Baron Sudenai of the Austrian Peace Society to Mr. Yang, the Minister Plenipotentiary in Russia:
Last year in the capital of the Netherlands, I had the honor of meeting you and have always admired you. Recently, there have been conflicts between China and other countries, and members of our peace society are very concerned. I believe that if countries are willing to negotiate, peace can be achieved. However, many of those in power prefer war and aggression, while those of us dedicated to peace are few in number and lack strength, which is truly unfortunate! Nevertheless, we must not lose heart or stand idly by. We can only do our best to investigate the facts and do what we can. I have some questions for you:
Firstly, as you have visited various European and American countries and have a good understanding of their governments and economic situations, how do you assess the current conflict?
Secondly, what are the reasons behind the current conflict between China and other countries?
Thirdly, how can China's foreign relations be restored? Do you have any thoughts to share? I have recently written a book detailing methods to maintain peace, and I believe your insights would be greatly beneficial for peacekeeping.
Mr. Yang, Minister Plenipotentiary in Russia, in response to Baron Sudenai of Austria:
I was delighted to meet you in the Netherlands last year, and I greatly appreciate your guidance. You are a friend of the peace society, and in these difficult international circumstances, I admire you even more. I received your letter on August 8th and was deeply moved each time I read it.
You mentioned that there are too few people dedicated to peace and that their strength is insufficient to combat war. However, I believe that the key to world peace lies in the quiet influence of gentlemen like you. Nowadays, people long to replace weapons with trade and conflict with cooperation. The light of peace will shine across the world, and all countries will prosper and thrive. Isn't this achievement made possible by gentlemen like you actively advocating for peace? I hope you won’t be discouraged and will keep up your efforts to save the world and benefit the people. This would be such a gratifying achievement! I will address the questions you raised one by one:
I have been on diplomatic missions to the United States, Japan, Peru, Russia, Austria, and other countries, and have traveled to the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, and some countries in South America. I have seen that these countries have different cultural, military, commercial, and agricultural systems, each with its own advantages, which I find truly admirable. Their measures compared to those of China have similarities and differences, which I have noted down one by one, hoping to learn from the good aspects. However, these countries are ambitious and inevitably competitive with one another, which is somewhat disappointing to me. But I hope that all countries can resolve conflicts and maintain friendly relations forever, so that the world can enjoy long-lasting peace, which is my greatest wish.
Furthermore, conflicts between China and foreign countries are actually caused by misunderstandings, not out of a desire to be adversaries. It is mainly because Chinese officials are inefficient, and foreign generals are eager for achievements, which has contributed to this situation. If suspicions cannot be eliminated quickly and friendly relations cannot be enhanced rapidly, it is feared that not only will countries fight among themselves, but it will also worsen national troubles, which is not in the interest of the world.
The turmoil in China this time is actually caused by discord between the people and missionaries. Missionaries came to China with the intention of promoting goodness, which is a commendable intention. However, many kind-hearted Chinese people are unwilling to give up their beliefs and convert to Christianity. They cannot compel the Chinese people to adopt Christianity, just as they cannot force the people of other countries to believe in Confucianism. Generally speaking, many of those who are religious tend to be troublemakers, who use religion as a talisman, engage in fights and oppression, accumulate grievances for a long time, and finally erupt uncontrollably.
I believe that commercial exchanges can continue to expand, while religious beliefs should be respected separately, in order to avoid mutual interference and permanently eliminate disputes. I humbly offer these thoughts.
Baron Su's response to Envoy Yang:
I have received your letter, thank you for your detailed reply. Your words in the letter are insightful and thorough, truly a good way to resolve conflicts. I have published your letter in the newspaper to express my admiration. Thank you very much.
August 23rd
British Envoy to the Viceroy of the West Telegraph for Assistance: (6:00 pm on May 13th)
Western Military Headquarters: The situation at the embassy is urgent, requesting immediate reinforcements.
British Envoy to the Viceroy of the West Telegraph for Assistance: (7:00 pm on the same day)
The Western Military Headquarters replied: The reinforcements must consist of at least two thousand troops; if the situation is urgent, please report back immediately via telegram.
Also (8:00 pm on the same day) the Western Military Headquarters telegraphed: The reinforcements must come quickly; it might already be too late.
Telegram sent by He Zongshui to the Tianjin West Office (14th): The embassy is currently safe, but the situation is extremely dire.
Telegram sent by a historian in Hubei to Pu Shweiwei: The Boxers are in rebellion; court officials and loyalists should promptly submit a memorial stating that the Boxers are rebels, not righteous people. Their strength cannot possibly resist the allied forces of various countries, requesting an immediate decree for a severe crackdown to restore stability. It would be wise to unite with the royal family and notable figures from Manchuria. A certain gentleman is very loyal and righteous, filled with indignation, requesting an in-person discussion on all matters. Do not be stubborn; the memorial must not be delayed; if it is, it will be too late.
He also sent telegrams to the governors of Fujian, Anhui, and Shaanxi: The Boxers are in rebellion; the capital is in serious crisis, hoping to send a telegram promptly requesting the court to take action against it.
He also sent a telegram to the governor of Gansu, Cen: The Boxers are in rebellion; hoping to urgently request the Wei Zhi government to issue a telegram requesting the court to issue a decree for severe suppression; it could be too late if there is a delay.
He also sent a telegram to a certain important person: The Boxers are in rebellion, very close to the capital, fearing to disturb the imperial carriage. Without suppressing the Boxers, foreign troops cannot be stopped; without seeking the impeachment of Gangyi (referring to Gangyi, the then Governor of Zhili), the Boxers cannot be suppressed. You have always been loyal and upright; please quickly send a telegram to request the court. It could be too late if there is a delay.
Governor Liu of Jiangsu sent a telegram to the governor of Shengjing: "To protect the property of both Chinese and foreign people, I have already sent a telegram to consult with Xiang Shuai (referring to Yuan Shikai), and will take action as soon as I receive a reply. I just received a reply from Envoy Luo Xing, which states: 'According to your instructions, we informed the Russian side, and they said: "The British government is paying attention to protecting the property of the people and has absolutely no intention of occupying anything at all. The navy is only outside the port and will not disperse troops to harass. We appreciate your efforts to protect, and we are very grateful."' etc."
Governor Zhang of Hubei sent a telegram to Liu Xian (then governor of Shengjing) and the governor of Shengjing: (content not provided) "I have received your telegram. Please promptly inform the Shanghai Dao and all consuls to establish an agreement: the Shanghai International Settlement will be protected by various countries, while the inland areas of the Yangtze River basin will be protected by the governors, with both parties agreeing not to interfere with each other. The utmost priority is to ensure the safety of the lives and property of both Chinese and foreign merchants. Please also declare that our opinion here (referring to Beijing) is the same as yours. Xing Weng (referring to a certain official, not elaborated here) has considered it very thoroughly, and I earnestly request your assistance in discussing this together to guide the Shanghai Dao, which will definitely be faster and more appropriate. Thank you very much! However, I fear that each consul will need us to send someone, and we plan to immediately dispatch Tao Daosen to Shanghai for urgent discussions. But please notify the Shanghai Dao and the Shengjing General's Office first to quickly discuss with them, without waiting for Tao Daosen to arrive before discussing."
The telegram for assistance from Chief Tax Officer He: "To the consuls and military personnel of various countries in Tianjin: The situation in Beijing has reached a critical point; please send immediate military assistance! Sent out at 8 a.m. on June 24th. Upon delivery of the telegram, immediately give the messenger 500 taels of silver. Respectfully, He Lubin (He De)."
Another telegram (on the same day): "To the commanders of various countries in Tianjin: The Westerners in Beijing are all trapped in the British embassy; the situation is extremely urgent! Act quickly! Act quickly! Sent out at 4 p.m. on June 24th. Respectfully, He Lubin (He De)."
A response telegram from Rong Xiang (Rong Lu) addressed to various governors:
(poetry couplet not translated, original text retained)
To Li Qincha, Liu Zhitai, Lu Zhitai, Wang Futai, Song Futai, Yu Futai: Your telegrams have been received. Our country is so weak, yet we have to confront more than ten powerful countries; our destruction is just around the corner! When two countries go to war, it's a long-standing rule that envoys should not be harmed. The territories our ancestors fought hard for are not easy to come by, but now they’ve been misled by the evil Boxers and are about to give it all up so easily? This is something that doesn’t need a clever person to explain; everyone gets it. From the emperor to the common people, we’ve all been pushed around by foreigners to the breaking point! Now these folks say they’re acting on divine orders in the name of the Boxers. I’ve tried to reason with them, but they just won’t listen. I fell ill myself and presented seven memorials, all in vain. I showed up at court while sick to explain the situation, but it’s still tough to turn things around. The princes, nobles, and ministers all have the same opinion in the court; you must have heard of it as well, I won't say more. Moreover, half of the guards in the palace and various princely mansions are Boxers, and most of the soldiers in both the Manchu and Han camps are Boxers too. There are tens of thousands of people in the capital, swarming around like locusts, and it’s impossible to rein them in. Even though the Empress Dowager and the Emperor are wise, they’re struggling to control these folks. This is fate; what can we do about it?
Afterwards, I tried my best to find a way to maneuver, attempting to find a glimmer of hope. It was quite difficult to arrange a meeting at the General Administration, and it seemed like the situation might improve slightly. However, on the same day, the soldiers from the Divine Mechanism Camp killed the German envoy, making the situation worse. Various circumstances were ever-changing and difficult to describe in detail. Prince Qing and Prince Renhe worked together, but it was of no use. The death of just one person may not seem significant, but I am a sinner for all time; only Heaven knows the burden I carry. It is truly heartbreaking! The court has shown me great kindness, and I can only look up to the ancestors in heaven. The situation has reached a point where there is no solution. Martial law will certainly be enforced along the rivers and coasts. I hope you can make discreet preparations and do your utmost. I write this message to you with tears in my eyes.
Yuan, Deputy Envoy, to all Consuls in Yantai (July 20th)
To all foreign consuls: This morning at ten o'clock, I received an urgent dispatch from the Governor-General, which contained a confidential communication from the American ambassador. I have already forwarded it to Washington. Please be informed.
Mr. Liu, Consul, hello! I heard that all the envoys and their families are safe, but the embassy is heavily besieged. We have completely lost contact with the outside world; despite our repeated efforts to gather information, we have not received any reliable intelligence.
A provincial agent stationed in Baoding sent a telegram on June 9: Greetings, Your Excellency! Beijing's soldiers have already occupied the area west of the Ministry of War, and it is said that the British embassy is under heavy attack. On the first of the month, the Tianjin Arsenal fell, and foreign troops took the opportunity to repair the railway. Our forces have cut off the enemy at Chenjiakou Bridge. Bandits are gathering in groups, armed with cannons and firearms, raiding for weapons. A bandit leader named Wang, overwhelmed by shame, committed suicide by ingesting opium. Zhang Decheng from Jinghai has 20,000 soldiers and wants to offer his services to the court. This matter needs to be reported for approval. The Zhili governor has approved his request and plans to select strong soldiers to form ten battalions. The area around the southeast gate of Hedong has been reduced to ashes, and some city officials and merchants are looking to ease relations with the British, though it's uncertain if that's wise. The church near the provincial capital was burned down two days ago, claiming the lives of more than ten foreigners. Recently, Your Excellency received orders to proceed to the capital; details are... (content missing).
Another telegram sent on September 10: Greetings, Your Excellency! The court has summoned me back to Hefei for an audience and has dispatched a letter to Russia, the United Kingdom, and Japan, indicating the desire to mend relations with them. General Dong has already departed for Tianjin, and five days later, there has yet to be any fighting, leaving Zhang Chunfa, Chen Zelin, and the Zhili envoy to work together in suppressing... (content missing).
Dear Mr. American Consul: I just received a telegram from Beijing stating that on the 11th of this month, conditions are relatively peaceful across the board, but the rebels are targeting converts for killing, so they are still fiercely attacking the eastern city. A provincial agent stationed in Baoding sent a telegram on June 12: (content missing).
On the eighth day of the New Year, there was no fighting because both armies were too tired. Now our cavalry's Thirteen Camp is stationed in Hedong, and the training units are based in Majiakou. Every night, they clash, but neither side gains the upper hand. There are over thirty thousand troops in those training camps, taking over government offices, temples, and public buildings. When asked when they plan to march, they all say the timing isn’t right yet and that they can't act hastily. Tan Wenhuan and Xu Guoxiang are their trusted advisors, but even they can't sway them. I heard there's an unreliable patrol officer who even took the leader of the training camp as his mentor. Many wealthy families in the capital have been plundered by the Dong army, and tens of thousands have perished outside the city gates. The British embassy has been under siege for twenty days and has yet to fall. They've dug trenches, built high walls, and are preparing for a prolonged defense.
◇ British Envoy's Letter to the British Consul in Tianjin (June 20th)
Yesterday at four o'clock in the afternoon, all the foreign envoys received a document from the General Office, stating: "The Beiyang Minister received a telegram from the Shanghai Consulate, saying that if the Dagu Fort is not handed over by two o'clock tomorrow morning, the foreign troops will attack." This shows that these foreign powers are indeed looking to carve up China! So, we sent this letter asking all envoys to leave Beijing within twenty-four hours. Once the time is up, if you get hurt by bandits, our government won't be able to protect you. After reading this letter, it's clear that the Chinese people's intentions toward foreigners are becoming more obvious. But whether the Shanghai Consulate actually sent that telegram is hard to tell.
If it is really as stated in the telegram, then the implications will be great, and each embassy must quickly prepare. Today, I specifically arranged for several hundred women and children to take refuge in the embassy, and we agreed that if any embassy cannot withstand the pressure, they can take refuge here. Later, the various ministers sent a telegram back to the Ministry saying, "We do not understand the issues mentioned in the telegram at all. Regarding the prospect of war, we are only responding to what your office has stated. We firmly believe that the consuls of all nations would never take such action. We hope that all matters can be resolved through direct consultations with the two residences of the Qing court." After sending this telegram, we received no reply. Consequently, the German minister and the counselor... (text missing here) were also seriously injured. At that time, everyone anticipated that after four o'clock in the afternoon, the Qing soldiers would definitely come to attack, so they quickly raised the British flag. It remains uncertain whether reinforcements are en route to Beijing; even if they are, their current location is unknown. After the letter is received, please give the messenger one hundred dollars.
◇ Telegram from Hubei Governor Zhang Zhisheng to the capital (July 1st)
Things are quite calm here in Hubei; the troops are following orders, and there are no reports of anyone questioning foreigners in Wuhan. Last month, there were rumors in Hankou that foreigners were shelling Hankou, which was utterly ridiculous. Later, we even invited the British consul to come over and clarify, and now everyone is clear on the matter. I urge all consuls to advise Western newspapers to correct this and to refrain from publishing such ridiculous rumors in the future.
◇ Again (sent on July 3rd)
Recently, most of the foreigners coming back to Shanghai from Hankou are missionaries and miners from Shaanxi and Henan. They all say that once they enter Hubei, they receive great protection from local officials. Since the beginning of the northern war, the governor of Hubei has been seriously focused on protecting foreigners for local stability and has ordered subordinate officials to do the same. The governor has even sent cavalry to escort foreigners passing through to ensure their safety, which shows that they indeed place great importance on their protection. Recently, there was a recent incident with a missionary in Nanyang, possibly because they were caught off guard due to the remote location, but those foreigners had already returned to Hankou from Henan, so they shouldn't have suffered any losses. As for Hunan, initially, there were rumors in Jinshi, causing panic that led to the incidents in Hengyang and Lianzhou. Here in Shanghai, we relayed the true situation in Beijing and Tianjin as well as the court's edicts to the consuls and merchants to the governor of Hunan, Yu Daren, who also took it seriously and suppressed it. There will definitely be no incidents in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. What’s really worrying is that there are so many rumors in Shanghai, with Chinese and foreign newspapers copying and translating each other's stories, most of which are false, and some are completely made up, deliberately confusing the public. Therefore, I hope that when you meet with the consuls, tax officials, and both Chinese and foreign officials and merchants, you can inform them of the true situation here and to be wary of rumors!
◇ Telegram from a certain Western official stationed in Shanghai to Governor Jin Yuzhong
There is a missionary surnamed Bi in Taiyuan, along with his wife, child, and a friend, a total of four people. If they can be sent to Hankou or Shanghai, his family is willing to pay a reward of five thousand pounds, equivalent to fifty thousand silver dollars. Once the people are sent here, we will pay immediately.
◇ Again
There are more than sixty missionaries in Shanxi Province. If anything happens to them, then you, as the governor, will have to bear full responsibility!
◇ Again, telegram to the military governor of Shaanxi, Wei Zhijun
In Lanzhou, Taizhou, and other places, there are more than thirty missionaries. Please quickly order local officials to escort them to Sichuan, and then have someone from Sichuan escort them to Hankou. We are willing to reimburse all expenses.
◇ Telegram from the Japanese minister to the consul stationed in Tianjin (sent on July 23rd).
Dong Jun keeps attacking us, and we can only fight to the last. The military attaches here are bravely fighting alongside sailors and militia members. The envoy from Tianjin has arrived, and it’s reported that the Japanese Fifth Division will arrive in Beijing by the end of the month. While we can still hold our ground for now, it's quite challenging. The Chinese army has been inactive since the 17th. Here are the casualty figures: two military attaches killed, one militia member killed, five sailors killed; one advisor injured, one student injured, six sailors injured, and many others lightly wounded. Governor-General Liu Zhijing and Admiral Seymour sent a telegram saying that the Consul previously mentioned that the United States intended to send troops to protect the concession, so Britain had to send troops as well. There seems to be an understanding between the United States and Britain to send as few troops as possible. Your forces are here to safeguard commerce, while I am focused on protecting the area. Everyone wants stability, so when issues arise, we discuss them sincerely and find solutions together. Now that your country is sending troops to Shanghai, no one wants this, indicating that the U.S. hadn't intended to send troops at first. The people of Shanghai are on edge, and the ports are also in turmoil. If all countries continue to send troops, the people will be even more scared. I urge you not to send troops to help stabilize the situation. Please find a way to address this appropriately. Those who have already set off, find a way to bring them back, and stop those who have not yet departed. The U.S. government replied to Li Hongzhang's telegram saying that the request for a ceasefire can only be considered once your country has fulfilled our previous demands. The British government sent a telegram to the consulate in Shanghai saying that we were caught off guard by the outbreak of war between Beijing and Tianjin. Our forces were sent to China solely to combat bandits, not to divide the territory. Shanghai is a jointly protected area by both Chinese and foreigners and will not become a battlefield. Officials from both China and the West must work together to protect it. In the Yangtze River Basin, if bandits create disturbances, they must be dealt with alongside Chinese officials, and merchants and civilians should not fall for rumors.
The first telegram was sent by the British envoy to his government, dated August 3rd. The telegram stated: The embassy's defensive fortifications have been strengthened, and there are now more than two hundred women and children in the embassy. Since July 16th, the Qing army has been continuously attacking us with gunfire.
The second telegram was sent by the French minister to the French consul in Shanghai, dated August 9th. The telegram stated: If the allied forces cannot directly enter Beijing because Li Hongzhang is the peace minister, I am deeply concerned that the fate of Westerners in Beijing rests entirely with the Qing army.
The third telegram was jointly sent by Hubei Governor Zhang Zhidong and Jiangsu and Zhejiang Governor Liu Kunyi to the consuls of Britain, Germany, France, Russia, the United States, and Japan in Shanghai. The content is as follows: We have just received a telegram from Yantai, which reports: "The allied forces have taken Tongzhou and are preparing to assault Dongzhimen." We have not yet received accurate news about Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu leaving Beijing. If the allied forces really attack the capital, the artillery fire will undoubtedly reverberate through the palace. In case of any unexpected danger, the entire nation could be enraged, and the consequences could be unimaginable! Moreover, the defense of the southern provinces is being conducted under imperial orders. If the foreign powers disregard the safety of Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu, what will become of the governors in the southern provinces? We urge your consul to immediately inquire with the various allied forces about their intentions. They must not disturb the Empress Dowager and the Emperor, lest there be great upheaval among the governors and the people in the southern provinces. We request a reply within twenty-four hours. This situation is critical, and we sincerely await your prompt response!
The fourth telegram was sent by Hubei Governor Zhang Zhidong to the British consul. (Content missing, unable to translate)
Since the chaos erupted in the north, business along the Yangtze River has been in disarray, affecting both domestic and foreign parties. Since the allied forces entered Beijing, the populace is in a state of panic, with various local bandits rising up under the banner of patriotism, committing arson, murder, and robbery everywhere. Although the provinces along the Yangtze River have dispatched troops to suppress the bandits, as long as the war continues, the people's spirits will remain unsettled. Your country has been trading with us for decades, and the ports along the river and coast have gradually prospered. If your country does not swiftly collaborate with other nations for mediation, banditry will only worsen and spread to various ports, which may take decades to restore, much like Tianjin. During the First Sino-Japanese War, Britain was unwilling to mediate early, resulting in Russia seizing the initiative. Now that Russian influence is so strong, if Britain continues to hesitate, a range of issues will surely emerge. Although the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang along the Yangtze River are fully supportive, the longer the war drags on, the more rampant the bandits will become, and the situation will worsen, ultimately benefiting other countries who will divide the spoils, which is certainly not in Britain's interest. A single China cannot withstand seven or eight powerful countries; what difference does a few months of ceasefire make? Britain has always valued commerce and has no intention of occupying our land, and the British Foreign Office has specifically inquired about the opinions of the governors of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. The United States and Japan also share Britain's views. The recent telegrams from various countries have conveyed a relatively calm tone, so please expedite the forwarding of this telegram to the Foreign Office, and take this opportunity to advocate for a ceasefire, inviting the United States and Japan to send plenipotentiaries to immediately discuss a ceasefire with Li Zhongtang; this could help salvage the overall situation.
◇ Telegram from the Directing Office to the Southeast Governors (Late July, certain day)
On the 21st day of the imperial procession, the westward journey has brought about such changes in the world, overcome with shame, horror, worry, and anger, making it difficult to find rest or nourishment. Recovering the capital and returning the two palaces is indeed the most urgent matter. I urge all officials to act on this matter promptly. Regarding subsequent reports and documents, it is advisable to confirm their delivery to the current location and to avoid sending them to the capital.
Lord Ronglu sent a telegram, saying that the northern post stations are unstable, there is no defensible place to defend in Baoding, and it is challenging to secure military funds from various provinces. It is necessary to quickly investigate the locations where troops are stationed along Shanxi and Shaanxi, in order to arrange the handover of military funds.
- Telegram from Governor Rongxi to the Southeast (Sent from Baoding on August 4th)
The northern post stations are unstable, there is no defensible place to defend in Baoding, and it is challenging to secure military funds from various provinces. It is advisable to investigate the locations where troops are stationed along Shanxi and Shaanxi for the transfer of funds.
- Telegram from Li Zhongtang to a provincial border official
The replies from various countries and the views of foreign diplomats in Beijing as reported in foreign newspapers are somewhat different from the imperial decree. This situation is quite complicated. Yesterday, I have already requested a meeting with Lord Qing, Lord Ronglu, Liu Kunyi, and Zhang Zhidong to discuss this issue. We should politely ask our foreign diplomats to communicate with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and mediate. As for the consuls of various countries in Shanghai, except for someone who has not yet met with me, I have asked those who have met with me to send telegrams to their home countries. They all indicate that they lack the authority in this matter. When the situation changes slightly, they will take a boat to Beijing and Tianjin to discuss together.
Telegram from US Secretary of State John to Li Hongzhang (July 30th)
Lord Li Zhongtang: If your government does not allow us to contact the resident ministers in China, then there is no need to discuss escorting the ministers to Tianjin. Furthermore, it is the Chinese government's responsibility to protect foreign diplomats. China must first be able to protect the foreign diplomats, allowing them to communicate with their home governments, before discussing leaving Beijing.
Another telegram from the US government (August 1st)
Honorable Minister: Communication between embassies and their home governments is a fundamental right, and China cannot use this as an excuse. It is necessary for all foreign ministers to be able to communicate with their home governments and for China to ensure the safety of the foreign ministers before discussing other matters.
Telegram from the German Consulate in Shanghai to Prince Heinrich of Germany
Your Highness: The German merchants in Shanghai have heard that the Russians intend to withdraw their troops stationed in Beijing before a peace agreement is reached. If our country were to do the same, it is feared that our nation's commerce and the property of our people would be unsettled. I earnestly request that you present this matter to the court for their attention. Respectfully, the German merchants in Shanghai.
Telegram from Prince Qing to various provincial governors: Foreign troops have entered Beijing, and both Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu have fled. I have been ordered to act as deemed necessary and am currently discussing peace negotiations with Li Hongzhang. This is a crucial matter for the nation's survival and cannot be delayed! I hope you will issue strict orders to your subordinates to fully protect foreigners, missionaries, and church members in China. If bandits cause trouble, they must be severely punished immediately to prevent further disturbances that could have serious consequences! Respectfully, Yikuang.
A confidential order has arrived for Prince Qing to return to Beijing and urge Li Hongzhang to head north to discuss negotiations together. On the 6th, the Emperor is still in Datong. Respectfully, Yuan Shikai.
Respected ministers: I can recommend that the Emperor be reinstated, but I cannot guarantee that Prince Duan and Zaiyi will not be executed. Additionally, there are German provocations in the Yangtze River basin, and our country needs your assistance to stop this. Respectfully, Li Hongzhang.
Your telegram has been received. Our Great Emperor has already inquired with the German government whether there are any plans to cause disturbances in the Yangtze River basin, and the German government has replied that there is no such matter. Telegram from the Russian Foreign Minister.
In light of the recent Boxer disturbances in China, we great powers must unite to urge the Chinese government to take decisive action against the ringleaders to prevent further troubles in the future. The American government sends a telegram to the German government.
You have requested the severe punishment of those in China who incite rebellion as a warning to others, and this is a reasonable suggestion. However, it is better for these individuals to be handled by China itself. We must give the Chinese court an opportunity to find a solution to the problem themselves. However, when signing the treaty, it is crucial to address how to punish these rebels. The German government sends a telegram to all nations.
We do not wish for our military to be stationed in China for an extended period, nor can we engage in combat alongside your troops under General Wadesi's command. The American government replies to the German government.
At present, our government has no intention of relocating the embassy from Beijing. The U.S. government has sent a reply to the Russian government.
(The content of the U.S. government's response to the Chinese government is not provided here.)
Hello everyone, our country has appointed Li Xiang as the Minister Plenipotentiary for peace negotiations, and our government is very pleased about this. We have now dispatched Minister Kang in Beijing to discuss peace with other countries, in hopes of achieving a peaceful resolution.
The following is a telegram from the Marquis of Yingsha to the German government: Instead of spending a lot of time interfering in China's internal affairs, it would be better to incorporate this matter into the treaty terms, so that those who cause trouble can never regain power, thus ensuring peace in China.
This is a telegram from Generals Liu and Zhang to the various Consuls in Shanghai: Gentlemen Consuls, we have heard that the allied forces are planning to enter the interior of Shandong. If that's the case, it absolutely cannot happen! General Yuan has done everything he can to protect the local people in Shandong, with no harm done, and the bandits have been eliminated. There is no need for the allied forces to intervene. Please send a telegram to stop this; it would be much appreciated.
This is a telegram from Governor Zhang of Hubei to the various Consuls in Shanghai: Gentlemen Consuls, we received a confidential telegram from the Shaanxi Governor stating that Yuxian has committed suicide by swallowing gold, so we informed you. However, we have just received another confidential message from the Shaanxi Governor saying that there have been no recent updates about Yuxian, so the previous information may not be accurate.
But we have heard that Yuxian has left Shanxi, and Governor Xiliang of Shanxi is actively suppressing the bandits. I am sending this telegram to inform you; please inform your country's Foreign Minister to correct the earlier information. Governor of Huguang, Zhang.
This is a telegram from Governor Zhang of Hubei to a Western official in Shanghai: The newly appointed Governor of Hubei, Yuchang, has resigned by imperial decree, and the agreement for mutual protection along the Yangtze River can remain in effect.
This is a telegram from the British Consul in Shanghai to the Governor of Zhejiang, Yun: None of the criminals on your list match those we requested for arrest at the consulate. Our British government believes that there is a pattern of sheltering and connivance from the governor's office down to the local counties, and there must be severe punishment! In short, the emphasis is on punishing officials, not ordinary citizens. If any of the criminals mentioned in the previous telegram have been captured and brought to the provincial capital, please notify us immediately so that we can report in detail to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As for the former governor who handled the situation poorly, he should not be allowed to leave Hangzhou easily.
Finally, here is a letter from General Wa to the various country commanders: None of the criminals listed in the document match those our consul requested for arrest. Our government believes that from the governor's office down to the local counties, there are instances of collusion and cover-up, and it is urgent to punish them severely. In summary, the emphasis is on punishing officials, not civilians. If there are any of the previously mentioned criminals who have been captured and brought to the provincial capital, please notify us immediately so that we can report in detail to the foreign office. As for the former governor who handled the matter poorly, he should not be allowed to leave Hangzhou easily.
Wow, on January 26, which is the seventh day of the twelfth lunar month, I sent two letters to Minister Mu, check this out, Commander. I have already asked Minister Mu to help forward these two letters to the envoys of various countries. You can see from the letters that I am acting within the framework of the treaty to manage military matters!
"General Wade's letter to Minister Mu"
On January 22, which is the second day of the twelfth lunar month, I received your letter dated the 21st. Here is my reply: First, to ensure smooth maritime routes, the most effective approach is to protect the railways. Therefore, military checkpoints must be established along the railway line. Troops do not need to be stationed at every checkpoint all the time, but the distance between checkpoints should be walkable within a day. The military stations at Huangcun, Langfang, Yangcun, Tianjin, Junliangcheng, Luanzhou, Lutai, Tanggu, and Tangshan must all be occupied. As for the places storing ammunition, there should always be guards, with at least 250 to 300 personnel, including 50 mounted on Chinese horses. There are many people in Tianjin, so to prevent any accidents, the stationed troops should be increased to at least 500.
(2) We must first discuss the first issue, which is the location of foreign troops, so we can identify which countries are willing to station troops in Zhili for the long term, and then we can make specific arrangements. Except for Tianjin, each stronghold should preferably only have one country's military stationed. However, the strongholds should support each other and cooperate when necessary to ensure the safety of the stationed troops. In case of emergencies, especially in response to emergencies, unified command is necessary to ensure the safety of personnel and property of all countries. The position of Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces must be filled by a person who is both courageous and strategic, preferably selecting the candidate in advance during peacetime to familiarize them with the local situation and be well-prepared, rather than appointing someone hastily during emergencies, which could jeopardize critical matters. As for selecting individuals from which country to serve, it may be tricky, so it's better for countries to take turns sending representatives. The Commander-in-Chief's headquarters should be established in Tianjin.
(3) The forts at Dagu and other places should be completely dismantled, with representatives from each country conducting thorough inspections before making decisions. However, some forts may be retained for use by the stationed troops of various countries, such as the forts in Tianjin. For example, the British troops can continue to station in the eastern fort they currently occupy in Tianjin.
◇ Letter from General Wade to General De Mu
On January 21st in the Gregorian calendar, which is the first day of the twelfth month in the lunar calendar, in response to a request from the Chinese plenipotentiaries, I hereby express my opinions:
Before the Allied Forces withdraw, China must first implement the terms of the treaty one by one. By 'implementation,' I mean that the ministers of each country demand the punishment of those responsible. If this has been done, with solid evidence and all military expenses requested by the various countries fully settled, then the troops in Beijing and Baoding can be withdrawn, and troop numbers in other parts of the province can also be reduced accordingly.
After the withdrawal of troops from Beijing, Tianjin became the most important place for troop deployment. When will the troop withdrawal take place? We have to wait for the various countries to arrange for ships and transport the troops to Dagu Wharf. Dagu Wharf is not like other locations; if troops are transported from there, it is estimated that the process likely won't begin until early March. Regarding Tianjin and its surrounding areas, as well as Shanhaiguan and the main transportation routes to Beijing, they must still be guarded by a strong military presence from various countries for the time being, and troop reductions can only be considered after the following two issues are settled.
What are these two issues? First, the Chinese government must clearly demonstrate its willingness and ability to ensure that the entire province of Zhili remains peaceful in the future, abide by laws and regulations, and effectively protect the safety of all churches and their congregations. Second, the compensation that China has already agreed to pay must have a clear method and regulations established for how it will be paid.
Before these two matters are agreed upon, or if they are agreed upon but not yet implemented, the following places must be garrisoned by troops from various countries: 2,000 personnel to protect the embassy in Beijing; approximately 6,000 personnel in Tianjin, Lutai, and the Dagu area; about 1,500 personnel in the Shanhaiguan area; small teams of 20 to 30 personnel should be deployed along the railway, in places such as Huangcun, Andingcun, Langfang, Luofa, Yangcun, Tangshan, and Luanzhou; at Hexiwu Matou and Tongzhou along the North River, the currently stationed troops must remain in place temporarily until the withdrawal from the entire province of Zhili is completed; the governor’s office managing Tianjin must continue to oversee the area until it is handed back.
I believe negotiations should commence immediately, and we should inform the Chinese government that if they settle the issues we previously brought up, the various countries will be able to mobilize ships and gradually withdraw troops from Beijing and Baoding. China should understand that what we are requesting is beneficial to them!
I hope you will review this carefully and pass it on to the envoys of the various countries.
