 224 AD, Sun Quan issued a decree saying, "A ruler cannot exist without the people, and the people cannot survive without food. In recent years, the people have been overly conscripted, coupled with water and drought disasters, resulting in the people suffering from hunger and cold. Some officials have also been corrupt and embezzled the people's harvests, resulting in the people suffering from hunger and cold. From now on, you military governors and prefects must carefully investigate illegal activities. During the busy farming season, do not disturb the people for government matters. If you discover such situations, report them immediately!" In April of the summer, Sun Quan ordered a general amnesty and instructed each commandery and county to repair city walls, build watchtowers, dig moats, and open canals to deter thieves. In November of the winter, due to the famine affecting the people, Sun Quan ordered the opening of granaries to assist those in need.
In the year 225 AD, in January, there was a heavy snowfall, with three feet of snow on the ground, freezing to death more than half of the birds and animals. By the fourth month of summer, Sun Quan sent General Wei Cong to fight in Huainan. He ordered the breaking of the embankment at Shaobi, burned down the government mansion in Ancheng, and captured many commoners. At the same time, General Zhuge Ke launched an attack on Liu'an. Wei Cong fought the Wei general Wang Ling at Shaobi, and over ten people, including Colonel Qin Huang, were killed in battle. General Zhu Ran surrounded Fancheng, and General Zhuge Jin captured Zha Zhong. In May, Crown Prince Sun Deng died. That month, Sima Yi (Sima Xuanwang), the Grand Tutor of Wei, arrived to rescue Fancheng. In June, the Sun Wu army withdrew. In the extra month, General Zhuge Jin also died. In August, Lu Xun built defenses in Zhucheng.
In the spring of the year 230 AD, in January, Sun Quan named his son Sun He as Crown Prince, declared a general amnesty, and renamed Hexing County as Jiaxing. Then, all the civil and military officials proposed the appointment of an empress and the enfeoffment of four sons as kings. Sun Quan flatly rejected the proposal, saying, "The world has not yet been completely pacified, the common people are exhausted, many deserving individuals have not been rewarded, many people are still hungry and cold, and now we are in a hurry to distribute land to our sons, appoint concubines as consorts, and promote concubines. I can't do that!" In the third month, reports came in of a yellow dragon sighting in Haiyan County. In the fourth month, Sun Quan ordered a ban on the tribute of rare and exotic items and reduced the food expenses of the imperial palace. In July, Sun Quan sent General Nie You and Captain Lu Kai with thirty thousand troops to punish Zhuyai and Dan'er. That year saw a major epidemic, and officials again suggested appointing an empress and princes. In August, Sun Quan named his son Sun Ba as the King of Lu.
In January of the year 231 AD, there were reports of a white tiger sighting near the new capital city. Zhuge Ke led his troops to attack Liu'an, defeated the Wei general Xie Shun, and incorporated Xie Shun's army and civilians. In November of that year, Prime Minister Gu Yong passed away. In December, the king of Funan sent envoys bearing musicians and local specialties. That year, Sima Yi led troops to Shu County, while Zhuge Ke moved from Wuan County to Chaisang.
In January of the year 232 AD, Sun Quan appointed Lu Xun as Prime Minister. In autumn, reports emerged of a bountiful harvest in Wanling. That year, Bu Zhi and Zhu Ran wrote to report: "Those returning from Shu report that Shu intends to betray the alliance and collude with Wei; they are constructing ships and reinforcing their walls. Jiang Wan is in Hanzhong, and upon hearing that Sima Yi is heading south, he failed to seize the opportunity to strike, instead retreating from Hanzhong back to Chengdu. The situation is clear; there's no room for doubt—we need to be prepared." Sun Quan thought they were overthinking and said: "I've treated Shu fairly well; we have a mutual agreement, and there is no reason for them to act this way. Besides, Sima Yi withdrew from Shu County after a while; Shu is far from here, so how would I know when they will attack? Why the rush to send troops? Previously, when Wei wanted to attack Hanchuan, we strengthened our defenses without acting rashly, only relaxing when we heard Wei had withdrawn. Would Shu doubt us for the same reason? They're just managing their affairs, building ships and fortifying walls—there's nothing strange about that. We are strengthening our military now, but not aimed specifically at Shu. Don’t buy into rumors; I will help dispel them and defend our country." In the end, Shu took no action, just as Sun Quan had predicted.
In the spring of the year 246 AD, Prime Minister Lu Xun passed away. In the summer, there was sudden thunder and lightning, which struck the pillars of the palace gates and the bridge pillars of Nanjin Bridge. Hongshui in Chaling County flooded, affecting over two hundred households. In July of the autumn, General Ma Mao and others conspired to rebel and were executed along with their families. In August, the court issued a general amnesty. Subsequently, Captain Chen Xun was sent to lead thirty thousand troops and laborers to construct a road from Jurong to Xueyang, opening up a commercial passage and building relay stations and official residences.
In the spring of the year 247 AD, General Zhu Ran went to the Wei border to battle, capturing over a thousand people. In April of summer, it was reported that sweet dew had fallen in Wuchang. In September of the autumn, General Bu Zhi was appointed as Prime Minister, General Zhu Ran as Left Grand Marshal, General Quan Cong as Right Grand Marshal, General Lu Dai as Upper Grand Marshal, and General Zhuge Ke as Grand Marshal.
In January of the year 248 AD, Right Grand Marshal Quan Cong passed away. In February, Sun Quan moved to the South Palace. In March, the South Palace was rebuilt as the Taichu Palace, with court ministers and officials from various provinces actively participating in the construction. In May of summer, Prime Minister Bu Zhi passed away. In October, the court pardoned those on death row.
In January of the year 249 AD, Zhu Ran was engaged in building a city in Jiangling. In February, another earthquake occurred. In March, the Taichu Palace was finished. In April of summer, there was hail, and reports claimed that a yellow dragon was sighted in Yunyang. In May, a white tiger was said to be seen in Poyang. Sun Quan issued a decree stating, "Ancient wise rulers attained prosperity through virtue and good deeds, cultivating their character to rule the world; hence auspicious signs appeared to manifest their virtues. My own virtue is lacking, so how could these auspicious signs appear? The texts say, 'Even in times of peace, one should remain vigilant.' All ministers and officials must work diligently to fulfill their responsibilities and make up for my shortcomings."
In March of 250 AD, Grand Marshal Zhu Ran died. In April, two crows carrying a magpie fell into the courtyard of the East Palace. On the Bingyin day, General Zhu Ju, acting as Prime Minister, burned the magpie as an offering. In May of 236 AD, the sun reached its highest point, and Mars passed through the second star of the Kui constellation. In August, landslides and floods struck Danyang, Jurong, Guzhang, and Ningguo. Sun Quan ordered the cancellation of tax payments and distributed loans and seeds to the people so they could plant crops. The deposed Crown Prince Sun He was placed under house arrest in Guzhang. Prince Lu Sun Ba was executed. In the winter of October, Wei general Wen Qin faked a defection to lure Zhu Yi. Sun Quan sent Lv Ju to greet Zhu Yi and meet with Wen Qin. They remained cautious, and Wen Qin didn't dare to make a move. In November, Sun Quan named his son Sun Liang as Crown Prince. Sun Quan also dispatched a hundred thousand troops to build fortifications in Tangyi and Tutang to block the northern roads with water. In December, Wei's Grand General Wang Chang laid siege to Nanjun, and the Governor of Jingzhou, Wang Ji, attacked Xiling. Sun Quan dispatched Generals Dai Lie and Lu Kai to fight back, but they both retreated. Rumor had it that a divine figure delivered a letter, suggesting that Sun Quan change his reign and appoint an empress.
In May of the summer of 254 AD, Sun Quan appointed Lady Pan as the empress, granted a general amnesty, and changed the reign title. Initially, a god appeared in Linhai's Luoyang County, claiming to be Wang Biao. He moved among the people, eating, drinking, and talking like an ordinary person, but his physical form was invisible. He was accompanied by a maidservant named Fang Ji. That month, Sun Quan sent the Imperial Secretary Li Chong with the seal of the Prince of Luoyang to welcome Wang Biao. Wang Biao came out with Li Chong, engaging in discussions with Li Chong and the local officials they encountered. They all found Wang Biao formidable and felt unable to contest him. As Wang Biao traversed the mountains and rivers, the maidservant would communicate with the divine. In July of autumn, Li Chong and Wang Biao arrived in Jianye. Sun Quan had a residence built for Wang Biao outside Canglong Gate and frequently sent attendants with food and wine. Wang Biao prophesied about minor matters like floods and droughts, and his predictions were frequently spot-on. On the first day of August, a strong wind blew, causing the waves in the rivers and seas to surge, and the floodwaters rose to eight feet deep in the plains. The pine and cypress trees in the tombs of Wu Kingdom were blown down, and the south gate of the county city was blown down as well. In November of winter, Sun Quan granted another general amnesty. After performing a sacrificial ceremony at the southern suburbs, Sun Quan fell ill after returning to the palace. In December, Sun Quan urgently summoned the Grand General Sun Ke and appointed him as the Grand Tutor of the Crown Prince. Sun Quan ordered a reduction in corvée and taxes to alleviate the people's hardships.
In January of 255 AD, Sun Quan deposed Crown Prince Sun He, appointing him as King of Nanyang, residing in Changsha; he made his son Sun Fen the King of Qi, residing in Wuchang; he made his son Sun Xiu the King of Langye, residing in Hulin. In February, Sun Quan granted another general amnesty and changed the reign title to Shenfeng. Empress Pan passed away. Many generals and officials sought Wang Biao's blessings, but he fled. In April of the summer, Sun Quan passed away at seventy-one and was posthumously honored with the title of Great Emperor. In July, during autumn, Sun Quan was laid to rest in Jiangling.
Speaking of Sun Quan, he was someone who could be flexible and resilient, enduring and humble, and especially skilled in using people, good at planning—a true talent akin to the likes of Goujian and Ying Bu! That's why he was able to stand firm in Jiangdong and establish a balance of power among the three kingdoms. However, he was suspicious by nature and particularly prone to violence. As he grew older, this tendency grew increasingly severe. Ultimately, he fell victim to slander and indiscriminately executed innocent people, even deposing his own son Sun Liang, which ultimately led to the downfall of the nation. How does this reflect concern for future generations or the intention to leave them a stable legacy? Each generation of his descendants declined in quality, and the nation ultimately fell. Isn't this all a result of his own character flaws?
"Commentary: Sun Quan yielded and endured, valued talent and planning, possessing the talents of Goujian and Ying, able to dominate Jiangdong and establish a three-way balance. However, he was suspicious by nature, inclined towards killing, and as he reached his later years, this tendency worsened. When he listened to slander and executed the innocent, leading to the downfall of his heirs, could this be considered as leaving a legacy for his descendants? His later generations were inferior, leading to the downfall of the country, perhaps all stemming from this."
