Wang Shen, courtesy name Chudao, was from Taiyuan Jinyang. His grandfather, Wang Rou, was the General of the Xiongnu during the Han Dynasty; his father, Wang Ji, was the Governor of Dong Commandery in the state of Wei. Wang Shen lost his parents at a young age and was raised by his uncle, Sikong Wang Chang, treating him as if he were his own father. He was exceptionally filial to his stepmother and widowed sister-in-law, earning widespread praise. He loved reading and was skilled in writing. General Cao Shuang recognized his talents and brought him on as an aide, eventually promoting him to Deputy Minister of the Imperial Secretariat. After Cao Shuang was killed, Wang Shen was dismissed from his position due to his association with Cao Shuang's faction.
Later, he was appointed as a Palace Historian, then promoted to Chief of the Imperial Secretariat. During the Zhengyuan era, he was further promoted to Cavalry Commandant and Palace Aide, tasked with compiling historical records. He, along with Xun Yi and Ruan Ji, participated in writing the "Book of Wei", but the book concealed many truths of the time, not as objective and truthful as Chen Shou's "Records of the Three Kingdoms".
At that time, the nobleman from Gaogui Township loved learning and was very literary, often hosting banquets in the East Hall and inviting Wang Shen and Pei Xiu to participate, asking them to write on the spot. The nobleman also bestowed upon Wang Shen the nickname "Mr. Wenji" and Pei Xiu the nickname "Master of the Confucian Forest". Later, the nobleman from Gaogui Township plotted to attack Emperor Wen of Wei, and he called Wang Shen and Wang Ye to discuss his plan with them. Wang Shen and Wang Ye rushed to inform Emperor Wen of Wei, and for their contributions, Wang Shen was granted the title of Marquis of Anping, with a fief of two thousand households. However, Wang Shen's perceived disloyalty to his master drew criticism from many.
Xun Qian was appointed as the Minister of Personnel and was also given the additional titles of General of the Valiant Army, and Governor of Yuzhou. Upon taking office in Yuzhou, he issued a decree saying, "Since ancient times, wise and virtuous sages have been willing to listen to honest but difficult advice and eager to hear the opinions of the common people, because even ordinary citizens may have valuable insights; even commoners gathering firewood may have brilliant ideas for governing the country. Since I arrived in Yuzhou, could it be that my lack of humility in accepting criticism has caused those who wish to speak up to hesitate?"
Therefore, I will issue a decree to announce in every county and to the people: whoever recommends talented individuals hidden in the mountains, exposes the evil people in the state, points out the strengths and weaknesses of local officials, reflects the hardships of the people, proposes suggestions for benefiting the people and improving measures, and achieves significant results, will be rewarded with five hundred measures of grain. Whoever provides suggestions that hit the mark, points out the gains and losses of the Governor, and whether the policies of the court are appropriate, balancing strictness and leniency, will be rewarded with one thousand measures of grain. Do not think that I do not trust you; my heart is as bright and clear as the bright sun!"
The Chief Clerk Chen Xin and Chu Mou said, "We understand your teachings and deeply appreciate your thoughtful intentions. You are busy with numerous affairs, yet you still want to hear criticism; it is truly admirable! We believe that subordinates will align their actions with what their superiors prefer. But recently, no one dares to speak frankly, nor do they dare to convey advice from afar, perhaps because there are indeed no significant issues to criticize. Now that you have ordered to encourage everyone to speak up and motivate with rewards, it may make the honest people afraid to speak out because of the rewards, while those who covet money will speak recklessly for personal gain. If the suggestions are unreasonable, yet rewards are given in vain, those who hear the news from afar will not know whether to speak or not, thinking that speaking up is pointless and that you are merely putting on a show. Therefore, we believe it would be better to delay the issuance of this decree."
Mr. Shen said, “A person with shallow virtue but a high position, with little merit yet enjoying a generous salary, is pursued by the greedy, while the noble will not accept it. If you can speak frankly to the governor and advise him for the benefit of the people in this province, promote talented recluses, remove sycophants, establish good morals above, and enjoy deserved salaries below, that is the mark of a true gentleman. Why not say it? Speaking frankly is loyalty, benefiting the local people is benevolence, and stepping back after achieving success is a sign of integrity. If you embody these three qualities, it reflects wisdom and benevolence. Why hold onto your thoughts while letting the country suffer losses?”
Mr. Zhu replied, “The reason why Yao, Shun, and the Duke of Zhou could hear loyal advice is because they treated people with sincerity. Ice and charcoal may not speak, but their hot and cold natures are evident because of their inherent characteristics. If one genuinely aspires to loyalty and honesty, just as ice and charcoal naturally exhibit their properties, then there will be many ministers who dare to speak frankly, and good advice will continuously emerge. However, if your virtue does not reach the level of Yao and Shun, and your wisdom does not match that of the Duke of Zhou, and your actual actions do not deserve the natural properties of ice and charcoal, then even with substantial rewards, you might still not receive honest advice. In the past, Wei Jiang received rewards of female entertainers for his merit in dealing with the Rong; Guan Zhong was made a high minister for his contributions to the state. Their achievements were significant, and the rewards followed. I have yet to hear of anyone successfully seeking advice through hefty rewards or using money to extract the truth.” Mr. Shen was swayed by his argument and decided to take his advice.
Mr. Shen began to seek out effective policies, reviewed the laws and regulations from the time of Jia Kui, and selected good ones for implementation. He also said, "Young people do not study the teachings of the ancient kings, yet hope for the prosperity of political affairs; that is unrealistic. A balance of civil and military governance is essential for lasting stability. As social customs decline, reform becomes essential. The key to changing customs is placing importance on education. In the past, Yuan Bolu did not like to study, and Min Mapu knew he would perish. The children of officials, who live in comfort and come from good families, will surely indulge in pleasure and corrupt societal values if they are not educated." So the people of the nine districts gladly accepted education, and customs changed as a result.
He was initially appointed as the General of Conquering Barbarians and was also awarded a ceremonial staff to lead the military in the north of the Yangtze River. When the fifth rank of nobility was just established, he was appointed as the Marquis of Boling, ranking just below the princes. During the campaign to pacify the Shu region, the Wu army launched a large-scale invasion, claiming to rescue the Shu region, causing panic among the border people. But Shen Zhen remained calm and composed, commanding with skill, and the enemy fled at the first sign of resistance. Later, he was promoted to General of the South. After Emperor Wu came to power, he was appointed as the Grand Master of the Palace, also serving as the Minister of Rites, and was also appointed as an Attendant Imperial Secretary. Shen Zhen, with his talent and reputation, was very famous at the time, so notable figures such as Yang Hu, Xun Xu, Pei Xiu, and Jia Chong frequently sought his counsel.
When the emperor officially ascended the throne, because Shen Zhen had made great contributions in assisting the emperor's ascension, he was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry, in charge of the affairs of the Masters of Writing, and was also appointed as a Cavalier Attendant, overseeing military affairs outside the city. The emperor wanted to appoint him as the Duke of Boling County, but he firmly declined, finally reluctantly accepting the title of County Duke, with a fief of 1,800 households. The emperor originally intended to entrust him with all state affairs, but unfortunately, he passed away in the second year of Taishi. The emperor conducted a grand funeral for him while in mourning and bestowed upon him a set of valuable court robes, a piece of clothing, 300,000 coins, 100 pieces of cloth, and a burial plot, posthumously granting him the title "Yuan."
In the second year of his reign, the emperor recalled Shen Zhen's contributions and issued an edict stating: "To commend the achievements of our predecessors is to honor the virtuous and capable, to leave teachings, to handle posthumous matters with care, and to commemorate great deeds for the education of the people. Shen Zhen, Grand Marshal, General of Cavalry, and Duke of Boling, was a man of integrity, noble character, well-versed in classical texts and history, and possessed profound knowledge. He had held important positions in the court and local governance, offered strategies and advice in the court, and defended the borders, safeguarding the nation. During the founding of the country and establishment of offices, he ranked among the ministers and managed court affairs, taking part in the decision-making of national affairs. He truly made significant contributions in aiding the emperor and stabilizing the state. Therefore, he is posthumously awarded the title of Duke of Sikong to honor his achievements, ensuring his reputation endures through the ages. Previously, due to his meritorious service in assisting the emperor, he should have received the title of Duke of a Commandery, but he firmly declined. We deeply admire his humility and respect his wishes. He may be buried according to the standards of a Duke of a Commandery. Shen Zhen lived a frugal life, not coveting wealth. The troops he commanded during his life constructed fifty houses for him." His son Shen Jun inherited his title. Later, when Shen Zhen's wife, Xun, died and arrangements were made for their joint burial, they discovered that Shen Zhen's coffin was already damaged, and the emperor bestowed upon him a set of valuable burial items from the Eastern Garden. During the Xian Ning period, the emperor again posthumously conferred Shen Zhen as Duke of a Commandery. Jun, styled Pengzu, was born to his mother, a Zhao woman from a respectable family, but they were poor and often worked in the Shen household, where she gave birth to him.
At the age of fifteen, the head of the Shen family died, leaving no children. Relatives discussed allowing Jun to inherit the family estate and even made him a prince consort, which was a highly regarded official position. During the Taikang period, he returned to court with other nobles to his fiefdom. Three years later, he returned to court and was appointed as an assistant cavalier. During the Yuankang period, he was promoted to assistant court attendant, then became the Cavalry Colonel, and finally the General of the Right Army. He was later sent to Henan as the governor because a duke could not hold a position with a salary of two thousand stones, so he was transferred to the role of General of the Eastern Command, stationed in Xuchang.
During his time in Xuchang, he was involved in the plot to kill the Crown Prince held captive there. Following Empress Jia's orders, Jun and the palace attendant Sun Lü killed the Crown Prince. Afterward, he was promoted to General of Ningbei and appointed Inspector of Qingzhou. Shortly after, he was transferred to General of Ningshuo and given the task of overseeing military affairs in Youzhou, gaining increasing power. At that time, the court was in chaos, with bandits everywhere. To maintain his position, Jun sought to build good relations with minority groups. He married one daughter to the Xianbei leader Wu Mudan and the other to Su Shuyan.
After Prince Zhao Lun usurped the throne, three princes rose up in rebellion. Shi Le, a young general, commanded a large army and remained neutral, even intercepting orders from the court and preventing commoners from joining the uprising. King Ying of Chengdu initially planned to deal with him, but he lacked the opportunity at the time. Later, Lun was killed, and Shi Le was promoted to General of Anbei.
King Yao of Hejian and King Ying of Chengdu led their troops into Luoyang again and killed Prince Yi of Changsha. Shi Le felt very discontented. Ying recommended Shi Kan, the Governor of Youzhou, for the position of Right Sima, and then had the Right Sima and Yan replace Shi Kan, secretly sending Yan to assassinate Shi Le and take over his army. Yan conspired with the Wuhuan Chanyu Shendeng to meet Shi Le at the clear spring south of Jicheng. There were two roads to the west of Jicheng, with Yan taking one road and Shi Le the other. They planned to attack each other when they met. However, on that day, a torrential rain fell, soaking their weapons and thwarting their plans. Chanyu Shendeng discussed with his subordinates, saying, "Yan wanted to kill Shi Le, and the plan was almost successful. But suddenly a heavy rain came, preventing their success. It seems that the heavens are helping Shi Le! Going against the will of heaven is not auspicious. I can no longer be involved with Yan." He then told Shi Le about this. Shi Le quickly readied his forces and, alongside the Chanyu, besieged Yan. Yan surrendered to Shi Le under a white flag, only to be executed. Shi Le then became the Inspector of Youzhou. He organized his forces, rallied his generals, and led an army of twenty thousand, comprising both Xiongnu and Han, to confront Ying. He sent his registrar, Qi Hong, as the vanguard and defeated Ying's general, Shi Chao, in Pingji. Taking advantage of the victory, Shi Le captured Ye City, and his soldiers looted wildly, resulting in numerous casualties. The Xianbei seized many women, and Shi Le ordered that anyone who dared to hide them would be killed. Consequently, eight thousand individuals were thrown into the Yi River. The common people endured immense suffering from that point forward.
Shi Le returned to Jicheng, and his fame grew even greater. The King of Donghai, Yue, prepared to welcome the emperor, and Shi Le sent Qi Hong to lead the Wuwan cavalry as the vanguard. After Emperor Hui returned to Luoyang, Shi Le was promoted to General of the Cavalry and Commander of the Military Affairs of the Eastern Yi and the Hebei region, continuing to serve as the Governor of Youzhou. He was also granted the title of King of Yan and expanded the fief of Boling. After Emperor Huai ascended the throne, Shi Le was appointed as Minister of Public Works and concurrently served as a Colonel of the Wuwan, while Wu Wuchen was granted the title of Grand Chanyu. Shi Le further submitted a petition requesting to confer the title of Duke of Liaoxi on Wu Wuchen, and his other generals, including Da Piaohua and his brother Ke Mo, were all granted the title of Prince of Jin.
During the Yongjia era, Shi Le invaded Jizhou, and the court dispatched the Xianbei general Wen Yang to fight him, resulting in Shi Le being driven away to Nanyang. The following year, Shi Le returned with renewed strength and attacked Jizhou, killing the Governor of Jizhou, Wang Bin. The court had no choice but to send Sima Jun to take charge of Jizhou. The court also promoted Sima Jun, granting him the title of Grand General, and additionally appointed him as Chamberlain and Grand Commander, allowing him to lead the military affairs of Youzhou, Jizhou, and other regions. Before the imperial edict arrived, Luoyang fell into chaos after being captured. At this time, Sima Jun was quite imposing, acting independently, and directly led troops to fight Shi Le. He dispatched Wang Chang, Ruan Bao, and others, along with Wu Wuchen's son Ji Lujuan and several brothers of Wen Yang, to attack Shi Le's stronghold, Xiangguo. Shi Le brought troops to resist but was decisively defeated by Wang Chang. Sima Jun's brother, Mo Ke, even pursued the enemy into Shi Le's main camp, but was unfortunately captured by Shi Le. Shi Le took Mo Ke as a hostage and sent someone to negotiate peace. Ji Lujuan secured Mo Ke with 250 warhorses and a large box of gold and silver, then allied with Shi Le and withdrew his troops.
Later, Sima Jun announced that he had received orders from the court and began appointing officials. He appointed Xun Fan as Grand Commandant, Xun Zu as Colonel of the Imperial Guard, Hua Hui as Grand Preceptor, and Li Ge as Governor of Henan. He also sent Qi Hong to attack Shi Le, but Qi Hong's army got lost in the heavy fog and ran into Shi Le, who killed him. This led to a conflict between Liu Kun and Sima Jun over control of Jizhou. Liu Kun sent his kinsman Liu Xi to recruit soldiers and gather supplies in Zhongshan, and the people of Dai, Shanggu, and Guangning counties all submitted to Liu Kun. Sima Jun, feeling anxious, stopped attacking Shi Le and turned his attention to Liu Kun. He sent Hu Ju with troops to defeat Liu Xi and captured the people of the three counties, driving them to the frontier, leaving Liu Kun unable to contest Jizhou against Sima Jun.
Shi Le, wanting to attack Sima Jun, stationed his troops by the Yi River and summoned Jilu Juan to collaborate in the attack on Xiangguo. Sima Jun ruled with cruelty; his generals and officials were greedy and ruthless, seizing lands and resources, flooding fields, and desecrating graves, resulting in immense suffering for the populace. Many people fled to the Xianbei. His subordinate Han Xian strongly cautioned him against it, but Sima Jun, infuriated, had him executed. Jilu Juan, fearing punishment for his previous disobedience, did not respond to Sima Jun's summons because he had been bribed by Shi Le. Sima Jun, enraged, bribed the son of the Chanyu Yilu, Righteous Prince Rilüsun, to attack Jilu Juan, only to be defeated.
During this time, Liu Kun was under intense pressure from Liu Cong, and many refuge-seeking scholars flocked to Shi Jun. Shi Jun felt that his power was growing stronger, so he established an altar to pay homage to the heavens, established a crown prince, and created many official positions. He himself served as the Minister of State, appointed Zao Song and Pei Xian as officials, allowed his son to live in the royal palace, bearing a seal of authority, and appointed him as the General in charge of the Xiongnu. He also appointed his wife’s brother, Cui Bi, as the Colonel of the Eastern Barbarians. He had Zao Song oversee the military affairs of the provinces of Ji, Bing, and Yan, serving as the General of Anbei, and appointed Tian Hui as the Governor of Yan Province and Li Yun as the Governor of Qing Province. Later, when Li Yun was killed by Shi Le, he replaced him with Bo Sheng.
Shi Jun invoked his father's name "Chudao" in relation to the prophecy of "Dangtu Gao," planning to claim the title of emperor. Hu Ju advised Shi Jun, explaining in detail the impracticality of declaring himself emperor. Shi Jun was very angry and demoted Hu Ju to the position of governor of Wei County. The former governor of Bohai, Liu Liang, his cousin the governor of Beihai, Liu Bo, and the official Gao Rou all earnestly advised him, but Shi Jun was furious and killed them all. Shi Jun originally looked down on the chief historian Yan Guo Wang Ti and found a pretext to execute him. At that time, a children's rhyme circulated: "Ten bags and five bags enter Zao Lang." Zao Song was Shi Jun's son-in-law. Upon hearing this, Shi Jun questioned Zao Song but ultimately could not punish him. Another children's rhyme said: "The city gate of Youzhou resembles a hidden door, within lies the hidden corpse of Wang Pengzu." A fox lurked at the government gate while a pheasant flew into the office. At that time, Huo Yuan from Yan was a famous wise man in Northern Zhou, and when Shi Jun told him about his plans to become emperor, Huo Yuan did not respond, so Shi Jun killed him.
As a result, the scholars were filled with anger and resentment, and Shi Jun had no trusted allies inside or outside. Because he became increasingly arrogant and tyrannical, not personally managing government affairs and appointing harsh officials; coupled with droughts and locust plagues, the soldiers became increasingly weakened.
When King Jun was in power, most of his officials were promoted from within, with only Sima Youtong coming from outside. Youtong was dissatisfied and secretly conspired with Shi Le. Shi Le pretended to surrender to King Jun, claiming he would acknowledge King Jun as his lord. At that time, the people of King Jun were in the midst of an internal uprising, and Lu Juan and his allies were relentlessly pursuing the rebels. King Jun was very pleased that Shi Le had defected to him, so Shi Le pretended to be humble in serving him and sent many treasures, with couriers constantly bringing more. King Jun was convinced that Shi Le had truly surrendered and no longer guarded against him. Shi Le then chose a date to confer an honorary title on King Jun, and King Jun readily agreed.
Shi Le stationed his army by the banks of the Yi River. The guard Sun Wei suspected Shi Le was up to something and quickly reported to Prince Jun, taking troops to intercept Shi Le. Prince Jun did not listen and allowed Shi Le to come directly. Everyone said, "The Hu are greedy and untrustworthy; there’s definitely a trick here, we should resist him!" Prince Jun got angry and wanted to execute those who advised him otherwise, so no one dared to speak up again. Prince Jun prepared an elaborate reception for Shi Le. When Shi Le reached the city gates, he immediately ordered a raid. Prince Jun's men urged him to attack Shi Le, but he refused. Once Shi Le entered the government office, Prince Jun finally left the hall, only to be captured by Shi Le's forces and brought before him. Shi Le sat next to Prince Jun's wife, forcing Prince Jun to stand before them. Prince Jun shouted, "Barbarian! You tricked me—how ruthless you are!" Shi Le accused Prince Jun of betraying the Jin Dynasty and blamed him for his starving people, hoarding 500,000 bushels of grain instead of providing relief. He then sent five hundred cavalry to escort Prince Jun to Xiangguo and also confiscated ten thousand of Prince Jun's elite soldiers, all of whom were executed. Two days later, when Shi Le returned, Sun Wei tried to intercept him once more, but Shi Le barely managed to escape. Upon arriving in Xiangguo, Shi Le killed Prince Jun, who never submitted and continued to curse until his last breath. Prince Jun had no sons. In the second year of Taiyuan, the court issued an edict to restore the extinct family, appointing Shen Congsun Daosu as the Duke of Boling. After Daosu passed away, his son Chongzhi inherited the title. In the eleventh year of Yixi, he was re-titled as the Duke of Dongguan. After the Song Dynasty took over, this title was abolished.
Xun Yi, style name Jingqian, was hailing from Yingchuan and the sixth son of Wei's Grand Commandant Xun Yu. He was highly regarded by his sister's husband Chen Qun from a young age. He was extremely filial, renowned from a young age for his extensive knowledge, talent, and thoughtful approach to problem-solving. During the Wei dynasty, he was appointed as a Junior Official due to his father's achievements. During Emperor Xuan's regency, Xun Yi was greatly appreciated and promoted to Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, and later promoted to Palace Attendant. He taught the classics to the Wei Emperor, was appointed Cavalry Commandant, and granted the title of Marquis Within the Passes. He once debated with Zhong Hui on the absence of mutual trigrams in the Book of Changes, and with Wang Jun of Fufeng on which was more important, benevolence or filial piety, which earned him widespread fame.
At that time, Cao Shuang held all the power, and He Yan and others plotted to kill the Minister of the Masses, Gu, but Du Yu intervened to save him. Later, when Prince Gaogui became emperor, Du Yu advised Emperor Jing, "Your Majesty has just ascended the throne, and your power is not yet stable. You should promptly send envoys to promote the emperor's goodwill across the regions and also gain an understanding of the situation outside." Consequently, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rebelled. Du Yu foresaw this in advance, played a key role in quelling the rebellion, and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wansui Pavilion with a fief consisting of four hundred households.
During Emperor Wen's regency, Du Yu was promoted to the position of Minister of State. Later, when the emperor campaigned against Zhuge Dan, Du Yu was tasked with guarding the rear. After his nephew Chen Tai passed away, Du Yu took over as Supervisor of the Masters of Writing and concurrently managed the Ministry of Personnel; after several refusals, he reluctantly accepted the position. After inheriting Chen Tai's position, Du Yu was extremely cautious and meticulous in his work, carefully verifying various situations, which led to a clearer social atmosphere. During the Xianxi era, he was further promoted to Minister of Works, with his title raised to Marquis of a District.
Du Yu was old, deeply filial to his parents, and deeply mourned his mother's death. After his mother passed away, he was grief-stricken and was nearly driven to despair. He was praised by people all over the country. Emperor Wen decreed that Du Yu should conduct the funeral in accordance with the standards set by Hu Guang, the Grand Tutor of the Han Dynasty, who had lost his mother. After the fall of the Shu Kingdom, the court restored the five-rank nobility system. The emperor asked Du Yu to formulate new rituals. Du Yu requested to collaborate with Yang Hu, Ren Kai, Yu Jun, Ying Zhen, and Kong Hao to revise the old ritual system, ultimately establishing the new etiquette of the Jin Dynasty.
In the early years of the Xianxi reign, Du Yu was titled Marquis of Linhuai. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, Du Yu's title was further elevated to Duke, with a fief of 1,800 households. The emperor proclaimed, "In ancient times, Great Yu established the Nine Ministers, and Qi promoted the Five Teachings, all to promote royal virtues and set an example for the people. I have inherited the ancestral legacy but still do not fully understand the ways of governing. I aim to regulate the Five Ranks system to bring stability to the realm. The Minister of the Interior and Minister of Works, Du Yu, is upright, honest, and insightful. He assisted the previous emperor and now assists me, with great merit. He should be entrusted with the management of education to stabilize society. Therefore, Du Yu is appointed as Minister of Works!" Shortly after, Du Yu was also appointed Minister of the Interior, then promoted to Grand Commandant, concurrently serving as Commander of the forces outside the capital, with a contingent of one hundred personal guards. Some time later, the emperor issued another decree stating, "The Minister of the Interior, Grand Commandant Du Yu, is gentle, respectful, loyal, trustworthy, possesses noble character, and has profound knowledge. He is appointed as the Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince, while retaining his positions as Minister of the Interior and Grand Commandant."
It is said that at that time, because the two sets of court music, "Zhengde" and "Dayu," had not yet fully integrated, the emperor appointed He Ceng to be responsible for establishing the musical standards. However, before He Ceng could complete his task, he passed away in the tenth year of the Taishi reign. The emperor personally mourned for him, and the crown prince also attended the funeral, with both the imperial palace and the crown prince's palace sending lavish gifts of lavish standards. The emperor also issued an edict stating: "He Ceng, the Minister of State, Grand General, Acting Crown Prince Tutor, and Duke of Linhuai, was a person of integrity and righteousness, loyal and reliable, having held significant positions both in and out of the court, with substantial achievements. He also educated the crown prince, with notable contributions, and it can be said that he dedicated himself to the country, working tirelessly until his death. His sudden passing has caused me great sorrow! I bestow upon him a set of Wenming ceremonial instruments, a full set of court robes, and an additional garment. His posthumous title will be 'Kang'." Another edict stated: "Grand General He Ceng did not seek personal gain; his family did not even have a house. His virtues of integrity and frugality became even more evident after his death. I grant his family two hundred thousand coins to build a home." During the Xian Ning period, the court aimed to assess meritorious officials and prepare for their commemoration in the ancestral temple. The relevant departments petitioned to honor He Ceng and twelve others for their contributions in the Grand Ancestral Temple.
He Ceng was proficient in the "Three Rites" and understood the grand ceremonies of the court, but he lacked true moral integrity and only knew how to flatter and curry favor with Xun Xiu and Jia Chong. Initially, when the crown prince was to select a consort, He Ceng recommended Jia Chong's daughter to the emperor, saying she was beautiful and virtuous and should be considered. This recommendation drew public criticism. He Ceng had no sons, so his grandson, He Hui, inherited the title. During the Restoration period, He Ceng's brother's great-grandson He Xu was conferred the title of Duke of Linhuai, inheriting He Ceng's title. After He Xu died, the title was once again discontinued, and Emperor Xiaowu conferred the title to He Xu's son He Heng to inherit He Ceng's title. After He Heng died, his son He Longfu inherited the title. Later, when the Song Dynasty ascended to power, this title was abolished.
Xun Xu, also known as Gongzeng, was a native of Yingyin in Yingchuan and the great-grandson of Xun Shuang, who served as the Minister of Works in the Han Dynasty. His grandfather, Xun Kuan, was a military officer responsible for archery. His father, Xun Hao, passed away at a young age, and Xun Xu was raised by his uncle. From a young age, Xun Xu was exceptionally intelligent, and he could write essays by his teenage years. His maternal grandfather, Zhong Yao, the Grand Tutor of Wei, remarked, "This child will definitely surpass his great-grandfather someday." As he grew up, Xun Xu became knowledgeable and was suitable for governance. He served in the state of Wei, where he was appointed as an advisor to General Cao Shuang, later being promoted to Zhongshu Tongsi Lang (a junior official in the central government). After Cao Shuang was killed, none of his former students or officials dared to visit Cao Shuang, except for Xun Xu, who went to pay his respects, which encouraged others to do the same. He served as the magistrate of Anyang and was later promoted to Assistant to the Cavalry Commandant. While in office at Anyang, Xun Xu made notable political achievements, and the people of Anyang constructed a shrine in his honor. He was later promoted to Chief Justice and was involved in military affairs under Emperor Wen's Grand General, and was granted the title of Marquis of Guannei, and was further promoted to Assistant Secretary, where he also oversaw the archives.
When the noble County Magistrate of Gaogui wanted to bring about reform, Sun You and others from the General's Mansion guarded the Changhe Gate. The emperor's brother, Marquis Anyang Sima Gan, heard that something had happened and wanted to enter the palace. Sun You told him, "No one has entered yet; you can enter from the East Yemeng Gate." After Sima Gan arrived, the emperor intentionally delayed his entry. Sima Gan reported the situation to the emperor, who wanted to wipe out Sun You's entire family. Wei Guan advised the emperor, saying, "It is true that Sun You did not let Marquis Anyang in; he deserves to be harshly criticized. However, there are ups and downs. Punishments should not be applied based on whims of joy or anger. The punishment for Cheng Cu only impacts him, while exterminating Sun You's family might stir discontent among the righteous." So the emperor removed Sun You from his position and made him a commoner. At that time, there was a cavalryman named Lu Yi who aspired to be an assassin and go to Shu to assassinate someone. Wei Guan told the emperor, "Your Majesty governs the world with justice and impartiality; you should rely on justice to deal with those who disobey orders. Using assassins to eliminate enemies isn't the way to uphold justice in the realm." The emperor agreed with him. Later, Zhong Hui rebelled, and even before formal questioning, someone outside reported it. The emperor had a close relationship with Zhong Hui and was reluctant to believe the report. Wei Guan said, "Although Zhong Hui has received your favor, his character cannot ensure he will be grateful for your kindness. We must remain cautious of him." The emperor immediately sent troops to guard Chang'an. The chief clerk Guo Yi and his aide Wang Shen, since Wei Guan was Zhong Hui's maternal nephew and had been close to Zhong Hui's elders since childhood, advised the emperor to dismiss Wei Guan. The emperor dismissed their advice and even allowed Wei Guan to ride alongside him as he had before. Previously, Wei Guan had suggested that he should be the military supervisor for the campaign against Shu. Thanks to Wei Guan's help, the turmoil in Shu was quelled. After things settled down, Wei Guan returned to Luoyang and worked on sensitive matters alongside Pei Xiu and Yang Hu.
At this time, envoys were sent to Wu for marriage alliances, and literati were tasked with writing a letter to Sun Hao, which the emperor used, written by Wei Guan. Sun Hao replied, agreeing to the marriage alliance, and the emperor said to Wei Guan, "The letter you wrote earlier made Wu willing to submit, which is more powerful than a hundred thousand troops!" The emperor ascended the Jin throne, appointed Wei Guan as an attendant minister, granted him the title of Anyangzi, and bestowed upon him a fief of a thousand households. After the abdication of Emperor Wu, he was further appointed as Duke of Jibei. Wei Guan resolutely declined the marquis title out of respect for Yang Hu's modesty. Later, he was appointed as the head of the imperial library, promoted to attendant minister, and together with Jia Chong, drafted laws and regulations.
It is said that Jia Chong was sent to defend Guanzhong, and he said to Feng Yan, "Jia Gong (Jia Chong's father) has been exiled far away, and we are now out of favor. The Crown Prince has not yet chosen a consort; if we can marry my daughter to the Crown Prince, our status will be secured." Feng Yan and Jia Chong together praised Jia Chong's daughter in front of the emperor, saying, "Jia Chong's daughter is truly both beautiful and talented; if she can become the Crown Princess in the Eastern Palace, she will definitely assist the Crown Prince in becoming a wise monarch, just like the virtuous consorts described in 'Guanyu'." And so, Jia Chong's daughter married the Crown Prince. At that time, many people believed this was inappropriate, claiming they were merely flattering the emperor.
It has been a long time; Jia Chong was promoted and became the Grand Minister of Rites. He was in charge of palace music and responsible for revising the musical tones, which were widely used. In his early years, Jia Chong met a merchant named Niu Duo from Zhao on the road and remembered his voice. Later, when he was responsible for music, he found that the instruments were out of tune, so he remarked, "If we could find Niu Duo from Zhao, we could tune the instruments." He sent people to different regions to search for Niu Duo, and indeed found him; the instruments were finally in harmony. Another time, Jia Chong served a meal to the emperor and said, "This meal was cooked with firewood." Everyone was skeptical. The emperor sent someone to ask the chef, who replied that it was made using wood from old cartwheels. Everyone admired Jia Chong's insight.
Soon after, Jia Chong was appointed Secretary of the Secretariat, and together with the Minister of the Central Secretariat Zhang Hua, they compiled the classics based on Liu Xiang's "Bielu." He also established a position for scholars and disciples, teaching students, using Zhong and Hu as models. During the Xianning period, Jia Chong and others were recognized as meritorious officials who aided the emperor, and their names were engraved on the monument of meritorious officials. Later, Wang Jun submitted a memorial requesting to attack the Wu state, and Jia Chong strongly advised against it, arguing it was unwise. However, the emperor did not listen, and as a result, the Wu state was ultimately defeated. As Jia Chong oversaw the emperor's edicts and rewards for merit, he granted one of his sons the title of Marquis of Ting, with a fief of one thousand households and a reward of one thousand bolts of silk. He also appointed his grandson Xian as the Marquis of Yingyang.
Later, ancient texts were found on bamboo slips in an ancient tomb in Ji county, and the emperor ordered Jia Chong to compile and edit them, which led to the creation of the "Zhongjing," now kept in the Secretariat.
The emperor planned to send those princes to various places as local officials and asked for Xu's opinion. Xu said, "Those princes are already dukes; sending them out again would be a futile effort, wouldn't it? Moreover, this would mean dividing the counties and prefectures among them, and the common people are attached to their original homes, so there will definitely be complaints. Each place has troops stationed, and the rations for local officials and soldiers must be supplied by the local areas themselves. How will we handle the defense of the borders?" The emperor found Xu's reasoning compelling and asked him to think it over carefully. Xu continued, "If we follow your majesty’s wishes and select talents to serve as regional officials like in ancient times, allowing the military and local officials to follow the governors’ commands, that would certainly be good. Regarding the proposal to redraw the fiefs to differentiate between close and distant relatives, that is indeed a good idea. However, if we split the original territories, it could lead to considerable unrest, and the people's sentiments will be disturbed. I believe it would be better to stick to the original method. If changes are necessary, we should avoid dividing the land to minimize losses and adjust according to the actual situation. This five-rank nobility system, although it seems like a viable method for governing the country and ensuring long-term stability, is merely a hollow title, indistinguishable from the original counties and townships. If we change it carelessly, it could incite public resentment. First, we should address the major issues; we can deliberate on the five-rank nobility system later. Some matters will naturally resolve over time, but if people don’t grasp them immediately, we cannot overlook them." The emperor felt that Xu's words made a lot of sense and mostly adopted his advice.
Everyone is discussing reducing the number of officials at the state, county, and district levels to allow more people to return to farming. Xu said, "Instead of cutting down on officials, we should focus on cutting down on official positions; reducing official positions is not as effective as reducing government business; reducing government business is not as effective as maintaining a clear mind. In the past, Xiao He and Cao Can assisted the Han Dynasty; their integrity and honesty led to a unified world, which is the core of good governance. During Emperor Wen of Han's reign, punishment was rarely used, which reflects a reduction in government business. Emperor Guangwu merged some official institutions, reducing the number of officials in counties, states, and districts to one-tenth, which is a reduction of official positions. During the reign of Emperor Wei Taihe, envoys were sent to various places to reduce the number of officials; in the Zhengshi period, some states and counties were also merged, which is a reduction of officials. If we truly want to solve the problem fundamentally, we should first reduce government business. All officials should learn from the spirit of Xiao He and Cao Can to assist in the great governance of the country. We should encourage integrity and foster harmony, making it so that those who chase wealth and forget their roots have no place to stand; thus, hypocritical behaviors will naturally cease, and those who are ostentatious will also become fearful. We should embrace humility and promote contentment, so that those of lower status do not offend those of higher status, the young do not override the old, distant relatives do not interfere with close relatives, new officials do not exclude old officials, junior officials do not overshadow senior officials, and personal emotions do not violate public justice. In this way, there can be harmony between superiors and subordinates, and mutual trust can be established between distant and close relations. Official positions shouldn’t be won through competition, and reputation should not be gained through forming factions; this way, right and wrong will not become confused, and officials will not be misled by rumors. We must prohibit strange skills and suppress bizarre speech; those who change old systems for profit must be severely punished to help stabilize the atmosphere within the government. Delays in matters will lead to a backlog of government business, and a backlog will lead to a decline in performance. Those in office should be diligent and conscientious; those who fulfill their duties must work day and night, so that even the simplest tasks can be done responsibly. We should speak of trust like gold and stone; minor mistakes should not affect the overall situation, and we should endure resentment and tolerate errors. Simplify documents, reduce cumbersome and harsh regulations, so that after government orders are issued, the people can easily understand and execute them, willingly accepting them like a warm spring breeze and revering them like the rumble of thunder. Do not let tedious documents bore officials, and do not let repeated orders annoy the people; this way, officials will be dedicated, and the people will support government orders. We should establish official positions with clear divisions of labor and responsibilities assigned to individuals. Leaders should strive for progress but not engage in mutual conflict; they should act within their means and perform their respective duties, thereby preventing chaos and corruption in the government. All of the above are fundamental methods that I believe can reduce government business. If these can be achieved, even without reducing the number of officials, the world will see a reduction in burdens."
If you want to reduce official positions, I think you can merge the nine ministries into the Ministry of State Affairs, and the Lan Tai can be managed by the Three Offices. However, these are all systems inherited from past dynasties, and everyone is used to them, so I have been hesitant to speak out. As for reducing government affairs, I do think this is a good way. If we were to directly cut positions by half, I'm afraid that the duties of civil and military officials, prefectures, and counties, as well as the fluctuations of various official duties, cannot be generalized. For every order issued, if it is reasonable and appropriate, then there is no problem. If someone opposes it, it may lead to disruption in government orders. For all matters within the scope of authority, we must carefully weigh the pros and cons. Let loyal and capable officials each cut according to the actual situation and first draft a proposal for submission. Then coordinate and plan, and formulate a detailed reduction plan, so that the orders issued can be implemented and remain stable. If we don't do this, I'm afraid it will confuse people. The officials who were previously laid off may quickly be reinstated or even increase dramatically, so we have to consider it carefully." Xun's discussions are mostly this kind of analysis of gains and losses.
During the Taikang period, the emperor issued a decree saying, "Xu, you are intelligent, wise, understand the principles of heaven, have made contributions to assisting emperors, and have extensive knowledge. You have long served in internal positions, with remarkable achievements, serious work, and loyal planning. Your status should be promoted to allow you to participate in assisting the government. You are now appointed as Grand Master of Ceremonies, Equal in Office of the Three Excellencies, and Palace Attendant, with your marquis title remaining unchanged." At that time, the Grand Commandant Jia Chong and the Minister of Rites Li Yin had both passed away, and the position of the Prince's Tutor was also vacant. Xun then submitted a memorial saying, "The three officials and the Prince's Tutor must be selected with care. If Yang Yao is allowed to assist the Prince, he will surely fulfill the emperor's expectations. Minister of Rites Wei Guan and Minister of Personnel Shan Tao can both serve as Minister of Rites. If we consider that Wei Guan has just been appointed as Minister of Rites and has not yet taken office, then Shan Tao is the appropriate choice." The emperor concurred with his recommendation.
In the autumn of the second year of the reign, there was a major flood in various states and counties, especially severe in Yanzhou. Xun suggested the appointment of a Water Management Envoy to oversee flood management. Later, the Ministry of Personnel recommended Yi Xian and Zhao Xian, the Imperial Libationers, to oversee literary affairs. The Emperor asked Xun about this matter, and Xun replied, "Nowadays, the world is fortunate to have Your Majesty's enlightened governance, with the world united and everyone looking forward to the flourishing of education and culture for future generations. However, the Ministry of Personnel recommended people like Cheng Xian and Zhang Yun at the top, and Yi Xian and Zhao Xian at the bottom, wanting them to govern the country with literary skills, which is beyond my comprehension as a foolish minister. In the past, Zhang Shi advised Emperor Wen of Han not to appoint an avaricious and selfish man; Bing Ji stopped the carriage, demonstrating his grasp of the principles of Yin and Yang. Do these two not recognize the value of minor officials? They did this because they valued the affairs of the state. In the past, Emperor Wu of Wei appointed the Central Army Sima Xun to manage the prisons, and during Emperor Ming's reign, this responsibility was given to the Palace Attendants. As far as I know, during Emperor Ming's reign, only officials like Liu Tai held such positions, and their ranks were only at the same level as palace officials. Recently, everyone is talking about streamlining institutions and reducing affairs, yet those calling for an increase in officials keep coming forward. Many people say that the Shangshu Lang and the Taishangshi do not personally handle documents, but leave them to the Libationers and their subordinates; in reality, the more officials there are, the more they will become dependent on one another. Increasing positions in literary affairs now could further disrupt the court, and I believe this approach is unworkable."
The emperor originally thought that the crown prince was not capable, fearing that he would bring chaos to the country after ascending the throne, so he sent Jia Chong and He Qiao to observe the crown prince. Jia Chong returned and praised the crown prince highly, while He Qiao said the crown prince was still the same. This led everyone to view He Qiao as more reliable than Jia Chong, damaging Jia Chong's reputation. The emperor wanted to depose Concubine Jia, but Jia Chong, Feng Xian, and others advised against it, which saved Concubine Jia. Many people at the time said that Jia Chong misused his power to the detriment of the country, similar to Sun Zi and Liu Fang. However, Jia Chong was very cautious and careful, never alluding to important decrees even when he was already aware of them, not wanting people to know he knew in advance. His cousin Jia Liang once advised him, "You lack understanding of human nature and the ways of the world. Speak up when necessary, and you'll win more favor." His son-in-law Wu Tong also advised him, "You should cultivate more relationships, so more people will support you." Jia Chong remained silent in response, later telling his sons, "As a courtier, if you are not cautious, you will lose your life. Forming factions and seeking personal gain will go against the court, which is a great taboo! You will also have to navigate the officialdom in the future, so remember my words!" After a long time, Jia Chong was appointed as the Minister of State. Jia Chong stayed in the Secretariat for a long time, handling confidential matters. He was later dismissed, feeling deeply disappointed. When people came to congratulate him, Jia Chong said, "You took away my cherished position, and now you come to congratulate me?" During his tenure as Minister of State, he evaluated subordinate officials based on their abilities. If someone did not understand grammar or were unable to manage government affairs, he would immediately dismiss them. The emperor once told him, "Emperor Wu of Wei once said, 'Xun Wenruo promotes good people and will not cease until he does; Xun Gongda removes bad people and will not stop until he does.' I hope you can embody the virtues of these two men." Just a month after taking office, Jia Chong's mother passed away, so he submitted his resignation, but the emperor refused it and sent Chamberlain Zhou Hui to persuade him to continue in his position. Jia Chong's resilience in the face of adversity demonstrated his commitment to his duties.
Jia Chong was in charge of confidential affairs for a long time, talented and good at understanding the Emperor's thoughts, never contradicting the Emperor, so he was always trusted by the Emperor. He passed away in the tenth year of Taikang, and the Emperor posthumously honored him with the title of Minister of State, gave him secret treasures from the Eastern Garden, a set of court clothes, five hundred thousand coins, one hundred pieces of cloth, and also sent the Grand Master of Ceremonies to escort his coffin, posthumously honored with the title "Cheng." Jia Chong had ten sons, among the more famous were Jia Ji, Jia Fan, and Jia Zu.
Jia Ji inherited his father's title and became the Commandant of the Guards. After his death, he was posthumously honored with the title "Jian." His son Jia Jun inherited the title, and after his death, was posthumously honored with the title "Lie." Jia Jun had no sons, so the title was inherited by his younger brother Jia Xishi. Jia Ji also had a son named Jia Chuo.
Jia Chuo, styled Yanshu, was knowledgeable and talented; he wrote fifteen volumes of the "Book of Jin," which became widely circulated. In the late years of Yongjia, he served as an official in the Ministry of Works and later was killed by Shi Le, having served as a military advisor to Shi Le during his lifetime.
Fan, styled Dajian. During the Yuan Kang period, he was appointed as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, and the Emperor ordered him to be in charge of making the bells and chimes used in the palace. Later, he accompanied the Emperor on a military campaign to quell the rebellion of Prince Qi Jiong and was granted the title of Duke of Xihua. His official rank increased, and he eventually became the Grand Secretary. Towards the end of the Yongjia period, he was promoted to Minister of Works, but before he could assume his duties, Luoyang was captured, forcing Fan to flee to Mi County. Later, Wang Jun, on behalf of the Emperor, appointed Fan as the Grand Commandant. When Emperor Min became the crown prince, he entrusted Fan with significant military and political responsibilities in the region. In the first year of Jianxing, Fan passed away in Kaifeng at the age of sixty-nine, and the location of his burial remains a mystery. Posthumously, he was honored with the title Grand Guardian and the posthumous name "Cheng." Fan had two sons: Sui and Kai.
Sui, the son of Fan, styled Daoxuan, was knowledgeable in music and skilled in debate. At a young age, he gained the appreciation of King Lun of Zhao and became his assistant, later rising to the position of stablemaster of the Crown Prince. Prince Yi of Changsha then brought him on as a military officer. After Yi's failure, Prince Dang of Chengdu became the Crown Prince and carefully selected his assistants, promoting Sui to the position of middle councilor. When the city of Ye was unable to hold out, Sui escaped to Mixian with his father. Emperor Yuan later summoned him to serve as the Minister of the Household, but Sui declined due to the dangerous journey. Emperor Min gave him a higher rank, appointing him as Left General and Chancellor of Chenliu. After his father's death, Sui resigned to mourn for his father at home, and after the mourning period ended, he inherited his father's title. Emperor Min wanted to marry his daughter to him and first appointed him as a Cavalier Attendant. Worried about the situation in the Western Capital, Sui did not go to his new position, instead crossing the river to the east, where Emperor Yuan made him a Military Advisor. During the Taixing era, he became a Palace Attendant. Sui and Diao Xie were relatives by marriage, and at that time, Diao Xie was very powerful and wanted to promote Sui to Minister of Personnel, but Sui firmly declined. Shortly after, Wang Dun attacked Diao Xie, and Diao Xie's supporters were all implicated; only Sui was spared because of his distant ties to Diao Xie. Wang Dun recommended Sui for the position of Minister of Justice, but Sui declined, citing illness. He was later promoted to Minister of Ceremonies and then to Minister of the Interior. During Su Jun's rebellion, Sui, along with Wang Dao and Xun Song, accompanied the Emperor to seek refuge in Shitoucheng. After Su Jun was defeated, Sui passed away, posthumously honored as a Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, and was given the posthumous title of Jing. His son Wang succeeded him in his title.
Xun Kai, style name Daoming, was from Luoyang, the capital. People referred to him as "Daoming of Luoyang." He was appointed as an aide by Grand Marshal Sima Rong, the Prince of Qi. After Sima Rong was killed in battle and his body lay unburied in the wilderness for three days, Xun Kai, along with Sima Rong's former subordinates Li Shu, Ji Han, and others, risked their lives to seek permission from the court to bury Sima Rong. The court eventually agreed, and people at the time praised their righteous act. Later, Xun Kai held positions including Chief of the Grand Tutor's Office and Gentleman of the Palace Library. He crossed the Yangtze River with Xun Sui, where he was appointed as Military Advisor to the Chancellor. After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, he was promoted to General of the Right Army and then transferred to the position of Minister of the Treasury. Emperor Ming of Jin once nonchalantly asked Wang Gao, "Between Xun Kai and Xun Sui, which one is more outstanding?" Wang Gao replied that Xun Kai's talent was more remarkable than that of Xun Sui. Emperor Ming told this to Yu Liang, who replied, "Xun Sui's simple and solid character is something Xun Kai cannot match." Therefore, people have always been unable to determine which brother was more outstanding. Xun Kai later held significant positions, including Deputy Imperial Censor, Palace Attendant, and Minister, and was posthumously granted the title of Duke of Sheyang. He passed away in the second year of the Taining era, posthumously appointed as Guard Commander, and posthumously honored with the title "Ding." His son, Xun Da, succeeded him as Duke.
Xun Zu, styled Dazhang, was praised by the Grand Commandant Wang Yan when he was young, saying, "He has an impressive appearance and great talent." He initially served as the Left Assistant Minister of Works and was later appointed as the Crown Prince's Attendant. Minister Wang Hun requested that he be appointed as a Cavalry Officer, and he was subsequently promoted to Left Chief Historian, serving successively as the Crown Prince's Grand Tutor and Prefect of Xingyang. When Zhao Wang Lun became Prime Minister, he sought to recruit talented individuals to enhance his reputation, selecting virtuous scholars from across the land, appointing Li Chong from Jiangxia and Xun Zu as Left and Right Chief Historians, and Sima Kan from Dongping and Liu Mo from Peiguo as Left and Right Generals. After Zhao Wang Lun seized power, he appointed Xun Zu as Palace Attendant. After King Sima Yi of Changsha was defeated, Emperor Hui sent Xun Zu and the Cavalry Attendant Liu Qiu Chong to Chengdu to comfort the army. After Emperor Hui moved west to Chang'an, he appointed Xun Zu as Governor of Henan. Later, Xun Zu was further promoted to Minister of State and then transferred to the position of Commander of the Guard, granted the title of Marquis of Chengyang, and added the roles of Palace Attendant and Director of the Central Secretariat. He was later promoted to Commandant of the Inspectorate, given the titles of Grand Minister and Noble of the Radiant, while still retaining the position of Palace Attendant. By this time, the world had descended into chaos, and Xun Zu and his brother held prominent official positions. They feared for their lives in such chaotic times; although they were in high positions, it was just a front.
At the end of the Yongjia era, Xun Zu was again appointed as Palace Attendant, concurrently serving as the Crown Prince's Grand Guardian. Before he could take office, he encountered the assaults on Luoyang by Liu Yao and Wang Mi, prompting Xun Zu and his brother Xun Fan to flee. After Emperor Huai was captured, the Minister of Works Wang Jun appointed Xun Zu as Commandant of the Inspectorate. Xun Zu and Xun Fan issued a proclamation, supporting King Langya as the leader of the alliance.
Emperor Min became the Crown Prince. Zu Ni, who was the Crown Prince's uncle, also served as the Colonel of the Imperial Guards, acting governor of Yuzhou, and together with the Prince, guarded Kaifeng in Xingyang. During the beginning of the Jianxing period, the court ordered the Prince to handle the affairs of the Imperial Secretariat. Shortly after, the Prince died, and the Emperor appointed Zu as the Minister of Works, also serving as the Left Chancellor of the Imperial Secretariat, while continuing to oversee the appointment of county magistrates in the province. Later, he was appointed as the Duke of Linying County, and his mother and son were also promoted, bestowed with official titles, and granted seals and insignia. The following year, he was elevated to Grand Commandant, concurrently serving as the Governor of Yuzhou, and was given a ceremonial staff.
After Emperor Yuan succeeded to the throne, he authorized Zu to command the army of Sizhou and also appointed him as a Cavalier Attendant, while keeping his other official positions unchanged. After some time, he was appointed as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing, but he respectfully declined the appointment in a memorial. When the Western Capital was lost, Zu sent out messages to various regions calling for support for the Emperor. The Emperor intended to appoint Zu as the Minister of the Masses, so he asked the opinion of Grand Minister He Xun. He Xun said, "Zu is highly respected, loyal, and capable. Promoting him to a fifth-rank official indeed meets everyone's expectations." Thus, Zu was appointed as the Minister of the Masses.
Zu was pressured by Shi Le and could not independently manage the situation. At the beginning of the Taixing period, he crossed the river from Xuchang with several hundred followers. The court assigned him one thousand infantry and one hundred cavalry, and those previously under his command continued to report to him. After some time, the court ordered Zu, the Grand Guardian, and the Prince of Xiyang, Yang, to handle the affairs of the Masters of Writing together, with each receiving an additional sixty armed attendants. At the beginning of the Yongchang period, he was promoted to Grand Commandant, concurrently serving as the Grand Preceptor of the Crown Prince. Before he could assume office, he passed away at the age of sixty-five. He was posthumously honored with the title "Yuan." His son Yi succeeded him in his title.
Yi, whose courtesy name was Xuanxin. When he was young, he served as a Crown Prince's attendant and an Imperial Son-in-law Commander, teaching the Crown Prince in the Eastern Palace. Later, he was appointed as a military advisor in the Eastern Command, acting as the General of Yangwu and the magistrate of Xinj County. When Emperor Min was the Crown Prince, he was summoned back to the court to serve as a Senior Palace Attendant, and he was considered for the position of Sanqi Shilang, but he declined the offer. He accompanied his father across the river. After Emperor Yuan ascended the throne, he was appointed as a Senior Palace Attendant, and later promoted to Regular Attendant and Imperial Advisor. After his father's death, he resigned from his official position to return home to observe mourning. Once the mourning period was over, he was appointed as a Regular Attendant and Imperial Advisor.
It is said that the court planned to renovate the palace complex, and the Ministry of Personnel issued an order for Prince Chenliu to send people out of the city to serve in the military. Yi (also known as Wang Yi) spoke up: "In the past, when Yu Shun was in power, historical records have praised him; there are also poems in the Classic of Poetry that praised his reception of guests, included in the sections 'Ya' and 'Song'. Currently, Prince Chenliu holds a rank above the Three Dukes, sitting on the right side of the Crown Prince, thus, any orders issued to him should be written using 'shu', and when giving him things, 'yu' should be used to express. This practice has been respected throughout history, reflecting the noble etiquette of the country. Therefore, I believe he should be exempt from military service." At that time, the Minister of Personnel Zhang Kai and the Supervisor Kong Yu disagreed with Wang Yi's opinion; they believed: "In the past, the State of Song did not repair the city for the Zhou Dynasty, which was criticized in the 'Spring and Autumn Annals'. Exempting Prince Chenliu from military service does not align with established rituals, and the number of personnel serving under him should be appropriately reduced."
Wang Yi rebutted, saying: "In the last period recorded in 'Zuo's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals: Yang Qiu,' both civil governance and military prowess were in decline, and the Zichao rebellion occurred. At that time, the vassal lords evaded responsibility and were unwilling to fulfill their duties. The State of Song effectively wielded vassal power over the Zhou Dynasty. Moreover, the State of Jin had already taken action to rally behind the king, while the State of Song, as a guest, declined to serve. It is understandable to hold them accountable for that. The current King of Chen Liu does not have the power of a vassal state; what benefit or detriment would it bring to the nation if he were to participate in building the palace city? I believe he should be exempted from service to preserve the country's system of rites." The emperor ultimately adopted Wang Yi's opinion.
Later, the court discussed whether the emperor should pay his respects to Minister Wang Dao on the day of the Yuanhui Festival. Scholars Guo Xi, Du Yuan, and others believed that there was no precedent for the emperor bowing to his subjects during rituals and suggested waiving the salute to Wang Dao. However, Chamberlain Feng Huai argued: "There is no ceremony more solemn than the Piyong ceremony; even then, the emperor must pay his respects to the Three Elders. Moreover, Wang Dao is the teacher of the late emperor! We should express our respect according to the rites." This matter was referred to the Ministry of Rites, where Wang Yi offered his opinion once more: "This is a senior official of the court; the hierarchy between the ruler and subjects should be clearly established, so the emperor should not bow to him. If it’s a smaller gathering later, bowing then would be appropriate. Furthermore, when the emperor issues edicts to the officials, he says 'I bow my head to speak,' the edicts issued by the Central Secretariat say 'I respectfully inquire,' and the edicts from the Cavalry Regular Attendant say 'I command.' The phrasing of the edicts is already distinct; how can the principles of a large Yuanhui Festival and a small gathering be the same?" The emperor ultimately adopted his opinion as well.
In the seventh year of Xianhe, Wang Yi passed away and was posthumously honored with the title of Grand Minister of Ceremonies, receiving the posthumous name Ding.
Feng Dan, whose courtesy name was Shaoyou, is from Anping. His grandfather, Feng Fu, served as the Chief of Justice in the Wei Kingdom; his father, Feng Yuan, served as the Governor of Jiji County. Feng Dan has been well-read since childhood, with extensive knowledge, keen insight, and quick reflexes. He served as the Governor of Weijun, later promoted to Infantry Colonel, and then assigned to the Yueqi Battalion. He enjoyed the trust of Emperor Wu, gradually rising to the position of General of the Left Guard. The Emperor held him in high regard and favored him greatly, with the Emperor's favor deepening. Jia Chong and Xun Xu had strong ties with him. Jia Chong's daughter was made the Crown Princess, and Feng Dan played a crucial role in this. Later, when the Crown Princess faced deposition, Feng Dan and Xun Xu strongly advocated for her.
During the campaign against the Wu kingdom, Feng Dan served as the governor of Runan, leading the troops from the commandery alongside Wang Jun against Moling. Later, he was promoted to the position of Deputy Imperial Censor and subsequently became a Court Attendant. After the emperor fell seriously ill and then recovered, Feng Dan and Xun Xu noticed that both the court and the people were rallying behind Prince Qi, Sima You, and felt a bit anxious. Sima You had a poor relationship with Xun Xu. Xun Xu thought the crown prince was too foolish and feared that if Sima You became emperor, it would be detrimental to him, so he suggested to Feng Dan to speak to the emperor: "Your Majesty, you were gravely ill last time and nearly passed away; the crown prince's position might not be stable. Prince Qi is well-loved by the people, and the ministers in court support him. Even if he wants to decline, he might not be able to refuse! It would be best to send him back to his fief to stabilize the realm." The emperor took their advice. Later, when Sima You died, there was great mourning in the court and among the people. In fact, the emperor had previously had a good relationship with Sima You, but after hearing Feng Dan and Xun Xu's bad advice, he began to worry about his own son and wanted to secure the crown prince's position. When he heard about Sima You's death, he was even more heartbroken. Feng Dan, who was by his side, said, "Prince Qi has a good reputation, but his actual abilities are lacking. Now that he is dead, it's actually a good thing for the Jin dynasty. Why are you so sad, Your Majesty?" Only then did the emperor stop crying.
When the campaign against the Wu kingdom was first proposed, Feng Dan, along with Jia Chong and Xun Xu, strongly opposed it, arguing that war wasn't a wise choice. After the fall of Wu, Feng Dan felt very ashamed and frightened; he particularly hated Zhang Hua, almost like a personal enemy. Later, Zhang Hua was sent out as a local official and achieved impressive results, leading the ministers to believe he should be recalled to court and appointed as the Minister of State. Feng Dan seized the opportunity to chat with the emperor, discussing the history of the Jin and Wei dynasties, subtly criticizing Zhang Hua, suggesting he wasn't fit for a high-ranking role. The emperor, after hearing this, said nothing. This incident is recorded in the "Biography of Zhang Hua."
In the seventh year of Taikang, Feng Da fell ill. The emperor issued a decree appointing him as the Gentleman of the Cavalry and bestowed upon him two hundred thousand coins and a set of bed linens. Not long after, he died. He had two sons: Feng Bo and Feng Xiong. Feng Bo became the Grand Chamberlain, while Feng Xiong, styled Wenpi, served as a Gentleman of the Palace Library. Feng Da's elder brother, Feng Hui, has a separate biography recorded.
Historical records state: The most important thing for a person to establish themselves in society is benevolence and righteousness. Before taking action, one must carefully consider, as once a mistake is made, there is no room for regret. The bride from the Shen family, who came with a dowry, is in stark contrast to the emotions conveyed in the poem "North Gate"; the old man by the Wei River lacks the noble character of the hermit of the Western Mountains. Tang and King Wu were able to achieve great deeds, while Xia Jie and King Zhou of Shang could not deny their ambitions. Wang Shen was well-versed in both literature and martial arts, but died at a young age. He was a guest in the Wei Kingdom and a strategist in the Jin Kingdom, but the conspiracy at Tong Palace resulted in the disaster at Wu Palace. It can be seen that Tian Guang's words cannot be stopped by Yan Dan; Yu Rang's actions cannot be altered by Zhi Shi. Before taking action, one must be cautious and careful, like handling thorny burrs; to pursue benevolence and righteousness, one must strive constantly.
Peng Zu was initially just a low-ranking official who presented wild chickens as tribute. Later, he became wealthy by trading silk. Because there was no one in his family to inherit the family business, he entered the officialdom. He controlled the military in the northern province, and during the turmoil in the capital, he had the opportunity to rally the vassals to support the court. However, he took advantage of the situation to plot against the court, colluding with the barbarians, leading to chaos. As a result, the areas around the Zhang and Fu Rivers fell into desolation, leaving the people displaced. He indulged corrupt officials, killed upright individuals, sabotaged Yue Shi's domestic policies, and instigated Shi Long's foreign relations. In the end, his wickedness ultimately caught up with him, resulting in his downfall. He only managed to display his cruelty through the hands of his enemies. What good were Qing Feng's curses before his death?
Gong was the grandson of Lord Ciming; Jingqian was the son of Wenruo. They had prominent positions, but were arrogant and lived recklessly. Although they were filial to their parents, loyal to their monarch, and followed the legacy of Jigong and Xiaoxiang, they ultimately failed due to their cliques and self-serving alliances. While the rise and fall of dynasties is a historical norm, a careful examination of their actions reveals that their lack of talent was the root cause of their downfall. The folk songs that circulated clearly illustrated their failures. Feng was busy ingratiating himself with the powerful, conspiring in secret, causing the deaths of You'an and Jia, colluding with Xu, Qiu, Zhang, and others, ultimately leading to his own downfall. Although he presented silk to wish for a long life, seeking sympathy from a benevolent ruler, his explanations were grudgingly accepted, but in the end, he could not escape punishment, and the poems that praised him were no longer sung. First, let's take a moment to criticize these individuals: "Chudao and Wenlin, what's with your unreliability? Pengzu, the bad things you did, you brought them upon yourself, you deserve your misfortune!" Next, let's talk about Linhuai and Anyang: "Linhuai takes his work seriously, his filial piety is evident! Anyang is also excellent, working hard and never lazy!" Finally, let's talk about these two scoundrels: "Qingqi and Fulu, they are like thieves. Zong is despicable, causing chaos without limit." Both the states of Qi and Lu have sided with them; these two are nothing but trouble! The trouble they caused was unbelievable—chaotic and never-ending!
