Emperor Yuan, whose name was Rui and style name was Jingwen, was the great-grandson of Emperor Xuan and the son of Prince Gong of Langya, Sima Jin. He was born in Luoyang, in the second year of Xianning. When he was born, there was a miraculous light shining down, illuminating the entire room, and the straw he lay on appeared as fresh as if it had just been harvested. As he grew up, he had white downy hair on his left temple, a tall nose bridge, a face reminiscent of a dragon, eyes that sparkled with intelligence, and a piercing gaze when looking at people. At the age of fifteen, he inherited the title of Prince of Langya. He was exceptionally intelligent from a young age, answering any question asked of him.
During the reign of Emperor Hui, many things happened within the royal family, but Emperor Yuan always remained humble and cautious, trying to avoid getting involved in disputes. He was thoughtful and measured, not easily showing his sharpness, so people at that time did not really know him. Only the attendant Ji Shao looked at him with different eyes and said to others, "Prince of Langya exudes an extraordinary aura; he is probably not an ordinary subject." In the second year of Yuankang, he was appointed as an attendant cavalier of the palace. Later, he was promoted to Left General and participated in the campaign against Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying.
During the Battle of Dangyin, his uncle, Prince Dong'an Sima Yao, was killed by Sima Ying. Emperor Yuan was afraid of being implicated and wanted to escape. That night, the moon was exceptionally bright, the guards were vigilant, and he couldn't find a chance to escape and felt increasingly anxious. After a while, dark clouds suddenly covered the sky, lightning flashed, and thunder roared, causing the guards to let their guard down, and he seized the opportunity to slip away. Sima Ying had previously ordered all checkpoints not to let nobles leave, but when Emperor Yuan reached Heyang, he was stopped by the officials at the ferry. His follower, Song Dian, arrived shortly after and pointed at Emperor Yuan's horse with a whip, laughing and saying, "Captain! The government prohibits nobles from passing through, and yet you were stopped?" Only then did the officials allow them to pass. Upon reaching Luoyang, he welcomed the Empress Dowager back home.
When King Sima Yue of Donghai was disbanding his troops in Xiuzhou Xiapei, he appointed Yuan Di as the General of Assistance to the State. Shortly after, he was promoted to the General Who Pacifies the East and was put in charge of military affairs in Xiuzhou, stationed at Xiapei. He was soon promoted again to the General Who Pacifies the East and the Commander of the Military Affairs of Yangzhou. Sima Yue went west to welcome the emperor, leaving Yuan Di in charge. In the early years of Yongjia, following Wang Dao's plan, Yuan Di began to guard Jianye and appointed Gu Rong as the military commander, He Xun as his assistant, while Wang Dun, Wang Dao, Zhou Yi, and Diao Xie all became his close aides. He honored the virtuous and was attentive to the people's needs, winning the hearts of the people in Jiangdong.
Later, when the Empress Dowager passed away, Yuan Di requested to return home to mourn. After the funeral, he returned to Jianye to take up his post and was granted the title of Marquis of Xu City with 20,000 households, and was promoted to General Who Pacifies the East and Grand Commander of Military Affairs. Following Sima Yue's orders, he launched a campaign against General Zhou Fu of the Eastern Expedition and defeated him.
When Emperor Huai was captured in Pingyang, Minister Xun Fan and others issued a proclamation to the nation, proposing Yuan Di as the leader. The Governor of Jiangzhou, Hua Yi, refused to comply, prompting Yuan Di to send Zhou Guang, the Prefect of Yuzhang, and Wei Zhan, the former Governor of Jiangzhou, to subdue him, successfully capturing him. After Emperor Min ascended to the throne, Yuan Di was appointed as the Left Chancellor. More than a year later, he was promoted to Chancellor and Grand Commander of Military Affairs. He dispatched generals to pacify Jiangdong, executing the rebel general Sun Bi in Xuancheng and quelling the rebellion of Du Tao in Xiangzhou, while also granting amnesty to Jingzhou and Yangzhou by imperial decree.
When the Western Capital fell, Yuan Di personally led the troops into battle, donning armor himself, issuing proclamations to summon armies nationwide in preparation for an offensive. At this time, a jade tablet appeared in Lin'an, and a white jade qilin seal emerged in Jiangning, inscribed with the words "Long Life for Ten Thousand Years." Additionally, a double halo appeared around the sun, leading everyone to believe it was an omen of restoration.
In the spring of the year 317 AD, on the day of the Xin Si in the second month, General Song Zhe arrived in Jiankang. Emperor Xuan (Emperor Min) issued a decree saying: "We have encountered unfortunate times, and the court's prestige has declined. My virtues are lacking, having inherited this great enterprise, yet I am unable to seek heaven's blessing to restore our fortunes, allowing the fierce barbarians to dare to lead their armies close to the capital. I am now besieged in this lonely city, consumed with worry, fearing that the city could fall at any moment. You, Song Zhe, should go to the Prime Minister and convey my intentions clearly, and have him manage state affairs, temporarily defend the old capital, restore the mausoleum, and redeem our national honor."
In March, the emperor dressed in mourning attire and departed the palace to hold a three-day mourning ceremony. Sima Yang, the Prince of Xiyang, and other officials, including provincial and county officials, urged him to ascend to the throne, but the emperor refused. Sima Yang and others even threatened to take their own lives and repeatedly requested. The emperor, in tears, said, "I am a guilty man! Only by sacrificing myself for the nation can I wash away the shame of the world, and perhaps avoid the death penalty. I was originally the Prince of Langya, but you wise ministers have been forced to this point!" So he called his servants and prepared to return to his homeland by carriage. The ministers no longer dared to press him further and requested that he be named king in accordance with the traditions of Wei and Jin, which the emperor agreed to. On the day of Xinmao, he ascended the throne, issued a general amnesty, and changed the era name. However, those responsible for the deaths of their grandparents and parents, as well as Liu Cong, Shi Le, and others, were not included in the amnesty. The soldiers were titled as Chariot Attendants, and the officials were appointed as Attendants of the Cavalry. He recruited more than one hundred attendants, who were referred to as the "Hundred and Six Secretaries." He then appointed various officials and constructed ancestral shrines and altars in Jiankang. At this time, various regions offered auspicious items, to which the emperor responded, "I have let down the weighty expectations of the realm, and have not yet reflected on my own mistakes, so where do these auspicious signs come from?" On the day of Bingchen, he named his son Sima Shao as the Crown Prince of Jin. He appointed Sima Yang, the Prince of Xiyang, as the Grand Preceptor, appointed Wang Dun, the Marquis of Han'an, as the Grand General, appointed Wang Dao as the Commander-in-Chief of all military affairs, General of Chariots and Cavalry, and appointed Diao Xie as the Minister of the Left Shangshu. He also named his son Sima Pou as the Prince of Langya.
On the day of Bing Yin in June, Grand Minister Liu Kun and Governor of Bingzhou, Marquis Liu Kun, Governor of Youzhou, Left Virtuous King of Bohai Duan Pidi, Liu Han, Leading Protector and General of the Northern Army, Duke of Guangning Duan Chen, Duke of Liaoxi Duan Juan, Governor of Jizhou Shao Xu, Governor of Qingzhou Cao Yi, Governor of Yanzhou Liu Yan, Colonel of the Eastern Yi Cui Bi, Grand Commander of the Xianbei Murong Hui, and others, a total of 180 people jointly submitted a memorial urging the emperor to ascend the throne and proclaim himself emperor. They said: These individuals include important court officials and regional leaders, each holding high positions and being prominent figures. They gathered together to write a letter to the emperor, urging him to ascend the throne without delay! The letter specifically stated: I have heard that Heaven has created the common people and appointed a monarch to be responsible for both Heaven and Earth, governing the people justly. Wise emperors understand this principle, knowing that Heaven and Earth cannot be without sacrifices, so they humbly perform sacrifices; and knowing that the people cannot be without leadership, they must take on the role of emperor. When the country faces difficulties, the princes and ministers must stabilize the situation; if there are problems with ancestral sacrifices, the royal family and ministers must be accountable. Thus, it is said that all wise emperors throughout history have acted this way, beginning with the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors and continuing to the present day.
Think about our ancestors, Emperor Xuan, who established our family's legacy. Emperor Wu, the second emperor of our dynasty, managed the country in an orderly manner. The three generations of emperors were glorious, and the four wise monarchs inherited the ancestral legacy, spreading blessings throughout the world. The situation was even more dire than during the times of Yao and Shun, lasting longer than the Zhou Dynasty. However, from the Yuan Kang era onwards, the country faced a series of calamities. By the Yongjia era, the land was plunged into chaos, with the emperor captured and imperial heirs slain, and the country on the brink of collapse. Thanks to the grace of the emperors of the past and the protection of our ancestors, our current emperor inherited the throne, gradually restoring the country's vitality. Our Emperor is wise and perceptive, aided by ministers in governing the country, with everyone yearning for national revival and improved lives for the common people.
Unexpectedly, calamities relentlessly struck, with the rebel Liu Yao capturing the capital Chang'an, ruthlessly treating the people like wild beasts. I was sent on a mission and upon my return, I learned that last November, His Majesty was captured and imprisoned in the enemy's camp, and the nation's sacred artifact also falling into enemy hands—a profound humiliation! In reviewing historical records, I have never encountered such a dire situation before, neither in the past nor present! Whether commoners or nobles, everyone is heartbroken and in tears.
Our family has received imperial favor for three generations, holding high positions of power. Upon hearing this news, we were shocked and terrified, with our spirits scattered, both terrified and distraught, at a loss. We cried bitterly, with tears flowing from top to bottom.
It is said that the rise and fall of dynasties, the cycle of prosperity and decline, is both destiny and a historical inevitability.
You may have heard that in history, the rise and fall of nations is a natural occurrence, as destiny dictates and historical patterns reveal. Some countries perish due to poor governance, while facing hardships can guide a country toward a brighter future.
Therefore, Qi nearly faced destruction due to incompetence, but later Xiaobai eventually rose to become the foremost of the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period; Jin almost fell apart due to the Lady Ji incident, but later Chong'er was able to form an alliance with the feudal lords.
When the state is in peril, heroes will come to its rescue; when the people are on the brink of extinction, successors will emerge to continue the lineage. When a country is in dire straits, heroes will always emerge to save the day; when the common people are in distress, there will always be someone to restore order.
Your Majesty, Liu Bei possesses a divine connection; his noble demeanor is in harmony with the universe, and he is born at the right time to carry on the legacy of a thousand years. Your Majesty, your noble character is like that of a divine being, your presence is as harmonious as the cosmos, you are the chosen one to establish a prosperous era for generations to come!
The signs of auspiciousness are evident, heaven and man are in agreement; the signs of revival are clear, prophecies are being fulfilled. Various auspicious signs are appearing, indicating that heaven is signaling the revival of the nation; this is the divine will.
Since the capital fell, the nine provinces collapsed, chaos reigns across the land, and people have no place to turn; this situation is more dire than the Xia Dynasty's downfall at the hands of Yi, and the attack on the Zongji by the Quanrong.
Since the fall of the capital, chaos has ensued throughout the country, the common people are in a state of panic, not knowing what to do; this is even more tragic than the Xia Dynasty being attacked by Yi and Zong Ji being attacked by the Qiangrong! Your Majesty has pacified the lands to the east of the Yangtze River, regained the old Wu, subdued with virtue, punished rebellion with justice, and your authority commands respect throughout the realm. You have pacified the lands to the east of the Yangtze River, regained the old Wu, inspired the people with benevolence and virtue, punished rebels severely; your reputation has intimidated all directions, and the whole world listens to you! When the purification is spread, the people will be at peace; when the righteous wind prevails, people from afar will come to seek your protection. Your teachings have spread throughout the country, everyone is living in peace and contentment; your benevolence and righteousness have spread far and wide, people from afar have come to seek your protection! The court officials are fulfilling their duties, maintaining order and peace throughout the capital and beyond. In the past, the achievements of King Shaokang in the Xia Dynasty became legendary; the revival of King Xuan in the Zhou Dynasty was celebrated in its poetry. Your outstanding achievements have moved the heavens and the earth, your grace radiates across the land, the people are deeply grateful and eager to serve you.
Moreover, your remarkable achievements are deeply admired, your grace extends throughout the world, and the common people are profoundly grateful and eager to serve you! As the only heir of the Xuan Emperor, all the people of the world submit to you; there is no other! Heaven blesses Great Jin, and there will surely be a ruler; who else but Your Majesty can take on this role? Therefore, there are no objections nearby and no dissent from afar; everyone praises your virtues, and litigants all admire your virtue. The relationship between heaven and earth is harmonious, and the relationship between the Han and the non-Han peoples is cordial. Various auspicious signs, such as unicorns and intertwined branches, are beyond counting! Both nobles and commoners unanimously support you, numbering in the tens of thousands. Therefore, we dare to examine the hearts of heaven and earth, follow the will of the Xia, and humbly accept your esteemed title.
So we take the risk of our lives, following the will of heaven, to grant you this esteemed title!
May Your Majesty exemplify the fairness of Yao, Shun, and Yu, and the integrity of Chao Fu; put the state first, above personal interests, without getting caught up in trivialities; prioritize the well-being of the people, not concerned with personal gains or losses; bring comfort to the ancestral temples and lighten the burdens of the people.
We hope you embody the justice of Yao, Shun, and Yu, and the integrity of Chao Fu; put the state above minor matters, prioritize the people over personal interests, console the ancestral temples, and alleviate the burdens of the people.
Thus, prosperity can flourish even in barren lands.
I heard that important positions cannot be left vacant for a long time, and national affairs cannot be delayed for a long time. If a position is left vacant for just a day, it becomes precarious; if national affairs are delayed for a few days, chaos will ensue. At a time when the dynasty is in decline and the nation is in a downturn, bandits are lurking, seeking out vulnerabilities in the country, and the people are anxious and have no one to turn to. How can we ignore this? Even if Your Majesty wishes to postpone action, how can you justify this to your ancestors and the common people? Historically, Duke Hui’s capture of Qin subjects sent shockwaves through Jin; Lu Xi proposed to make Zi Yu the ruler, to strike the enemy's arrogance externally and stabilize the internal situation. Thus, it is said: "Even if a king passes away, a new one will rise to take his place; the ministers will unite, and those who love our country will support us more, while those who dislike our country will fear us." The experiences and lessons of the past are the precious wealth of future generations. Your Majesty is wise and perceptive, with profound strategies that stem from your heart. I find myself deeply concerned for the nation and its people, yearning for a swift return to stability and peace, which is why I am sharing my sincere thoughts with you and reporting to the responsible person. We, who have been stationed far from the court for an extended period, cannot serve you at court or partake in grand ceremonies together, and we are filled with excitement, longing for the court day and night. His Majesty was greatly pleased and commanded a response to my memorial. The details are documented in the "Kun Chuan."
Shi Le, accompanied by Shi Jilong, surrounded Qiaocheng, but was defeated and driven away by General Zuti of Pingxi. On that day, the emperor issued a nationwide announcement, saying: "The rebel Shi Le, who has been running rampant in the northern region, has committed a multitude of crimes and has been at large. He has sent his henchman Shi Jilong with a motley crew to cross the Yellow River and commit evil deeds everywhere. General Zuti led his troops to attack and scattered them. Now, I am sending General Cheqi, Prince of Langya Wang Pou, and nine armies totaling thirty thousand elite soldiers, through four land and water routes, to strike directly at the bandits' lair, following Zuti's command. Anyone who can bring me Shi Jilong's head will be rewarded with three thousand pieces of silk, fifty pounds of gold, the title of marquis of a county, and a fief of two thousand households. If Shi Jilong's accomplices bring his head, the reward will be the same."
In July, the Cavalier Attendant Zhu Song and the Gentleman of the Imperial Library Gu Qiu died, and the emperor was very sad, wanting to hold a mourning ceremony for them. Someone suggested that according to tradition, the Gentleman of the Imperial Library should not be included in the list of mourners. The emperor said, "Now that the world is in such chaos, I am especially sad." Therefore, the mourning ceremony was still held, and the emperor cried bitterly. On that day, Prince Liang Kui also passed away. Taifu Xun Zu was appointed as the Minister of Works, and the ban on accessing mountains and marshes was lifted. In August, the emperor appointed the son of Prince Liang, Qiao, as the new Prince of Liang. Di Wu, the Inspector of Jingzhou, was persuaded by the rebel leader Du Zeng, and together they launched a rebellion.
In September, Wang Dun sent Zhao You, the Governor of Wuchang, Zhu Gui, the Governor of Xiangyang, and General Huang Jun to attack the Fifth Yi tribe, but they were defeated by Du Zeng, and Zhao You and his men died in battle. Shi Le killed Hua Xu, the Governor of Jingzhao Province. Zhou Fang, the Inspector of Liangzhou, went to attack Du Zeng and achieved a complete victory. In October, Wang Pou, the Prince of Langye, passed away. In November, the Emperor conferred the title of King of Xincai upon Prince Bi of Runan. On that day, he appointed Liu Kun as the Grand Commandant. The court also established historiographers and founded the Imperial Academy. That year, there was a severe drought in Yangzhou.
In the first month of Taixing's first year, the new emperor took office, feeling deeply troubled. In March, news of the death of Emperor Min spread, and the new emperor wore mourning clothes. In the same month, the officials petitioned to grant him an honorary title, which he accepted. He said his virtues were insufficient, the country was in danger, and he had not yet made any contributions, constantly worrying, to the point where he could hardly eat or sleep. Now the ancestral temple lay in ruins, the people had no one to rely on, and all officials were working hard to govern the country. He felt he could not refuse, and thus he accepted the throne.
He issued a decree saying that Emperor Xuan laid the foundation, Emperor Jing and Emperor Wen continued the legacy, and Emperor Guang honored the ancestors. Emperor Shizu followed the mandate of heaven, with great achievements and blessings to the world. However, disasters struck one after another, the former emperor passed away, and the state was without a ruler. Therefore, all officials, even minority ethnic groups from distant lands, supported him in ascending the throne. Feeling the heavy responsibility, he dared not defy the mandate of heaven, so he went to Mount Nanyue to perform a sacrifice to heaven, accepted the imperial position of Emperor Wen, and made sacrifices to heaven and earth. But he knew his virtues were insufficient, and after ascending to the throne, it was like sailing in the sea without knowing how to reach the other shore. So he hoped that civil and military officials would assist him in governing the realm and ushering in a shared era of peace and prosperity. He then granted a general amnesty, changed the era name, and promoted officials in civil and military ranks. He then appointed Prince Shao as the Crown Prince.
He also issued a decree stating that past rulers influenced the people through tangible actions rather than empty rhetoric, and responded to the mandate of heaven with real results instead of flowery language, which allowed the country to be peaceful and the people to willingly abide by the law. Secondly, officials should be observed in their words and actions, and assessed based on their actual achievements. Officials who demonstrated outstanding political achievements, handled cases fairly, received no complaints from the populace, and showed continuous improvement, as well as those who may have been weak in character yet were principled, lived simply, and maintained a good reputation, should all be recorded. He hoped that current officials would take this as a lesson, unite in their efforts, thoughtfully consider how to alleviate the people's burdens, serve their interests, and meet his expectations. Additionally, he decreed that officials were prohibited from giving gifts at their discretion. In April, a solar eclipse took place. He promoted Wang Dun to Grand General and Governor of Jiangzhou, and Wang Dao to General of Chariots and Cavalry and appointed him as the Chief of the Masters of Writing. He then ordered a ban on soul burials. In May, an earthquake occurred in Xiping, and Liu Kun was killed by Duan Pidi. In June, a drought occurred, and the Emperor personally prayed for rain, and changed the Interior Minister of Danyang to the Intendant of Danyang. He also appointed Diao Xie as Prefect of the Masters of Writing, Xun Song as Prefect of the Left in the Masters of Writing, Li Ju as Inspector of Sizhou, and conferred the title of Prince of Wuling upon his son Xi. He also established a system for criticism and counsel.
In July, the emperor issued a decree stating that the royal family was beset by numerous disasters and difficulties, where corruption ran rampant and discipline was lax, and the country was facing a huge crisis. He acknowledged his own shortcomings in virtue, but had to inherit the throne, worrying day and night, yearning to change the current situation. He demanded that local officials strictly abide by the laws, rectify governance, suppress the powerful, show compassion for the widows and orphans, accurately register households, and encourage agricultural production. Provincial governors and prefects were to supervise each other and not act in their own interests. Those officials who were honest but not given due recognition, as well as those who embezzled and abused power to escape punishment, would be held accountable if their superiors failed to report them. After Liu Cong's death, his son Liu Can succeeded him. In August, locust plagues struck Jizhou, Xuzhou, and Qingzhou. Jin Zhun killed Liu Can and proclaimed himself King of Han. In October, Tao Kan was promoted to General Who Pacifies the South. Liu Yao declared himself emperor at Chibi. In November, a strange celestial phenomenon occurred, with the sun and moon shining together, three zhang high, with a red and blue light in the middle. King Bi of Xincai passed away, and Wang Dun was appointed as the Governor of Jingzhou. The emperor issued another decree, acknowledging his lack of virtue, inability to balance yin and yang, and failure to benefit the people after inheriting the throne, resulting in frequent disasters and anomalies, all his responsibility. He hoped all officials would submit their opinions openly, promising to personally read them. He also established a new agency to handle cases. Sun Hao's son Sun Fan, who conspired to rebel, was killed. In December, Liu Cong's former generals Wang Teng, Ma Zhong, and others killed Jin Zhun, and presented the imperial seal to Liu Yao. A significant earthquake struck Wuchang. The emperor appointed Huan as the King of Langya, but he soon passed away. The emperor issued a decree recalling how Han Gaozu had once honored the virtuous officials of Liang, and Duke Huan of Qi had honored the tomb of Liuxia Hui, hoping that the meritorious officials of Wu would be recognized. Famine broke out in the three counties of Jiangdong, and the court dispatched relief efforts. Zhou Fu murdered Zhou Mo, sparking a rebellion.
I can't recall the exact year, but it was in early January when the tomb of Chongyang collapsed. The emperor dressed in mourning attire and grieved for three days, then sent Liang Kan and Ma Gui to fix the tomb. They went to Pingyang to retrieve the imperial coffin but were unsuccessful and returned.
In February, Governor Xu Gan executed Zhou Fu and sent his severed head to the capital. In April, General Chen Chuan staged a rebellion in Juyi and subsequently surrendered to Shi Le. Xu Gan also rebelled, claiming to be the Inspector of Yanzhou, and went on a looting spree. The Inspector of Qinzhou, Chen An, also defected and threw in his lot with Liu Yao. In early May, the Sun Tomb also collapsed, and the emperor grieved for another three days. That year, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, and Jiangxi were hit by a locust plague, and Wujun faced a severe famine. Zu Ti fought against Shi Jilong, who was under Shi Le, in Juyi, and we were defeated. The emperor proclaimed, "The world is in turmoil, and disasters abound; the people are impoverished, the treasury is depleted, and hundreds are starving to death in Wujun. Heaven nurtures the people, and as emperors, we must choose wise advisors and come up with solutions! In the past, Wu Qi assisted King Dao of Chu, enforced the rule of law, eliminated unnecessary official positions, cut ties with useless relatives, and used all the money on the soldiers, leading to a prosperous nation and a powerful army. The current situation is even worse, and the people are suffering in poverty! We should eliminate non-urgent matters and trim unnecessary military spending!"
Zhou Fang, the Governor of Liangzhou, engaged in battle with Du Zeng, killed Du Zeng, and captured Di Wu Yi. In early June, Zhou Fang was promoted. The court disbanded the officials from the Imperial Household and various counties, retaining only five scholars. He Xun was also promoted. In early July, He Xun died. In August, Su Shen sent arrows and stone projectiles. Xu Kan attacked Dongguan, and the court sent Yang Jian to suppress him. In October, Zu Ti sent Chen Chao to launch a surprise attack on Tao Bao, who was under Shi Le's command, but Chen Chao was defeated and killed. In November, Shi Le declared himself king, taking the title Zhao. In December, a general amnesty was issued, permitting all officials to submit memorials and reducing many corvée labor. Mu Rong Hui defeated Liaodong, and Cui Bi fled to Gaojueli. That year, King Bao of Nanyang declared himself emperor at Mount Qi, assuming the title of King Jin. The Three Wus also experienced a severe famine.
On January 1, 314 AD, Jin King Sima Bao was compelled by Liu Yao to relocate to Sangcheng. On a day in February, Shi Le's subordinate Shi Jilong led troops to attack Yan Ci. General Pingbei and Governor of Ji, Zhao Xu, went to confront him, but Zhao Xu was defeated and died on the battlefield. In March, Mu Rong Hui sent three jade seals. In the intercalary month, the court appointed Zhou Yi as the Minister of Documents. In April, it was truly an unfortunate time; a comet appeared, indicating that something bad was about to happen. In early May, Crown Prince Sima Quan of Xiaohuai Di was assassinated in Pingyang, and the Emperor mourned for three days. In the same month, an earthquake occurred. In that same month, Jin King Sima Bao was also killed by his subordinate Zhang Chun. Liu Yao sent Chen An to attack Zhang Chun, leading to Zhang Chun's downfall, and Chen An later rebelled against Liu Yao. Shi Le's subordinate Xu Kan came with his men to surrender to the Jin Dynasty. In June, there was a great flood. On a certain day, Zhang Shi, the General Who Guards the West, Protector of the Qiang, Governor of Liangzhou, and Marquis of Xiping, was killed. His brother Zhang Maosi succeeded him as the General Who Pacifies the West and Governor of Liangzhou.
In July, the court issued a decree stating: "The late Emperor Wu and the late Emperor Gong ruled as sovereigns in Langye for over forty years, showing kindness to the people and winning their deep affection. I have inherited the legacy of the late emperors and established my rule in Jiangdong. The common people of Langye, nearly a thousand households of whom now live in Jiankang, I have decided to designate their residence as Huai De County, which will fall under the jurisdiction of Danyang Commandery. Historically, Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang, granted Pei County as Tangmu Yi, and Emperor Guangwu, Liu Xiu, also restored the privileges of Nandun County. We are now following the example set by the Han Dynasty." Zu Ti's general, Wei Ce, defeated Shi Le's army at the Bian River. The Jin court appointed Zu Ti as General of the West. On an unspecified day in August, the Jin court honored Lady Yu as Empress. In the same month, the Jin court moved the ancestral tablet to the Grand Temple. A few days later, Zhou Fang, the Inspector of Liangzhou and General of Annan, passed away. The Crown Prince conducted a sacrificial ceremony at the Imperial Academy. The court appointed Gan Zhuo as General of Annan and Inspector of Liangzhou. In September, Xu Gan rebelled once more and defected to Shi Le. In October, Cai Bao, the Inspector of Xuzhou, was executed for his cowardice and incompetence. Wang Dun killed Xiang Shuo, the Interior Minister of Wuling. In February of the year, Xu Gan arrived to surrender with his followers. Meanwhile, the Xianbei sent the emperor's seal. On Geng Xu day, the emperor reported this in the Grand Temple before officially accepting the seal. On Gui Hai day, the sun and the Big Dipper appeared together. In March, the court appointed scholars for the Book of Changes, the Rites of Zhou, and the Spring and Autumn Annals. On Gui You day, General Cao Yi was promoted to General of the East.
On April 20th, Xinhai, the emperor personally inspected the prison. Shi Le attacked Yanci and breached the city. General Duan Pidi, who was both the Governor and the governor of Youzhou, was killed by Shi Le. A drought occurred in May. On Gengshen day, the emperor issued a decree saying: "In the past, the two founding emperors of the Han Dynasty and the Martial Emperor Cao Cao of Wei had pardoned innocent people. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, after the defeat in Liangzhou, those who were slaves and servants were also granted their freedom. This is a tradition that has been passed down through the ages. Now, pardon the innocent people in the Central Plains area who have become slaves in various counties of Yangzhou due to disasters, so that they can participate in normal mandatory labor." In July, a major flood occurred. On Jiaxu day, the Minister of State, Dai Ruosi, was appointed as the General of the West, concurrently serving as the military commander and governor of the provinces of Si, Yan, Yu, Bing, Ji, and Yong, stationed in Hefei; Liu Wei, the Intendant of Danyang, was appointed as the General of the North, concurrently serving as the military commander and governor of the provinces of Qing, Xu, You, and Ping, stationed in Huaiyin. On Rengwu day, the General of Cavalry, Wang Dao, was promoted to Minister of Works. In August, Changshan Mountain experienced a landslide. On Rengyin day in September, General of the West and Governor of Yuzhou, Zu Ti, died. On Renwu day in October, Zu Ti's brother and Palace Attendant, Zu Yue, was appointed as General of the West and Governor of Yuzhou. In December, Murong Hui was appointed as Imperial Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief of You and Ping provinces, as well as the Eastern Yi region, Governor of Pingzhou, and titled Duke of Liaodong.
On the second day of the first month of the first year of Yongchang, the court issued a general amnesty across the realm and changed the era name. On the fifth day, General Wang Dun raised troops in Wuchang, claiming he wanted to kill Liu Wei, and General Shen Chong also rallied his troops to support him. In the third month, the court summoned Dai Ruosi and Liu Wei to return to the capital. They then appointed Wang Dao as the Grand Commander of the Vanguard, Dai Ruosi as the General of the Cavalry, and reinforced the military presence in the counties of the Danyang region. Zhou Yi was promoted to Left Minister of Personnel, and Wang Sui was promoted to Right Minister of Personnel. Zhou Ying was dispatched with three thousand troops to confront Shen Chong. On the tenth day, Prince Yu was granted the title of Prince of Langye. Liu Wei's forces were stationed in Jincheng, Zhou Zha was guarding Shitou City, and the emperor donned armor and personally inspected the troops outside the city. Tao Kan was assigned to defend Jiangzhou, while Gan Zhuo was tasked with guarding Jingzhou, each leading their troops to pursue Wang Dun.
In April, Wang Dun's vanguard attacked Stone City, and Zhou Zha unexpectedly surrendered by opening the city gates. General Hou Li was killed in battle. Wang Dun occupied Stone City. Dai Ruosi and Liu Wei led troops to attack him. Wang Dao, Zhou Yi, Guo Yi, Yu Tan, and others attacked from three directions, resulting in the defeat of all six armies. The Minister of Works, Diao Xie, fled to Jiangcheng and was captured and killed by Wang Dun's forces. General Liu Wei fled to Shile's territory. The emperor sent a messenger to Wang Dun, saying: "If you still value your ties to the court, stop the fighting now and peace can be restored. If you remain stubborn, I will retreat to Langye to avoid the conflict." On April 27th, the court issued a general amnesty. Wang Dun was appointed Prime Minister, Commander-in-Chief of all military forces, and Recorder of Imperial Documents, and was granted the title of Duke of Wuchang with a fief of ten thousand households. On May 3rd, General Dai Ruosi of Chariots and Cavalry and Minister of the Left Zhou Yi were both killed by Wang Dun. Wang Dun's subordinate Shen Chong occupied Wuguo, Wei Yi occupied Xiangzhou, and Zhang Mao, the Internal Historian of Wuguo, and Qiao Wangcheng, the Governor of Xiangzhou, were both killed. On May 17th, Wang Dun appointed Prince Yang of Xiyang as Grand Preceptor and promoted Wang Dao to Minister of Works. On May 20th, General Ganzhuo of the South was killed by the Prefect of Xiangyang, Zhou Lu. Zhang Long incited a rebellion in Ba Dong, located in Shu territory, but Liu Chun, the Prefect of Jianping, managed to drive him away. Shi Le dispatched cavalry to raid Henan. In June, the country experienced a severe drought.
In July, Wang Dun appointed Chi Jian, the Inspector of Yanzhou, as the General of the North. Shi Le's subordinate, Shi Jilong, captured Mount Tai and took the defender Xu Gang prisoner. Chi Jian, the Inspector of Yanzhou, retreated from Zoushan to Hefei. In August, Wang Dun appointed his brother Wang Han as the General of Guards, while he himself served as the Commander of Ningzhou and Yizhou. The Administrator of Langye, Sun Mo, defected and surrendered to Shi Le. In October, a devastating plague broke out, resulting in countless deaths. On October 26th, Wang Yi died. On October 28th, Wang Sui was appointed General Who Conquers the North, stationed in Huaiyin. Liang Shuo, the Administrator of Xinchang, rebelled. A thick fog enveloped the capital, blocking out the sun and moon. Shi Le captured Xiangcheng and Chengfu, then besieged Qiaoxian, defeated Zuyue's army, and Zuyue retreated to Shouchun. In November, Xun Zu was appointed Grand Commandant. On November 27th, Grand Commandant Xun Zu died. The court abolished the position of Minister of State, leaving only the Prime Minister. On the 26th of the intercalary month, the Emperor died in the inner hall at the age of forty-seven, receiving the temple name Zhongzong and was buried in Jianping Mausoleum.
The Emperor was simple by nature, tolerant, willing to listen to frank opinions, and humble towards others. At the beginning of his command in Jiangdong, he was somewhat indulgent in drinking, which hindered state affairs. Wang Dao gave him sound advice, and the Emperor poured out the wine, set the cup down on the table, and resolved to quit drinking from that moment on. Once, officials suggested hanging red drapes in the spacious halls of the Taiji Palace, but the Emperor said, "Emperor Wen of Han used black cloth as curtains." So he ordered blue cloth for winter and blue silk for summer. When officials suggested buying beautiful hairpins for the enfeoffment of noblewomen, the Emperor thought it was too extravagant and refused. His beloved Lady Zheng also wore very simple clothes. His brother Wang Yi built a house for their mother that was larger than permitted, and the Emperor tearfully urged him to stop.
However, the Jin Dynasty was in constant turmoil, with the royal family constantly on the run. Although the mandate of heaven remained unchanged, human efforts had an impact. Despite numerous military campaigns, they never left the Jiangzhou area, only conducting strategic deployments within a small range, just managing to hold onto the Wuchu region. In the end, he experienced both low points and moments of respect, and overwhelmed by worry and resentment, abdicated and apologized. Although he possessed the virtues of humility and frugality, he lacked the heroic spirit.
In the early Qin Dynasty, those who observed celestial phenomena said, "In five hundred years, Jinling will have the presence of an emperor." So Qin Shihuang journeyed east to dispel this notion, renaming Jinling to Moling, and even digging ditches in Beishan to weaken this destiny. Later, Sun Quan declared himself emperor, believing that this prophecy was coming true. Sun Sheng believed that from Qin Shihuang to the Sun family, it had been a total of four hundred and thirty-seven years; according to the calendar calculations, it was still a few years short. When Emperor Yuan crossed the river, it was already the year 526 AD, and the true fulfillment of destiny happened then.
During the Xianning period, a strong wind broke the trees of Taishi, and a green mist appeared in the ancestral temple, with diviners saying that this was an omen of the appearance of the son of heaven in Dongguan. So Wang Qian, who was sealed in Dongguan, was moved to Langya, becoming the Emperor Wu. After the fall of the Wu Kingdom, Wang Jun was the first to arrive in Jianye, where Emperor Hui surrendered to him and sent the imperial seal to Langya, fulfilling the signs of revival through both divine intervention and human effort.
During the Taian period, a nursery rhyme said, "Five horses cross the Yangtze River, one horse turns into a dragon." By the Yongjia period, the stars of the year, the town, the Venus, and the Tai Bai stars converged between the Dipper and the Ox constellations, with scholars believing a king was destined to rise in the Wuyue region. In that year, the royal family was overthrown, and the emperor and the kings of Xiyang, Runan, Nandong, and Pengcheng fled to Jizhou, with the emperor eventually taking the throne.
Initially, the Xuan Stone map depicted "a cow following a horse," which made Emperor Xuan quite wary of the Niu clan. He specially crafted two wine cups that shared a single handle for serving wine. The emperor drank the good wine first, then used poisoned wine to kill his general Niu Jin. Moreover, Princess Gong, Xiahou Shi, had an affair with the minor official Niu Shi, thus fulfilling the prophecy.
Historical records indicate that the Jin Dynasty never anticipated its decline from a central position, as the Five Barbarians seized power, leading to the destruction of the seven ancestral temples and widespread chaos. The common people still reminisce about the good emperors of the Jin Dynasty. Emperor Guangwu relied on a few counties to become emperor, and Emperor Yuan of Han relied on the power of one province to ascend the throne. Isn't this a reflection of the lingering influence of Emperor Guangwu and Emperor Wenjing in Langya, Nandun, and beyond? This exemplifies the idea of aligning with heavenly timing and performing virtuous deeds.
In the memorial, the emperor conferred titles, the procession darkened the skies, auspicious signs were appearing all around, creating a festive atmosphere in the city of Jinling. Tao Shixing controlled the forces of three provinces, bringing stability to the region west of Yingzhou; Wang Maohong formulated strategies to pacify Guanzhong, allowing the establishment of political power in the Jiangdong region. However, some individuals hadn’t yet had the opportunity to demonstrate their merits, yet their resolve was already wavering. They glanced back at the rising sun and gazed at the imperial palace, wanting to be loyal to the court, but the emperor consistently declined, ultimately having no choice but to accept the throne.
The emperor handled state affairs in a simple tent, simplifying the penal code and inheriting and promoting the excellent systems of the previous dynasty, opening up the path to revitalization. In ancient times, private citizens were forbidden from owning weapons, and ministers were not allowed to hold absolute power, a longstanding practice among emperors throughout history to keep their ministers in check. However, Emperor Zhongzong was unable to control those powerful ministers and surrendered power, leading to the downfall of the country, with both capital regions occupied by barbarian tribes amidst ongoing warfare. Although the splendor of the emperor's inspections is now a thing of the past, the mournful songs spread far and wide; the Jin Dynasty's reign was brief, which is truly lamentable!
Emperor Ming, whose name was Sima Shao, styled Daokai, was the eldest son of Emperor Yuan, Sima Rui. He was exceptionally intelligent at a young age and greatly favored by Emperor Yuan. When he was a few years old, he sat on Emperor Yuan's lap, and when an envoy from Chang'an arrived, Emperor Yuan asked him, "Which is closer, the sun or Chang'an?" Sima Shao replied, "Chang'an is closer. Because I have not heard of anyone coming from the sun, so I know that Chang'an is closer." Emperor Yuan was very surprised. The next day, Emperor Yuan hosted a banquet for the ministers and asked him the same question. Sima Shao replied, "The sun is closer." Emperor Yuan's demeanor shifted, and he said, "How can you say contradictory things?" Sima Shao said, "You can see the sun by looking up, but you cannot see Chang'an." Emperor Yuan found him even more extraordinary because of this.
At the beginning of the Jianxing period, he was appointed as the General of the Eastern Zhonglang, stationed in Guangling. After Emperor Yuan became the King of Jin, he was made the Crown Prince of Jin. When Emperor Yuan became the emperor, he was then made the Crown Prince. He was exceptionally filial and skilled in both civil and military affairs, held virtuous individuals in high regard, enjoyed making friends, and had a love for literature. Notable ministers of the time, including Wang Dao, Yu Liang, Wen Jiao, Huan Yi, and Ruan Fang, all gained his favor and were highly esteemed. Once, he engaged the ministers in a debate over the authenticity of sages, and others found it hard to counter his arguments. He also practiced martial arts and was skilled in leading troops. At that time, the Eastern Jin court was brimming with talent, and everyone greatly admired him.
Later, Wang Dun rebelled, the army suffered a defeat, and the emperor wanted to personally lead the soldiers into a life-or-death battle. He had already boarded the carriage and was ready to depart. However, the Chief of the Imperial Secretariat, Wen Qiao, pleaded with him not to go, even drawing his sword and severing the carriage shaft to stop him. Wang Dun had always been wary of the Crown Prince's bravery and intelligence, aware of the high regard everyone had for him. He wanted to discredit him as unfilial in an attempt to remove him from power. So, Wang Dun gathered all the officials and demanded of Wen Qiao, "What merits does the Crown Prince have that are worthy of praise?" He posed as if he was determined to make Wen Qiao say something. Wen Qiao replied, "The Crown Prince has a far-reaching vision and profound knowledge that only the shallow would fail to appreciate. From the perspective of filial piety, he is truly deserving of the title of a filial son." Everyone agreed with Wen Qiao, and Wang Dun's plot was thus abandoned.
On the Ji Chou day of the leap month in the first year of Yongchang, Emperor Yuan passed on. On the day of Geng Yin, the Crown Prince succeeded to the throne as the emperor, issued a general amnesty, and honored his mother, Lady Xun, with the title of Lady of Jian'an County.
In the first few days of January 323 AD, a yellow mist enveloped the sky, shrouding the entire capital before it suddenly caught fire! Li Xiong dispatched his generals Li Xiang and Ren Hui to attack Taideng, and our general, Sima Jiu, was killed in action. The governors of Yuegui, Li Zhao, and Hanjia, Wang Zai, also defected and surrendered to Li Xiang.
In February, we buried Emperor Yuan in Jianping Tomb. His Majesty even ran barefoot to the tomb, which was heartbreaking to think about. Then, the court appointed Hua Heng as the General of the Cavalry, putting him in charge of military affairs in the Shitou area. On that day, thick yellow fog was pervasive, followed by frost, which repeated a few days later, causing the crops to freeze. On the first day of March, the era was changed. The Emperor announced the era change in the imperial palace and canceled the celebration banquet, feeling in a very bad mood. This month, there was frost again, and the grass froze completely! The three counties of Rao'an, Dongguang, and Anling suffered disasters, with over 7,000 households destroyed and over 15,000 people dead. It was a real tragedy! Shi Le captured Xiapi, and the Governor of Xuzhou, Bian Dun, had to retreat to Xuyi. Wang Dun presented an imperial jade seal to the Emperor. Wang Dun, who had always wanted to rebel, hinted to the court to summon him, and the Emperor actually issued an edict to summon him back to the capital.
In April, Wang Dun stationed his troops by the lake. The court transferred Wang Dao from Minister of Works to Minister of Personnel, and Wang Dun himself became the Governor of Yangzhou. The Military Supervisor of Badong, Liu Chun, was killed by Wang Dun. The court appointed Chen Zhen as the Commander of Military Affairs in Youping Two Provinces and the Governor of Youzhou. In May, the capital was hit by a major flood! Li Xiang and his troops attacked Ningzhou again, but the Governor of Ningzhou, Wang Xun, sent General Yao Yue to fight them at Tanglang, which led to a decisive victory. Liang Shuo captured Jiaozhou, and the Governor of Jiaozhou, Wang Liang, died in battle. In June, one day, the Emperor appointed Yu Shi as the Empress. General of Pacification of the South, Tao Kan, sent his adjutant Gao Bao to attack Liang Shuo, killing him and sending his head to the capital. Tao Kan was promoted to Grand General of the Southern Expedition, with the rank equivalent to the Three Excellencies, rising to a high official position!
On the first day of July, the pillars of the Taiji Hall trembled! That month, Liu Yao attacked Chen An and wiped him out. In August, the court appointed Xi Jian as the Minister of Official Personnel. Shi Le's general Shi Jilong broke through Qingzhou, and the Governor of Qingzhou, Cao Ai, was killed. In November, Wang Dun appointed his brother Wang Han as the Grand General of the East, in charge of military affairs west of Yangzhou. Due to the famine in the country, the court ordered officials below the level of governor to hand over grain, but the quantities varied.
On the first day of January in the year 322 AD, the emperor held court, canceled banquets, and was feeling quite down. After a few days, the emperor granted a general amnesty to all those who had committed crimes punishable by less than five years. A sorcerer named Li Tuo, who wrote misleading texts, was beheaded in Jiankang. Shi Le's subordinate Shi Jilong led troops to attack Yan Province, and the Governor of Yan Province, Liu Xia, withdrew his troops from Pengcheng to Sikou. In March, Liu Yao's subordinate Kang Ping attacked Weixing and Nanyang. In May, Wang Dun falsely claimed to issue an imperial decree, appointing his son Wang Ying as the General of the Imperial Guards and his brother Wang Han as the Grand General of Cavalry. The emperor's favored eunuchs, Cheng Xiong and Ran Zeng, were both murdered by Wang Dun.
In June, Wang Dun prepared to rebel, but the emperor secretly learned of it and fled on a fast horse to the lake, where he secretly observed Wang Dun's camp before making his escape. Some soldiers believed the emperor was extraordinary. Wang Dun slept in broad daylight and dreamed that the sun was circling his city, which startled him awake, prompting him to exclaim, "Surely the blonde Xianbei have come!" The emperor, resembling his mother from the northern Yan kingdom with her blonde hair, is why Wang Dun said that. So, Wang Dun sent five men on horseback to chase the emperor. The emperor ran desperately, his horse defecating, which he washed away with water. He saw an inn where an old woman was selling food, so he gave her his precious whip, saying, "When someone comes looking for me, show them this." Soon, the pursuers arrived and asked the old woman, who replied, "He ran far away long ago!" and showed them the whip. The five men, distracted by the whip, wasted precious time, and seeing that the horse dung had cooled, they thought the emperor had run far enough and gave up the chase. The emperor narrowly escaped death that day.
Afterwards, the emperor promoted the official position of Wang Dao, the Minister of Works, granting him substantial authority, and appointed a group of generals to guard key areas, strengthening the defense of the capital. The emperor temporarily resided in the central hall. On the first day of the seventh month, Wang Dun sent his brother Wang Han, along with Qian Feng, Zhou Fu, Deng Yue, and others, leading fifty thousand troops from both land and water to the south bank. Wen Qiao relocated his troops to the north bank of the river, set fire to the bridge beams of the Vermilion Bird Bridge, and stopped Wang Dun's army from advancing. The emperor personally commanded the army at the South Imperial Hall. In the evening, the emperor recruited warriors and sent Duan Xiu, Cao Hun, Chen Song, Zhong Yin, and other generals to lead a thousand soldiers to cross the river and ambush Wang Dun's army. At dawn, the two sides clashed in a fierce battle at Yuecheng, defeating Wang Dun's army and killing the vanguard leader He Kang. Wang Dun died of rage. Former Zongzheng Yu Tan mobilized forces in Kuaiji in support of the court. Shen Chong led more than ten thousand troops to support Wang Han and others.
Afterwards, the imperial forces engaged fiercely with Wang Dun's remnants. After a hard battle, they finally achieved victory and quelled the rebellion. The emperor returned to the imperial palace, granting amnesty to all except Wang Dun's followers. The emperor then sent troops to capture Wang Dun's followers, all of whom were subdued. The emperor rewarded the generals who contributed to quelling the rebellion. In October of the winter, the emperor reorganized the positions of several officials. Most of Wang Dun's followers were dealt with decisively. At this time, Shi Sheng, a subordinate of Shi Le, stationed troops in Luoyang, while the Inspector of Yuzhou, Zu Yue, retreated to Shouyang. In December, the emperor paid homage at Jianping Tomb. The Commandant of Liangshui, Cuan Liang, and the Governor of Yizhou, Li Ti, rebelled and capitulated to Li Xiong. Former general under Shen Chong, Gu Yang, rebelled in Wukang, attacking and burning down towns and cities, but was ultimately defeated and slain by local forces.
In the spring of the year 323 AD, on the second day of the second lunar month, the court punished three clans, but women were not included. In the third month, the governor of Youzhou, Duan Mobo, passed away, and his brother Duan Ya succeeded him. On the same day, the prince Sima Yan was established as the Crown Prince, a general amnesty was declared, and civil and military officials were all promoted by two ranks. Three days of grand feasts and celebrations were held, with each widow, widower, and orphan being given two pieces of cloth. On the day of Guisi, the court summoned recluses Ren Xu and Yu Xi to serve as scholars.
In the fourth month, the emperor proclaimed, "As things have just stabilized, we must work diligently to rebuild and improve! Officials from the Grand Chancellor downwards are ordered to come to the capital to participate in discussions on state affairs, and all areas that require improvement and reform should be diligently addressed." Another decree was issued saying, "I greatly desire to hear frank advice and criticism, and hope that everyone can understand my intentions. Like Yao and Shun, my hope is for a harmonious relationship between the ruler and his subjects. Although my abilities are limited, I will always welcome candid but difficult advice. I hope everyone can assist me wholeheartedly like Jishi and Qi, and work together." On the day of Jihai, there was a hailstorm. Shi Le's general, Shi Liang, launched an attack on Yanzhou, where the governor Tan Yun fought bravely but ultimately died in battle. General Li Ju and others led their troops in a defeated retreat, and Shi Le eventually occupied the territories of Sizhou, Yanzhou, and Yuzhou.
In the fifth month, the court appointed General Tao Kan, who conquers the South, as General Who Conquers the West, overseeing military affairs in the provinces of Jingzhou, Xiangzhou, Yongzhou, and Liangzhou, while simultaneously serving as governor of Jingzhou; and appointed Wang Shu as General Who Pacifies the South, overseeing military affairs in Guangzhou, while simultaneously serving as governor of Guangzhou. In the sixth month, Shi Le's general Shi Jilong attacked Liu Yao's general Liu Yue in Xin'an and captured the city. The court further appointed the governor of Guangzhou, Wang Shu, as the overseer of military affairs in Xiangzhou, while also serving as the governor of Xiangzhou; and appointed the governor of Xiangzhou, Liu Yi, as General Who Pacifies the Yue, overseeing military affairs in Guangzhou. That year experienced a severe drought, with no rain from January through June.
On the 7th day of the seventh month in the year Xingwei, the court appointed the Minister of Personnel, Chi Jian, as the General of Chariots and Cavalry Command, overseeing military affairs in the provinces of Qingzhou and Yanzhou, and stationed in Guangling; and appointed the General of the Army, Bian Hong, as the Minister of Personnel. The Emperor issued a decree saying, "Throughout history, the sacrifices to the three ancestors and two kings have always been highly valued; reviving fallen states and inheriting extinguished lineages are crucial responsibilities for governing the country and ensuring its stability. The descendants of the imperial relatives who contributed to the establishment, wise kings, and ministers who aided in founding, as well as virtuous and talented individuals who participated in the establishment of the great enterprise and defended the state together, have all declined and disappeared, with no one continuing the sacrifices. I am deeply saddened by this. The relevant authorities should thoroughly discuss who should be posthumously honored and then report back to me." Another decree was issued saying, "Sacrificing to Heaven and Earth is a major event for emperors. Since the restoration, only the southern suburbs sacrifices have been held, and the northern suburbs sacrifices have never taken place; the seasonal and regional sacrifices have not taken place, and the sites that should be honored, including the Five Sacred Mountains, Four Rivers, and other renowned mountains and great rivers, have all been neglected. The relevant departments should handle these matters in accordance with the old customs."
In the eighth month, the Emperor issued a decree saying, "After King Wu of Zhou defeated the Shang Dynasty, he honored the tomb of Bi Gan; after Emperor Gaozu of Han defeated the Zhao state, he also honored and rewarded the descendants of Yue Yi, in order to commend past achievements and inspire future generations. If the descendants of Wu's generals and ministers can inherit family traditions, and be loyal, filial, righteous, content with the present, and not seek fame and fortune, local officials should promptly report their names without fail." In the intercalary month, the court appointed the Minister of the Left, Xun Song, as the Grand Master of Ceremonies, in charge of recording official documents; and appointed the Minister of Personnel, Deng You, as the Minister of the Left. On the day of Renwu, the Emperor fell critically ill, summoned the Grand Preceptor Wang Yang, the Minister Over the Masses Wang Dao, the Minister of Personnel Bian Hong, the General of Chariots and Cavalry Command Chi Jian, the General of the Guards Yu Liang, the General Who Leads the Army Lu Ye, and the Intendant of Danyang Wen Qiao, received their final wishes and instructed them to assist the Crown Prince.
On the day of Dinghai, the emperor issued a decree saying, "Since ancient times, people have always died. This is the common fate of both the wise and the virtuous. Regardless of the length of life or the height of status, everything ultimately returns to dust. What is there to be particularly sad about? I have been sick for a long time, always worried about sudden death. I admire the great achievements of my ancestors, yet I am unable to fulfill their unfinished endeavors; the national disgrace remains unaddressed, and the people suffer. Therefore, my heart is heavy with worry. On the unfortunate day of my death, the funeral should be simple and follow established precedents; it must not be extravagant, not wasting resources and causing harm to the people. The Crown Prince is still young and has been entrusted with a heavy responsibility. He will need the support and guidance of loyal ministers and virtuous scholars. The Duke of Zhou assisted King Cheng, and Huo Guang supported Emperor Xiaozhao; these are examples from the past, with great achievements in history. Aren't they examples for all subjects? All you officials are pillars of the present; I hope you will sincerely heed my last wishes, take up the heavy responsibility of assisting the Crown Prince, work together with a united front, and serve the royal family. The generals and governors across the lands are my shield. You are in different places, but your goals are the same. If there are no one to carry out these duties, who will safeguard the nation? Just like lips and teeth, relying on one another, you must work together with a united front, unite as one, and do your best for the country, prioritizing national affairs. All officials must heed the commands of the Grand Preceptor, protect the young Crown Prince, overcome difficulties and obstacles, and allow the spirits of our ancestors to rest peacefully in the heavens, so that I may leave this world without regrets." On the day of Wuzi, the emperor passed away in the Eastern Hall, at the age of twenty-seven, buried in Wuping Mausoleum, with the posthumous name Suzu.
Legend has it that Emperor Jin Yuan, Sima Rui, was known for his intelligence and decisiveness, especially in national affairs and governance. At that time, the country was in chaos due to poor harvests, widespread epidemics, and many deaths, which had drastically weakened the nation and created a dire situation. Meanwhile, Wang Dun exploited the emperor's trust in him to attempt a coup. On the surface, Emperor Yuan appeared to serve Wang Dun cautiously, using gentleness to counter his aggression, but secretly devised plans and made independent decisions, ultimately restoring order. He delegated the governance of four provinces, including Jingzhou and Xiangzhou, to trusted officials, thereby diminishing Wang Dun's influence in the region, restoring stability, reinforcing the central authority, and diminishing local power. Though his reign was brief, his accomplishments were remarkable.
The historical records state that Emperor Yuan established the capital in Jiankang (now Nanjing), situated along the banks of the Yangtze River. There were frequent wars on the Chu River, and Fangcheng (referring to the city of Jiankang) had to defend against enemies, so he had to entrust loyal generals to lead the army. His army had thousands of warships and twice the strength of Wang Dun, but he was able to use his advantages without resorting to force, just like the wise Duke of Zhou! Although Wang Dun was favored by the emperor on the surface, tensions had already developed between them. Wang Dun had an army downstream, while Emperor Yuan lacked powerful regional governors to support him. Just as the Shang Dynasty went through nine major upheavals, Emperor Yao managed to resolve eight disputes over musical instruments, and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang also made mistakes; Emperor Yuan's situation was similar to theirs. He employed superior strategies, raised the emperor's flag on the banks of the Yangtze River, and quelled the rebellion as effortlessly as burning autumn weeds. He donned his armor, went to the battlefield, defeated the enemy, and then returned to the palace to pay his respects. He successfully weakened Wang Dun's power, divided the provinces in the Jianghan region, avoiding the repetition of past mistakes and leaving a favorable situation for future generations. However, seventy years later, the Jin Dynasty still faced a serious crisis due to Jingdao (referring to Xie An). Some say, "The rise and fall, success and failure, are all in the hands of fate, not just a matter of upstream power." This likely reflects the difference between those who establish a foundation and those who inherit and expand upon it.
Finally, the praise is given: disasters descend from the heavens, and fierce beasts wreak havoc. The descendants of Langye (the birthplace of Emperor Yuan) have brought peace to the realm with benevolence and righteousness, upright like Gong Xing and incorruptible like Zhao Bi, and used the rod of justice to punish the rebels in Jingzhou. The dark clouds in the north have cleared, and the southern lands bask in brightness. Jinyang (modern-day Taiyuan) resisted the enemy, and the Hexi region preserved its territory. Although the invasion of the Hu people was difficult, Emperor Yuan's wise heart remained steadfast. The armies united from all corners, and all the tribes of the Baiyue pledged their loyalty. The emperor's life was preserved, and golden light radiated in all directions. The wise descendants carried forward their ancestors' aspirations, and reports of victories flowed into the court. The leaders of the rebellion faced execution, and their conspiracies were utterly dismantled. Emperor Yuan's virtues will endure through the ages, and his achievements will be celebrated for all time.
