Zhong Yao, courtesy name Yuanchang, was a native of Changshe in Henan. Once, he went to Luoyang with his relative Zhong Yu, and on the way they met a fortune teller who said, "This child has a remarkable appearance, will have a bright future, but will encounter a water disaster, so be careful!" Before they had even traveled ten miles, they reached a bridge where a horse got startled and threw him into the water, almost costing him his life. Zhong Yu believed in the accuracy of the fortune teller's words and valued Zhong Yao even more, providing him with living expenses to focus on his studies.
Later, Zhong Yao passed the imperial examination, became an Official of the Imperial Library, and then served as the magistrate of Yangling County but had to resign due to illness. He was later summoned by the Three Dukes to serve as the Minister of Justice and the Attendant of the Yellow Gate. At that time, Emperor Xian of Han was in Luoyang, while Li Jue, Guo Si, and others were causing chaos in Chang'an, causing a breakdown in communication between Chang'an and the eastern regions. After Cao Cao became the Governor of Yanzhou, he sent envoys to Emperor Xian for the first time. Li Jue and Guo Si suspected that the eastern regions were planning to establish a new emperor and captured Cao Cao's envoys, rejecting Cao Cao's request. Zhong Yao advised them, saying, "Nowadays, heroes are rising up everywhere, each trying to dominate their own territory. Only Cao Cao is truly loyal to the court. Refusing his loyalty is not a wise move!" Li Jue and Guo Si followed Zhong Yao's advice, warmly welcoming Cao Cao's envoys, and as a result, Cao Cao's mission was successfully completed.
Cao Cao heard praises of Zhong Yao from Xun Yu multiple times, and upon learning of Zhong Yao's persuasion of Li Jue and Guo Si, he respected him even more. Later, when Li Jue held Emperor Xian hostage, Zhong Yao and the Official of the Imperial Library, Han Bin, worked together to rescue him. Eventually, Emperor Xian managed to escape from Chang'an, and Zhong Yao's contributions were invaluable. As a result, he was appointed as the Deputy Chief of Staff, later rising to the position of Palace Attendant and Chief Writer, and was granted the title of Marquis of Dongwuting in recognition of his past achievements.
At that time in the Guanzhong region, it was said that generals such as Ma Teng and Han Sui commanded large armies and were constantly at odds with each other. Cao Cao was increasingly concerned about the situation in Guanzhong, so he recommended Yang Fu to serve as the Imperial Attendant and Colonel of the Capital, entrusting him with the imperial seal to command the various armies in Guanzhong and oversee all matters in the region. He specifically instructed him to act freely without being constrained by rules.
When Yang Fu arrived in Chang'an, he wrote letters to Ma Teng and Han Sui, reasoning with them and appealing to their sentiments, discussing the advantages and disadvantages. Ma Teng and Han Sui agreed with his reasoning and sent their sons to serve under Yang Fu in Chang'an. When Cao Cao was engaged in a standoff with Yuan Shao at Guandu, Yang Fu sent over two thousand warhorses to support the army. Cao Cao wrote to Yang Fu, saying, "The horses you sent have truly come to our aid in this critical time! Now that Guanzhong is pacified, the court can rest easy regarding the west, and it's all thanks to your efforts! Just like Xiao He, who once guarded Guanzhong and ensured the army had enough provisions, your contributions are equally significant."
Later, the Xiongnu Chanyu rebelled in Pingyang, and Yang Fu led the army to surround him, but was unable to capture him. At this time, Guo Yuan, a subordinate of Yuan Shao and the Prefect of Hedong, also arrived in Hedong with a formidable military force. His generals debated whether to abandon the siege of the Chanyu and withdraw. Yang Fu said, "Yuan Shao's power is strong, and Guo Yuan has come to Hedong; there are likely people in Guanzhong secretly colluding with him, so they haven't fully betrayed us yet, only because they fear my reputation. If we give up now, who will listen to us in Guanzhong after that? Even if I want to go back, I can't go back! That would be like losing before we even fight! Besides, Guo Yuan is reckless and fierce; he'll definitely underestimate us and charge in recklessly. If we set an ambush at the Fen River crossing, we can attack him when he crosses the river and score a huge victory!" Zhang Ji proposed to have Ma Teng join forces to attack Guo Yuan, and Ma Teng sent his son Ma Chao to lead elite troops to battle. Guo Yuan indeed underestimated us, ignored all advice, and rashly crossed the river. As a result, before he had even crossed halfway, he was taken by surprise and suffered a crushing defeat; Guo Yuan was beheaded, and the Chanyu surrendered. This incident is noted in Zhang Ji's biography. Later, Wei Gu in Hedong rebelled again, causing chaos alongside Zhang Sheng, Zhang Yan, Gao Gan, and others, and Yang Fu once again led the army to pacify them. Since the Emperor moved west, the population of Luoyang plummeted, so Yang Fu moved people from Guanzhong to Luoyang and also recruited refugees and defectors to boost Luoyang's population. Over the years, Luoyang's population gradually bounced back. Later, when Cao Cao launched his campaign in Guanzhong, Yang Fu offered him significant support, and Cao Cao appointed Yang Fu as his Chief Military Advisor.
When the Wei Kingdom was first established, Zhong Yao was appointed as the Grand Justice, and later promoted to Prime Minister. At that time, Emperor Wen was still in the Eastern Palace, and he rewarded Zhong Yao with five large iron pots and personally wrote an inscription: "In the Wei kingdom, serving as a support to the Han dynasty. Zhong Yao, the prime minister, is truly diligent and capable. He maintains order day and night, never at ease. With his numerous officials, he sets the standard." After a few years, due to the rebellion of Wei Fang, a clerk in the West Bureau, Zhong Yao was dismissed from his position and sent home.
Later, when Emperor Wen became the King of Wei, he reappointed Zhong Yao as the Grand Justice. After Emperor Wen ascended the throne, the Ministry of Justice was renamed to the Court of Judicial Affairs, and Zhong Yao was titled Marquis of Chonggao. His official position continued to rise until he became the Grand Commandant, and his title was elevated to Marquis of Pingyang. At that time, the Minister of Works Hua Xin and the Minister of Works Wang Lang were both descendants of prestigious families, with ancestors who were renowned ministers. After attending court, Emperor Wen remarked to those around him, "These three officials are truly great men of our time, and it will be difficult to find such talents in the future!"
After Emperor Ming succeeded to the throne, he further ennobled Zhong Yao as the Marquis of Dingling, granted him an additional five hundred households, adding up to a total of one thousand eight hundred households. Zhong Yao was also promoted to Grand Tutor. However, at that time, Zhong Yao had developed knee problems, making it difficult for him to stand. Interestingly, Hua Xin was also in poor health due to his advanced age, and when attending court, he would be carried in a carriage and carried into the palace by the Tiger Guards. Since then, it became customary for the three officials to be brought in by carriage if they were unwell.
It is said that initially, Emperor Taizu ordered a study on whether the death penalty could be replaced by corporal punishment. An official named Zhong Yao suggested, "Corporal punishment, which has not been abolished by wise rulers for generations, should be reinstated to replace capital punishment." Others felt that this method would not be popular among the people, and the matter was put on hold.
Later, Emperor Wendi hosted a banquet for his ministers and declared, "The Ministry of Justice wishes to reinstate corporal punishment; this is the law of the sage kings! I urge you all to deliberate on this matter carefully." However, before a consensus could be reached, war broke out, and this issue was once again set aside.
During the Taihe period, Yao once again submitted a memorial to the emperor, saying: "Our Great Wei Dynasty has inherited the legacy of Yao and Shun. Emperor Xiaowen reformed the laws but strayed from the ancient righteous path. The late emperor was wise and enlightened, blessed by the heavens, always following ancient traditions. Therefore, after ascending to the throne, he issued several edicts in an attempt to restore ancient corporal punishment as a form of law. However, due to consecutive wars, it was never implemented. Your Majesty, you should inherit the aspirations of your ancestors, consider the deterrent effect of cutting off toes as a punishment for criminals, and unfortunately, many innocent people have been wrongly sentenced to death. You should promote the study of the law among the people and discuss it with your ministers. Those who should have had their right toes cut off but were wrongly sentenced to death should have this punishment reinstated. The Book of Documents states: 'The emperor should understand the feelings of the people, and widows and orphans can appeal to him for grievances.' This implies that when Emperor Yao defeated Chiyou and dealt with the Miaoshis, he first inquired whether the common people had grievances. Now there are so many wrongful convictions in prisons; they should be thoroughly investigated, following the example of Emperor Xiaojing: release those who should be released, and cut off the right toes of those who should be cut off. Regarding branding, facial mutilation, cutting off left toes, and castration, following the example of Emperor Xiaowen, they should be replaced with shaving heads and flogging. Those who commit adultery, generally aged between twenty and fifty, even if their feet are cut off, can still reproduce. The current population is smaller than that during Emperor Xiaowen's reign; if corporal punishment is implemented, three thousand more people could be saved each year. After Zhang Cang abolished corporal punishment, tens of thousands of people were sentenced to death each year. I propose reinstating corporal punishment, which could save three thousand lives annually. Zilu asked Confucius whether providing relief to the people is considered benevolence. Confucius said: 'How can this be considered benevolence? Only a sage can do it; even sages like Yao and Shun found it difficult!' He also said: 'Is benevolence far from us? If I wish to practice benevolence, it will come to me.' If corporal punishment is truly reinstated, the common people will enjoy lasting peace and security."
After reading the memorial, the emperor said, "The Grand Tutor is knowledgeable, capable, and deeply concerned with national affairs, with a profound understanding of the law. This is a significant matter, so all ministers and officials should discuss it carefully."
Situ Wang Lang also expressed his opinion, saying, "Reducing the death penalty while increasing mutilation is akin to helping someone who is lying down to stand up, turning a dead person into a living one! I believe his suggestion has its flaws. The categories of the Five Punishments are already outlined in the legal code, and reducing the punishment essentially means sparing a life. This system has been in place for a long time; there is no need to look back to ancient corporal punishments. Compassionate rulers in ancient times found corporal punishment too cruel, so they abolished it. It has been abolished for hundreds of years, and now it is being reinstated. Perhaps the benefits of reducing punishment have not been seen by the common people, but the brutality of corporal punishment is well recognized by our enemies. This approach will not win the people's support! Following Yao's suggestion, capital punishment could be reduced to the penalties of tonsure and mutilation. If deemed too lenient, we could increase the years of forced labor. This way, generosity can be demonstrated while avoiding the cruelty of corporal punishment."
More than a hundred ministers took part in the discussion, with most of them agreeing with Wang Lang's opinion. However, the emperor postponed the matter because Wu and Shu had not yet been brought under control.
In 230 AD, Yao died. The emperor went to pay his respects dressed in plain clothes and posthumously granted him the title of Marquis Cheng. His son Yu succeeded him in the title. Earlier, Emperor Wen had granted land and cities to Yao's younger brother Yan, as well as to Yao's son Shao and grandson Yu, elevating them to the rank of Marquises.
Yu Zhi was promoted to the position of Cavalry Minister at the age of fourteen. He was intelligent and witty, who shared his father's wit and charm. In the early period of the Taihe era, Zhuge Liang of Shu surrounded Qishan, and Emperor Ming wanted to march west with his troops. Yu wrote a memorial advising, "The most important strategy in using troops is to plan from the court, win battles from afar, and not personally engage in combat. The Emperor should guard the Central Plains to deter all sides. If a large army marches west now, even with ten times the troops, the military expenses in Guanzhong will be enormous, leading to significant losses. Moreover, marching in midsummer, as the poet has noted, is not the time for the Emperor to personally lead the troops." Later, he was promoted to the position of Chamberlain. At that time, construction was booming in Luoyang, so the Emperor temporarily resided in Xuchang, where the court affairs were also handled. Xuchang was crowded, so a temporary palace was set up in the south of the city using felt, with decorations such as fish and dragons, which left the common people worn out. Yu once again advised, saying, "With continuous years of drought and floods, and an empty treasury, these issues should be addressed only in a year of good harvest." He also suggested, "We should restore the abandoned lands within the borders and encourage the people to develop agriculture." Ultimately, his suggestions were accepted and put into action.
During the Zhengshi period, Yu was appointed as the Cavalier Attendant. The Grand General Cao Shuang launched a campaign against Shu in mid-summer, but the Shu army held their ground, leaving Cao Shuang's army struggling to make progress. Yu wrote to him, saying, "I believe military strategy shouldn't involve personal charges into battle. The imperial army should be deployed for expeditions, but it is not necessary to always engage in warfare. If we can conquer like in ancient times with rites and music, and make enemies surrender through concessions, there's no need to fight fiercely like Wu Han did at Jiangguan or shed blood like Han Xin did at Jingxing. Advancing in favorable situations and retreating in difficult ones has been the way to govern since ancient times. I hope the general carefully considers my advice!" Cao Shuang ultimately returned without success. Later, due to offending Cao Shuang, Yu was reassigned from his post as Attendant-in-Ordinary to serve as the Prefect of Wei Commandery. After Cao Shuang was executed, Yu returned to the court and served as the Deputy Imperial Secretary and Attendant-in-Ordinary. Yu proposed a system allowing subjects to seek redress for their deceased parents and for the wives of scholars who were enfeoffed not to remarry.
During the Yuan Dynasty, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rebelled. Wang Shen was tasked with delivering the Emperor's pardon and went to Yangzhou and Yuzhou to pacify the people, urging them not to join the rebellion. After completing his mission, he returned to the court as a Minister. Later, Zhuge Dan rebelled as well! At that time, Sima Yan, who would later become Emperor Wu of Jin, was the Grand General of the court and planned to personally lead troops to Shouchun to take down Zhuge Dan. At this time, the general Sun Yi of Wu surrendered with his men. Some speculated, "Wu has just suffered a loss and surely wouldn't dare to send troops again. We've got enough troops in the east already, so we can afford to wait and see."
But Wang Shen objected. He said, "To analyze situations and judge the enemy, one should consider the situation from their perspective. Now Zhuge Dan has given all of Huainan's territory to the Wu Kingdom, and the defectors brought by Sun Yi are not even a thousand, only about three hundred soldiers. The losses suffered by the Wu Kingdom are actually not much. If the city of Shou Chun has not been captured yet, the internal situation in the Wu Kingdom might have stabilized, and they might even send troops!"
Simayan listened and said, "You're right!" So he set out for battle with Wang Shen. After pacifying Huainan, Wang Shen was appointed as the Inspector of Qingzhou and was also promoted to the position of Rear General. Later, he was promoted to the Military Superintendent of Xuzhou and was granted the 'Jieyue,' a symbol of authority for ancient generals. He was subsequently transferred to the Inspector of Jingzhou. In the fourth year of Jingyuan, Wang Shen died. The court posthumously awarded him the title of General of Chariots and Cavalry, and he was posthumously honored with the title of Marquis Hui. His son Wang Jun inherited his title. Wang Shen's brother, Wang Hui, also has a biography of his own.
Hua Xin, styled Ziyu, was a native of Pingyuan Gaotang. Gaotang was a famous capital of the Qi Kingdom, where officials and nobles often frequented the market. While serving in office, Hua Xin would close his door during leave and seldom interacted with others. He was fair and just, never spoke ill of others. A fellow countyman, Tao Qiu Hong, was also well-known and believed his knowledge surpassed that of Hua Xin. At that time, Wang Fen conspired with some prominent figures to overthrow Emperor Ling (this incident is recorded in the "Wu Ji"). Wang Fen secretly consulted with Hua Xin and Tao Qiu Hong. Tao Qiu Hong wanted to participate, but Hua Xin advised him, "To depose an emperor, even Yi Yin and Huo Guang found it difficult. Wang Fen is rough and not good at military affairs; this plan is bound to fail and could spell disaster for your entire family. You better not go!" Tao Qiu Hong listened to Hua Xin's advice and did not go. Later, Wang Fen indeed failed, and Tao Qiu Hong ultimately accepted this.
Hua Xin was later recommended as a person of filial piety and integrity, was appointed as a langzhong, and resigned from his position due to illness. After the death of Emperor Ling, He Jin took power and summoned Zheng Tai from Henan, Xun You from Yingchuan, and Hua Xin. Hua Xin arrived in the capital and became a Shangshu Lang. When Dong Zhuo relocated the capital to Chang'an, Hua Xin requested to be assigned as the magistrate of Xiagui County. However, due to illness, he was unable to go and instead traveled from Lantian to Nanyang. At that time, Yuan Shu was in Rang County and left Hua Xin behind. Hua Xin advised Yuan Shu to raise troops to attack Dong Zhuo, but Yuan Shu ignored his advice. Hua Xin wanted to leave and happened to encounter the Emperor's envoy, Ma Midi, who invited Hua Xin to be his assistant. They traveled east to Xuzhou, and the court issued a decree appointing Hua Xin as the Prefect of Yuzhang. He governed the area with integrity, and the people were very grateful to him. Sun Ce occupied the Jiangdong region, and Hua Xin, knowing Sun Ce's military prowess, went to meet him in casual clothes. Sun Ce respected Hua Xin's seniority and received him with the utmost respect. Later, Sun Ce passed away. During the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao submitted a petition to the Emperor requesting Hua Xin's summons. Sun Quan wanted to keep Hua Xin, but Hua Xin said to Sun Quan, "General, you are acting on the Emperor's orders. You have just started to get along with Cao Cao, and the relationship between the two sides is not yet stable. If I can serve you, wouldn't it be beneficial? Retaining me now would be like keeping a burden, which isn't wise." Sun Quan was delighted and let Hua Xin go. Thousands of guests and friends came to bid farewell to Hua Xin, and the gifts they presented were valued at hundreds of gold pieces. Hua Xin did not refuse any of them, but discreetly took note of the names of those who gave gifts. Before leaving, he gathered all the gifts and said to the guests, "I didn't want to refuse your kindness, but I have received too much. Traveling alone with so many valuable items may bring trouble. I hope you can help me think of a solution." So everyone took back their gifts, admiring Hua Xin's noble virtues.
After Xun Yu's death, Sima Yi's father, Sima Fang, was appointed as the Minister of Personnel. Not long after, Sima Fang was promoted, successively holding the positions of Yilang, Minister of Military Affairs, Minister of Personnel, and Palace Attendant, finally taking over Xun Yu's position as Minister of Personnel. During Cao Cao's campaign against Sun Quan, he specifically recommended Sima Fang as a military advisor. After the establishment of the Wei Kingdom, Sima Fang was appointed as Grand Historian. After Cao Pi ascended to the throne, Sima Fang was appointed as Prime Minister and also granted the title of Marquis of Anle Township. After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, Sima Fang's title was changed to Minister of Works.
Sima Fang was known for his integrity, using his salary to support relatives and friends, unable to even keep a bushel of grain at home. The court once rewarded the ministers with some slaves; everyone kept them, but Sima Fang freed all the slaves, allowing them to start their own families and careers. Cao Pi was deeply moved by this and issued a decree stating, "The Minister of Works is a pillar of the state, assisting the emperor in handling state affairs. Now the high officials at court live luxuriously, while the Minister of Works eats simple meals; this is quite concerning!" Therefore, Cao Pi specially rewarded Sima Fang with clothes for his use and also made clothes for his wife and children. At that time, when the Three Offices discussed the criteria for selecting exemplary and filial candidates, someone suggested, "Selecting the virtuous and filial should be based on moral character, without the need to consider classical texts." However, Sima Fang believed, "Since the chaos in the world, the Confucian classics have been lost; now we should focus on studying the classics to uphold the royal way. Establishing laws and regulations is to deal with various situations. Selecting the virtuous and filial without considering classical texts could result in a neglect of education. If there are truly outstanding talents, they can be recruited separately. Our concern is not the lack of examination standards, but the scarcity of talented individuals." Cao Pi accepted his advice.
In the early years of the Huangchu period, Cao Pi issued a decree asking nobles and ministers to recommend individuals of high moral character. Sima Fang recommended Guan Ning. Cao Pi sent a comfortable carriage to welcome Guan Ning. After Cao Rui ascended to the throne, Sima Fang was granted the title of Marquis of Boping, with an additional five hundred households, bringing the total to one thousand three hundred households, and was promoted to Grand Commandant. Sima Fang requested to retire due to illness, wishing to pass the position of Grand Commandant to Guan Ning. However, Cao Rui did not agree. Once, the court was to hold a grand banquet, and Cao Rui sent the Cavalier In Regular Attendance, Miao Xi, to convey his intentions, saying, "I have just ascended to the throne, and the daily affairs are busy. I worry that my judgment might be flawed. Fortunately, I have loyal ministers like you to help me, but you have repeatedly declined official positions due to illness. In ancient times, some virtuous ministers refrained from court affairs or resigned from their positions, as recorded in history. However, Duke Zhou and Yi Yin were different. They upheld personal integrity and moral principles, which anyone can aspire to. I should not require you to do so. Please bear your pain and attend the banquet to bring joy to everyone. I've arranged the seating and instructed all officials to wait for you before I can take my seat." Cao Rui also told Miao Xi, "You must wait for Sima Fang to arrive before you can return and report." Sima Fang had no choice but to rise and attend the banquet.
In the Taihe period, the emperor sent Cao Zhen to lead troops to attack Shu from the Ziwu Road, while he himself went east to Xuchang. At this time, Wang Ling wrote a memorial to the emperor, saying, "Since the great chaos in the world until now, it has been more than twenty years. The great Wei dynasty has received heaven's favor, and Your Majesty has ushered in a prosperous era for the country through your virtuous conduct. You should actively improve national governance and emulate the achievements of the wise monarchs of the past three generations. Although there are still two rebel factions of Shu Han holding onto strategic locations and barely surviving, as your virtuous leadership becomes more evident, the people from afar will also be grateful and return. Force should only be a last resort and must be used carefully and at the right time. I sincerely hope that Your Majesty will first focus on governing the country and leave the matter of suppressing the rebels for later. Furthermore, transporting supplies over long distances is not an advantage in warfare; advancing into dangerous territory does not necessarily guarantee victory. I’ve heard that this year's draft of laborers has disrupted agricultural activities. A nation relies on its people, and the people's foundation is their food and clothing. If the people of the whole country are free from hunger and hardship, and have no desire to leave their homes, then there's hope for peace in the realm, and we can wait for the two rebels of Shu Han to expose their weaknesses on their own. As Prime Minister, I am growing older, and my health is declining. I fear I may not have much time left, and I am afraid I will never see Your Majesty's face again. Thus, I take the liberty to speak frankly and sincerely ask Your Majesty to consider my suggestions!"
The emperor replied, "You have thoughtful insights into the long-term interests of the country, which I truly appreciate. Those rebels rely on the dangerous terrain; even our ancestors struggled to pacify them, so how could I be so arrogant as to think I could definitely defeat them! The generals believe that without probing, they cannot understand the enemy's strengths and weaknesses, so they sent troops to observe and find their vulnerabilities. If the timing is not right, like King Wu of Zhou withdrawing his troops in the past, this is a historical lesson I keep in mind." That autumn, heavy rains fell, and the emperor ordered Cao Zhen to withdraw his troops and return to the court. In the fifth year of Taihe, Wang Ling passed away and was posthumously granted the title of Jing Hou. His son, Wang Biao, inherited his title. Earlier, Emperor Wen had divided Wang Ling's land and population to his brother Wang Ji, ennobling Wang Ji as a marquis. Wang Biao, during the Xianxi period, became a Minister.
Wang Lang, styled Jingxing, was from Tan County, Shandong. Due to his knowledge of the classics, he was appointed as a langzhong by the court and later transferred to be the magistrate of Ziqiu County. He once studied under Yang Ci, and after Yang Ci's death, Wang Lang resigned from his official position to observe mourning at home. Later, he was recommended as a filial and invited to serve in the public office, but he politely declined. The governor of Xuzhou, Tao Qian, valued his abilities and regarded him as an exceptional talent.
At that time, Emperor Xian of Han was in Chang'an, and uprisings were occurring in various places in the east. Wang Lang served as an assistant to Tao Qian, and together with Zhao Yu and others, they advised Tao Qian, "The 'Spring and Autumn Annals' teaches us that when a vassal state faces danger, the most important thing is to show loyalty to the emperor. Since the emperor is still in Chang'an, we should send envoys to pledge our loyalty to the court." Tao Qian followed their advice and sent Zhao Yu with a memorial to Chang'an. Emperor Xian of Han was pleased and appointed Tao Qian as General of the East, Zhao Yu as the Prefect of Guangling, and Wang Lang as the Prefect of Kuaiji.
Sun Ce crossed the Yangtze River and attacked cities and territories everywhere. Wang Lang's chief aide, Yu Fan, believed that Kuaiji’s strength was no match for Sun Ce, so it would be wiser to avoid his might. However, Wang Lang considered himself an official of the Han Dynasty and felt it was his duty to defend the city. So he led his troops to fight against Sun Ce, but was ultimately defeated and had to flee by boat to Dongye. Sun Ce caught up and defeated Wang Lang's army. Left with no choice, Wang Lang surrendered to Sun Ce. Sun Ce appreciated Wang Lang's cultured and refined demeanor, and although he questioned and reproached him, he did not make things difficult for him. Despite living in exile, confronting poverty and anxiety daily, Wang Lang still did his best to take care of his relatives and friends, sharing his good fortune with others, even at his own expense. His righteous actions were very remarkable.
Cao Cao recommended Wang Lang, who moved from Qu'e to the Jianghai area, taking several years to arrive. He was later appointed as the Grand Adviser and involved in military matters as the Minister of Works. In the early days of the Wei Kingdom, he served as the Military Libationer and the Governor of Wei Commandery, later rising to the positions of Privy Treasurer, Minister Steward, and Minister of Justice. He adhered to a principle of leniency in his governance, dealing with questionable cases leniently. Meanwhile, Zhong Yao was known for his keen insight and strict law enforcement, and both were highly regarded in prison administration.
After Emperor Wen of Han became emperor, he was promoted to Grand Historian and was also titled as Marquis of Anling Pavilion. He wrote to the emperor, advising that the emperor should care for the people and reduce punishments, and said: "It has been over thirty years since the war began; the entire country has endured devastation, and countless people have died and been injured. Thanks to the previous kings who eliminated bandits and supported orphans and widows, the land of Huaxia has been restored to order. Now, the common people have gathered in the territory of Wei; even in remote areas, you can hear the sounds of roosters and dogs barking. The nation is flourishing, and everyone is joyfully enjoying this era of peace and prosperity. However, the distant enemies have not fully surrendered, and the war has not completely ended. If wise and virtuous officials can be appointed to comfort the people in remote areas, and more good officials can be sent to spread blessings, repair fields and roads, and make the common people prosperous, then the country will definitely be more prosperous and strong than before. The Book of Changes emphasizes the importance of establishing laws and regulations, and the Book of Documents also records the need to establish appropriate punishments. If a person is blessed, the common people will also enjoy blessings, so we must handle legal and prison matters carefully. In the past, when Cao Shen was prime minister, he treated the prison as a place to store things, while Lu Wenshu strictly rectified the officials in the prison. If those in charge of managing the prison can understand the truth, there will be no wrongful deaths; if able-bodied people can work to their heart's content, there will be no starvation; if poor elderly people can receive assistance from the country, there will be no deaths from hunger; if marriages are conducted on time, there will be no resentment; if pregnant women can safely give birth, there will be no sorrow; if newborns can grow up healthy, there will be no pain of premature death; if adults serve in the military, young people will not long for home; if elderly people do not fight, there will be no danger of war. Using medication to treat illnesses, reducing taxes to make the people work happily, using strict punishments to rein in the powerful, using compassion to aid the vulnerable, and providing relief and loans to support the impoverished.
"Ten years later, there will surely be grown women all over the streets. Twenty years later, our army will surely be incredibly strong."
After Emperor Wen of Han ascended to the throne, he promoted me to the position of Minister of State and also bestowed upon me the title of Marquis of Yueping. At that time, Emperor Wen enjoyed hunting outside the palace, sometimes not returning until after dark. I submitted a memorial advising, "The emperor's residence should be adorned with solemnity on the outside, heavily guarded on the inside, with troops arranged prior to departure, the alarm sounded before ascending the steps, bows drawn before boarding the carriage, roads cleared before being guided, troops organized before the wheels turn, and resting only after everything is calm. All of these are to demonstrate the emperor's dignity, emphasize caution, and set an example for others. Recently, Your Majesty has been hunting outside the palace, departing only when the sun is setting and returning after dark, which violates the usual protocols for the guards. This is not the level of caution expected of a ruler!" The emperor replied, "I have reviewed your memorial. Although Wei Jiang used the words of the State of Yu to mock Duke Dao of Jin, and Lin Xiangru used the analogy of fierce beasts to warn Emperor Wu of Han, these examples do not fully explain the situation. The two eastern rebels have yet to be subdued, and the generals are still on expedition; therefore, I occasionally go to the outskirts to train the troops and familiarize myself with military readiness. Regarding the curfew for returning to the palace at night, I have already instructed the relevant departments to implement it."
During the late Jian'an period, Sun Quan began sending envoys to submit, but also fought against Liu Bei. The court discussed whether to simultaneously attack Wu and Shu. I suggested, "The Emperor's army is more important than Mount Tai and Mount Hua, and should indeed remain steadfast on the fishing platform, showing the Emperor's authority, unyielding as a mountain. Even if Sun Quan personally confronts the Shu rebels, engaging in fierce battles for many days, with both sides evenly matched and unable to achieve a swift victory, when sending troops becomes necessary to change the tide of battle, experienced and steady generals should be selected to seize advantageous terrain, wait for the right moment, and choose the right time and place to strike, striking decisively to eliminate any future threats. Since Sun Quan's army has not yet moved, there's no need to send troops to assist Wu's forces. Additionally, with the heavy rains, it's not an ideal time for a military campaign." The Emperor accepted my suggestion. During the Huangchu era, a pelican landed in the Lingzhi Pond, and the Emperor ordered the officials to recommend people of high virtue. I recommended Yang Biao, the Grand Minister of Ceremonies, and then feigned illness and passed the recommendation opportunity to Yang Biao. The Emperor provided Yang Biao with officials and soldiers, ranking just below the Three Excellencies. The Emperor issued a decree saying, "I sought your recommendations for talent, but received none. Instead, you suddenly fell ill, not only failing to provide talent but also obstructing the search for it, exacerbating the decline of the court. Are you residing in an official capacity yet speaking ill of others? Do not refuse any longer!" Only then did I resume my duties.
Sun Quan wanted his son Sun Deng to enter the capital as an attendant, but Sun Deng did not come. At that time, the emperor's entourage was to move to Xuchang, and large-scale farming operations were underway in preparation for leading troops to the east to attack Sun Quan. Lang submitted a memorial stating: "In the past, the King of Nanyue effectively defended the border. Ying Qi entered the capital as an attendant and eventually became the heir, returning the country to him. The people of Kangju are known for their rudeness and cunning, inconsistent in words and deeds. The governor-general proposed that their prince be sent to the capital as an attendant to address their disrespect. Furthermore, the rebellions of Wu Bi and Wei Xiao both began due to their sons entering the capital. It was reported that Sun Quan intended to send his son, but he never came. Now that the army is ready, I fear that everyone might misinterpret the emperor's intentions and think that the country is rebelling because Sun Deng did not come. If the army sets out and Sun Deng arrives later, the consequences would be significant, yet the benefits minimal, which would not be ideal. If Sun Deng is indeed arrogant and cruel, with no intention of coming, everyone would be resentful. I believe we should issue orders to all generals individually to ensure they strictly adhere to their commands and effectively guard their territories. Project a strong external presence, and internally prioritize agricultural production; remain as steadfast as a mountain and as tranquil as water, to ensure the enemy cannot destabilize us or discern our plans." At that time, the emperor had initially planned to set out as soon as the army was assembled, but since Sun Quan's son never arrived, the emperor's entourage turned back upon reaching the riverside.
After the emperor of the Ming Dynasty ascended to the throne, he was granted the title of Marquis of Lanling, and an additional five hundred households were granted to his fiefdom, making a total of one thousand two hundred households bestowed upon him. He sent envoys to the city of Ye to worship at the tomb of Empress Wen Zhao and discovered that many of the common folk were still facing difficulties. At that time, the construction of palaces was in full swing, and Lang wrote a memorial saying, "Your Majesty, since your accession to the throne, your benevolence has spread throughout the land, and the common folk are very happy. Recently, I was sent on a mission to the north, and I have traveled back and forth to many places. I've heard that many corvée duties can be waived or lightened. I hope that Your Majesty can manage state affairs diligently like the wise rulers of old and devise strategies to deal with enemies. In the past, Great Yu aimed to save the world from disaster, so he first simplified the palaces, lived frugally, and ultimately governed the Nine Provinces, bringing the world into submission. Goujian wanted to expand his territory and defeat Fuchai, so he also lived frugally himself and in his household, using the money he saved for the state, ultimately unifying the State of Wu and dominating the Central Plains. Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty also wanted to glorify their ancestors' legacy, so they were able to give up building luxurious palaces, wear simple clothes, reduce the expenses of sacrifices in the palace, no longer accept tributes from various regions, reduce corvée labor and taxes, and encourage agricultural production; this allowed the country to enjoy a peaceful and prosperous era with very few crimes. Emperor Wu of Han was able to strengthen the military and expand the territory because his ancestors had built a strong national power, enabling him to achieve great success. Huo Qubing, a talented general, said he wouldn't build a mansion until the Xiongnu were defeated. To care for the border areas, internal affairs should be simplified, and to handle external affairs, internal policies should be streamlined. From the early Han Dynasty to the flourishing period, it was always essential to restore peace before undertaking large-scale palace construction.
Now, the Jianshi Palace is adequate to hold court meetings, the Chonghua Palace is adequate to organize the internal officials, and the Hualin Garden and Tianyuan Pool are also adequate for hosting banquets. If we first construct the palaces well enough to receive foreign envoys for tribute, and build city walls that are strong enough to withstand foreign invasions, strengthening the country's defenses, other matters can wait until the harvest is plentiful. Focus first on encouraging agricultural production and strengthening military training so that the country will not be rife with complaints, the population will increase, the people will thrive, the army will be strong, and foreign enemies will not invade. The country will be stable and prosperous; this will be inevitable." As a result, Lang was appointed as the Minister of Works.
The emperor hasn't had a son in a long time, and there are few pregnancies in the harem. The chief physician submitted a memorial stating: "In the past, King Wen of Zhou had King Wu at the age of fifteen and was blessed with ten sons and many descendants. King Wu only had King Cheng when he was older, so King Cheng had fewer brothers. Both of these emperors had their own virtues, but comparing the prosperity of their descendants reveals differences. The timing and number of children born can vary. Your Majesty's virtues and accomplishments surpass those of King Wen and King Wu, yet the Crown Prince has yet to be born, and there are few other princes. While it may not be considered late, compared to Boyi Kao, it certainly isn't early. The Book of Rites states that there should be 120 internal officials in the palace, but throughout the ages, it has been said that the number of concubines should be limited to twelve. By the end of the Qin and Han dynasties, the number of concubines even reached several hundred or thousands. However, even with so many concubines, pregnancies and births are still quite rare, which indicates that the key to having sons lies in focus rather than quantity. As I age, I hope our country can have fifty-five descendants like the Yellow Emperor. Even if we can't reach the twenty-five descendants of King Wen, that would still be commendable. Furthermore, children tend to dislike thick blankets from a young age, as they can be uncomfortable for their delicate bodies, making them more susceptible to illness. If children wear lighter clothing that isn't too thick, it can help ensure their health and longevity."
The emperor replied, "Your loyalty is unwavering, so your words are sincere, reflecting your deep admiration. You have put a lot of thought into it. Your writing is fluent. I have read your memorials repeatedly, and I am very pleased. I have yet to appoint a crown prince, which has been a concern for me. I value your opinion very much and hope to hear more good suggestions from you." The Langzhong Ling also wrote works such as the Book of Changes, the Spring and Autumn Annals, the Classic of Filial Piety, and the Records of Zhou Officials. His memorials and notes have endured through the ages. In the second year of the Taihe era, he passed away and was posthumously honored with the title Chenghou. His son Su inherited his title. Initially, Emperor Wen granted the Langzhong Ling land and property, and appointed one of his sons as a marquis. However, the Langzhong Ling requested that the title be bestowed upon his nephew Xiang.
Su, whose courtesy name was Zi Yong, studied the "Tai Xuan Jing" with Song Zhong when he was eighteen years old and wrote his own explanations. During the Huangchu period, he became the Assistant to the Minister of the Imperial Clan Cavalry. In the third year of Taihe, he was promoted to the Minister of the Imperial Clan Cavalry. In the fourth year, the Grand Marshal Cao Zhen wanted to lead troops to attack the Shu Kingdom. Su wrote a memorial to the emperor, saying, "Ancient books say: 'When food is transported for a thousand miles, soldiers are so hungry that their faces turn blue; when cutting wood to cook, the army cannot eat their fill.' This describes the situation when marching in flat areas. Not to mention, now we have to penetrate dangerous and steep mountainous areas, cutting paths as we go; the hardship would be at least a hundred times greater. Now it's raining heavily, the mountain roads are steep and slippery, the army is crowded, and advancing is difficult. Food supplies are insufficient; this is a serious military taboo! It is said that Cao Zhen's troops have been marching for more than a month and have not even completed half of the journey. The soldiers are left to build the road themselves. In this way, the enemy can easily wait for us to be exhausted, which is the most dreaded outcome in military strategy. Consider historical examples, such as when King Wu attacked King Zhou but retreated after crossing the pass; or look at more recent events, when Emperor Wu and Emperor Wen attacked powerful officials but, when they reached the Yangtze River, they refrained from crossing. Doesn't this illustrate the saying, 'follow the will of heaven and wisely weigh the changes'? The common people are well aware that the emperor stopped the war because of the rain. If there is war again in the future and troops are sent out again, then we can 'go to war with confidence, and the people will not fear sacrifice.'" As a result, the plan to attack the Shu Kingdom was canceled.
He then submitted another memorial, saying, "According to the traditional rites, a grand funeral should be held for the ministers, and offerings should be made in the ancestral temple." All of these suggestions were accepted. He also outlined a strategy for governing the country, saying, "We ought to abolish those official positions that are of no practical use, reduce unnecessary salaries, stop wasteful spending, and streamline redundant officials; let each official have clear responsibilities, fulfill their duties, and receive salaries sufficient for their living. This was the practice in ancient times, and it ought to be done now. Fewer official positions with higher salaries would reduce national expenditure and attract more people to seek official roles. Everyone can display their talents without relying on one another. Express opinions through memorials, evaluate achievements through assessments; whoever is capable is entirely dependent on the emperor's judgment. Therefore, during the eras of Tang, Yao, and Shun, official positions were established, responsibilities assigned, and the ministers were ordered to perform their duties. Only the dragon served as the advisor, just like the present-day Shang Shu, merely conveying the emperor's orders. The situation in the Xia and Yin dynasties is not very clear. In the "Gan Shi," it states 'the six ministers in charge of affairs,' indicating that the six ministers were responsible for matters. The official system of the Zhou dynasty was fairly well-developed, with a court meeting every five days, where ministers and officials convened, and the Sishi arranged their seats. The historical records note, 'sitting discussing the ways of governing the country is called Wang Gong; standing up to implement it is called Shi Daifu.' In the early Han dynasty, the system of the previous dynasties was followed, and the ministers personally attended to court affairs. Therefore, Emperor Gaozu personally chased after Zhou Chang who was fleeing, Emperor Wudi was able to accept Ji An's memorial from a distance, Emperor Xuan let the ministers hold a court meeting every five days, and Emperor Cheng only established five Shang Shu. From that time on, the court etiquette gradually declined, and the court meeting system was also abolished. The system of holding a court meeting every five days ought to be reinstated, enabling ministers and Shang Shu to fulfill their responsibilities and attend court. Restore the etiquette, inherit the wisdom of Emperor Guangwu and Emperor Xuan; this is what fosters a good reputation and delivers tangible outcomes!"
It is said that during the reign of Emperor Qinglong, Duke Shanyang passed away. He was the emperor of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Su (Emperor Suzong) wrote a memorial stating: "In the past, Tang Yao abdicated the throne to Yu Shun, and Yu Shun abdicated the throne to Xia Yu. They both observed mourning for three years before ascending to the throne. In this way, the throne was not lost, and the rites between the ruler and his subjects were maintained. Now, Duke Shanyang, in accordance with the will of heaven and responding to the people's expectations, abdicates the throne to the Wei Kingdom and retires to a subordinate role. Duke Shanyang serves the Wei Kingdom diligently and is careful not to be negligent. The Wei Kingdom treated him well, but did not make him a subject. When Duke Shanyang passed away, his coffin, funeral arrangements, and ceremonial procession were all the same as those of an emperor, which people praised as a grand event and considered very appropriate. Furthermore, the highest title in the Han Dynasty is 'Emperor.' There is only the title of 'Emperor,' without separate titles of 'Emperor' or 'Ruler,' so the character 'Emperor' is slightly more prestigious than 'Ruler.' Therefore, during the time of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, there were no two rulers in the world. He was given the title 'Emperor' even while his father was alive, clearly to avoid the situation of two rulers. Moreover, this is now a posthumous title, so he can be called 'Emperor' to match his honorary title." Emperor Ming did not accept his suggestion and still allowed Duke Shanyang to be called "Emperor," ultimately posthumously awarded him the title "Han Xiaoxian Emperor."
At that time, Su served as a Changshi, concurrently serving as the Secretariat Supervisor and the Sacrificial Official of the Chongwen Pavilion. During the early years of the Jingchu period, the scale of palace construction was very large, and the common people abandoned their fields, credit was unreliable, and people were being killed indiscriminately. Su wrote a memorial saying, "The Great Wei Dynasty has inherited the legacy of a hundred kings. The population is already small, the wars have not ended, and it is even more important to pacify the people and ensure peace both internally and externally! We should stockpile food, let the common people rest, reduce forced labor, and encourage them to farm well. The palaces are not yet completed, the projects are still ongoing, transporting food, mobilizing manpower, and mutual supply are exhausting the laborers, causing farmers to leave their fields, resulting in fewer people farming and more people eating. The old grain is finished, and the new grain is not yet harvested. This is a huge hidden danger for the country; it is not a long-term plan! There are thirty-four thousand people working now, the Nine Dragon Palace is sufficient for the emperor's comfort, it can also accommodate the six palaces, the Xianyang Hall is almost completed, but the project before the Taiji Hall is still very large, and it is soon going to be the cold season, the workers may get sick. I sincerely hope that Your Majesty will issue a decree, show some compassion for the hard work of the workers, show some mercy for the hardships of the people, select some strong and unimportant individuals who eat the imperial grain, and leave ten thousand people to work in shifts, allowing them to understand that there will be rest days. Everyone will be happy to work, and there will be no complaints about hardship. There are three hundred and sixty thousand people per year, which is not a small number. Those projects that can be completed in a year should be worked on for three years. The remaining people should all go back to farming; this is a long-term plan! There is surplus grain in the warehouse, the people have the strength; using these to build projects, what projects cannot be achieved? Using these to educate the people, what cannot be accomplished? Establishing trust with the people is a critical national concern! Confucius said: 'Since ancient times, people have known death. If the common people do not believe in you, the country cannot stand.' The state of Jin was so small, Duke Wen held a lowly position; wanting to use the common people, you must first make them believe in you. So although the original country wanted to surrender, because they believed in Duke Wen, they all came back, allowing Duke Wen to dominate in one battle and be praised until now. In the past, when the emperor went to Luoyang, he mobilized the people to build barracks, and the relevant departments ordered the barracks to be completed before letting the people go back. But after the barracks were completed, they used their labor again, not letting them go back on time. The relevant departments focus solely on immediate gains, neglecting the long-term interests of the country. I think that from now on, if the people are still to be used, the orders should be clear, and they should be allowed to complete their tasks on time. If there are issues, they can be arranged in order; do not arbitrarily use the people again, and absolutely do not break trust with the people. The individuals Your Majesty executed were officials who had committed crimes; they deserved to die. But the common people do not know this; they think it was a hasty execution. So I hope Your Majesty will publicize the crimes of these officials, letting them get what they deserve, and preventing these events from occurring in the palace, which could cause suspicion both internally and externally. Furthermore, human life is the most important; life is difficult, death is easy, and after death, there is no resurrection, so the sages all value human life greatly. Mencius said, in order to gain the world and kill an innocent person, a benevolent person would not do it. During the Han Dynasty, someone collided with the emperor's carriage; the Minister of Justice Zhang Shizhi suggested only a fine, but Emperor Wen felt it was too light. Zhang Shizhi said: 'At that time, if the emperor wanted to kill him, he would have. Now it is handed over to me, the Minister of Justice. The Minister of Justice is a symbol of justice in the world; if I handle it lightly, the people will feel that the law is inconsistent. How can the common people live and work in peace?' I think this is a great mistake, not something a loyal minister should say. The Minister of Justice is an official of the emperor; he must not act unjustly, let alone the emperor himself. How can he make a mistake? This disrespects the monarch while elevating oneself; this is an extremely disloyal behavior! The Duke of Zhou said: 'The emperor cannot lie; once spoken, the historians will record it, the craftsmen will recite it, the scholars will pass it down.' If words cannot be treated lightly, how can actions be? Therefore, Zhang Shizhi's words must be carefully considered, and the admonitions of the Duke of Zhou must be followed." He further stated, "Those unnecessary creatures like birds and beasts, as well as the manpower and resources used to feed and care for them, can all be saved."
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The Emperor once asked me, saying, "During the reign of Emperor Huan of Han, there was a man named Li Yun, who was a White Horse Officer, who submitted a memorial saying, 'Emperor, true is the meaning. What you are doing now is not true.' Why should such a person not die?"
I replied, "He just didn't understand the proper etiquette between ruler and subject. But fundamentally, he was trying to be loyal and fulfill his duties, thinking about doing good for the country. Furthermore, Your Majesty's authority is more powerful than thunder and lightning; killing a commoner is as easy as squashing an ant. If Your Majesty were to generously spare him, it would show that you are willing to accept frank advice and let the people of the world feel your benevolence. Therefore, I believe that killing him may not be the right approach."
The Emperor then asked me, "Sima Qian harbored resentment because he had been punished. When writing 'Records of the Grand Historian,' although he did not openly speak ill of Emperor Wu of Han, his writing left a bad taste."
I replied, "Sima Qian's 'Records of the Grand Historian' never exaggerate virtues nor conceal faults. Liu Xiang and Yang Xiong both admired his narrative skills, believing he had the talent to be a good historian, and said his book is a truthful and reliable record. When Emperor Wu of Han heard that he had written 'Records of the Grand Historian,' he reviewed 'Annals of Emperor Jing' and his own 'Annals,' and was furious, arresting Sima Qian and demoting him to a commoner. Even today, many sections of the 'Annals of Emperor Jing' and 'Annals of Emperor Wu' remain blank. Later, due to the incident with Li Ling, Sima Qian was imprisoned. Therefore, Sima Qian's resentment stems from Emperor Wu of Han, not from himself."
In the year 238 AD, he was appointed as the Governor of Guangping Commandery. After completing his official duties, he returned to the court and was appointed as a Court Official. Not long after, he was promoted to Attendant of the Palace, and later further promoted to Grand Minister of Rites. At that time, the Grand General Cao Shuang held great power and favored individuals like He Yan and Deng Yang. He, along with the Grand Commandant Jiang Ji and Minister of Agriculture Huan Fan, discussed court affairs together. He declared sternly, "These people are nothing but deceitful scoundrels like Hong Gong and Shi Xian; what good is there to say about them!" When Cao Shuang heard about this, he warned He Yan and others, "You must be careful! The court officials have already compared you to those villains in history." He was dismissed from his position due to issues related to ancestral sacrifices. Later, he was appointed as a Palace Attendant.
At that time, two-foot-long fish fell onto the roof of the arsenal, and officials considered this to be an auspicious sign. However, he said, "Fish live in water, yet they are falling onto the roof. This scaly creature has left its rightful place. Perhaps this foretells chaos and disorder at the borders, with soldiers abandoning their armor?" Indeed, the defeat at Dongguan came to pass. Afterward, he was transferred to the position of Intendant of Henan.
In the year 240 AD, he was granted the title of acting Grand Minister of Rites and was ordered to welcome the noble Duke of Xiang back to Luoyang. That year, a white mist appeared in the sky, and the Grand General Sima Jing asked him what this sign meant. He replied, "This is the banner of Chiyou; there may be a rebellion brewing in the southeast! If you focus on self-cultivation and bring peace to the people, then all those who cherish peace will rally to you, and those who stir up rebellion will certainly be dealt with."
In the spring of the second year, General Guan Qiu Jian and Wen Qin, the Governor of Yangzhou, rebelled. Sima Jing Wang asked, "Huoguang heeded Xiahou Sheng's advice and valued Confucian scholars, which proved to be wise. What are the methods to stabilize the country and consolidate power?" He responded, "Previously, Guan Yu led the army of Jingzhou to surrender to Cao Cao at Hanbin, still thinking of going north to compete for the world. Later, Sun Quan attacked the families of Guan Yu's soldiers, and Guan Yu's forces collapsed all at once. Now the parents and wives of the Huainan soldiers are in the interior. If troops are quickly dispatched to defend and keep the rebels at bay, they can certainly collapse just like Guan Yu's forces!" Sima Jing Wang took his advice and ultimately quelled the rebellions led by Guan Qiu Jian and Wen Qin.
Later, he was promoted to Zhongling Jun, appointed as a Cavalier Attendant, and granted a land grant of three hundred households, totaling two thousand and two hundred households. He passed away in 243 AD, and hundreds of disciples came to pay their respects. The court posthumously conferred upon him the title of General Wei and the posthumous title of Duke Jing. His son Yun inherited his title. After Yun died without a son, the title became extinct. In 251 AD, the court enfeoffed his other son Xun as Marquis of Lanling. During the Xianxi era, the court established a five-rank nobility system, and in recognition of his contributions to the previous dynasty, his title was changed to Zengzi.
Initially, Wang Su was particularly adept in Confucian studies and the teachings of Ma Rong, but he was not particularly fond of Zheng Xuan's teachings. He gathered various interpretations and compared their similarities and differences, and subsequently wrote the "Book of Documents," the "Book of Songs," the "Analects," the "Three Rituals," and the "Zuo Commentary," and also compiled his father Wang Lang's "Commentary on the Book of Changes," all of which were incorporated into the official curriculum. He wrote over a hundred articles on court regulations, imperial sacrifices, ancestral temple ceremonies, funeral rites, and various priorities!
At that time, Sun Shuran, from Le'an, was a student of Zheng Xuan, and everyone called him "The Great Scholar of Dongzhou." When the court summoned him to be the Secretary of the Secretariat, he declined the offer. When Wang Su criticized Zheng Xuan in his writing, Sun Shuran stepped forward to refute him and clarify his points. He also wrote annotations on the 'I Ching,' 'Spring and Autumn Annals,' 'Book of Songs,' 'Book of Rites,' 'Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals,' 'Guoyu,' 'Erya,' and numerous other texts, as well as annotations for over ten classic texts. From the early Wei Dynasty summoning Zhou Shenglie from Dunhuang to the time of Emperor Ming and the Grand Minister of Agriculture, Dong Yu, these scholars all contributed annotations to the classics, and their works have endured through time.
Commentators note: Zhong Yao was competent and open-minded; Hua Xin was honest and virtuous; Wang Lang's writing was extensive and magnificent, and his language was elegant. These three were all top figures at the time! At the founding of the Wei Dynasty, all three held esteemed positions in the government, marking an unprecedented era! Wang Su was known for his integrity and extensive knowledge, truly a capable individual! The commentary states: Zhong Yao was broad-minded and capable, Hua Xin was pure and virtuous, and Wang Lang was rich in literary talent; all were remarkable figures of their time. At the beginning of the Wei Dynasty, they all held high positions, a truly magnificent sight!
