After the Yongjia Rebellion, the world descended into chaos, and many musical instruments had been lost. Figures like Liu Yao and Shi Le were responsible for their loss. When the Eastern Jin Dynasty had just established its ancestral temple, the Minister of Rites inquired of the Minister of Ceremonies which musical instruments were to be used in rituals. He Xun, the Minister of Ceremonies, replied, "The Wei Dynasty modified Han music, adopting it as their own ritual music system. It's difficult to determine how our Jin Dynasty music differs from theirs. Due to the wars, the ancient texts have been lost. However, these instruments are tuned according to the Zhonglü, utilizing the pentatonic scale, along with lyrics and corresponding dances. The palace is adorned in the courtyard, the zithers are placed in the hall, the eight instruments take turns performing, creating a harmonious ensemble. Singers and wind instrument players each perform set pieces, all adhering to the long-standing traditions since the Zhou Dynasty. Since the Han Dynasty, this ritual has been maintained, with only new poems being created. With the old capital now deserted, the instruments lost, the musical scales blurred, and knowledgeable individuals gone, it has become difficult to provide clear explanations."
At that time, due to the lack of instruments and musicians for the elegant music, the Grand Music and the Wind and Drum Music were canceled. Later, although some instruments for singing and sacrificial ceremonies were recovered, many were still missing. During the Tai Ning period, Emperor Ming sought out people like Ruan Fu to supplement and improve the music. By the Xianhe period, Emperor Cheng reestablished the Grand Music Office, collected some lost instruments and musicians, but there was still a shortage of metal and stone instruments. When Yu Liang was in Jingzhou, he worked with Xie Shang to restore the elegant music, but he died before it was completed. Yu Yi and Huan Wen were preoccupied with warfare, leaving the instruments stored in warehouses, which ultimately decayed. Later, when Murong Jun defeated Ran Min, some musicians from Ye City were scattered to other places during the war. In the eleventh year of Yonghe, Xie Shang was stationed in Shouyang, and only then did he gather some musicians to enrich the Grand Music, and he also made stone chimes, which marked a preliminary completion of the elegant music. After Wang Meng captured Ye City, the instruments and musicians obtained by the Murong clan also made their way to the Guanzhong region. During the Taiyuan period, they defeated Fu Jian and captured their musician Yang Shu and others, who were well-versed in the old music, thus finally achieving a complete set of the four types of instruments. They then had Cao Pi, Wang Xun, and others recreate the songs and poems for ancestral temple sacrifices, but there were still no instrumental accompaniments for the grand sacrificial rites. Below are these songs and poems:
**Song of Emperor Xuan**
O illustrious Gaozu, virtue harmonizes with the sacred symbols. Responding to the mandate, restoring order, and regulating the heavenly thoroughfare. Meritorious deeds span the universe, transforming and moving across the eight regions. Govern with solemn laws, and cultivate with mysterious pearls. Divine stones emit auspicious omens, and spiritual herbs thrive on their own. Establishing the foundation of heavenly mandate, the way is equal to Tang and Yu.
**Song of Emperor Jing**
Emperor Jing inherited the foundation of the previous emperor and continued to develop and strengthen it. He repeatedly repelled invasions from foreign enemies, once again demonstrating the majesty of the Son of Heaven. Those foolish traitors disrupted Yangzhou and the Chu region, so Emperor Jing reorganized the army in preparation for an expedition. His wise strategies and strong army ultimately quelled the rebellion, achieving unparalleled merit.
Emperor Taizu, wise and valiant, spread his royal ideology widely, thereby continuously consolidating the foundation of the country. The imperial family experienced many hardships, but ultimately stabilized the Forbidden City. He embodied the sternness of autumn frost and the gentleness of spring breezes. He pacified the regions of Shu and Chu, using both civil governance and military force, ultimately expanding the territory and reputation far and wide.
Emperor Wudi was truly an enlightened and martial emperor! He ascended to the throne by divine mandate, like a dragon soaring into the sky. Each official performed their duties, and he could handle them all fairly. He subdued distant regions and also pacified the pseudo-Wu. With morning dew falling and stars shining at night, the people thrived in peace and happiness, everywhere praising his merits.
After a reign of one hundred sixty years, chaos erupted throughout the land, but Emperor Yuan swiftly quelled the rebellions, controlling the Jianghan region like a vast net. He governed the country with the clarity of the Big Dipper, quelling all sorts of calamities. His benevolence spread like the wind, nourishing the people like rain. His radiance shone once again; the country prospered once more, his virtues were celebrated through the ages, his achievements remarkable.
Emperor Ming, a remarkably wise ruler, inherited and developed the imperial legacy. He displayed wisdom and talent from a young age, his benevolence shining upon the land. The wicked and treacherous who violated royal regulations were personally led by Emperor Ming to quell the rebellion, ushering in a new era. His grand plans were successfully implemented, the country thrived in peace and prosperity, ensuring its enduring legacy.
Emperor Cheng, an outstanding emperor, widely spread his grace. He promoted benevolence, bringing harmony and unity to the realm. Based on benevolence, he never violated ritual and propriety, educating the people with pure customs, ensuring the country was upright and clean. The nation flourished like a phoenix resting on a branch, as wise as the legendary Yao and Shun, his merits blessing future generations.
Emperor Kang was a very gentle ruler, inheriting the great achievements of his predecessor. He won the hearts of the people through his virtue, and his voice of benevolence spread far and wide. He based his governance on honesty and used silence to suppress evil. His authority brought stability to the realm, and his righteousness made the country prosperous.
Emperor Mu, ... (original text missing, unable to translate)
Emperor Xiaozong was born intelligent, with a great reputation for his virtues, shining like the rising sun in the morning, illuminating all directions. His teachings reached far and wide, his grace extended to all corners of the world, and his profound virtues are worthy of being recorded in history. He pacified the rebellion in the Shu region and stabilized the northern borders; his grand plans were vast and far-reaching, praised by future generations.
The poem "Lament for Emperor Ai" praises Emperor Ai, saying his enlightened heart was broad and profound; he enjoyed studying ancient classics and put them into practice. His governance philosophy advocated a hands-off approach, with a clear and simple political system, and his education was like the spring breeze and rain, allowing people to live in peace and contentment. Even after his passing, his virtues continued to spread widely; the two pieces of music, "Yunmen" and "Shao," perfectly depicted his prosperous reign.
The poem "Praise for Emperor Jianwen" praises Emperor Jianwen, saying he was as bright and great as the heavens, his wisdom was like that of a deity, and his character was as calm and unassuming as river water. He followed the mandate of heaven in governing the country; his virtues silently influenced and nurtured, and his governance was simple and easy to inherit. As people reflect on his achievements, they find them increasingly profound and mysterious.
The poem "Praise for Emperor Xiaowu" praises Emperor Xiaowu, saying he inherited the great achievements of the Jin Dynasty, a wise monarch who continued his father's civil rule, humble and respectful, firm but not cruel, tolerant yet principled. With a single command, the hearts of the people turned towards him; elegant melodies and joyful songs rose from the east, and his virtues nourished all like the morning dew, fostering social stability and harmony.
"The Temple Sacrifices of the Four Seasons" describes the solemn and grand sacrificial ceremony, praising the emperor's great achievements. The serene temple and the towering sacred achievements, nations pay their respects, and the rituals are meticulously conducted. The harmonious clash of bells and gongs extols the prosperity of the royal family and the foundation of the country. The deities are delighted, the music resonates beautifully, the songs celebrate the era of peace and prosperity, the people live and work in peace, the nation flourishes and thrives, the system of rites and music is well-established, and virtues are passed down forever.
The musical piece "Short Xiao and Nao Songs" from the Han Dynasty features numerous pieces, including "Zhu Lu," "Si Bei Weng," "Ai Ru Zhang," "Shang Zhi Hui," "Yong Li," "Battle of Chengnan," "Wu Mountain High," "Shang Ling," "Will Enter Wine," "Jun Ma Huang," "Fang Shu," "You Suo Si," "Zhi Zi Ban," "Sage Out," "Shang Xie," "Lin Gao Tai," "Far as Expected," "Shi Liu," "Wu Cheng," "Xuan Yun," "Huang Jue Xing," and "Fishing Rod," most of which were performed by military bands, predominantly focusing on themes of war.
After the establishment of the Wei Kingdom, they reworked the original twelve musical pieces. They commissioned Miao Xi to compose new lyrics and used these songs to praise the achievements of the Wei Kingdom, replacing the old songs of the Han Dynasty. First, they transformed "Zhu Lu" into "Chu Zhi Ping," which sings about the achievements of the Wei Kingdom. Then, "Si Bei Weng" was changed to "Battle of Xingyang," which recounts the tale of Cao Cao. They also changed "Ai Ru Zhang" to "Capture of Lu Bu," celebrating Cao Cao's campaign in eastern Linhuai to surround and ultimately capture Lu Bu.
Next, "Shang Zhi Hui" was renamed "Overcoming Guandu," depicting the confrontation between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao at Guandu, in which Cao Cao ultimately triumphed over Yuan Shao. "Yong Li" was changed to "Old State," and this song narrates Cao Cao's return to Qiao County after his victory at Guandu, burying the soldiers who sacrificed in the war.
"Warriors of the South" was renamed "Establishing Military Accomplishments," praising Cao Cao's capture of Ye City and laying the foundation for the military achievements of the Wei Kingdom. "High Wu Mountain" was changed to "Slaughtering Liu City," singing of Cao Cao's march north past the border, through Baitan, and ultimately defeating the armies of the Wuhuan from the three commanderies in Liu City.
"Ascending the Tomb" was renamed "Pacifying Southern Jing," celebrating Cao Cao's campaign to pacify Jingzhou. "Toasting the Guests" was changed to "Pacifying Guanzhong," telling the story of Cao Cao's campaign against Ma Chao to pacify Guanzhong.
"Having Some Thoughts" was renamed "Responding to the Emperor's Call," praising Emperor Wen of Wei for being granted the mandate of heaven due to his virtuous conduct and ruling in accordance with the will of heaven. "Fragrant Trees" was changed to "Prosperity and Harmony," singing of the prosperity, harmony between the ruler and his subjects, and the abundance and peace enjoyed by the people in the Wei Kingdom.
Finally, "The Song of Xiang" was changed to "Great Harmony," celebrating Emperor Ming of Wei's succession to the throne, changing the era name to Tahe, and bestowing blessings upon the realm. The other pieces of music kept their original titles.
It is said that at that time in the Wu Kingdom, Wei Zhao was also assigned to rename twelve songs that praised Sun Quan's accomplishments and his receiving of the mandate of heaven.
Change "Zhu Lu" to "Flame Spirit's Deficiency," meaning that the Han Dynasty was declining, Sun Jian was ambitious, and he rose up to support the Han Dynasty, marking the beginning of the royal enterprise initiated by Sun Jian. Change "Si Bei Weng" to "Han Zhi Ji," meaning that Sun Jian mourned the decline of the Han Dynasty and hated Dong Zhuo's corrupt rule, so he raised troops to fight, gaining merit across the land. Change "Ai Ru Zhang" to "Martial Master," meaning that Sun Quan continued his father's legacy and continued to conquer all directions. Change "Shang Zhi Hui" to "Wu Lin," meaning that after Cao Cao broke through Jingzhou, he headed east along the river to engage in a decisive battle against Sun Quan. Sun Quan sent Zhou Yu to fight in Wu Lin and inflicted a crushing defeat on Cao's forces. Change "Yong Li" to "Qiu Feng," meaning that Sun Quan was good at utilizing people, enabling his troops to transcend the fear of life and death. Change "Zhan Cheng Nan" to "Ke Wan Cheng," meaning that Cao Cao was determined to conquer the world, and Sun Quan personally set out with his troops to defeat Cao Cao in Wan Cheng. Change "Wu Shan Gao" to "Guan Bei De," meaning that Shu general Guan Yu betrayed Sun Wu; Sun Quan crossed the river with his army and captured Guan Yu alive. Change "Shang Ling Qu" to "Tong Jing Zhou," meaning that Sun Quan had a good relationship with Shu Han, becoming allies despite the misstep of Guan Yu, ultimately restoring their friendship. Change "Jiang Jin Jiu" to "Zhang Hong De," meaning that Sun Quan demonstrated his remarkable virtue, attracting vassals from afar to submit. Change "You Suo Si" to "Shun Li Shu," meaning that Sun Quan followed the will of heaven and established a powerful state of Wu. Change "Fang Shu" to "Cheng Tian Ming," meaning that Sun Quan was enlightened, ascending to the throne as emperor, resulting in a notable enhancement of societal values. Change "Shang Xie Qu" to "Xuan Hua," meaning that Sun Quan valued both culture and martial prowess, emulating the heavens by practicing benevolent governance, resulting in a harmonious and thriving society. The remaining pieces will retain their original titles unchanged.
After Emperor Wu ascended to the throne, he had Fu Xuan rewrite twenty-two rhapsodies to praise the achievements of the Wei state in a celebratory manner. The piece "Zhu Lu" was renamed "Auspicious Signs," meaning that Emperor Xuan assisted the Wei state just as Yu Shun assisted Yao, with auspicious signs and the ability to quell the rebellion of Meng Da through military force. The piece "Si Bei Weng" was renamed "Xuan Shou Ming," meaning that Emperor Xuan defeated Zhuge Liang, gaining great prestige and strategizing effectively, which caused Zhuge Liang to die of shock. The piece "Ai Ru Zhang" was renamed "Campaign Against Liao Dong," meaning that Emperor Xuan launched a campaign against Liao Dong, subduing and eliminating the Gongsun clan, even executing them. The piece "Shang Zhi Hui" was renamed "Xuan Fu Zheng," meaning that Emperor Xuan was wise and far-sighted, rectifying chaos, gathering talented individuals in both civil and military fields, and restoring order to the realm. The piece "Yong Li" was renamed "Shi Yun Duo Nan," meaning that although Emperor Xuan prepared for war against Wu, it ultimately did not take place.
The piece "Zhan Cheng Nan" was renamed "The Dragon Soars," meaning that Emperor Jing wisely implemented education, clearly distinguishing rewards and punishments, resulting in a strong nation and a stable foundation. The piece "Wu Shan Gao" was renamed "Harmony in Governance," meaning that Emperor Jing quelled various local customs, unified the hearts of the people across the four seas, and valued the virtuous and talented, thus achieving remarkable successes. The piece "Shang Ling" was renamed "Wen Huang Tong Bai Kui," meaning that Emperor Wen began to lead the officials, managing officials systematically, ushering in a time of prosperity and peace. The piece "Jiang Jin Jiu" was renamed "Yin Shi Yun," meaning that based on the changes in the situation at the time, strategies were deftly employed to dismantle powerful enemies and sow discord among rebellious groups, assisting civil governance with military force, thereby bolstering his reputation.
The title of "Thoughts" is changed to "Wei Yong of Shu," meaning that the Sage Emperor pacified Shu Han, established numerous feudal states, and restored the five ranks of nobility. The title of "Fragrant Trees" is changed to "Heavenly Order," meaning that the Sage Emperor ascended the throne in accordance with the mandate of heaven, promoted education, and employed talents to their fullest potential. The title of "Shang Ye" is changed to "The Great Jin Dynasty's Period of Acceptance," meaning that the Sage Emperor received the mandate of heaven, and his virtue was like that of the divine. The title of "Jun Ma Huang" is changed to "Golden Spirit's Favor," meaning that after the Sage Emperor ascended the throne, he conducted ancestral sacrifices, and filial piety spread throughout the world. The title of "Zhi Zi Ban" is changed to "To My Revered Emperor," meaning that the Sage Emperor ascended the throne, and his virtue was in harmony with the divine.
The title of "Saint's Emergence" is changed to "Mid-Spring Gathering," meaning that the Great Jin Dynasty promoted cultural and military education and conducted hunting activities on schedule. The title of "Ling Gao Tai" is changed to "Summer's Seed Fields," meaning that the Great Jin Dynasty's hunting activities were in accordance with the seasons, eliminating pests for the crops. The title of "Yuan Ru Qi" is changed to "Mid-Autumn Hunting Grounds," meaning that although the Great Jin Dynasty emphasized cultural governance, it did not neglect military affairs, conducting campaigns in accordance with the seasons. The title of "Shi Liu" is changed to "In Accordance with Heaven's Will," meaning that in mid-winter, a grand military parade was held, balancing cultural governance and military achievements, with the virtues of the Great Jin Dynasty in harmony with heaven. The title of "Wu Cheng" is changed to "Tang Yao's Era," meaning that after the Sage Emperor ascended the throne, his virtue spread in all directions.
"Xuan Yun" retains its original name, meaning that the Sage Emperor employed talents, allowing each to showcase their abilities. The title of "Huang Jue Xing" is changed to "Bo Yi," meaning that the red crow brought a message, leading to the prosperity of the Zhou Dynasty, and now the Sage Emperor has received the mandate, with divine birds coming to congratulate. "The Fishing Rod" retains its original name, meaning that the Sage Emperor's virtue can be compared to that of Yao and Shun, and with wise officials like Lü Shang assisting him, great achievements were realized, ushering in an era of prosperity and peace. These poems are arranged at the back.
The poem of Lingzhixiang praises the achievements of Emperor Xuan, saying that he inherited the great legacies of Emperors Shun and Yao, assisted the emperor, and established the framework of national governance. Later, the Meng clan rebelled, occupied the south, and encountered rebellions led by the Hu clan, as well as invasions from the Wu and Shu states. Emperor Xuan formed strategic alliances with neighboring states, ultimately quelling the rebellions, rescuing the populace, and restoring peace throughout the realm.
Emperor Xuan was granted the Mandate of Heaven, acted in accordance with the will of heaven, and soared like a divine dragon. He governed the country, pacified the borders, was diligent in political affairs, attracted heroes, and ensured the stability and prosperity of the country. After Zhuge Liang was pacified, the world was at peace.
He campaigned in Liaodong, defeated the enemy, and Emperor Xuan's renown echoed across the lands. The Gongsun clan capitulated, and other rebel factions quickly followed suit, driven by fear. The north responded, overseas territories also submitted, and Emperor Xuan's military achievements and virtues were widely spread.
Emperor Xuan assisted the emperor, was wise and martial, rectified chaos, followed the will of heaven, sought out talents in both civil and military spheres, emphasized education, nurtured talents, stabilized the country, secured the welfare of the people, and created a great foundation. His accomplishments will echo through the ages, bringing order to the world, favorable weather, and blessings to overseas territories.
At that time, the situation was difficult, but Emperor Xuan, with his wise rule, pacified the rebellion of the Wu barbarians without resorting to large-scale warfare, and his influence reached far and wide, bringing stability to the eastern regions.
The soaring dragon symbolizes Emperor Xuan's majesty and sanctity. He had keen insight, communicated with the divine, and those who followed him prospered while those who opposed him were eliminated. His civil and military achievements brought peace to the world, with nations coming to pay tribute. His holy virtues were profound, in accordance with the will of heaven, and the country prospered. His generosity and kindness spread enlightenment, leading to the prosperity of the nation. His legacy will be eternally etched in history.
This poem, "Ping Yuheng," praises Emperor Wen for governing the country, rooting out corruption, and restoring peace and prosperity. Although customs vary across the land, they all unite under Emperor Wen's rule. He respects the virtuous and manages the heroes, ensuring unity and strength, consolidating imperial power, and fostering national prosperity and moral integrity. He is wise and compassionate, understanding the people's suffering, and governing the country with skill and insight.
Emperor Wen rules wisely, inheriting the throne and governing the country, with talented officials and generals guarding the borders. His strategies are as fragrant as autumn orchids, his integrity as admirable as autumn winds. His grace extends throughout the land, transforming even stones into precious jade. His governance is comparable to the Five Emperors, his achievements surpassing the Three Kings, with a strong nation reaching the heavens and the earth, his teachings deeply resonate with the people, bringing peace and stability. This prosperous era is truly a rare phenomenon! Much like the glorious era of the Great Jin during the times of Yao and Shun, Emperor Wen pacified rebellions, secured the borders, and his achievements are praised by future generations.
Adapting to the times, this poem is concise and powerful, describing Emperor Wen's success in quelling rebellions and driving the rebels to flee to Wu. Emperor Wen seized the opportunity and ultimately achieved victory, ushering in an era of peace and stability.
Only in Yong Shu, this poem describes the Shu Han regime, which seized a fragment of the realm. Liu Bei defied the will of heaven, and Zhuge Liang continued his legacy. Shu Han had an army of hundreds of thousands, poised for action. The court sent troops to suppress the rebellion, and the realm was in turmoil. Jiang Wei frequently raided the borders, leaving the Longyou region desolate. Emperor Wen took pity on the suffering of the people and the sufferings endured by previous generations. He appointed ministers to assist, gathered ideas, devised effective strategies, raised a million troops, and attacked Shu Han. The Shu Han army was defeated and surrendered en masse. From then on, the world was united; Emperor Wen implemented a new system, and the people followed the teachings, leading to peace and prosperity.
Tian Xu, this poem describes Emperor Wen inheriting the throne, inheriting the blessings of heaven. He was majestic like a dragon, brave like a mythical beast, promoted education, surrounded by talented advisors. He governed the world, guarded the four corners, and his achievements could be compared to Yao, Shun, Yu, and Tang. His integrity was as fragrant as autumn orchids. He was vast like the sky, solid like the earth; who would dare not cherish their own life?
During the prosperous era of the Great Jin Dynasty, these words signify the prosperous period of the Great Jin Dynasty, which was destined by heaven and carried the blessings of heaven.
The Great Jin Dynasty was blessed by heaven; the country prospered, and during the reign of the wise emperor, the world was peaceful and the sun shone everywhere. The emperor ascended to the throne by the mandate of heaven, inheriting the imperial mandate, stabilizing the country like the Jade Heng star. His governance was godlike, flourishing the country like Yu, Shun, and Yao. The emperor created a prosperous era, with loyal officials assisting him. During the Taikang period, the country was strong and prosperous, with blessings extending boundlessly.
Jin Lingyun, destined by heaven, with signs of divine wisdom manifesting, shines as brightly as the sun and moon. Our esteemed emperor, possessing high moral character and unmatched wisdom, accepted the abdication of the Wei dynasty, ascending the throne in accordance with heaven's decree, illuminating all the people. The emperor's prosperity can be traced. He rises to great heights, commanding countless troops. The ministers who assist the emperor are as loyal and valiant as Kan Zhiwu. The soldiers fight valiantly against the enemy, unrivaled in battle. The ministers supporting the emperor commend his clear and enlightened governance, and the people rejoice. Divine spirits reveal themselves, and auspicious signs frequently emerge. We hold respectful sacrificial ceremonies to honor the late emperor. Music fills the air: the chimes and wind instruments resonate, drums thunder, and bells chime. Offerings are laid out, and jade wine is poured. The divine spirits partake in the offerings, bringing joy and peace to everyone. The emperor hosts a feast for his descendants, bestowing upon them boundless prosperity. The emperor is profoundly filial and sincere, promoting education across the realm.
Under heaven, everyone comes to pay their respects. Across the realm, all admire the emperor's wisdom. All nations are harmonious, singing praises of the prosperous era. Great governance has been achieved, and the world is at peace. The seven administrations are in harmony, and the Jade Balance Star shines steadily. The ministers assisting the emperor are all talented individuals. The emperor tirelessly manages state affairs day and night. Despite the country's prosperity, the emperor remains humble and unassuming. He is modest and unpretentious, neither boastful nor hasty. Heaven and earth are in harmony, and the sun and moon shine together. His achievements are brilliant and radiant, lighting up even the darkest places. The three lights shine in unison, and heaven reveals its spirits, bringing down the auspicious star. Dragons and phoenixes herald good fortune, and sweet dew descends. As we offer sacrifices to the divine spirits, we pray for heavenly blessings. All things thrive, a testament to heaven's protection.
In early spring, the army was mobilized, military training was intensified, and remarkable progress was made. The commanders were decisive, the soldiers lined up neatly, and the operations were conducted with precision. Truly skilled in both civil and military affairs! Fields were searched, sacrificial rites were performed, laws were sworn, forbidden areas were surrounded, and ceremonies were held for the gods. Everything was done on time, showcasing the laws of the country. Civil and military affairs were both well-handled, following the rituals. The army was vast and powerful, promoting education and enlightenment. Who can avoid war in ancient and modern times? The Great Jin Dynasty inherited the mandate of heaven to save the people.
During the summer harvest season, the fields were full of abundant harvest scenes.
It is said that the farming activities in the summer fields were coming to an end. National affairs and military training were two different matters, with civil officials and military generals each performing their duties. So the emperor ordered the officials to prepare vehicles and personnel, register and record everything. The emperor personally led the large army, with a majestic presence, reminiscent of a sacred realm. The flags of the army fluttered high, covering the sky. The officials acted quickly or slowly according to the emperor's instructions, in an orderly manner. The troops returned to camp, the war chariots were unloaded, and offerings were made with the hunted game, creating an unprecedented scene, similar to the time of Emperor Shun in ancient times. The moral excellence of the Great Jin Dynasty surpassed that of the ancient Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, bestowing blessings on all.
【Mid-Autumn Hunting】
During mid-autumn, hunting was held, following the principles of virtue and tradition. The autumn wind howled, the dew turned into frost. During the season of white dew, eagles and falcons soared in the sky. This hunting, like the ancient Shangfu, followed the will of heaven, engaging in battles in accordance with the laws of the Spring and Autumn Period. Thunder roared, the winds howled, movements were precise, all guided by the military drums. The hunted game was used for sacrificial offerings, while their feathers enriched the army's supplies. The great virtues of the Great Jin Dynasty were as profound as the balance of Yin and Yang. They governed with culture while maintaining military preparedness. The nation thrived, casting its light across the four seas, eternally basking in the blessings of heaven.
【Following the Way of Heaven】
Following the will of heaven, mastering the secrets of heaven, military exercises are conducted punctually. In winter, a grand military parade is held, with the resounding of drums and gongs, and banners fluttering, as spectacular as a rainbow. A balance of civil and military systems is maintained, and the use of military force is not reckless. The emperor personally takes an oath of allegiance from the troops, with a solemn ceremony and just actions. Three charges are made, advocating benevolence and righteousness, with disciplined maneuvers. The soldiers are well-trained, and the generals are brave and skilled in battle, like General Kan Wu of the past. General Kan Wu was extremely brave and capable of overcoming great challenges. He once rescued a situation where he was surrounded on three sides by enemies, defeated countless foes without harming the innocent. After the troops return to camp, they line up neatly, offer sacrifices, and revise their records. They praise the great Jin dynasty, whose virtues are deserving of divine favor, honor the deserving, and promote the talented. A grand banquet is held, enjoying generous rewards, and longevity without bounds.
[Tang Yao]
Tang Yao ruled the nation wisely, his humble virtues leading to the prosperity of the country. He accumulated merits bit by bit, eventually making the country strong, like ice forming from frost. He followed the laws of nature in governing the nation; even rivers and seas flowed orderly under his governance. Shun and Yu inherited Tang Yao's legacy, and wise ministers and capable generals emerged. The abdication system exemplified the golden age of the dynasty, with wise monarchs passing down from generation to generation. Our emperor ascended to the throne, governing the nation with fairness and justice, as precise as a plumb line. Virtue spread throughout the four seas, with auspicious signs appearing. A prosperous dynasty awaits the arrival of dawn, while a declining dynasty willingly descends into ruin. Great goals start from nearby, like piling up soil until it becomes a mountain. As I read through historical records, I discover evidence that confirms the virtues of these sages.
[Xuan Yun]
(There is no content here, only the title)
Dark clouds rise between the mountains, and auspicious aura spreads for thousands of miles. Dragons spiral and dance in the sky, while phoenixes spread their wings and glide above. In the ancient times of Tang Yao and Yu Shun, such auspicious scenes were frequently witnessed. Now, as I personally travel across many countries, I experience this radiant landscape. Cranes are calling in the backyard, their crisp calls drifting with the wind. During the reign of Cheng Tang, Yi Zhi came flying in to assist. King Wen of Zhou hunted by the Weishui River and brought back Jiang Taigong. Success can only be attained by aligning with the will of heaven; heaven will not go against its principles. Put down the farming tools and engage in governing the realm, take off the coarse cloth clothes and take on the weighty responsibilities of the nation. Their achievements can be compared to those of two emperors, and such a reputation is seldom found. Our emperor welcomes talented individuals, and his accomplishments are truly great! He valiantly campaigns in all directions and manages state affairs in an orderly manner. His divine virtue inspires all corners, and talented people are abundant. At dawn, the emperor diligently rules and graciously accepts counsel. The emperor's wise virtues shine with the brilliance of the sun and moon.
Bo Yi assisted Emperor Shun and Emperor Yu, overseeing matters of mountains and rivers. His virtue can be compared with that of sixteen wise ministers; his thoughts are meticulous and well-considered. He governs all things wisely, even comprehending the songs of birds. The yellow sparrows sense this clear and bright governance, flying with such lightness! They chirp harmoniously, resting in the trees of the courtyard, dancing between the clouds and the sun. Xia Jie was tyrannical and lawless, laying down a dense net between mountains and rivers. The poor yellow sparrows were ensnared in the delicate net; what could be done? Yin Tang revered the virtue of heaven and dismantled the three-sided net. The yellow sparrows flew freely once more, their songs harmonious again. The vermilion bird settled in the south, and the phoenix led the birds. The red crow arrived bearing messages, as heaven decreed the throne to be passed to King Wen of Zhou. Now the divine bird returns to bestow its presence, bringing the heavenly mandate to our emperor. Auspicious signs have brought harmony to heaven and earth, and blessings extend throughout the realm. The fragrant scent of orchids endures, cherished through the ages.
The fishing rod sways gently, and the sweet bait is irresistibly tempting. I center my mind and calm my spirit, dedicated to fishing, as the delicate fishing line sinks into the seemingly bottomless spring. The art of fishing as taught by Jiang Taigong is recorded in the "Lingmi Pian," revealing its exquisite nuances! His ability to adapt to circumstances is unmatched, even predicting future events. The startled fish bite the hook in a panic, and the hidden dragon bursts into the sky! Where has it ascended to? It flaps its wings, flying towards the realm of Taiqing. What sort of realm is Taiqing? Everything in heaven and earth emerges from chaos. The Yuheng star among the Big Dipper oversees the three realms and twenty-eight lodges, ruling over the birth and transformation of all things in the world. I withdraw from the world, hoping only to assist a wise ruler and communicate with heaven in spirit. Our ruler possesses great ambitions and strategies, his achievements unmatched even by heaven itself.
When heaven and humanity first united, the world was in a state of chaos and confusion. The sun, moon, and stars exhibited unusual signs, heralding the rise of Wen Wang and Wu Wang. Chiyou caused turmoil, harming living beings, while the Yellow Emperor led his army to conquer the four directions. By the time of Yu the Great, virtue had declined; the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties were inferior to the eras of Yu, Shun, and Tang. Our current emperor's virtue can be compared to that of Yao and Shun, chosen by heaven, receiving its blessings. Throughout the land, all benefit from his grace, and the people live in peace and prosperity. With the nation prosperous, harmony radiates throughout the land, and peace reigns forever.
The origin of the pibe dance is not very clear, but it was already used in the ritual ceremonies of the Yan Kingdom during the Han Dynasty. Fu Yi and Zhang Heng both wrote poems about it. There were five songs about the pibe dance before, namely "A Wise Woman in the East," "In the Second Year of the Zhanghe Era," "Eternal Joy of Music," "Emperor of All Corners," and "The Guishu Tree Before the Hall," but the lyrics have been lost. Cao Zhi wrote in the preface to the Drum Dance Poem: "In the percussion ensemble of Emperor Ling's Western Garden, there was a man named Li Jian who was good at dancing the pibe dance. Later, when the world was in chaos, Li Jian fled westward and followed General Duan Wei. The previous emperor had heard of his skills and issued an imperial decree to call him back. Li Jian was already in his seventies at that time, and had been out of practice for a long time, and the previous pieces contained numerous mistakes. Different eras of music may not necessarily be passed down to each other, so drawing inspiration from the old pieces, I composed five new songs." During the Taishi era, the lyrics were rewritten. The traditional pibe dance typically featured twenty-eight performers. When Huan Xuan wanted to usurp the throne, Court Official Yuan Mingzi recommended expanding it to eight yì (ancient dance formation). The lyrics composed during the Taishi era are detailed below.
【Hongye Chapter】(When Wei Qu "Emperor of Wei," ancient song "A Wise Woman in the East.")
Xuan Wen created Hongye, great virtues during the Taishi era. The emperor founded a great cause, and his great virtues were already evident during the Taishi era. This highlights the accomplishments of the founding emperor, establishing the foundation of the nation and leaving a good political situation for future generations.
The wise emperor embodies the will of heaven, recognized as the sovereign of all realms. This emphasizes the legitimacy and authority of the emperor, chosen by heaven and hailed by all the people.
What brings joy to all nations? Because there is a wise emperor above! The populace thrives in peace and prosperity, and the country enjoys peace and prosperity, thanks to the emperor's enlightened guidance.
Emperor Tang Yao abdicated the throne to Emperor Yu Shun, who was humble and self-disciplined. This phrase employs an ancient allegory to symbolize the emperor's humility and virtue, indicating that he rules without tyranny.
Being humble and self-disciplined allows him to sit with dignity and manage state affairs effectively, and his moral influence has a profound and lasting impact. This reflects the emperor's governing philosophy of ruling by virtue, subtly changing the social atmosphere.
With a great amnesty gradually eliminating potential threats, cultural education spreads to remote areas. This describes the emperor's benevolent governance, which blends tolerance with moral education, making the country more stable and united.
Imitating the heavens and the earth, he adopts a policy of non-action. This embodies the emperor's governing philosophy, aligning with nature and not acting recklessly.
His wisdom radiates like the sun and moon, and his sanctity is as great as heaven and earth. This highly praises the emperor's talents and character.
Even with three types of evil, he can calmly suppress them, preventing them from carrying out their schemes. This reflects the emperor's wisdom and courage, effectively responding to various challenges.
Reiterating the imitation of the laws of heaven and earth, he implements a policy of non-action.
The ancient ministers Ji and Qi assisted the emperor, while Yi Yin and Lü Shang became the king's ministers. This references examples of ancient wise ministers to highlight the emperor's brilliance, showing that he can attract and retain talented individuals.
The court is filled with talented individuals, and not a single one is derelict in their duties. This highlights the positive state of affairs in the court, with officials dutifully serving the country.
When his orders are given, they receive prompt responses, and his achievements are celebrated by all. This underscores the emperor's authority and charisma.
Xiao Han Shun Jizhi, Qianlong Shengtian Lu. Even fierce beasts can be tamed, and talented individuals can be recognized and entrusted with important roles. This illustrates the emperor's ability to harness talent and his skill in employing capable individuals. He is able to make full use of various resources and adapt flexibly to different situations. This demonstrates the emperor's governance ability to adapt strategies to the circumstances. All matters are carried out in a timely manner, and government affairs are managed systematically. This reflects the emperor's organizational ability and management level. He educates his subordinates with self-discipline and respect for others, and welcomes others' opinions with sincerity and a forgiving attitude. This reflects the emperor's leadership style of leading by example and being open-minded. The people admire his noble character, and foreign countries also express admiration for him. This shows the emperor's prestige and influence, deeply cherished by people both domestically and internationally. Emphasizing once again to emulate the laws of nature, his virtue and influence permeate society. Previously, society favored luxury, but now it champions frugality and simplicity. This reflects the emperor's reform measures and promotes a change in social customs. In the past, interpersonal relationships were complex, but there is now a strong emphasis on sincerity and openness. There are many ministers in the court, working tirelessly to manage national affairs. This highlights the court's efficient and orderly functioning. Government affairs are handled methodically, and the emperor often issues instructions and seeks everyone's opinions. This reflects the emperor's commitment to diligent governance and his eagerness to attract talented individuals.
The subjects are like the stars in the sky, while the emperor is likened to the rising sun. This metaphor describes the emperor's nobility and the position of his subjects.
His achievements are flourishing, and his merits are grand. His endeavors have all been successful, and his accomplishments are truly great. This summarizes the emperor's achievements, highly praising his successes.
The Five Emperors succeeded the Three Sovereigns, whom the world revered. The Five Emperors inherited the achievements of the Three Sovereigns, who were revered by all. This historical reference elevates the emperor's status, comparing his achievements to those of ancient sages.
His virtuous deeds align with the course of fate, a virtue that even heaven and earth cannot oppose. This emphasizes the emperor's virtues and their alignment with the era.
Looking up at him, the more one gazes up, the more he seems out of reach, like the heavens themselves. This expresses reverence for the emperor.
The return of the Dragon Emperor is imminent, with the Phoenix Emperor residing in the court. A wise ruler akin to the ancient sage kings is set to reappear, with auspicious signs all around. This is a hopeful outlook for the future, heralding the prosperity of the nation.
[Tian Ming Chapter] (from Wei Qu "Taihe has a saintly emperor", ancient tune "Zhonghe in the second year of the chapter.")
Heaven has chosen the revered ancestor emperor, and it’s time for him to support the Wei dynasty's emperor. He handles state affairs in court with great care, and leads successful military campaigns in all directions. With everything in the court running smoothly, peace and stability naturally reign across the land. His virtues surpass those of Emperor Shun and Emperor Yao, with merits that surpass even those of King Tai.
Meng Da, taking advantage of the dangerous terrain, dared to stir up trouble at the border. The result? Our emperor sent troops by surprise and meted out a severe punishment! Those deserving of pardon received it, while those who deserved punishment faced their fate; none of those evildoers could escape. The awe of the founding emperor shook the land of Shu, and his martial prowess made the state of Wu tremble. Zhuge Liang, failing to heed the will of heaven, had the audacity to defy the natural order, leading over a hundred thousand troops to invade our border. Our emperor, courageous and mighty, personally commanded the troops stationed at Yongliang. Seeing this, Zhuge Liang was so scared before the battle even began that he simply dropped dead.
The ebb and flow of the world, with its successes and failures, is all part of the natural order. Times change, and difficulties always arise endlessly. The emperor launched his campaign eastward, reaching the sea and even defeating Korea. He inherited the seven policies of Wei, but Cao Shuang came out to cause trouble. All those villains were decisively eliminated, and various auspicious signs appeared. In the region of Huanghua, auspicious signs appeared first, heralding the beginning of good fortune; while Wang Ling led the rebellion first, bringing disaster upon himself.
[Emperor Jing's Reign] (as in the Wei song "Wei's Long History," the ancient song "Long Live Music.")
Emperor Jing, truly wise and born to rule, had a virtue as great as heaven and earth. Being an emperor is no easy feat; conquering the land is challenging, but maintaining it is even harder. With Xiahou Xuan outside, and Zhang and Li inside, these three villains conspired to throw the court into chaos. Emperor Jing followed the will of heaven and decisively dealt with these evildoers. The border generals also timely thwarted their rebellion before it could take root. All wrongdoers faced justice as they deserved, and Emperor Jing's awe shook the entire land. He handled state affairs with precision, managing every national matter with exceptional skill.
However, Huan Fan of Zhaoling was a completely incompetent person, and various problems arose inside and outside the court. Those petty people banded together, ignorant and reckless, unable to tell the difference between ruling the country and creating chaos. Only Emperor Jing was wise and decisive, using civil policies to support military efforts in governing the country. He acted in accordance with the will of heaven, deposing and appointing emperors, like parting dark clouds to reveal a clear sky, managing the country in an orderly manner. But the good times were short-lived; just as stability had returned, trouble flared up again along the southeastern border. Jian Qin, like a serpent, leveraged the power of the Wu tribes to create chaos. The entire country was in turmoil, and people were gripped by fear.
Emperor Jing personally led the army, leading a military campaign. Jian Qin rebelled in Shouchun, and his vanguard seized control of Xiangcheng. Emperor Jing took him by surprise, deploying a surprise strike that caught Jian Qin off guard. Jian Qin's forces couldn't stand up to Emperor Jing's surprise attack and kept retreating. The two armies met at Shayangpo; Jian Qin's forces were thrown into disarray and could do nothing but flee. Emperor Jing's army pursued, and Jian Qin was terrified, fleeing like a pack of cowards. The court ultimately pardoned some of those found guilty, and the brutal rebels in the east were also brought to heel.
[Chapter of the Great Jin] (from Wei Qu's "Heaven-Born Steamed People," an ancient song "Four Emperors of the Four Directions.")
The Great Jin Dynasty is truly remarkable, and King Wen is truly exceptional! His rule is magnificent and grand, on par with the legendary Yao, Shun, and Yu! Everyone says the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors were the best, and now the brilliance of King Wen has reappeared! He embodies nine virtues, with remarkable civil and military accomplishments. He aims to bring peace to the world and help everyone. Within the court, he promotes talents like Yuan Kai, ensuring the government runs like a well-oiled machine; externally, he selects formidable generals as fierce as eagles, all of whom are top-notch. Those who are obedient, he treats well; those who defy orders should brace for consequences! His kindness shines like the warm spring sun, and his authority surpasses the autumn frost. The court brims with talent, fostering a vibrant atmosphere.
Think about it, although the times of Tang Yao and Yu Shun were peaceful, later, treacherous ministers and rebels, known as the Four Evils, emerged, leading to great chaos. King Wen takes decisive action against these wrongdoers, and everyone respects and obeys him. His grace has moved the entire nation; even foreign nations come to pay their respects, presenting musical instruments and gifts, claiming to be King Wen's subjects. In the region of Western Shu, they dared to claim kingship and dominance, but King Wen immediately sent troops to subdue them, bringing them to heel. The people of Wu rose in rebellion, obstructing the rivers, and King Wen swiftly dispatched messengers; they quickly rallied to his call, pledging their loyalty.
In the past, previous monarchs established numerous states, and the territories governed under the Nine Tributes transformed into vassal states. The Qin Dynasty destroyed the six states and unified the world, but it was short-lived, lasting only two generations. For centuries, no one managed to unify the nation as the Qin Dynasty did, and over five hundred years have passed. Our emperor is indeed a sagacious ruler! He was born under the mandate of heaven, introduced a new system that categorized the land into five tiers, and clearly delineated the boundaries of the vassal states. With many civil and military officials gathered together, it truly is an unprecedented spectacle! His benevolence resonates throughout the realm, and the ideals of benevolence and righteousness have even spread beyond our shores.
【The Wise Ruler】(From the Wei Qu "It's Not Easy to Be a Ruler" and the ancient tune "The Cinnamon Tree Before the Palace".)
If the emperor is wise and governs the world, he will carefully listen to opinions from all sides and understand the sentiments of the people. As long as you are loyal and fulfill your duties, even if there are criticisms and punishments, you will eventually be appreciated and rewarded with honor and wealth. Just like orchids and fragrant herbs, even if they grow in the wilderness, they can still spread their fragrance for miles and enter the palace. Weeds growing in front of the hall will be mercilessly removed. Therefore, everyone should be honest with one another, and all officials should live up to their titles. Be humble and cautious, work diligently; as long as you are willing to work hard, you can achieve anything.
On the contrary, if the emperor is incompetent and lacks confidence, the court will be rife with twisted and deceitful ideas. Honest people will be marginalized and suppressed, while treacherous officials will steal their power. Even if you wish to be loyal, fear may prevent you from speaking out. Even if you do speak out, what's the use? Loyalty may bring disaster upon oneself. A clear river becomes murky when its source is polluted. Life's path is like a crossroads; once you take the wrong path, it's hard to turn back. Loyal ministers in the court will adhere to their principles without regard for personal safety. Evil and justice cannot coexist, much like the Hu and Qin people. The Hu and Qin people may cooperate at times, but evil and justice will always be two different paths. When loyal ministers meet a wise ruler, they will work hard and strive for progress. Like stars surrounding the moon, all officials should revolve around the emperor.
But if one encounters a tyrannical ruler, loyal ministers may be demoted and become ordinary people. Even if their status is lowly and unremarkable, like white reeds, they are still precious. Just as frost forms in the transition from day to night, even orchids and cassias can end up as firewood. Treacherous ministers are full of schemes and have malicious intent; they cater to the emperor's preferences, flattering him while only caring for immediate comfort, regardless of right or wrong. To maintain their positions and income, they form factions and deceive the emperor. Their words and actions are often contradictory and marked by greed and insatiability. If they hide the truth, they will be completely buried; if the truth comes to light, their families will face annihilation.
The "Fu Dance" originated in the Jiangnan region. In the past, it was referred to as Wu Dance, but a careful review of its lyrics reveals that they are not from the Wu region. This dance has also been performed at court. Yang Hong wrote in the preface: "Since arriving in Jiangnan, I have seen the 'White Fu Dance,' which is also known as the 'White Pigeon Dance.' This dance is said to have been passed down for decades. A careful study of its lyrics reveals that this is an expression of the people of Wu yearning to submit to the Jin dynasty under the tyranny of Sun Hao." I will now include the lyrics of this dance at the end.
【白鸠篇】 (此处保留原文，不做翻译)
A white dove, flying back and forth, cooing non-stop. It seems to be expressing reverence for the king, so it flies into the palace. Look at that white dove, with its feathers pure and bright, fluttering around the palace, as if responding to the king's kindness. And those doves, some red-feathered, some yellow-feathered, they also happily fly back and forth, rejoicing in the king's kindness. Just like the setting sun on the eastern wall sprinkling over the rivers, fish swimming freely in the water, the king's kindness is like sunshine and rain, nourishing us insignificant people. Riding a fine horse, practicing my riding and driving, hoping to serve the king, even if working day and night, I find joy in it, forgetting my hunger. My heart is calm, my aspirations firm, I’ll play the zither and drums for my own amusement, and climb up to a high platform, gazing into the distance, dreaming of success and prosperity.
This poem by Jijiji is beautifully written, describing the dancing posture and beautiful scenery, bringing back memories of better times. Time flies, and in the blink of an eye, we reach old age, but we should seize the moment and drink up. How long can an old person live? Alas, my heart is heavy with worries and longing, lonely like a fish in a deep pool, just hoping for some help and support from others. Such kindness is hard to come by; I can only sing and dance with a heavy heart to show my gratitude.
The poem *The Solitary Poem* says, a person alone is like being mired in a quagmire; a quagmire can be endured, but when the water gets too deep, it will swallow me. Look at those wild geese, playing by the field. I had thought about shooting them, but then I remembered their loneliness and decided against it. The duckweed floats with the wind, light and carefree, but my state of mind is starkly different—lonely and desolate. In this empty room, who knows I live here alone? In these fine clothes, who can tell what's real and what's not? The knife grinds against the sharpening stone; I lie on the bed, feeling helpless, unable to clear my father's name. What’s the point of living? Fierce beasts roam the mountains, ready to attack at any moment; even the wealthy and powerful are not safe.
Standing at Jieshi, gazing at the sea. How clear the sea is, how towering the mountains and islands! Lush trees, thick wild grass, the autumn wind rustling, and the sea waves rolling. The sun and moon rise, as if emerging from the sea; the stars shine brightly, as if surging from the sea. How fortunate I am! I want to write poetry to express my ambitions! — *Viewing the Sea*
In the tenth month of winter, the north wind howls. The weather is chilly and crisp, with biting frost. The rooster crows in the morning; the wild geese fly south. Birds of prey are all hiding, and bears are hibernating. The farming tools are stored away, and the crops have been harvested. The inns are all ready, convenient for merchants to come and go. It’s wonderful; I’ll write a song to express my feelings! — *Winter October*
This place is different from my hometown; the north is especially cold. Ice floes drift, making navigation difficult for boats. The ground is so hard that not even a drill can penetrate; the forests are thick and dense. The river has dried up, and the ice is solid enough to walk on. Scholars are often poor and destitute, while brave souls are looked down upon. Always sighing and wearing a frown. It’s truly wonderful; I’ll write a song to express my thoughts! — *Different Soil*
Although the sacred turtle has a long lifespan, it will eventually die. The soaring snake, even if riding on clouds and mist, will ultimately turn to dust. The thousand-mile horse, when old, still harbors the ambition to gallop a thousand miles. A hero in old age will not diminish in grand aspirations. The span of life isn’t solely dictated by fate. If you take care of yourself, you can live to be a hundred. How wonderful those days were! I want to write a song to express my feelings! — "Though the Turtle Lives Long"
【The Prince of Huainan】
The Prince of Huainan, claiming nobility, built a tower a hundred feet high that reaches the clouds. In the back garden, he dug a well, with a wellhead made of silver, drinking cold water from a golden cup and plain rope. Drinking cold water, reminiscing about the beautiful times of youth, how wonderful those days were! Singing loudly, the voice echoed through the clouds. Unfortunately, I want to cross the river, but there is no bridge; I wish I could turn into a pair of wild geese and fly back to my hometown. Returning to my hometown, I wander, feeling weary in both body and mind. No amount of splendid dances or songs can bring me joy; I can only wander in my hometown, as if I’m drifting through the sky.
This piece, known as "Drum and Horn's Tune," refers to the drum used to command the army, as noted in the "Rites of Zhou." As for "horn," some say that when Chi You led the ghosts to battle against the Yellow Emperor at Zhuolu, the Yellow Emperor ordered the horn to be blown, and the horn's sound was like a dragon's roar, used to fend off the enemy. Later, when Cao Cao marched north against the Wuwan, crossing the desert, the soldiers missed home, so they lowered the sound of the horn, making it sound even more mournful.
Hu Jia was originally performed with the Hu Jia instrument, but later it gradually began to be used to play the transverse flute, as well as the double-reed Hu music. Zhang Qian undertook a mission to the Western Regions, which resulted in the transmission of only one piece titled "Mohe Doule." Li Yannian created twenty-eight new pieces inspired by Hu music, which he presented to the emperor as military music. Later, the Han Dynasty transmitted it to frontier generals, and by the time of the Emperor, thousands of generals were able to perform it. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the twenty-eight new pieces were no longer complete, and only ten were commonly used, including: "Yellow Goose," "Longtou," "Leaving the Pass," "Entering the Pass," "Leaving the Frontier," "Entering the Frontier," "Bending Willow," "Yellow Tanzi," "Red Willow," and "Looking at the Traveler."
During the Wei and Jin periods, there was an individual named Sun who excelled in playing old tunes, Song Shi was good at keeping time and singing along, Chen Zuo excelled in solo singing, Lie He excelled in playing the flute, Hao Suo excelled in playing the zither, Zhu Sheng excelled in playing the pipa, and they also created many new pieces. Therefore, Fu Xuan wrote in his book, "If people only value what they hear and ignore what they see, aren't they very confused? Suppose these six people lived in ancient times, surpassing all others in history, not just like-minded with Huo Kuai!" From then on, the music continued in the style of Sun, Zhu Sheng, and others.
"Xianghe" is an old song from the Han Dynasty, with silk and bamboo instruments playing together, and someone singing to the beat. Originally a complete piece of music, Emperor Ming of Wei divided it into two parts, which were played alternately at night. Originally consisting of seventeen pieces, Zhu Sheng, Song Shi, Lie He, and others combined it into thirteen pieces.
"Dange" has four pieces, all from the Han Dynasty. There are no accompanying instruments; it was originally sung by musicians, with one person singing and three people harmonizing. Emperor Wu of Wei particularly liked it. At that time, there was a person named Song Ronghua, who had a clear voice and excelled in singing this song, making him the most renowned singer of his time. It was lost after the Jin Dynasty and eventually faded into obscurity.
Ancient music and songs that have been passed down include mostly folk songs from the Han Dynasty, such as "Lotus Picking in Jiangnan," "Wusheng's Fifteen Sons," and "Bai Tou Yin." Wu songs and various miscellaneous tunes originated from Jiangnan, with some added after the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
"Song of Midnight" was created by a woman named Ziyue. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu, a ghost sang "Song of Midnight" at the home of Langye King Ke, indicating that Ziyue lived before the Taiyuan era.
"Song of the Phoenix and Its Chicks" is an old song. In Ying Qu's "One Hundred and One Poems," it is mentioned as "saying it is 'Song of the Phoenix and Its Chicks'," showing that this song has a long history. "Qianxi Song" was composed by General Chenchong.
Now, "Azi" and "Huanwen Song" appeared during the reign of Emperor Mu. After singing the songs, they would always shout, "Azi, have you heard?" This is recorded in the "Records of the Five Elements." Later, based on this shouting, these two songs were compiled.
Next is "The Folding Fan Song." This song is about the relationship between Minister Wang Min and his sister-in-law's maid. The two fell in love deeply. The sister-in-law was furious and beat the maid badly. The maid was good at singing, and Minister Wang Min liked to hold a white folding fan, hence the song "The Folding Fan Song."
Then there is "The Song of Regret," a folk ballad passed down during the Long'an era, also recorded in the "Records of the Five Elements." And "The Transformation of the Chief of Staff," composed by Wang Xin, the left chief of the Minister of Works, when he was about to die.
Initially, these songs were sung acapella, and later accompanied by orchestral instruments. Some songs were created based on the sounds of musical instruments, such as the San Diao Ge Ci during the Wei and Jin periods.
Let's talk about "Bei Pan Wu." It is said that during the Taikang era, the dance "Dance of the Tranquil Era" was popular nationwide, where dancers used both hands to hold cups and plates, performing flips. During the Han Dynasty, there was only plate dancing, and it was not until the Jin Dynasty that cups were added, along with flipping actions.
"The Gong Mo Dance" is now known as "The Handkerchief Dance." According to legend, Xiang Zhuang wanted to dance with a sword to assassinate Emperor Gaozu of Han, but Xiang Bo stopped him with his sleeve, preventing Xiang Zhuang from carrying out his plan, and said to him, "Do not harm the Han king, my friend!" In ancient times, "gong" was a way of addressing each other, meaning "Do not harm the Han king, my friend!" Dancers now use handkerchiefs as props, imitating Xiang Bo's sleeve. Additionally, there is a piece titled "The Gong Mo Crossing River Tune" in "Qin Cao," indicating that the history of this tune is even older, and saying it is Xiang Bo may not be accurate.
"The Baizhu Dance" mentions a robe. Zhu is a special product of the Wu region, so this dance likely originates from the Wu region. The "Pai Ge" of the Jin Dynasty also wrote: "Bright white yarn, each for a pair." People in the Wu region pronounce "yarn" as "zhu," so I think white zhu is white yarn.
Finally, there are pieces titled "The Bell Dance Song," "The Banner Dance Song," and six songs of "The Drum Dance Artist," all of which were performed during the Yuanhui period.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, on the first day of the lunar new year, the emperor received tributes in the Deyang Hall. At this moment, a treasure arrived from the west and began to play in front of the hall. It first stirred up waves with water, transforming into two flatfish, jumping and splashing in the water, spouting water, causing water mist to cover the sunlight. After playing as flatfish, it turned into a long and large dragon, approximately eight or nine zhang in length, playing and frolicking in the water, shining in the sunlight. At that moment, two girls were also dancing between two pillars on a rope several zhang long, intertwining their shoulders without losing balance. By the Wei and Jin Dynasties, performances of music and dance continued, including "Xia Yu Carrying the Cauldron," "Giant Elephant Milking," "Divine Turtle Wrestling Dance," "Carrying the Lingyue Mountain," "Guishu White Snow," and "Drawing a River on the Ground."
Later, in the first month of the seventh year of the Xian Kang era under Emperor Cheng, Cai Mo, the Minister of Personnel, submitted a memorial stating: "For the New Year’s Day ceremony this year, it’s sufficient to play drums and gongs; let’s skip the other musical and dance performances." The Chamberlain Zhang Cheng and the Deputy Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, Chen Kui, opposed this, saying: "The Emperor holds ceremonies to educate the world; the distinction between auspicious and inauspicious matters is a timeless principle. Now that people from all over the country come to pay their respects, with mourning ceremonies at the tombs and court music performed at the court, both types of ceremonies are being used, and the distinction between mourning and celebration is blurred. This is a serious issue for the national system!" The Emperor issued an edict saying: "Since we are considering the overall situation of the world, let us adopt a practical approach regarding the ceremonies; the New Year’s Day ceremony should entirely follow auspicious rituals. As for the music that’s really unbearable to listen to, it has been canceled. However, for more important rituals, such as offering longevity wine and shouting 'Long live the Emperor,' these are already pretty grand, and there is no need to cancel the drums and gongs."
Zhang Cheng and Chen Kui submitted another memorial saying: "Although the specifications for the ceremony have been lowered, the court still has a festive atmosphere. However, there are evident mourning rituals at the tombs, and the sorrowful atmosphere still lingers; the ceremonial attire also adheres to the classic regulations, but its meaning is not entirely auspicious. Therefore, the ceremonies during the Xian Ning years included complete musical rituals, which were based on the ancient statutes of the previous dynasty, leaving a precedent for future generations!" The Emperor replied: "For a grand sacrificial ceremony like the New Year’s Day, where nations come to pay their tributes, if the court does not play drums and gongs, even the daily routines might be thrown off. Without the music of the chime, guests will not have proper ceremonial norms; wouldn’t that be quite inappropriate? Therefore, we must weigh the importance and decide on the handling of these matters."
Gu Zhen submitted and said: "I have heard that a wise ruler establishes music to praise good governance, to cultivate the people with virtue and benevolence, and to prevent them from indulging in debauchery. Music can both honor ancestors and educate the populace; it follows the principles of the five elements and harmonizes the eight winds to influence all things. The royal melodies are just and resplendent, symbolizing righteousness; the brass tones are strong and orderly, symbolizing propriety; a full array of string instruments, vocal pieces, bells, drums, and metal instruments is present. Therefore, music can reach the divine, touch the hearts of people, change customs, and achieve the highest harmony.
However, the music performances of this current era are merely for show, completely violating propriety, chaotic and disorderly, like trying to fit one's head and feet into a bamboo basket—visually appealing, yet fundamentally corrupt. Those performers, even when treading on reeds, still feel it should not be trampled, let alone living beings. Do they not feel any compassion? Moreover, the people from all over the world come to see the emperor, to witness the magnificent court ceremonies, to listen to the "Yas" and "Songs" from the Book of Songs, and to observe the solemn rituals. They should feel a profound sense of awe, yet instead, they have turned the principles of heaven and earth upside down, upsetting the fundamental principles of human relationships and moral order."
Right now, there are invasions by barbarian tribes at the border; defending against external threats is urgent. The soldiers eat only seven sheng of food each day, yet they disregard life and death as they rush to the battlefield, while those performers can receive five dou of food every day, enjoying games that celebrate Mount Tai. We are sweeping the Central Plains and pacifying the border; this kind of thing should not be visible to those far away. The Ministry of Rites should be instructed to organize and compile refined music, performing "Shao Music" nine times in a row, innovating during this prosperous time and using songs of merit to ensure their praise endures for future generations. This is how we 'protect the state and ensure prosperity for our descendants.' All those vulgar performances should be abolished. We must promote the virtue of frugality, following the frugality exemplified by the Kang and Kai emperors; when the winds of change blow, the people will respond accordingly. This is the correct course of action. In my humble opinion, I sincerely request the emperor's approval!"
As a result, Gu Zhen proposed the cancellation of the dances "Gao Geng," "Purple Deer," "Qixing," "Turtle Eating," including "Prince Qi Rolling Up His Sleeves," "Zuo Er," and other performances, and he also reduced the salaries of the musicians involved. Later on, he reinstated the dances "Gao Geng" and "Purple Deer."
