Fu Jian, also known as Yonggu, also known as Wen Yu, is the son of his father Fu Xiong. His grandfather Fu Hong followed Shi Le (Shi Jilong) to move to Ye Cheng and lived in Yonggui Li. His mother Gou Shi once went to play by the Zhang River, prayed at the Ximen Bao Temple for a son, and dreamed of mingling with a deity that night. She became pregnant and gave birth to Fu Jian twelve months later. At that moment, divine light shone upon their courtyard. Fu Jian also had a red birthmark on his back, faintly resembling the words "Grass pays tribute to Minister and Earth King Xianyang." His arms extended below his knees, and his eyes sparkled with purple light. Fu Hong found him quite remarkable and took a great liking to him, so he named him "Jian Tou." At the age of seven, Fu Jian was intelligent, helpful, and well-behaved. Whenever he attended to Fu Hong, he could always observe Fu Hong's actions and handle things just right. Fu Hong often said, "This child is handsome and gifted, with exceptional talent. He will have a remarkable future!"
Xu Tong, a perceptive man from Gaoping, was a very good judge of character. When he met Fu Jian on the road, he felt that he was special and took his hand, saying, "Young man, this is the official road. Aren't you afraid of getting caught by the officials for playing here?" Fu Jian replied, "The officials catch criminals, not children playing here." Xu Tong told those around him, "This child has the makings of an emperor!" The people around him were all surprised, but Xu Tong said, "Can't you see it?" Later, when he met Fu Jian again, Xu Tong stepped aside from the others and quietly said to him, "Young man, you have an extraordinary fate and are destined to be wealthy and noble in the future. But I fear I won’t live to see it. What should I do?" Fu Jian said, "If what you say is true, I will always remember your kindness." At the age of eight, Fu Jian wanted to find a master to learn from. Fu Hong said, "You are a Rongdi person. Everyone knows that you only know how to drink. Now you want to learn?" Despite his words, he still agreed with a smile.
After Fu Jian entered Guanzhong, he dreamed of a heavenly messenger, dressed in red clothes and a red hat, commanding him to appoint Fu Jian as the Dragon Cavalry General. The next day, Fu Jian appointed Fu Jian to a position at Quwo. Fu Jian cried and said to Fu Jian, "Your ancestors once received this title, and now you have been appointed by the gods. You must work hard!" Fu Jian waved his sword and spurred his warhorse, his ambition inspiring all the soldiers, who respected and feared him. Fu Jian was extremely filial, knowledgeable, talented, and ambitious, eager to befriend heroes from across the land to realize his ambitions. Wang Meng, Lv Polou, Qiang Wang, Liang Pinglao, and others all had the ability to assist the emperor and became his trusted aides. Xue Zan from Taiyuan and Quan Yi from Lueyang were amazed upon seeing Fu Jian, saying, "This person is extraordinary!"
After Fu Sheng ascended the throne, his rule was chaotic and incompetent, losing the support of the people. Zan and Yi advised Fu Jian, saying, "The emperor is reckless and tyrannical now, and the people's hearts are scattered. Virtuous people prosper, while those without virtue will suffer calamity. This is the way of the heavens! The country and the people are so important; we cannot let others take them away. You should follow the examples of King Tang and King Wu, and heed the will of heaven and the hearts of the people!" Fu Jian thought they made sense and appointed them as advisors.
As Fu Sheng became more and more cruel, Liang Pinglao and the others were in a state of desperation and hurriedly advised Fu Jian. In a fit of anger, Fu Jian killed Fu Sheng, and then wanted to pass the throne to his brother Fu Fa. Fu Fa, feeling like an illegitimate son, hesitated to accept. Fu Jian and his mother Gou Shi were worried that the people would not accept his rule and that he would struggle to govern. Despite the strong requests from the ministers, Fu Jian hesitated but eventually agreed.
In the first year of Shengping, Fu Jian declared himself emperor, established Da Qin, and styled himself as Tianwang. He killed more than twenty people, including Dong Long and Zhao Shao, who were the treacherous officials of Fu Sheng, and then issued a general amnesty, changing the era to Yongxing. He also posthumously honored his father, Fu Xiong, with the title of Emperor Wenhuan, his mother, Gou Shi, as Empress Dowager, his wife, Gou Shi, as Empress, and his son, Fu Hong, as Crown Prince. He appointed his brother, Fu Fa, as General of the Guards, Chancellor, Commander-in-Chief of all military forces, and Registrar of the Imperial Secretariat; his uncle, Fu Hou, as Grand Commandant; his brother, Fu Liu, as Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, Prefect of the Masters of Records; his younger brother, Fu Rong, as Duke of Yangping; his son, Fu Pi, as Duke of Changle, Fu Hui as Duke of Pingyuan, Fu Xi as Duke of Guangping, Fu Rui as Duke of Julu, and others, all granted official titles.
He also appointed Li Wei as Guard General, Supervisor of the Left of the Masters of Records; Liang Pinglao as Supervisor of the Right; Qiang Wang as General of the Army; Qiu Teng as Master of Records, responsible for selecting talents; Xi Bao as Chief Clerk of the Prime Minister, Acting Minister to the Crown Prince; Lu Polou as Colonel Director of Retainers; Wang Meng and Xue Zan as Secretarial Attendants; Quan Yi as Attendant Yellow Gate Secretary, along with Wang Meng and Xue Zan, in charge of confidential matters. Fu Jian restored the official positions of Yu Zun, Lei Ruo'er, Mao Gui, Wang Duo, Liang Leng, Liang An, Duan Chun, Xin Lao, who were previously killed by Fu Sheng, and conducted ceremonial reburials for them. Their descendants were also granted official positions according to their abilities.
At first, Fu Jian's mother was worried that Fu Fa, being capable and popular, might rebel in the future, so she had Fu Fa killed in secret. Fu Jian was benevolent and righteous, and when he bid farewell to Fu Fa in the Eastern Hall, he was so grief-stricken that he vomited blood. He posthumously honored Fu Fa with his official title, bestowed upon him the posthumous title of Ai, and appointed Fu Yang, Fu Fa's son, as Duke of Donghai, and Fu Fu as Duke of Qinghe.
Afterwards, Fu Jian reorganized the government, restored abolished official positions, conducted ceremonies for the deities, developed agriculture, established schools, distributed food and cloth to elderly and disabled individuals unable to care for themselves, and commended and rewarded those with special talents, filial piety, loyalty, integrity, and high moral character.
It is said that a fellow named Zhang Ping rebelled in Bingzhou, and Fu Jian personally led troops to suppress him. He dispatched a formidable general named Deng Qiang, who led five thousand cavalry to block the Fen River. Upon Fu Jian's arrival at Tongbi, Zhang Ping held his ground with his troops but was ultimately defeated by Deng Qiang, who captured Zhang Ping's adopted son, Hao, and brought him to Fu Jian. Zhang Ping surrendered out of fear. Fu Jian, being magnanimous, not only pardoned his crimes but also appointed him as a Right General, while his adopted son was promoted to Wuben Zhonglang General and also given the title of Guangwu General. Fu Jian also relocated over three thousand households under Zhang Ping's command to Chang'an.
Fu Jian ascended Longmen from Linjin and looked back at his ministers, sighing, "Ah, the breathtaking terrain of these mountains and rivers is truly magnificent! Lou Jing's description of 'the country of four passes in Guanzhong' is indeed not exaggerated!" Quan Yi and Xue Zan, two senior ministers, quickly responded, "Your Majesty, we have heard that the capitals of the Xia and Shang dynasties were also not without dangers, and the armies of the Zhou and Qin dynasties were not few in number, but ultimately, they all fled south, their heads displayed on white flags, their bodies consumed by the Rong tribes, and their lands divided by Xiang Yu. This all stemmed from their failure to cultivate virtue! Wu Qi once said, 'Virtue, not treacherous terrain, is what matters.' We hope Your Majesty can emulate Tang, Yao, and Shun, governing the world with benevolence and virtue. Relying solely on treacherous terrain won't safeguard the nation!" Fu Jian was very pleased to hear this and returned to Chang'an. He upgraded the titles of those who had lost their fathers, offered various rewards for widows, orphans, and the elderly, and exempted half of the people from land rent.
This autumn, there was a severe drought. Fu Jian reduced his own food intake, shared his usual gold, jade, silk, and brocade with the soldiers, and the palace concubines also changed their luxurious clothes to simple ones, with their clothes no longer trailing on the ground. He also opened up the resources of mountains and valleys for the people and the court to enjoy together, stopped the war, and allowed the people to recuperate properly. Wang Meng's relationship with Fu Jian became increasingly intimate, and he had a hand in almost all major political decisions. There was a man named Fan Shi, a prominent member of the Di tribe who had made great contributions to the Fu clan dynasty in the past, so he was particularly proud and arrogant. Many people humiliated Wang Meng in person, saying, "We old ministers fought alongside the late emperor to establish the dynasty, but now we have no power; you, Wang Meng, have no achievements, so why do you have the right to take all the power? Are we supposed to farm for you to eat?" Wang Meng retorted, "According to your logic, you might as well just be a cook and stick to your meals!" Fan Shi was so angry that he pointed at Wang Meng's nose and cursed, "I’ll have your head hanging at the gates of Chang'an! Otherwise, I will not rest!" Wang Meng told Fu Jian about this, and Fu Jian was furious, saying, "This old Di must be dealt with to send a message to those treacherous officials!" Not long after, Fan Shi came to the palace to handle affairs. Fu Jian deliberately asked Wang Meng, "I want to betroth Yang Bi to the princess. What do you think of Yang Bi?" Upon hearing this, Fan Shi exploded, "Yang Bi is my son-in-law, and the marriage has been set for a long time. How can Your Majesty let him marry the princess?!" Wang Meng immediately retorted, "Your Majesty is the emperor of the world. How dare you try to compete with the emperor for a marriage? How can there be such disrespect for authority?!"
Fan Shi was so angry that he jumped up and was ready to hit Wang Meng. The people next to him quickly stopped him. Fan Shi began to unleash a barrage of foul language that was unbearable. Fu Jian was completely enraged and ordered Fan Shi to be beheaded in the western stables. When the Di ministers saw this scene, they all began to speak out against Wang Meng's actions. Fu Jian was even angrier, loudly berating them, and one minister was even whipped in the hall. Quan Yi then stood up and advised, "Your Majesty, you are wise, strong, and generous, skilled at managing great men, and clear in distinguishing right from wrong, much like Emperor Gaozu of Han. However, this kind of disrespect and arrogance should indeed be eliminated." Fu Jian smiled and said, "I too have my faults." From then on, the court ministers no longer dared to underestimate Wang Meng.
Fu Jian constructed a Mingtang, repaired the sacrificial sites in the north and south suburbs, paid respects to his ancestor Fu Hong in the southern suburbs, making offerings to the heavens, while honoring his uncle Fu Jian in the Mingtang with sacrifices to the gods. He even personally tilled the fields, while his wife, Gou Shi, tended to silkworms in the nearby suburbs.
Speaking of Fu Jian, this old rascal went to play in Baling, turned to his subordinates and said, "Our Han Dynasty founder Liu Bang rose from the common people and unified the realm. Among those who helped him conquer the world, who was the most formidable?" Quan Yi quickly said, "The 'Book of Han' says that Xiao He and Cao Shen had the greatest achievements." Fu Jian wasn't pleased to hear this: "Liu Bang fought against Xiang Yu; it was a brutal affair. Trapped in Xingyang, sustaining over seventy wounds, with six or seven internal wounds, his parents, wife, and children were all taken hostage by Xiang Yu! In the Battle of Pingcheng, he went seven days without food or drink, and thanks to Chen Ping's clever ideas, he managed to save his father-in-law, wife, and children, and even evade the threat of the Xiongnu. What makes Xiao He and Cao Shen so much better than the rest? That's just ridiculous!" Then, Fu Jian downed drinks happily and encouraged his subordinates to celebrate with poetry. Finally, he declared a general amnesty, renamed the era to Ganlu, and promoted Wang Mang to the positions of attendant, chief of the imperial secretariat, and magistrate of Jingzhao, reaching the pinnacle of officialdom.
Wang Meng has a special envoy named Qiang De, who is the younger brother of Wang Meng's wife. When Qiang De drinks too much, he becomes overbearing and makes life difficult for the common people. Without a second thought, Wang Meng had him captured and killed, and then hung his body in the market as a warning. There's also a Chief Minister named Deng Qiang, known for his integrity and his seamless collaboration with Wang Meng. In just a few days, they took down a bunch of corrupt officials and thugs, leading to the deaths of more than twenty. As a result, all the officials in the court straightened up, and the rich and powerful thought twice before acting recklessly, making the streets so tidy that there was nothing to pick up. Fu Jian sighed and remarked, "Now I see that the world can actually be governed well, and that's where the emperor's authority comes from!" He then sent people to check on all corners of the country, even among the barbarian tribes. Those elderly widows struggling to get by, officials misusing their power to oppress the people, honest folks promoting agriculture, doing good deeds, as well as those who study hard, are filial to their parents, have integrity, and work diligently in farming all had to report their situations back to him.
It is said that the Xiongnu's Left Noble King, Wei Chen, sent people to surrender to Tuoba Jian and requested to cultivate land in the interior. Tuoba Jian agreed. As a result, the Yunzhong military commander, Jia Yong, sent his marshal, Xu Bin, to attack the Xiongnu people and took the chance to plunder. When Tuoba Jian heard about this, he was furious and said, "I can't let small gains overshadow greater righteousness! In the past, the conflict between Jingzhou and Wu started over a woman raising silkworms, and even a simple act of kindness could halt wars between Liang and Song. Hatred knows no size, and the weight of matters is irrelevant. Disturbing the border and mobilizing the army will bring no benefit to the country! Return all the plundered items to them!" Thus, Tuoba Jian dismissed Jia Yong, allowing him to continue serving as a military commander, albeit now dressed in plain white. He also sent people to reconcile with the Xiongnu to show his sincerity. Wei Chen then settled down peacefully within the borders and regularly paid tribute.
Later, the Wuhuan leader Dugu and the Xianbei leader Meyu also surrendered to Tuoba Jian with tens of thousands of troops. Initially, Tuoba Jian planned to settle them in the interior, but Fu Rong disagreed, stating, "The Xiongnu people have long posed a threat to the border areas. In the past, the Xiongnu horses did not dare to face south because they feared our power! If we settle them in the interior now, they will perceive us as weak and surely start eyeing our counties, turning into a significant threat in the north! It is better to move them outside the borders to maintain control over the border areas." Tuoba Jian took Fu Rong's advice.
Fu Jian was emperor for five years. One day, a magpie flew into the palace and perched on the eastern pavilion. He ordered a nationwide amnesty, promoting all officials. Initially, as Fu Jian was preparing to issue the amnesty decree, he discussed plans with Wang Meng and Fu Rong in an open pavilion, sending everyone else away. Just then, a large fly buzzed in through the window, buzzing incessantly and landing on the pen, flying away when shooed off. Soon, people in Chang'an began to whisper to one another, "The government is going to grant amnesty to the world!" Officials reported this to Fu Jian. Taken aback, Fu Jian turned to Wang Meng and Fu Rong, asking, "There shouldn't have been anyone eavesdropping in the palace. How did this get out?" He then dispatched people to investigate, and they reported seeing someone in black shouting in the street. After shouting, the figure vanished. Fu Jian let out a sigh and remarked, "Could it have been that fly? Its buzzing and appearance were quite odd, and I sensed something was off at the time. As the saying goes, 'If you don’t want others to know, the best way is not to do it.' Even the faintest sound can be heard, and if something hasn’t happened yet, it’ll still be known. That’s probably the gist of it!"
Fu Jian made great efforts to develop schools, recruiting students from various counties. As long as they understood a classic text, they could study at the Imperial Academy. Even the children of ministers and officials were required to attend school. Those who excelled in their studies, were capable in their duties, honest, upright, filial to their parents, and diligent in their labor would be recognized. Consequently, people became eager to study diligently, talented individuals emerged, thieves disappeared, and the practice of nepotism disappeared. Fields were cultivated, the national treasury was full, and various regulations were improved. Fu Jian personally visited the Imperial Academy to assess the students' knowledge of the classics and rank them according to their performance. He tested them on the Five Classics, and many scholars struggled to answer. Fu Jian said to Doctor Wang Shi, "I come to the Imperial Academy three times a month to test students, personally reward and punish them, and never slack off. I hope the teachings of Duke Zhou and Confucius will not be forgotten because of me. Can I measure up to the Han emperors, Emperor Wu and Emperor Guangwu?" Wang Shi replied, "Since Liu Shi disrupted the Central Plains, the two capitals have turned into wastelands, and few scholars have survived. Books and classics have been destroyed, scriptures have been lost, knowledge has been neglected, much like during the time of Qin Shihuang. Your Majesty is both wise and martial, having quelled rebellions; your governance surpasses that of Yu Shun and Xia Yu. You have established schools, promoted Confucian ideals, and fostered cultural prosperity. Your achievements will be celebrated for generations. What do Emperor Wu and Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty amount to when compared to you?" Since then, Fu Jian visited the Imperial Academy once a month, and the students studied even harder. The Xianbei leader Zhang Meng rallied a few thousand followers, proclaimed himself the Grand Chanyu, and plundered counties. Fu Jian appointed Minister of Works Deng Qiang as the General Who Establishes Righteousness, leading seven thousand troops to suppress the rebellion, which he quickly quelled.
It is said that at that time there was a merchant named Zhao Duo, along with Ding Fei, Zou Guo, and others; each of their families was incredibly wealthy, dressed as elegantly as royalty, and the ministers vied to recommend them for high-ranking positions in the court. As a result, Cheng Xian, the Minister of the Yellow Gate, said to Fu Jian: "Zhao Duo and the others are just petty merchants and market rascals, wearing gold and silver, dressed like the emperor, holding positions as high-ranking officials, and even becoming ministers of vassal states. This is utterly disgraceful! It corrupts social norms and undermines the teachings of the sages; the law must be strictly enforced to clearly distinguish between ranks!" Fu Jian thought it made sense, so he demoted these merchants who had risen to ministerial ranks. He then issued an edict: "Except for officials appointed by the court, no one within a hundred miles of the capital is permitted to ride in a carriage or on horseback; merchants, officials, and women are prohibited from wearing gold, silver, and brocade. Violators will face the death penalty!" In the third year of the Xingning era, Fu Jian changed the reign title to Jianyuan. At this time, the former Yan Emperor, Murong Wei, sent his brother, Murong Ke, to lead troops to attack Luoyang, advancing through Xiaoshan and Minchi along the way. Fu Jian feared they would advance into Guanzhong, so he personally led troops to garrison at Shancheng to defend against them.
At this moment, Cao Gu, the Right Wise King, and Wei Chen, the Left Wise King of the Xiongnu also rebelled, leading over 20,000 troops to attack the counties south of Xingcheng, camping at Malan Mountain. Suolu Wuyan and others also betrayed Fu Jian, being in league with Cao Gu and Wei Chen. Fu Jian dispatched elite troops to quell them, appointing Yang An and Mao Sheng as the lead generals. Cao Gu sent his brother Huo Ju to confront Yang An at Tongguan, but Yang An won a great victory, slaying Huo Ju and over 4,000 enemies. Cao Gu, fearing for his life, surrendered. Fu Jian relocated over 6,000 households of Cao Gu's tribe to Chang'an. Later, Fu Jian went to attack Wuyan and killed him. Deng Qiang chased down and captured Wei Chen at Muge Mountain. Fu Jian set out from Congma City to inspect the border areas and pacify the minority groups, appointing Wei Chen as Duke of Xiayang, giving him command over his own troops. Following Cao Gu's death, Fu Jian split his tribe into two factions, granting over 20,000 households west of Ercheng to his eldest son Xi as Marquis of Luochuan, and over 20,000 households east of Ercheng to his youngest son Yin as Marquis of Lichuan, hence known as East Cao and West Cao.
There were earthquakes in Qinzhou and Yongzhou, the ground cracked open, springs gushed out, and the golden elephant sprouted fur. Chang'an was hit by strong winds, thunder, lightning, and collapsed houses, leading to numerous casualties. Fu Jian, fearful, intensified his efforts to enforce benevolent governance.
Wang Meng and Yang An led 20,000 troops to raid counties in northern Jingzhou, looting over 10,000 households in Hanyang before returning. At this time, the Qiang people led by Lian Qi rebelled with firm resolve, self-proclaiming themselves as the Governor of Yizhou, and led more than 4,000 households westward to join the rebel Li Yan, who was under Zhang Tianxi. Fu Jian then sent Wang Meng, the Prefect of Longxi Jiang Heng, and the Prefect of Nan'an Shao Qiang to Lueyang to suppress Lian Qi.
Zhang Tianxi led thirty thousand infantry and cavalry to attack Li Yan, capturing the Daxia and Wushi counties held by Li Yan. Zhang Tianxi's general, Zhang Ju, who defeated Li Yan's army in Kuigu Valley, contributed to the campaign. Terrified, Li Yan sent his nephew to apologize to Fu Jian and ask for reinforcements. Shortly after, Wang Meng successfully captured Yueyang, and Li Yan retreated to Baima. Fu Jian sent Yang An and Prince Fu Fu to join forces with Wang Meng to rescue Li Yan. Wang Meng sent Shao Qiang to pursue Li Yan, while Fu Fu guarded Hou Pass and Jiang Heng guarded Baishi.
Wang Meng and Yang An headed to rescue Fanghan. On the east side of Fanghan, they fought a battle with Yang Yu, Zhang Tianxi's general, but Wang Meng struggled to gain the upper hand. Shao Qiang apprehended Li Yan at Baima and escorted him to Chang'an. Zhang Tianxi subsequently withdrew his forces. Li Yan remained inside the city and refused to come out. Wang Meng donned white mourning attire, took only a few people, and requested to meet with Li Yan. Li Yan opened the city gate to welcome him, but before he had a chance to prepare, Wang Meng's soldiers rushed in and captured Li Yan.
Fu Jian appointed his general Peng Yue as General of the West Pacification and Governor of Liangzhou, stationed in Fanghan; he also bestowed upon Li Yan the title of Guanglu Xun and the rank of Marquis of Guian.
This year, Fu Shuang seized Shanggui, Fu Liu seized Puban, and they both betrayed Fu Jian. Fu Yu occupied Shancheng, Fu Wu occupied Anding, and they also rebelled, planning to join forces to attack Chang'an. Fu Jian sent envoys to persuade them, even using a bitten pear as a gesture of goodwill, but none of them heeded Fu Jian's words, choosing instead to hold onto their cities and refuse surrender. Fu Jian then sent General Yang Chengshi and General Mao Song to lead an assault on Fu Shuang and Fu Wu, while sending Wang Meng and Deng Qiang to attack Puban, and Yang An and Zhang Hao to attack Shancheng. As a result, Yang Chengshi and Mao Song were defeated by Fu Shuang and Fu Wu. Fu Jian then sent his guards Wang Jian and Lü Guang to lead elite troops to attack them, and also sent Fu Ya and Dou Chong to lead 7,000 Yulin cavalry as reinforcements. Fu Shuang and Fu Wu pursued their victory all the way to Yumei. Wang Jian and others turned the tide and defeated them, killing or capturing 15,000 people. Fu Wu abandoned Anding and retreated back to Shanggui with Fu Shuang. Wang Jian and others attacked Shanggui; Fu Liu came out to challenge, but Wang Meng kept the camp gates closed and ignored him. Fu Liu thought Wang Meng was afraid of him, so he left his son Fu Liang to guard Puban, leading 20,000 men ready to attack Chang'an. Chang'an was over 100 miles from Puban, and Deng Qiang led 7,000 elite cavalry to launch a night attack, defeating Fu Liu's army. Fu Liu retreated back to Puban, and Wang Meng led all his forces to pursue and captured all of Fu Liu's army. Fu Liu only escaped back to Puban with a few hundred cavalry. Wang Jian and others captured Shanggui, killing Fu Shuang and Fu Wu. Wang Meng subsequently breached Puban, killed Fu Liu and his wife, and delivered their severed heads to Chang'an. Wang Meng stationed at Puban sent Deng Qiang and Wang Jian to break through Shancheng, killing Fu Yu, and also delivered his head to Chang'an.
In the fourth year of Taihe, Huan Wen, the Grand Marshal of the Jin Dynasty, stationed his army in Fangtou to attack Murong Wei. Murong Wei's army was repeatedly defeated and sent envoys to Fu Jian seeking help, requesting to cede the land west of Wulao in exchange. Fu Jian sought to ally with Murong Wei against the Jin Dynasty, so he sent Gou Chi to lead twenty thousand infantry and cavalry to aid Murong Wei. Ultimately, the Jin army was swiftly defeated and retreated, while Gou Chi returned as well.
At that time, Murong Chui sought refuge with Fu Jian to escape disaster. Wang Meng advised Fu Jian, "Murong Chui is a member of the royal family of Yan, having dominated Eastern Xia for generations, renowned for his kindness and cherished by the people of Yan and Zhao. Just look at his talent and strategy—he's practically invincible, and his sons are also outstanding and capable. He is truly a talent! Yet, dragons and fierce beasts are not so easily tamed. I recommend we eliminate him." Fu Jian replied, "I am currently drawing heroes from across the land with benevolence and righteousness, with the aim of achieving unprecedented feats. Besides, when he first sought refuge with me, I guaranteed him safety. If I were to kill him now, what would others think of me?"
Later, Wang's forces withdrew, and Murong Wei regretted giving up the Wulao territory to Fu Jian. He sent envoys to Fu Jian saying, "The matter of ceding land a few days ago wasn't clearly communicated by the envoys. Whether it's the country or the family, we should help each other in times of disaster. This is just common sense." Fu Jian got really angry when he heard this and sent Wang Meng with General Jianwei Liang Cheng and Deng Qiang, with thirty thousand troops. He also made Murong Chui the Champion General to guide the way to attack Murong Wei's governor, Murong Zhu, in Luoyang. Murong Wei dispatched his general Murong Zang with one hundred thousand elite troops to relieve the siege of Murong Zhu. Wang Meng ordered Liang Cheng and the others to lead ten thousand elite troops to quickly rush over, leading to a huge defeat for Murong Zang at Xingyang. Fearing for his safety, Murong Zhu asked to surrender. Wang Meng agreed to his surrender, left Deng Qiang to guard Jinyang City, and then led the troops back.
In 370 AD, the Former Qin Emperor Fu Jian sent Wang Meng to lead ten generals including Yang An, Zhang Hao, and Deng Qiang to command sixty thousand infantry and cavalry to attack Former Yan. Fu Jian personally sent Wang Meng to Badong and said to him, "I'm putting you in charge of the elite troops; it's a big responsibility. You'll depart directly from Huguan and Shangdang to attack Luchuan. This is a great chance for a quick win—lightning fast; the enemy won't have time to react. I'll bring the main army to back you up, and we'll meet at Ye City. I've already arranged for supplies to be delivered regularly, so just focus on fighting, no need to worry about logistics."
Wang Meng replied, "I have average qualifications and limited abilities. I appreciate Your Majesty's favor and have been serving in the palace. Now, I am entrusted with leading a large army. I’ll rely on our ancestors' blessings and Your Majesty's wise decisions to surely pacify these barbarians. I hope Your Majesty doesn’t have to lead the expedition yourself and face the harsh weather. Even though I'm not the best fighter, I hope to achieve victory quickly. I just hope Your Majesty will quickly instruct the right departments to prepare for resettling the Xianbei people." Fu Jian was really pleased to hear this. So Wang Meng headed out with the army. Yang An attacked Jinyang and dug tunnels, sending Zhang Hao to lead hundreds of warriors into the city, shouting to take the city gate. Wang Meng and Yang An then attacked Jinyang, capturing Murong Zhuang, the Governor of Bingzhou from Former Yan. Former Yan Emperor Murong Wei sent his Grand Tutor Murong Ping to lead over four hundred thousand troops to rescue these two cities. Murong Ping was scared of Wang Meng and didn’t dare to move forward, so he camped at Luchuan. Wang Meng left General Mao Dang to guard Jinyang, led his army forward, and confronted Murong Ping. Wang Meng also sent Guerrilla Commander Guo Qing to lead five thousand elite soldiers, sneak through a hidden path at night to get behind Murong Ping's camp, set fire on the mountain, burned their supplies, and the flames lit up the night sky over Ye City. Murong Wei was really scared and sent messengers to scold Murong Ping, urging him to engage in battle quickly.
Wang Meng knew that Murong Ping's army was in disarray, which was an opportunity to take advantage of. Murong Ping actively sought battle, so Wang Meng deployed his troops in Wei Yuan and swore to the soldiers: "Wang Jinglue (Wang Meng's courtesy name) has been greatly favored by the state, holding significant positions both domestically and abroad. Now, we will march into enemy territory together. Everyone must fight fiercely and stand firm! I hope everyone can work together, bravely kill the enemy, repay the state’s generosity, be rewarded by a wise ruler in the court, and share glory and wealth with parents at home. Isn't this a wonderful thing?" The soldiers were all high-spirited, breaking pots, throwing away food, and shouting loudly as they charged into battle.
Wang Meng saw the size of Murong Ping's army and felt a bit worried. He said to Deng Qiang, "Today's battle is yours, General. The key to victory lies in this one move. You must work hard!" Deng Qiang replied, "If rewards are based solely on official positions, General, you need not worry." Wang Meng said, "That's not my main concern. I will definitely recommend you to be appointed as the Prefect of Anding and grant you the title of Marquis." Deng Qiang felt displeased and withdrew. Soon, the two sides engaged in battle. Wang Meng summoned Deng Qiang, but he lay in bed, ignoring him. Wang Meng personally went to persuade him, and Deng Qiang then drank deeply in the tent. He, along with Zhang Hao and Xu Cheng, mounted horses and charged into Murong Ping's ranks, slaying countless foes and demonstrating remarkable courage.
By noon, Murong Ping's army suffered a crushing defeat, with over 50,000 captured and killed. Wang Meng pursued the victory and subjugated and executed another 100,000 people, then besieged Ye City. Upon hearing this, Fu Jian left Li Wei to assist Crown Prince Fu Hong in the defense of Chang'an, sent Fu Rong to guard Luoyang, and led a hundred thousand elite troops to Ye City. Seven days later, they reached Anyang, passing by their old residence. Fu Jian asked the local elders to recount the stories of their ancestors, which brought him to tears, causing him to stay in Anyang for a night. Wang Meng secretly came to Anyang to greet Fu Jian, who questioned him, "Why did you abandon the main army in battle, unlike Zhou Yafu who personally welcomed Emperor Wen of Han?" Wang Meng replied, "Every time I read about Zhou Yafu, I feel that he did it to show off his achievements, to gain the reputation of a great general, which I do not agree with privately. I praise Your Majesty's wise decisions, going to strike an enemy that is on the brink of extinction, as easy as destroying rotten wood. What is there to be concerned about? The Regent is young, and Your Majesty has come from afar. If something were to happen, what would happen to the country?" Fu Jian then attacked Ye City and captured it. Murong Wei fled to Gaoyang, where he was captured by Fu Jian's general Guo Qing and brought back. Fu Jian entered the palace in Ye City, reviewed the household registrations, and found 157 counties, 1,579 districts, 2,458,969 households, and 9,987,935 people. The governors of various states and the leaders of the Six Barbarians surrendered to Fu Jian. Guo Qing pursued the remnants of the enemy, with Murong Ping fleeing to Goguryeo. Guo Qing chased him to the Liao Sea, where Goguryeo handed Murong Ping over to him bound. Fu Jian rewarded his troops with treasures from Murong Wei's palace, according to their merits. Wang Meng was appointed as the Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, Governor of Jizhou, and stationed in Ye City; Guo Qing was appointed as the Commissioner and Commander of Military Affairs in Youzhou, Governor of Youzhou, and stationed in Jicheng.
Fu Jian returned to Fangtou from Ye City, hosting a banquet for the local elders and fellow townsfolk, and renaming Fangtou to Yongchang County, a name that has been used ever since. After returning to Yongchang, Fu Jian held a grand banquet and sang the poem "Lao Zhi" to honor his ministers. He ordered the pardon of Murong Wei and all his officials, relocating them all to Chang'an, assigning them official positions and titles according to their ranks. Next, Fu Jian held a ceremony to pay homage to Confucius at the Bi Yong, with his crown prince, dukes, ministers, and the eldest sons of the gentry participating in the ritual and making offerings. He also relocated a hundred thousand households of local heroes and various ethnic groups from the east to the central region, settling the Wuhuan and other tribes in Fengyi and Beidi, the Dingling and Zhaibin tribes in Xin'an, and relocating ten thousand households from Chenliu and Dong'a to Qingzhou to increase the population there. Fu Jian allowed those displaced by war, who had fled to escape their enemies, to return to their homeland.
Yuan Jin, a rebel of the Jin Dynasty, defended Shou Chun but was besieged by Grand Marshal Huan Wen, sending messengers to Fu Jian seeking assistance. Fu Jian sent Wang Jian and Zhang Hao to lead twenty thousand troops to the rescue, with Wang Jian stationed at Luojian and Zhang Hao at Bagong Mountain. Huan Wen launched a nighttime surprise attack on Wang Jian and Zhang Hao, resulting in a significant defeat, forcing them to retreat to Shencheng.
In the beginning, the leader of the Di tribe of Chouchi, Yang Shi, defected to Fu Jian, who appointed him as General Who Pacifies the South, Inspector of Qinzhou, and Duke of Chouchi. Later, Yang Shi also submitted to the Jin Dynasty. After Yang Shi's death, his son Yang Zuan succeeded him, severing ties with Fu Jian. Yang Shi's brother, Yang Tong, was known for his bravery and military skill, gathering many troops in Wudu, revolting against Yang Zuan to claim territory. Fu Jian sent generals Fu Ya, Yang An, and Wang Tong, the Governor of Yizhou, to lead seventy thousand troops to attack Chouchi, then advance to Ningzhou and Yizhou. When Fu Ya and his forces reached Jiushan, Yang Zuan led fifty thousand troops to resist Fu Ya. Yang Liang, the Inspector of Liangzhou under the Jin Dynasty, sent Guo Bao, leading over a thousand cavalry, to rescue them. The two sides fought in Shanzhong, with Fu Ya and his forces defeating Yang Zuan, who led the remaining troops back in defeat. Fu Ya continued to attack Chouchi, and Yang Tong of Wudu surrendered to him. Yang Zuan's general secretly sent his son to surrender to Fu Ya, seeking internal and external cooperation. Fearing for his life, Yang Zuan surrendered. Fu Ya untied his ropes and escorted him to Chang'an. Fu Jian appointed Yang Tong as General Who Pacifies Distant Lands, Inspector of Southern Qinzhou, and promoted Yang An to Commander, assigning him to Chouchi.
First, Wang Meng defeated Zhang Tianxi, capturing Zhang Tianxi's army and five thousand soldiers in Dunhuang. Fu Jian brought peace to the six eastern provinces and captured Yang Zuan in the west. He wanted to use benevolence to influence distant people, and his influence had spread west of the Wei River, so he sent all the prisoners back to Liangzhou. Fearing for his life, Zhang Tianxi sent envoys to offer his apologies and pledge allegiance. Fu Jian was greatly pleased and immediately appointed Zhang Tianxi as Commissioner Bearing Credentials, Cavalry Consultant, Commander of Various Armies in Hexi, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Privy Treasurer with Equal Ceremonial, Inspector of Liangzhou, Protector-General of the Western Regions, and Duke of Xiping.
Next, Sui Xi of the Tuyuhun tribe heard that Yang Suo had surrendered and was also afraid, so he sent envoys to deliver five thousand horses and five hundred jin of gold and silver. Fu Jian appointed Xi as General of An Yuan and Marquis of Qiangchuan. Fu Jian once went to Ye City and hunted in the West Mountain for more than ten days, enjoying himself so much that he forgot to return. An actor named Wang Luo quickly rode up to advise him, saying, "I heard that children from wealthy families do not sit under the eaves, and the emperor does not travel on dangerous roads. Therefore, Emperor Wen once stopped riding in a carriage, Yuan Gong once advised him not to ride a horse; Emperor Xiaowu liked hunting, and Sima Xiangru offered advice. Your Majesty is the father and mother of the people; the fate of the entire realm is tied to you. How can you indulge in hunting and tarnish your noble character and wise rule? If disaster suddenly strikes and the situation changes unpredictably, what will become of the ancestral temple? What about the Empress Dowager?" Fu Jian said, "You are right. In the past, Duke Wen apologized to the Yu people for his mistakes. Now, because of my mistake in listening to Wang Luo's advice, it is my fault." Since then, he never hunted again. Fu Jian heard that Huan Wen had deposed the Marquis of Haixi and said to his ministers, "Huan Wen was defeated at Bashang before, and then defeated at Fangtou. In fifteen years, he twice defeated the country's army. At the age of sixty, he still acts like this, does not reflect on his mistakes, does not step down to apologize to the people, but instead deposes the emperor to please himself. What will happen to the world! There's a saying, 'angry at his wife but taking it out on his father'; this is about Huan Wen!"
It is said that in that year, there was a drought in Guanzhong. Fu Jian ordered the common people to farm in rotation. He was worried about the poor harvest, so he quickly cut costs. The food rations in the imperial palace and harem were reduced by two levels, and the salaries of government officials were also cut. He also restored the educational system from the Wei and Jin dynasties, requiring students to study according to regulations and prohibiting all non-conventional teachings. Fu Jian personally assessed the students' understanding of Confucian classics at the Imperial College. 83 students passed the examination and were subsequently promoted. Since the chaos of Yongjia, schools had been neglected. However, since Fu Jian became emperor and with Wang Mang's reform of social customs, the country's governance was improving, and schools gradually prospered. Guanzhong and Longxi were peaceful, and the people lived prosperous and happy lives. From Chang'an to various prefectures, the roads were lined with locust and willow trees. Every twenty miles there was a pavilion, and every forty miles there was a post station. Travelers found it easy to access amenities, and merchants came and went, thriving in business. The people sang: "On Chang'an's main street, locust trees stand in rows. Magnificent carriages glide below, while phoenixes perch above. Talented individuals gather here to enlighten us common folks."
That year, a strong southwest wind blew, followed by darkness falling, but the stars were visible, and a red star shone in the southwest. The Chief Astrologer Wei Yan said to Fu Jian, "The divination shows that the country in the southwest will perish, and next year, we will surely be able to subdue Shu Han." Fu Jian was very happy to hear this, so he then ordered Qin Liang to bolster military preparations. He appointed Wang Meng as Prime Minister, Fu Rong as Grand General of the East, and also appointed Wang Meng as Governor of Jizhou. Fu Rong was about to depart, and Fu Jian saw him off at Badong, where he even played music and recited poetry. Fu Jian's mother, Lady Gou, cherished her youngest son, Fu Rong. On the day Fu Rong set off, Lady Gou came to see him off three times at Badong, and even secretly visited him where he was staying that night, without anyone in the palace or outside knowing. That night, Fu Jian slept in the front hall, and Wei Yan reported, "The star of the rear palace at the southern gate of the Heavenly Market is dim and invisible, and the palace gates on the left and right cannot be seen, as if it were a sign of the concubines' movement." Fu Jian was startled when he found out, saying, "The will of heaven and the changes in the human world are so close!" So he became even more vigilant in observing celestial phenomena. When Wang Meng arrived in Chang'an, he was appointed Commander of all military forces in and around the capital. Wang Meng declined several times, but Fu Jian remained insistent. Later on, a deep rumble echoed through the sky, and a comet appeared, emerging from the tail of the Dipper constellation, over ten zhang long. People referred to it as the Chi You flag, passing through the Taiwei star, sweeping past the Dongjing star, and not disappearing from summer to winter. The Chief Astrologer Zhang Mengyan said to Fu Jian, "The appearance of the comet from the tail of the Dipper constellation, sweeping past the Dongjing star, is an omen of the Yan Kingdom's destruction of the Qin Kingdom!" He advised Fu Jian to quickly kill Murong Wei and his son. However, Fu Jian ignored this advice and instead promoted Murong Wei to a higher position, while Murong Chui was appointed Intendant of Jingzhao, and Murong Chong became Prefect of Pingyang.
After hearing about this, Fu Rong wrote a letter to Fu Jian, saying: "I have heard that the Donghu people have been ruling in the Yan state for a long time, until Shi Le rebelled and occupied the Central Plains, owning the land of the six provinces and declaring himself emperor to the south. Your Majesty led a large army to launch a major expedition, and the soldiers toiled for many years before finally achieving victory. The original intention was not to win them over and force their submission. But now, members of the Murong family hold significant positions in the court. Their power is overwhelming, surpassing the old ministers who have made contributions to the country, and Your Majesty trusts them specially. I foolishly believe that fierce beasts should not be raised, as wolf cubs are full of ambition! In recent years, there have been anomalies in the stars, and disasters have stemmed from the Yan state. I hope Your Majesty can pay a little attention and consider the warning from the heavens. The Book of Songs says: 'When brothers are of one mind, their strength can break metal'; 'When friends get along, their joy is harmonious.' In the past, Liu Xiang was very close to the emperor and could still speak frankly, let alone me!"
Fu Jian replied: "Your virtue is still lacking, yet you enjoy stirring up trouble. You haven't achieved great merit yet, but your reputation has already grown too big. The Book of Songs says: 'Virtue is as light as a feather, few can lift it up.' A nobleman in a high position should be even more cautious and wary of failure. Shouldn't you pay attention to this? The world is still not peaceful, the people have not yet settled down; we should pacify the people and unite the minority nationalities. I am planning to unify the land, letting the world be as united and virtuous as a newborn. You should take it easy and stop fretting. The will of heaven helps those who follow it; cultivating virtue can help avoid disasters. As long as you find the reasons within yourself, what's there to fear from outside threats?"
During the Jin Dynasty, Yang Liang, the Inspector of Liangzhou, sent his son Yang Guang to attack Chouchi, but he ended up in a battle against the former Qin general Yang An, and Yang Guang was defeated miserably. The various garrisons along the Ju River in the Jin Dynasty abandoned their cities and fled, and Yang Liang, frightened, quickly retreated to defend Qingxian. Yang An pursued the victory and attacked into Hanchuan.
During the Former Qin Dynasty, Fu Jian sent Wang Tong and Zhu Tong to lead twenty thousand soldiers as vanguard to attack the Shu area. He also sent General Mao Dang and General Xu Cheng to lead thirty thousand infantry and cavalry to advance from Jiange. Yang Liang led over ten thousand Ba Shu indigenous troops to resist, and the two sides clashed at Qinggu, resulting in a defeat for the Jin army, with Yang Liang fleeing to Guxi City. Zhu Tong captured Hanzhong, Xu Cheng captured Erjian, and Yang An then occupied Zitong. Jin Dynasty's General Fenwei and Colonel of the West Barbarians, Zhou Xiao, surrendered to Zhu Tong. Jin Dynasty's General Yangwu and Governor of Yizhou, Zhou Zhongsun, led troops to resist Zhu Tong in Mianzhu. Upon hearing that Mao Dang was about to reach Chengdu, Zhou Zhongsun retreated south with five thousand cavalry. Yang An and Mao Dang pressed their attack and ultimately captured Yizhou. Consequently, the southwestern regions of Qiong, Zuo, and Yelang surrendered to the Former Qin.
Fu Jian appointed Yang An as the Right General and Governor of Yizhou, stationed in Chengdu; Mao Dang as the General Who Pacifies the West and Governor of Liangzhou, stationed in Hanzhong; Yao Chang as the Governor of Ningzhou and Acting Colonel of the West Barbarians; and Wang Tong as the Governor of Southern Qinzhou, stationed at Qiuchi.
Zhang Yu, Yang Guang, and others in Shu rebelled, joining the locals to resist Fu Jian. The Inspector of Yizhou in the Jin Dynasty, Zhu Yao, and General Huan Shiqian led thirty thousand troops to defend Dianjiang. Zhang Yu proclaimed himself Shu King, sent envoys to surrender to Fu Jian, and then led Zhang Zhong, Yin Wan, and other leaders from Ba and Shu, a total of over fifty thousand people, to besiege Chengdu. Not long after, Zhang Yu and Yin Wan fought each other again due to power struggles. Fu Jian sent Deng Qiang, Yang An, and others to defeat them. Zhang Yu and Yang Guang retreated to Mianzhu. Yang An also defeated Zhang Zhong and Yin Wan to the south of Chengdu, resulting in Zhang Zhong's death in battle and the Former Qin army capturing over twenty-three thousand enemy heads. Deng Qiang then defeated Zhang Yu and Yang Guang in Mianzhu, killing them both. Huan Shiqian defeated Yao Chang in Dianjiang, causing Yao Chang to retreat to Wucheng, while Huan Shiqian and Zhu Yao moved to Badong.
Someone shouted loudly in the Jianming Hall, yelling at Fu Jian, "Jiashen Yiyou, fish and sheep eat people, alas, there is no more left!" Fu Jian ordered to capture this person, but he vanished almost immediately. The Secretariat, Zhu Tong, took the opportunity to suggest killing the Xianbei people, but Fu Jian did not agree.
Fu Jian sent envoys to inspect various places, observe customs and practices, understand political affairs, clarify reward and punishment standards, and show compassion for the lonely and those unable to care for themselves. He even sent a comfortable carriage to welcome the recluse King Huan of Leling, appointing him as the Chief of the National University. After Wang Meng's death, Fu Jian established a tribunal south of the Weiyang Palace to handle cases. He also prohibited the study of Laozi, Zhuangzi, and various forms of divination and esoteric studies.
Both inside and outside the court, the four elite guard units, two imperial guards, and four superior military commanders and soldiers were required to study culture. He also assessed the imperial harem, created teaching positions, set up internal academies, held classes in the Yeting Palace, and selected intelligent eunuchs and palace maids to act as instructors and teach classics.
Fu Jian sent his guard Guo Chang, General Mao Sheng, Minister Yan Fu, Infantry Colonel Yao Chang, and others with 130,000 cavalry to deliver a challenge to Zhang Tianxi at Guzang. He then sent Minister Liang Shu with orders to the front line to challenge Zhang Tianxi. Fu Jian personally hosted a banquet in the west of the city to see off Guo Chang and his men, rewarding the soldiers according to their merits. He also sent Qinzhou Governor Guo Chi, Hezhou Governor Li Bian, and Liangzhou Governor Wang Tong to lead the armies of the three provinces as reinforcements.
After Yan Fu and the others arrived in Liangzhou, Zhang Tianxi, viewing himself as a vassal of the Jin Dynasty, only wanted to protect his own territory. He ordered the execution of the messengers and sent General Ma Jian to stop Guo Chang and his men. Shortly after, Liang Xi and Wang Tong attacked Zhang Tianxi's general Liang Can at Qingshijin, breaking through the city of Hehui. Guo Chang crossed the river from Shichengjin and joined Liang Xi to attack the besieged city of Chansuo, breaking through it as well. Fearful, Ma Jian retreated from Yangfei back to Qingsai. Zhang Tianxi then sent General Zhangju to lead 30,000 troops and established a formation with Ma Jian at Hongchi. Guo Chang sent Yao Chang with 3,000 elite soldiers to challenge them, while other generals urged Zhangju to launch an attack to weaken the enemy's morale, but Zhangju did not listen.
Zhang Tianxi thus led thirty thousand troops to Jinchang. Gou Chang and Liang Xi heard that Zhang Tianxi was approaching, so they quickly attacked Zhangju and Majian together. Majian surrendered to Gou Chang, who then attacked Zhangju and killed both Zhangju and his military commander Xi Le. Gou Chang led his army into Qingsai, occupied a favorable position, and formed his troops. Zhang Tianxi sent the general Zhao Chongzhe as vanguard, leading fifty thousand elite soldiers to fight against Gou Chang's forces at Chi'an, resulting in a crushing defeat for Zhao Chongzhe. In fear, Zhang Tianxi fled and wrote a letter requesting to surrender. Gou Chang arrived at Guzang, where Zhang Tianxi, dressed in plain clothes and riding a white horse with his hands bound, sat on a funeral bier to surrender at the military camp. Gou Chang freed him from his bindings, burned the funeral bier, and sent him to Chang'an, and other counties surrendered as well. Fu Jian appointed Liang Xi as the Governor of Liangzhou and Protector of the Western Qiang, stationing him in Guzang. He also relocated over seven thousand wealthy households to Guanzhong, using the gold and silver collected from the populace to reward the soldiers with thirteen thousand catties, while the remaining populace lived peacefully and contentedly as before. Fu Jian appointed Zhang Tianxi as the Marquis of Dongning Township in Chongguang County, granting him a fief of two hundred households and bestowing upon him the title of Marquis of Guiyi. When Gou Chang and his forces were preparing to attack Zhang Tianxi, Fu Jian had a mansion built for them in Chang'an, and they could finally take up residence there.
After Former Qin Fu Jian defeated Liangzhou, he sent General Fu Luo, the Governor of Youzhou, to lead 100,000 soldiers from Youzhou to confront the King of Dai, She Yi Jian. He also sent General Ju Nan, Deng Qiang, and others to lead 200,000 infantry and cavalry. Some advanced east from Helong while others moved west from Shangjun to meet Fu Luo in She Yi Jian's territory. She Yi Jian was defeated and fled to the banks of Ruo River. Fu Luo pursued him relentlessly, forcing She Yi Jian to retreat to Yinshan. His son, She Yi Gui, bound his father and surrendered. Fu Luo then withdrew his troops and returned to the capital, rewarding them according to their merits. Fu Jian believed that the people in She Yi Jian's territory were rough and lacked a grasp of the values of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trust, so he sent him to study etiquette at the Imperial Academy. Because She Yi Gui bound his own father and surrendered him, which was seen as a grave act of filial disrespect, Fu Jian moved him to Shu territory. The tribes loyal to She Yi Jian were dispersed and resettled in their original territories along the Han Dynasty's border. Officials were appointed to manage them, supervise them, teach them farming and livelihood skills, impose poll taxes every three to five years while exempting them from taxation for the first three years. The tribal leaders were required to pay tribute at the end of each year and follow the prescribed regulations for their movements. Fu Jian once summoned She Yi Jian to the Imperial Academy for a discussion and asked him, "The people of the Central Plains value learning to cultivate virtues, hence they live longer. But the people of the northern desert, who primarily eat beef and mutton, tend to have shorter lifespans. Why is that?" She Yi Jian was at a loss for words. Fu Jian then asked, "Do you have any capable leaders among your people who can serve the country?" She Yi Jian replied, "The people of the northern desert are primarily skilled at herding livestock, riding horses, and migrating in search of water and pasture. How can they be leaders?" Fu Jian asked again, "Do you like learning?" She Yi Jian replied, "If we didn’t value learning, why would Your Majesty take the time to teach us?" Fu Jian appreciated his response.
Because the Guanzhong region frequently faced floods and droughts, Fu Jian imitated the approaches of the Zheng and Bai states, mobilizing thirty thousand nobles, wealthy individuals, and their servants in Guanzhong to manage the upstream water sources of the Jing River. They excavated mountains, built dams, and constructed channels to irrigate the parched land. By spring, the project was completed, bringing benefits to the common people. Since Liangzhou had recently become part of the territory, they were exempted from taxes for one year. Those who observed filial piety towards their parents were rewarded with an elevated title of nobility; those who were filial, supportive of their siblings, and hardworking in agriculture were rewarded with two levels of nobility; the elderly and widows received varying amounts of food; each group of one hundred households received cattle and wine, and a grand banquet lasting three days was held.
Fu Jian dispatched Minister of State Fu Pi, along with Sima Murong Wei, Gou Chang, and others, commanding an army of 70,000 troops to attack Xiangyang. Yang An was sent to lead the army from the Fan Deng region as the vanguard, while Tun Qixiaowei Shi Yue led 10,000 elite cavalry from Luyang Pass. Murong Chui and Yao Chang departed from Nanxiang, while Gou Chi and others, along with the expert crossbowman Wang Xian, led 40,000 elite soldiers from Mount Wudang to follow. They all gathered at Hanyang. When the army reached the north bank of the Mian River, Jin Dynasty General Zhu Xu dismissed Fu Pi's army, thinking they had no boats. However, Shi Yue unexpectedly led his troops to swim across the river, causing Zhu Xu to fortify the city's center. Shi Yue breached the city's outer defenses and seized over a hundred boats to cross the river. Fu Pi led his generals to attack the city's central part and stationed 50,000 troops, including Gou Chi, Shi Yue, and Mao Dang, in Jiangling. Jin Dynasty General Huan Chong led 70,000 troops to support Zhu Xu, but, fearing Gou Chi and his forces, he took a defensive position in Shangming. Yanzhou Inspector Peng Chao sent a messenger to report to Fu Jian, "Jin Dynasty's Taishou of Pei County, Dai Lu, has stationed several thousand soldiers in Pengcheng. I request permission to lead 50,000 elite soldiers against him, with hopes of sending a great general to subdue other cities in Huainan." Fu Jian then sent his General Juna to command Right General Mao Dang, Rear Restriction Mao Sheng, and Lingjiang Shao Bao, along with 70,000 infantry and cavalry to launch an attack on Huaiyin and Auyi. Yangwu Peng Chao launched an assault on Pengcheng. Liangzhou Inspector Wei Zhong attacked Weixing and besieged Ji Yi, the Taishou of Xicheng. Jin Dynasty General Mao Wusheng commanded 50,000 troops in resistance, and they found themselves in a stalemate with Juna and his forces in Huainan.
Earlier, Liang Xi sent envoys to the Western Regions, praising Fu Jian's virtue and rewarding various kings with silk and other items, which led to more than ten countries coming to pay tribute. The Da Wan country presented a thousand-mile horse, all of which were sweat-blood horses, with vermilion coats and colorful patterns, chests like phoenixes, bodies like qilins, along with over five hundred other rare treasures. Fu Jian said, "I am reminded of the story of Emperor Wen of Han releasing the thousand-mile horse, and I greatly admire it. The horses presented now should be returned to commemorate the emperors of the past and follow the practices of the ancients!" He then ordered his ministers to compose the "Poem on Stopping the Horses" and return these horses to show that he was not greedy. The ministers all agreed this was a commendable act of virtue, and Fu Jian did even better than Emperor Wen of Han, so more than four hundred people offered poems.
It is said that Fu Pi had been laying siege to Xiangyang for quite some time. The Censor-in-Chief, Li Rou, accused Fu Pi of commanding his troops for an extended period without significant military success and called on the court to take action against him. Fu Jian said, "Fu Pi and his men have consumed a lot of manpower and resources without much result; indeed, they should be punished. However, the army has been there for quite a while; we can't let them return empty-handed. Let's spare them for now and let them atone for their shortcomings by winning battles." So Fu Jian sent the Yellow Door Attendant Wei Hua with the emperor's decree to deliver a stern reprimand to Fu Pi and the others, and to reward them with swords, saying, "If you haven't captured Xiangyang by next spring, use these swords to commit suicide; you'll have no face to show up here again!"
Initially, when Fu Pi attacked Xiangyang, he planned to launch a fierce attack. Gou Chang advised him, "Our troops are ten times stronger than the enemy, and we have as much supplies as there are in a mountain. We just need to move the people of Jingzhou and Chu to Xuchang and Luoyang, cut off their supply lines, and cut off their external support. Wait for them to run out of supplies, and they will collapse without a fight. Why do we need to attack forcefully and needlessly sacrifice our soldiers?" Fu Pi listened to his words. When Fu Jian's advice arrived, the soldiers were confused and afraid, not knowing what to do. Wang Shi Jin, the chief clerk for the Southern Expedition, said, "Our general is both wise and valiant, and our soldiers are all valiant and good at fighting. Attacking a small Xiangyang is as easy as setting fire to feathers. The reason for the previous slow attack was to subdue the enemy with strategy. If we concentrate our strength and launch a full attack, we can quickly take it down. Once we take Xiangyang, the enemy will flee on their own. What is there to hesitate about? Please give me ten days to deploy the army properly. If we still can't take it down after ten days, I am willing to die as a punishment!" Fu Pi then ordered to speed up the attack on the city.
Fu Jian originally planned to personally lead the army to support Fu Pi and also had Fu Rong lead the elite troops of the Guandong to meet in Shou Chun, while Liang Xi led the army of Hexi as the reserve force of the central army. Both Fu Rong and Liang Xi advised against it in writing, believing that it was not the time to send troops yet, which led Fu Jian to abandon the idea of leading the expedition himself.
In the fourth year of Taiyuan, Xie Xuan led tens of thousands of troops to the bank of the Si River, preparing to rescue Pengcheng. Fu Jian captured Zhu Xu, the General of the South, and sent him to Chang'an, appointing him as the Minister of Finance. Then Fu Jian appointed Liang Cheng as the General of the South, commanding the armies of Jingzhou and Yangzhou, serving as the Governor of Jingzhou, and managing the Nanman, assigning him ten thousand soldiers to garrison Xiangyang and providing him with all the weapons and equipment from the Southern Expedition Office.
When Peng Chao besieged Pengcheng, he stationed the logistical supplies in Liucheng. At this time, Xie Xuan sent He Qianzhi and Gao Heng with more than ten thousand troops toward Liucheng, and Peng Chao led his troops to confront them. The residents of Pengcheng sought refuge with Xie Xuan, while Peng Chao left Xu Bao in charge of Pengcheng and then launched an attack on Xuyi. Ju Nan was unable to capture Huaiyin, leaving Shao Bao to defend it, and after joining forces with Peng Chao, they headed south together.
At the same time, Mao Wusheng went to rescue Wei Xing, sending Zhao Fu and Yuan Yu with ten thousand naval troops upstream. Fu Jian's Nanba Colonel Jiang Yu sent Zhang Shao and Chou Sheng with five thousand troops to intercept, and they fought a battle in Nancounty, with the Jin army emerging victorious. Wei Zhong then seized Wei Xing and captured Prefect Ji Yi. Mao Dang and Wang Xian set out from Xiangyang to the east to attack Huainan together. Peng Chao captured Xuyi, seized the Jin Dynasty's General Jianwei, and the Intendant of Gaomi, Mao Ze, and then went to attack the Youzhou Inspector stationed at Sanya, which is only over a hundred miles from Guangling. The capital was thrown into panic, and defensive measures were reinforced along the river.
Emperor Xiaowu sent Xie Shi with naval troops to Tuzhong, Mao Anzhi and Wang Tanzhi with troops to Tangyi, and Xie Xuan personally traveled from Guangling to rescue Sanya. Mao Dang and Mao Sheng attacked Ancheng, and the Jin army suffered another defeat. Xie Xuan led thirty thousand troops to Baimatang, and Ju Nan sent troops to intercept Xie Xuan, and they fought a battle in the west of the pond, with Xie Xuan achieving a resounding victory, killing Du Yan. Xie Xuan continued to advance to Sanya, where he fought against Ju Nan and Peng Chao, who were defeated yet again and retreated to Xuyi. Xie Xuan then arrived at Shiliang and, together with Tian Luo, attacked Xuyi. Ju Nan and Peng Chao emerged to battle again, but were defeated once more and retreated to Huaiyin.
Xie Xuan sent He Qianzhi and Zhuge Kan with the navy to navigate upstream during high tide, setting fire to the bridges across the Huai River. They also fought with Junan and killed Shao Bao. Junan and Peng Chao retreated north of the Huai River. Junan shifted the blame onto Peng Chao and had Sima Liuhun executed for killing him. Fu Jian, upon hearing this, was very angry and had Peng Chao taken back to Chang'an and imprisoned. Peng Chao ultimately took his own life, and Junan was demoted to a commoner. Mao Dang was appointed as the General Who Pacifies the South and the Inspector of Xuzhou, stationed in Pengcheng; Mao Sheng was appointed as the General Who Pacifies the East and the Inspector of Yanzhou, stationed in Hulü; Wang Xian was appointed as the Colonel Who Pacifies Wu and the Inspector of Yangzhou, stationed in Xiapi, as a reward for their earlier accomplishments in Tangyi. Fu Luo was appointed as Cavalier In Regular Attendance, with authority over military affairs in Yi, Ning, and the southwestern tribes, Grand General Who Conquers the South, Governor of Yizhou, also serving as Protector of the Western Tribes, stationed in Chengdu, ordered to depart from Yique, pass through Xiangyang, and follow the Han River upstream. Fu Luo, Fu Jian's nephew, was brave and formidable, with a commanding presence that made Fu Jian cautious, so he always stationed him on the border. Despite his many military achievements, Fu Luo had never been rewarded. After this promotion, he was very dissatisfied and secretly plotted with his subordinates, saying, "I am closely related to the emperor, yet he can't promote me to a general or a prime minister, always keeping me on the sidelines. Now he has sent me to the west, not even allowing me to pass through the capital. There must be a conspiracy to trap me on the Han River, right? Should I surrender and go to attack Jinyang to save the state and protect the people? What do you all think?" His advisor Ping Yan, however, fabricated some favorable omens and urged Fu Luo to revolt. Fu Luo then banged the table and declared loudly, "My decision is made. Anyone who dares to oppose me will face no mercy!"
Fu Luo then declared himself the Grand General, Grand Commander, and Prince of Qin. He established government offices and appointed Ping Yan as the General of State Affairs and Governor of Youzhou, making him his strategist. He also sent people to recruit soldiers from the Xianbei, Wuhuan, Goguryeo, Baekje, Xueruo, and Xiuren tribes, but all without success. Fu Luo grew fearful and considered abandoning the plan, but Ping Yan said, "We should publicly proclaim that we are following the imperial decree, leading the armies of Youzhou and Bingzhou from Zhongshan and Changshan, and Yangping Gong (Fu Jian) will definitely send someone to meet us. By then, we can capture him, occupy Jizhou, control the eastern region, and then plan for Qinzhou and Yongzhou. This way, the common people will remain unaware of the power shift, and the major plan will succeed." Fu Luo was convinced by his words, so he led 70,000 troops from Helong, preparing to attack Chang'an.
At that time, the people of Guanzhong were in a state of panic, and bandits were rampant. Fu Jian sent envoys to scold Fu Luo, saying, "The world has not yet been unified; we are brothers. Why do you want to rebel? Quickly return to Helong, and I will permanently grant Youzhou to you." Fu Luo told the envoy, "Go back and tell the King of Donghai (Fu Jian) that Youzhou is too small to contain an emperor like me. I demand he return Xianyang to me, so that I can inherit the foundation of my ancestor (Fu Jian). If he meets me at Tongguan, I will be reinstated as a duke, and my title will be restored." Fu Jian was furious and sent the Left General Dou Chong and Lu Guang to lead forty thousand troops against Fu Luo. He also sent the Right General Du Gui to rush to Ye City, leading thirty thousand troops from Jizhou as vanguard, appointing Fu Rong as Grand Commander with full military authority. He also sent Shi Yue to lead ten thousand cavalry from Donglai, taking the sea route via the stone path to launch a surprise attack on Helong, a sea journey of over four hundred miles. Fu Zhong also led the entire force from Jicheng to support Fu Luo, meeting at Zhongshan, bringing the total force to one hundred thousand.
Dou Chong and his allies fought against Fu Luo in Zhongshan, defeated him, and captured both Fu Luo and his general, Lan Shu, bringing them to Chang'an. Lv Guang pursued Fu Zhong in Youzhou, while Shi Yue attacked Helong, killing over a hundred, including Ping Yan and more than a hundred of his followers. Fu Jian granted clemency to Lan Shu, appointed him as a general, exiled Fu Luo to Liangzhou, and recalled Fu Rong, appointing him as the Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, Chief of the Imperial Clan, and Recorder of the Imperial Secretariat.
After the stabilization of Luoyang, Fu Jian felt that the eastern region was vast and populous, and he needed to find ways to stabilize it. He called all the ministers to the Eastern Hall for a meeting, saying, "Our Fu family has so many descendants; I now want to distribute the 150,000 households in Sanyuan, Jiuzhen, Wudu, Qian, and Yong to important places to guard them in honor of our ancestors' contributions. What are your thoughts on this?" The ministers all said, "This is the secret to the Zhou Dynasty's 800 years of prosperity!" So Fu Jian granted fiefs to the sons of four generals, each with 3,000 households, to defend Ye City alongside Fu Pi, just like the ancient enfeoffment of vassals, giving them new fiefs and powers. Fu Jian wept as he bid farewell to Fu Pi at Bashang. The young men from military families assigned to various regions left their parents and siblings, crying in sorrow, creating a scene of profound misery that deeply affected onlookers. Those who were perceptive viewed this as a portent of impending chaos.
Next, Fu Jian reorganized the administrative regions, establishing Pingzhou in Youzhou, appointing Shi Yue as the governor of Pingzhou and concurrently as the Protector-General of the Xianbei, stationed in Longcheng; the Grand Herald Han Yin served as the Protector-General of Chisha, relocating the Wuhuan's residence to Pingcheng in Daijun; Minister of the Palace Liang Dan was appointed General of Anyuan, governor of Youzhou, stationed in Jicheng; Mao Xing served as General Who Guards the West, governor of Hezhou, stationed in Fanghan; Wang Teng served as General Who Soars Like an Eagle, governor of Bingzhou, concurrently as the Protector-General of the Xiongnu, stationed in Jinyang; these regions were allocated to a total of three thousand households. Fu Hui was appointed as the Grand General Who Guards the East, governor of Yuzhou, stationed in Luoyang; Fu Rui was appointed as the General Who Guards the East, governor of Yongzhou, stationed in Puban.
Earlier, when someone in Gaolu was digging a well, they found a large turtle, three feet long, with the Eight Trigrams pattern carved on its back. Fu Jian ordered the court diviner to raise this turtle and feed it with grains. This turtle later died, and Fu Jian buried its bones in the ancestral temple. That night, Gao Lu, the chief officer of the temple, dreamed that the turtle spoke to him: "I was originally going to return to Jiangnan, but due to misfortune, I died at the Qin court." Another person dreamed and told Gao Lu: "This turtle lived for three thousand six hundred years before its death, and after its death, strange and ominous events are sure to follow, signaling that the country is doomed to perish!"
After Fu Jian pacified the various states, the country grew prosperous. He started to feel a bit full of himself, putting up pearl curtains in the main hall and summoning his ministers. The palace, carriages, utensils, and clothing were all decked out in pearls, fine jade, and rare treasures, which was just over the top! At this time, the Shangshu Lang Pei Yuanlue stepped up to offer some advice, saying: "I've heard that back in the days of Yao and Shun, they lived in thatched huts, and the Zhou dynasty also emphasized simplicity in palaces, and that’s why they enjoyed peace and prosperity for eight hundred years. But Qin Shi Huang was all about extravagance and greed, and look what happened? Even his grandson was not left. I hope Your Majesty can emulate the ancients, not going for fancy carved wood, not residing in magnificent palaces, promoting simplicity throughout the country, allowing this virtue to spread endlessly. We should disregard gold, jade, and treasures, focus on food and clothing, care for the hardships of the people, encourage the development of agriculture and sericulture, discard useless objects, give up those rare treasures, spread the right teachings to turn things around, and build up virtues to win over distant folks. Only then can the country be unified, customs aligned, and punishments eased, and then we can give thanks to the Eastern Yue Emperor, be on par with the Yellow Emperor, and poke fun at the Han dynasty's constant land grants. This is my greatest wish!" Fu Jian was really pleased to hear this and had the pearl curtains taken down, and even promoted Pei Yuanlue to Grand Adviser. Following that, the King of Shanshan, the King of the Former Cheshi, the Great Yuezhi Kingdom brought sweat-blood horses, the Kingdom of Sushen brought fine arrows, the Kingdom of Tianzhu sent fire-washed cloth, and envoys from Kangju, Yutian, and other Eastern Sea nations came to pay tribute too, with a total of sixty-two countries sending envoys to showcase their local goods.
In earlier times, Fu Jian's mother was a young widow. At that time, General Li Wei had an illicit relationship with her, which was recorded in historical records. Fu Jian later uncovered this matter. After reading the "Imperial Annals" and the records of the historians, Fu Jian felt both ashamed and angry when he saw this account. He then ordered the destruction of these historical records and a thorough investigation of the relevant historians, preparing to punish them severely. However, since the relevant officials, Zhao Quan and Che Jing, had already died, Fu Jian had to relent.
The Governor of Jingzhou, Du Gui, sent his Marshal Yan Zhen and the Military Advisor Wu Zhong to lead an army of twenty thousand to attack Jingling, leaving their supplies at Guancheng and advancing swiftly with minimal baggage, in hopes of catching the enemy off guard. Huan Chong sent the Prefect of Nanping, Huan Shiqian, and the Prefect of Jingling, Guo Quan, to lead twenty thousand troops to intercept them by both water and land routes. The two sides were at a standoff for over a month, and eventually fought a fierce battle at the Ao River. Ultimately, Yan Zhen and his forces suffered a heavy defeat and retreated to Guancheng. Huan Shiqian, seizing the opportunity, broke through Guancheng, killed Yan Zhen and Wu Zhong, and captured or killed seventeen thousand soldiers.
