Wang Xiang, style name Xiuzheng, was from Linyi in Langya and a descendant of Wang Ji, a counselor of the Han Dynasty. His grandfather Wang Ren was once the governor of Qingzhou, and his father Wang Rong was summoned by the court but chose not to go. Wang Xiang was exceptionally filial. He lost his mother when he was young, and his stepmother treated him poorly, often speaking ill of him in front of his father, which led to Wang Xiang being neglected by his father. Every time he was asked to clean the cattle shed, he did so meticulously. When his parents fell ill, he cared for them day and night without changing out of his clothes, and even tasted the medicine himself. Once, his stepmother wanted to eat raw fish during the freezing weather, so Wang Xiang stripped off his clothes to break the ice and catch some fish. Miraculously, the ice cracked open, and two carp jumped out, which he brought home. Another time, when his stepmother wanted to eat roasted sparrows, dozens of sparrows flew into his tent, just enough for a meal for his mother. The people in the village were all amazed, believing that Wang Xiang's devotion had touched the heavens. When the jujube trees in his family's garden bore fruit, his mother asked him to watch over them, and every time it was windy or rainy, Wang Xiang would cling to the trees in tears. His devotion to his parents was truly beyond words.
At the end of the Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos. Wang Xiang fled to Lujiang with his mother and younger brother Wang Lan, and lived in seclusion for more than thirty years, refusing the summons from the local authorities. After his mother passed away, Wang Xiang was grief-stricken and could barely stand without a cane. Later, the governor of Xuzhou, Lv Qian, invited him to serve as a deputy, but Wang Xiang, who was already in his sixties, firmly declined. After much persuasion from his brother Wang Lan, who prepared horses, cattle, and sheep for him, he finally agreed to go. Lv Qian entrusted him with the affairs of the province. At that time, there were thieves everywhere, but Wang Xiang led the soldiers to defeat them all. The situation in Xuzhou was restored to peace and the social order improved significantly. People sang praises of him, saying, "The peace and stability in Haiyi region are all thanks to Wang Xiang's contributions; the unity and stability of the country are all thanks to the efforts of Wang Xiang, the deputy."
Later, he was recommended as a scholar, became the magistrate of Wen County, and gradually rose through the ranks to become the Minister of Agriculture. When the noble Xianggong became emperor, Wang Xiang participated in formulating national policies, was ennobled as the Marquis of Guannei, became a Grand Tutor, and later became the Colonel of the Imperial Guard. He participated in the campaign against Guanqiu Jian and was granted an additional four hundred households, promoted to the position of Taichang, and ennobled as the Marquis of Wan Sui Pavilion. When the emperor inspected the Imperial Academy, Wang Xiang was appointed as one of the three elders. He sat facing south, leaning on his cane, teaching the emperor in the manner of a teacher. The emperor sat facing north, seeking advice on governing the country and maintaining peace. Wang Xiang explained the principles of governance and the responsibilities of rulers and subjects to the emperor, deeply moving and benefiting all who listened.
When the noble Xianggong was killed, the courtiers were all mourning. Wang Xiang cried out, "This old minister has failed in his duties!" Tears and snot streamed down his face, leaving everyone feeling ashamed. Shortly after, he was promoted to Minister of Works, then the Grand Commandant, and also served as an attendant. He was granted a five-rank title and ennobled as the Marquis of Suiling with a fief of sixteen hundred households.
After Wu Di ascended to the throne as the King of Jin, Xiang and Xun Yi went to pay their respects. Xun Yi said to Xiang, "The prince is now in a position of great honor. Since you have already shown your respect, you should now kneel." Xiang replied, "The Prime Minister is indeed highly esteemed, but he is, after all, the chancellor of the Wei state. We, the three dukes of Wei, rank just below the prince; our statuses are similar, and our customs are likewise. How can the three highest officials next to the Son of Heaven kneel to anyone else! This would tarnish Wei's reputation and diminish the virtue of the King of Jin. A gentleman should uphold propriety in his dealings; I cannot do this!" Once they entered the palace, Xun Yi knelt, while Xiang simply cupped his hands. Wu Di remarked, "Today I truly realize how much you value me!"
After Emperor Wu ascended to the throne, he appointed Xiang to the position of Grand Guardian, granted him the title of Duke, and bestowed upon him the powers of seven additional official positions. Emperor Wu was humble when he first took the throne and wanted to hear everyone's opinions. Xiang, He Ceng, Zheng Chong, and other venerable old ministers rarely attended court. So Emperor Wu sent Minister Ren Kai to seek their opinions and understand the direction of national governance and development. Xiang, because of his advanced age and declining health, requested retirement several times, but Emperor Wu refused. The Deputy Imperial Censor Hou Shiguang, seeing that Xiang had not attended court for a long time, requested to relieve Xiang of his official duties. The Emperor decreed, "The Grand Guardian is a respected old minister whom I use to assist me in governing the country. He has requested retirement several times before, and I have not agreed. This matter is not something you officials should be concerned about!" So the Emperor dismissed Hou Shiguang's memorial. Xiang insisted on retiring, so the Emperor granted his request, allowing him to retire with the title of Duke of Suiling, holding a status equivalent to that of the Prince's tutor, above the Three Departments, with the same salary and treatment. The Emperor decreed again, "In ancient times, retired officials no longer served the nobility. Although I have allowed you to reside in the capital as a Duke, you should no longer have to attend court. I reward you with a cane, exempting you from court attendance, and consulting you on important national matters. I grant you a comfortable carriage and four horses, a set in the finest residential area, one million cash, five hundred bolts of silk, including beds, canopies, mats, and mattresses. I provide you with six attendants and twenty cavalry. Additionally, I appoint Zhao, the Prince's Cavalry Lieutenant, as an Official Attendant, to visit your home regularly and ensure you can enjoy your retirement. In light of the Grand Guardian's integrity and his lack of proper housing, I permit him to stay in his original mansion until the new one is constructed."
He was very ill and left a will to instruct his descendants, saying: "Living means dying; that's just the way of nature. I've lived eighty-five years and have no regrets. I'm leaving you these final words to follow. I was born at the tail end of a dynasty and went through several promotions and assessments, but I haven't made any contributions to assist the emperor, and I don’t have anything to repay the court when I’m gone. After I die, just wash my hands and feet—no need for a bath or a shroud. Just wrap me in the old clothes I usually wear. Don’t use the awarded mountain jade pendants, the Wei family's jade rings, or the brocade boxes for burial. The soil on Ximang Mountain is solid enough; there’s no need for bricks or stones, nor to create a mound. Dig the grave two zhang deep; the coffin should just fit inside. Don’t set up a front hall or lay out a bunch of mats; just place a bed and a couch in front of the coffin. Set out a plate of cooked rice, a plate of dried meat, and a cup of dark wine for morning and evening offerings. Family members don’t need to attend the burial, regardless of their status; just wait for the big mourning ceremony to set out offerings. Don’t go against my final wishes! Gao Chai cried for his father for three years, which Confucius deemed foolish; Min Ziqian came out to meet people and played the zither in mourning after his period of mourning, which Confucius considered filial. So, the depth of sorrow in crying, how long you mourn, and how you arrange food all have their own rules. Your words and actions should match; that’s the essence of honesty; recognizing others' strengths while owning up to your own weaknesses is the heart of morality; wanting to bring honor to your family is the highest form of filial piety; getting along with your brothers and helping the family thrive is what friendship is all about; and knowing how to be humble when it comes to money is what being human is all about. Yan Hui saw these as life principles without giving it much thought; what else is out of reach?" His sons all followed the will as instructed.
He passed away in the fifth year of Tai Shi. The court issued an edict bestowing upon him precious items from the Eastern Garden, a set of court robes, a garment, three hundred thousand pieces of coin, and one hundred bolts of silk. At that time, Empress Dowager Wenming had just over a month earlier passed away. Later, the court issued another edict stating: "The mourning for Duke Sui Ling has persisted until now. While I have felt sorrow for this all along, I have yet to find the opportunity to express my grief properly. Now, let me weep in sorrow!" The following year, the court posthumously honored him with the title "Yuan."
After his death, those who came to pay their respects were not court scholars of high virtue, but rather his relatives, friends, and former subordinates; no other guests came to offer their condolences at home. His grandson Rong sighed and said, "The Grand Guardian truly embodies integrity and wisdom!" He further remarked, "Duke Xiang was not known for his eloquence during the Zheng Shi era. Yet, engaging in conversation with him revealed his reasoning to be both clear and profound; perhaps his virtue eclipsed his eloquence!" Duke Xiang had five sons: Zhao, Xia, Fu, Lie, and Fen.
Speaking of the Zhao family, their ancestor Zhao Nie passed away young, but fortunately, his son Fu inherited the title. During the years of Xian Ning, due to their dire poverty, the court granted them three hundred bolts of silk, and he was posthumously honored with the title "Filial." His son Gen inherited the title and became a Sanqi Lang. Zhao achieved the position of Governor of Shiping. Zhao's son Jun served as a palace attendant and was conferred the title of Yongshih Hou. Jun's son Xia became the Governor of Yulin. Zhao's grandsons Lie and Fen were famous from a young age and deeply loved by their grandfather, but sadly, both brothers passed away at a young age. Before his death, Lie wished to be buried back home, while Fen wanted to be buried in the capital. Their grandfather Xiang sorrowfully said, "Forgetting one's hometown is a sign of benevolence; being unattached to one's native land shows wisdom. My two sons exemplify both benevolence and wisdom!"
Next, let's discuss Xiang's son, Lan. His courtesy name was Xuantong. His mother, Lady Zhu, was domineering and unreasonable, often mistreating Xiang. When Lan was young, he would cry and hug his father when he saw him being scolded by his mother. As he grew up, Lan often advised his mother, which led Lady Zhu to somewhat temper her cruel behavior. Lady Zhu frequently created trouble for Xiang, and Lan's wife also endured the same suffering. Seeing this situation, Lady Zhu started to hold back. After Xiang's father passed away, he gradually gained a reputation. However, Lady Zhu was extremely jealous and secretly tried to poison Xiang. Lan noticed this and immediately got up to get wine. Suspecting it was poisoned, Xiang refused to drink, so Lady Zhu took the wine and drank it herself. From then on, when Lady Zhu sent food to Xiang, Lan always tasted it first. Lady Zhu was afraid Lan would harm her, so she eventually dared not to try anything again.
Lan was filial, friendly, respectful, and cautious, and his reputation even surpassed that of his father, Xiang. When Xiang held an official position, Lan also responded to the call of his county and gradually rose to become a county official, then the Minister of Works, Western Bureau, and finally the Administrator of Qinghe. After the establishment of the five grades of nobility, he was granted the title of Jiqiu Zi and given a fief of six hundred households. Towards the end of the Taishi era, he served as the Intendant of Hongxun. Later, he was appointed as the Grand Master of the Palace, with a salary and privileges equivalent to those of a minister. During the Xianning era, the court issued a decree proclaiming, "Lan has exhibited noble character since childhood, with benevolence and righteousness as his foundation, and his integrity has become even more steadfast with age. He is appointed as the Minister of Lineage!" Not long after, Lan, due to illness, requested retirement in a memorial to the court. The court approved his request, permitting him to retire in the capacity of Grand Master of the Palace, granting him two hundred thousand pieces of silver, as well as bedding and other items, and sending palace physicians to treat him and provide medicine. He was later promoted to the rank of Glorious Regular Attendant, and he traveled with a procession of carriages and horses.
In the fourth year of Xianning, Lan passed away at the age of seventy-three and was posthumously conferred the title "Zheng." He left behind six sons: Cai, Ji, Hui, Zheng, Yan, and Chen.
It is said that the first character cutter is the Chief Military Historian; the first character establisher is the Imperial Historian; the character combiner is the Assistant Imperial Historian; the character corrector is the Gentleman of Rites; the character governor is the Central Guard; the character expert is the National University Libationer. These are all formidable figures!
Lv Qian had a precious sword with exquisite craftsmanship. He felt that this sword was not worthy of anyone below the rank of a high official, so he gave it to Xiang. Lv Qian said to Xiang, "If this sword falls into the hands of someone who shouldn't use it, it will bring disaster. You will definitely assist the king in the future, so I am giving you this sword." Xiang initially refused, but Lv Qian insisted on giving it to him. Before he died, Xiang passed the sword to his son Lan, saying, "Your family will surely prosper in the future, and this sword is meant for you!" Sure enough, Lan's descendants were talented and well-known in the Jiangzuo region. As for Cai Zidao, that's a different story.
Zheng Chong, styled Wenhe, was from Kaifeng in Xingyang. He came from a poor background but was upright, lived simply, did not pursue fame and fortune, and was deeply engrossed in classical texts, possessing profound knowledge and understanding of Confucianism and various schools of thought. He had a dignified appearance, and his words and actions were very proper; he was honest and never sought local fame, causing local officials to overlook him for many years. Later, when Wei Wendi was the crown prince, he sought out talented individuals and named Zheng Chong as a literary official. Zheng Chong then rose through the ranks to become a Minister of Documents and was later appointed as the governor of Chenliu. Zheng Chong was cultured and known for his integrity in office, lived frugally, and never pursued wealth, which earned him the respect of the people. The Grand General Cao Shuang summoned him as a Colonel, and he was later promoted to a Sanqi Changshi (Regular Attendant) and Guanglu Xun (Grand Master of Ceremonies). In the third year of Jiaping, he was appointed as Sikong. When the Duke of Gaoqing was explaining the "Book of Documents," Zheng Chong personally held the text and provided explanations, receiving rewards along with the court attendant Zheng Xiaotong. Soon after, he was promoted to Situ. After the Duke of Changdao ascended the throne, he named Zheng Chong as Taibao, a position above the three departments, and conferred upon him the title of Marquis of Shouguang. Even though Zheng Chong was high-ranking and powerful, he never participated in court disputes. At that time, when Wei Wendi was in power and had pacified Shu Han, he ordered Jia Chong, Yang Hu, and others to set up rituals and laws, always first seeking Zheng Chong's opinion before implementation. When Emperor Wei abdicated, he sent Zheng Chong to receive the imperial edict. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, he appointed him as Taifu and also elevated his nobility, granting him the title of Gong. Not long after, the Inspector General Li Xi and the Deputy Censor-in-Chief Hou Shiguang put in a request stating that Zheng Chong, He Zeng, Xun Yi, and others should be exempted from their positions due to illness. The emperor refused. Zheng Chong simply stopped showing up for work and put in a request for retirement, resigning from his official position. The emperor issued a special edict forbidding his retirement and even sent envoys to persuade him. Zheng Chong firmly declined to hold office and returned his seals, but the emperor still refused to let him go.
In the sixth year of the Tai Shi era, the emperor issued a decree saying: "In the past, Emperor Gaozu of Han succeeded in pacifying the world because of his talent for recognizing and employing capable individuals, honoring their contributions and crediting Zhang Liang, Xiao He, and Han Xin as the 'Three Talents.' He then made a blood oath with the meritorious officials, placing the agreement in the ancestral hall, with a copy stored by the appropriate officials, to commemorate their achievements and strengthen the royal authority.
My ancestors endured many hardships, selecting and employing outstanding talents, working together with them to ultimately accomplish great national affairs and establish a great legacy. Grand Tutor Duke Zheng Chong of Shouguang, Grand Protector Duke He Ceng of Langling, and Grand Marshal Duke Xun Yi of Linhuai all possessed noble character, were benevolent, righteous, open, upright, loyal, and dependable, serving the late emperor and contributing to the imperial legacy.
Minister of Works Duke Wang Shen of Boling and General Marquis Yang Hu of Juping, both accomplished in literature and martial arts, I hold them in high regard. Doesn't the Book of Documents say: 'Heaven has its laws, five garments and five chapters!'
I will now appoint Langzhongling for the states of Shouguang, Langling, Linhuai, Boling, and Juping, and grant their wives and heirs official seals and ribbons, with salaries set at one-third of the original amount, and their status will be equal to that of dukes and marquises."
Nine years later, Chong once again submitted a request for retirement. The emperor issued a decree saying, "Grand Tutor, your virtue is profound, your character is noble, you embody purity and detachment, truly a rarity in this world. You have diligently assisted the royal family for over sixty years, loyal and upright, always putting the public good before personal interests. You have been recommended multiple times and held three important positions. You have also taken on the heavy responsibility of protecting the heir, participated in discussions on national affairs, gloriously assisted several generations of kings, showcasing your outstanding talent, devising strategies, achieving great accomplishments, truly a pillar of the court, admired by all! I am not yet well-versed in state affairs, many matters have not been handled properly, and I greatly admire your experience and teachings, hoping to make use of your wisdom to further prosper the country. However, you have repeatedly requested retirement due to your advanced age and frailty. If I truly let you retire, who can I turn to for advice? It's like trying to cross a river without knowing how to reach the other bank. So for all these years, I have not agreed to your request. But your determination to retire is firm, and I find it hard to oppose your wishes, as I am deeply touched by your sincerity. Achieving success and fame without being arrogant, this is the highest moral realm; fulfilling the aspirations of others is the mark of a true gentleman. Must I satisfy my reliance on you and go against your noble character and code of conduct? Now I will comply with your wishes, allowing you to retire as the Grand Tutor, with the same rank as the Protector, above the Three Offices. Take good care of your health, enjoy family happiness, and seek longevity. I grant you a few walking sticks, and you need not attend court anymore. Wise monarchs in ancient times highly respected the elderly, humbly listening to their opinions to make up for their own shortcomings. If there are any major state affairs, your opinion will be sought. I also grant you carriages and horses, the best residence, one million coins, five hundred rolls of silk, as well as beds, curtains, bamboo mats, mattresses, etc., along with six attendants and twenty cavalry, and appoint your son Hui as a Cavalier Attendant, so he can accompany you frequently, making it convenient for you to enter the palace at any time. Your salary, rewards, and the enfeoffment ceremony will be even more generous than before.
Empty
In the second year of his reign, Chong passed away. The emperor held funeral rites for him in the court, posthumously granting him the title of Grand Tutor, bestowing him ritual vessels, court robes, a full set of clothing, 300,000 coins, and 100 bolts of cloth. His posthumous title was "Cheng." In the early years of Xian Ning, relevant authorities petitioned to inscribe Chong's name along with twelve others, including Prince Anping Fu, on the Taichang Temple's memorial stone, to be honored in the ancestral temple.
Initially, Chong, along with Sun Yong, Cao Xi, Xun Yi, and He Yan, collected and organized the best parts of various interpretations of the Analects, recording their names, and then organized the material according to their meanings. Any inappropriate sections were revised, and the work was named "Collected Explanations of the Analects." After completion, he presented it to the Wei court, and this book has been preserved to this day.
Chong had no sons, so he designated his son Hui to inherit his title, and later Hui became the Prefect of Pingyuan. After Hui's passing, his son Jian succeeded to the title.
He Ceng, styled Yingkao, was a native of Yangxia in the State of Chen. His father Kui had served as the Grand Master of the Wei dynasty and the Marquis of Yangwu Pavilion. He Ceng inherited his father's title at a young age; he was passionate about learning, well-educated, and renowned alongside Yuan Kan from the same commandery. When Emperor Ming of Wei first ascended the throne, He Ceng was granted the title of Marquis of Pingyuan and appointed to literary duties. Later, he continuously rose in rank, eventually rising to the positions of Cavalry Attendant, General of Agriculture in Jizhou, and Attendant of the Yellow Gate.
He submitted a memorial, saying: "It is said that governing a country should be based on tranquility, while the common people should be supported by good officials. Now, poverty is widespread across the country, and there are many forced labor obligations; it is indeed necessary to show compassion for the people and bring them joy. Although the power of the county magistrate is not great, they govern a vast area, which is akin to the feudal lords of ancient times. The county magistrate must convey the court's benevolence to benefit the people and work to advance benefits and rectify wrongs. Choosing the right people can bring stability, while choosing the wrong ones can lead to chaos. Emperor Xuan of Han once said: 'The reason the common people can live and work in peace, free from sighs of sorrow, is that the government is clear and their lawsuits are handled justly. Those who can achieve this with me are probably only those outstanding officials of the second rank!' This truly reflects an understanding of the fundamental way to govern a country! Currently, the nation is engaged in large-scale military operations, and the newly levied taxes are numerous, with troops deployed far away, exhausting both the soldiers and the people. It is easy for the people to share in the fruits of victory with them, but difficult to engage them in the country's concerns from the outset. Ignorant people only concern themselves with immediate, trivial matters and forget the dangers of causing great disasters, so the county magistrate must not choose the wrong people. Although it is hard to find talent, they should at least generally possess prestige and benevolence, so that the people can trust and respect them. I have heard that some county magistrates, when they grow old or fall ill, transfer their power to their clerks and neglect the people's affairs; or they are lazy and do not take governance to heart; after many years in office, they have not brought any benefits to the people, yet during evaluations, their misdeeds are not serious enough to merit dismissal. As a result, they can remain in their positions indefinitely. I propose we discreetly direct the relevant departments to conduct investigations into the county magistrates; those who are old or ill but do not report to the court, and those who do not consider the people but only seek to flatter the powerful, harming the populace, should all be summoned back and replaced with new appointees." Soon after, He was promoted to an official of the Palace Guard.
When Emperor Xuan planned to attack Liaodong, he first presented a memorial to the Wei Emperor, saying: "I have heard that ancient wise kings were always very cautious when establishing legal systems. Therefore, when appointing officials, they would always have deputies; when going to war, they would have deputy generals; when sending messengers, they would have deputy envoys; and even on the battlefield, they would have advisors on the left and right to fully utilize strategies and prevent unexpected events. This ensures that in times of danger and difficulty, they can help and support one another; in case someone fell ill or faced unexpected situations, there would be someone to take their place. This has far-reaching benefits for national defense. The Han Dynasty also did this—when Han Xin attacked the Zhao Kingdom, Zhang Er was his deputy; when Ma Yuan conquered Jiaozhi, Liu Long served as his deputy. These examples from previous dynasties are recorded in historical books. Now the Grand Commandant has been tasked with suppressing the rebels with elite troops numbering in the tens of thousands, covering a long and perilous journey of four thousand miles. Even with divine intervention allowing for victory without battle, the enemy may escape secretly, causing delays. Since there is no definite deadline for the orders, and people are not made of stone, thorough consideration and adequate preparation are necessary, hence the need for a deputy. The northern generals and those under the Grand Commandant are all of similar rank, without clear leadership or command relationships. In an emergency, no one can take command. We must not forget the pain of losing a country; I urge Your Majesty to seriously consider my proposal. I believe a senior official and general with high respect and extensive experience should be chosen, given an appropriate position, and sent to the northern army to strategize together and act as a deputy in critical moments. Even in unforeseen circumstances, having a reliable leader in the army would alleviate concerns." However, the Wei Emperor ignored his advice. Later, he was appointed as the Prefect of Henei and gained a reputation for his strictness. He was later summoned as a Palace Attendant, but when his mother passed away, he resigned and returned home to observe the mourning period.
During the Jiaping period, he served as the Colonel of the Imperial Guard. At that time, Yin Mo, the military officer, abused his power and engaged in corruption, amassing a significant fortune. Everyone feared him, and no one dared to speak out. Zeng Zigu submitted a memorial accusing him, and the court accepted his memorial. While Cao Shuang held power, the emperor feigned illness. Following Cao Shuang's execution, Zeng Zigu was reinstated. When the Wei Emperor was deposed, Zeng Zigu was also involved.
Ruan Ji, a military officer, was very talented, but he was unrestrained and did not adhere to proper conduct even during mourning. A man named Wang Zeng directly accused Ruan Ji in front of the emperor: "This man indulges his emotions, disregards etiquette, and undermines social norms. Now the court is full of loyal and capable officials who scrutinize the conduct of their peers. Individuals like Ruan Ji should not be permitted to remain!" He also told the emperor: "Your Majesty governs the realm with filial piety, but you allow Ruan Ji to indulge in excess in your presence. This is intolerable! He should be driven away to prevent him from tainting the entire nation!" The emperor said, "This kid is so weak, can't you tolerate him?" Wang Zeng argued several times, making very reasonable points. Although the emperor did not fully listen to him, people of that era held Wang Zeng in great admiration and fear.
After Guan Qiu Jian was killed, his son Guan Qiu Dian and his wife Xun Shi were both sentenced to death. Xun Shi's clan brother and clan uncle had family ties with Emperor Jing, and they jointly petitioned Emperor Jing, requesting a pardon for Xun Shi. The emperor ordered that she be allowed to divorce. Xun Shi's daughter, Xun Zhi, was the wife of Liu Zi Yuan, the governor of Yingchuan, and she was also sentenced to death due to her involvement and was imprisoned because she was pregnant. Xun Shi sought help from Wang Zeng, saying, "My daughter is currently in the Ting Wei jail; she knows her time is short and is just waiting for her execution. I’m willing to sell myself as a servant to save my daughter's life." Wang Zeng, feeling sympathetic, petitioned the court on her behalf. The court officials all agreed that this should be done, so the law was changed. This incident is documented in the "Criminal Law Chronicle."
Wang Zeng served as a Colonel of the Inspectorate for many years and was later promoted to a high-ranking official position. As he was preparing to guard the border, Emperor Wen personally sent Emperor Wu and Prince Qi to escort him for several miles. Wang warmly welcomed them, preparing a sumptuous feast to entertain them. The officials and guards who followed them all drank freely and feasted. After bidding farewell to the Emperor, he visited his son, Wang Shao. Wang had previously instructed Wang Shao: "Guests will definitely come to visit you, you must be prepared in advance." As a result, Wang Shao did not wear a hat or court attire, causing the Emperor to wait a considerable time. Wang reprimanded Wang Shao harshly for this. It can be seen how respected Wang was at that time. Later, he was promoted to General of the Northern Campaign and was granted the title of Marquis of Yingchang. In the early years of the Xianxi era, he was appointed as the Minister of State and his title was changed to Marquis of Langling. After Emperor Wen ascended to the throne as King Jin, Wang, Gao Rou, and Zheng Chong served together as the Three Excellencies. When they went to the palace to pay respects to King Jin, Wang respectfully performed the ceremony alone, while Gao Rou and Zheng Chong only greeted with a bow. After Emperor Wu inherited the throne, he appointed He Zeng as an attendant minister, as he had previously served as Prime Minister of the Jin Dynasty and had supported him to ascend the throne along with Pei Xiu, Wang Shen, and others. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, he appointed He Zeng as Grand Marshal and elevated him to the rank of Duke, with a fief consisting of 1,800 households.
In the early years of the Tai Shi period, the emperor issued a decree saying: "It is because of your assistance and mediation that the country has stabilized and the nation is stable, which allows for the smooth governance of the realm. Grand Commandant He Ceng is of noble character, loyal and devoted, with profound knowledge and broad insights, who assisted the late emperor with significant contributions. I have inherited the great achievements of the late emperor and taken charge of the royal affairs, following the practices of my predecessors, and I should also entrust you with important responsibilities. You have indeed helped me in prospering and illuminating the political landscape. Although the positions in the Three Departments all serve to assist royal affairs, if they cannot assist me effectively, the country will struggle to remain stable. Therefore, simply appointing you as Grand Commandant does not adequately reflect your importance. I now appoint you as Grand Protector, while your position as Grand Commandant remains unchanged." After a while, He Ceng was also appointed as Minister of State. He Ceng firmly declined, but the emperor insisted and sent the Palace Attendant to convey the imperial decree, and it was only then that he began to take office. He was later promoted to Grand Tutor.
He Zeng requested retirement multiple times despite his old age. The Emperor issued a decree saying, "Grand Preceptor, you are upright and resolute, a pillar of the country with your wisdom and experience. You have noble character and have declined official positions multiple times. My own virtues are shallow, and I rely on your assistance. I was deeply moved after reading your memorials. Although I wish to fulfill your wishes, how can I forget your contributions? Moreover, the duties of the Grand Preceptor are heavy, and I cannot let someone of your age bear such burdens for too long. I now appoint you as Grand Preceptor, with your position as Palace Attendant unchanged. During court meetings, you may don court attire and ride in a carriage to the court, just like the Prime Ministers of the Han Dynasty, Xiao He and Tian Qianqiu, and the Grand Tutor of Wei, Zhong Yao. You will be granted one hundred thousand pieces of gold, five hundred rolls of silk, and including an eight-foot-wide bed, curtains, mats, and bedding. In addition, you will be provided with a Chief Clerk, Assistant Clerks, Libationer, and other officials and subordinates, all to be handled according to the usual procedures. Your personal guards and cavalry will also remain unchanged. Relevant departments are to make all preparations according to the ceremonial regulations." From then on, every time He Zeng was summoned, he was ordered to bring his usual food, clothing, and personal items, and his two sons were allowed to serve him.
In the fourth year of Xianning, Zeng Yuan passed away at the age of eighty. The Emperor held a mourning ceremony in the court, dressed in mourning attire, and granted him valuable burial goods from Dongyuan, a set of court attire, a garment, three hundred thousand coins, and one hundred rolls of cloth. As the burial approached, the ceremonial officials began discussing posthumous titles. Scholar Qin Xiu proposed the posthumous title "Miao Chou," but the Emperor disagreed and personally conferred the title "Filial." During the Taikang era, Zeng Yuan's son, Zeng Shao, submitted a petition requesting that the posthumous title be changed to "Yuan."
Zeng Yuan was a particularly filial person, both at home and outside, everything was well-organized. From childhood to adulthood, there was never any talk of him favoring concubines or showing favoritism towards any woman. As he grew older, when he met his wife, they had to dress neatly and show mutual respect, just as one would when hosting guests. He sat facing south, his wife facing north; he would first bow to his wife, then offer a toast, and after they exchanged toasts, he would leave. They met like this only two or three times a year. Earlier, Sima Xianwei Fu Xuan wrote an article praising Zeng Yuan and Xun Yi, saying: "Those who serve their parents with the teachings of King Wen are Zeng Yuan and Xun Yi! In ancient times, Zeng Shen and Min Sun were praised; now, it is Xun Yi and Zeng Yuan who are praised. They serve their parents wholeheartedly at home and treat people outside with respect and humility. Filial sons serve as role models for future generations, while benevolent people set examples for the world. Practicing filial piety exemplifies what it means to be a gentleman. The Classic of Poetry says: 'Looking up at the high mountains, traveling with dignity.' Those who do not emulate the admirable virtues of Zeng Shen and Min Sun are not truly committed to the path of righteousness." He also said: "Xun Yi and Zeng Yuan are true models of gentlemen!" He also said: "Zeng Yuan served his parents, truly embodying the essence of filial piety! When his parents were alive, he served them wholeheartedly; when his parents passed away, he was grief-stricken; I can see all of this in Zeng Yuan." He also said: "He treated his parents' relatives as if they were his own parents; even at sixty, he remained as filial as a child; I can see all of this in Zeng Yuan."
However, Zeng Yuan was a particularly extravagant person, pursuing lavishness. His tents, carriages, and clothes were all extremely magnificent; his meals were even more elaborate than the emperor's. Every time the emperor summoned him, he would not eat the official prepared meals, and the emperor would always order his own meals to be brought in. He would only eat steamed buns if they were cracked in a cross shape. He spent ten thousand coins a day on food and still claimed it was not enough. When someone sent him a letter on a small piece of paper, he would instruct his secretaries not to inform him. Liu Yi and others repeatedly accused Zeng Yuan of being excessively extravagant, but because he was a senior official, the emperor did not question him about anything.
Liu Xiang once submitted a formal accusation against Zeng Yuan for extravagance and waste, saying he used copper hooks to hang his carriage curtains and polished the hooves of his cattle until they shone brightly. Later, Zeng Yuan invited Liu Xiang to serve as his assistant. Some of his friends advised Liu Xiang not to go, but he said that one should be fair and not refuse because of personal grievances, so he went. Zeng Yuan often punished Liu Xiang for trivial matters, appearing generous outwardly while being inwardly jealous, similar to this incident. At that time, Sikong Jia Chong had great power, and Zeng Yuan tried to please Jia Chong. When Jia Chong and Yu Chun had a conflict due to drinking, Zeng Yuan sided with Jia Chong and suppressed Yu Chun, resulting in criticism from honest individuals. He had two sons, Zun and Shao, with Shao ultimately inheriting the family title.
Ceng Shao, also known as Jingzu, was the same age as Emperor Jinwu when he was young, and the two were good friends from childhood. When Emperor Jinwu was the crown prince, he appointed Ceng Shao as Zhong Shuzi. After Emperor Jinwu ascended the throne, he promoted Ceng Shao to the position of Cavalier Attendant of the Imperial Guard. Emperor Jinwu held him in high regard. Ceng Shao was dignified and graceful, and when distant guests came to pay their respects, Emperor Jinwu always had Ceng Shao accompany them. Whenever tributes came from various regions, Emperor Jinwu would always reward Ceng Shao first and observe his expression of gratitude. In the early years of the Xianning era, it was reported that Ceng Shao and his brother Ceng Zun accepted bribes from the former county magistrate Yuan Yi of Gexian. Even though they had been pardoned, they should still be barred from holding office. This case was brought before the Ministry of Justice. Emperor Jinwu issued an edict stating, "The Grand Guardian, referring to Ceng Shao's father, and Yuan Yi have had a relationship for several generations, and the bribes received by Ceng Zun and his brother were not substantial. This case shall be dismissed." Subsequently, Ceng Shao was promoted to the position of Imperial Secretary.
After Emperor Hui of Jin ascended to the throne, he had just established the Eastern Court. Since the Crown Prince was still young, he wanted him to participate more in political affairs. Therefore, he carefully selected six people to assist the Crown Prince, including Zeng Shao. He appointed him as the Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince and concurrently managed the affairs of the Ministry of Personnel. Later, he was promoted to a higher position several times, eventually becoming the Left Minister of the Secretariat. Zeng Shao was knowledgeable and skilled in writing, discussing modern historical events with remarkable clarity. In the early years of the Yongkang period, he was promoted to Minister of State. When Prince Zhao Lun usurped the throne, he appointed Zeng Shao as Grand Preceptor. When the Rebellion of the Eight Princes broke out, although Zeng Shao held a high position, he navigated the political landscape without alienating any factions. However, like his father, he lived a luxurious and extravagant life. Clothes, furs, and playthings piled high, both new and old. He must eat exotic delicacies from all over the country, spending as much as twenty thousand coins daily on meals. People at that time all said that even the imperial cuisine could not compare to his. Despite his high position, he remained carefree and was not power-hungry. He once said to his fellow villager Wang Quan, "Although my official position is very high, there is nothing worth praising. The only notable event I can claim is when I advised the scholar Xiahou Changrong." His writings, including the biographies of Xun Can and Wang Bi, as well as some memorial articles, have been passed down through the ages. He died in the first year of Yongning and was posthumously honored with the title 'Kang.' His son Zeng Qi inherited his title. When Shao passed away, Yuan Can went to offer condolences, but Shao's brother Qi declined, citing illness as his reason. Yuan Can emerged in tears, saying, "This year, I will have to demote a servant girl." Wang Quan advised him, "Why do you need to see the living? Qi committed many crimes in the past, but you did not lower his rank then. Now that Shao has just died, if you demote Qi now, people will say that honest officials fear the powerful and prey on the weak." Yuan Can then reconsidered his decision.
Zun, style name Sizu, is Shao's half-brother. He was talented when he was young, initially serving as a cavalier attendant, court advisor, and palace attendant, and was promoted several times, eventually becoming Grand Minister of Ceremonies. He tended to be extravagant and indulgent, ordering artisans in the imperial household to make palace items and selling official goods, which resulted in his dismissal after being reported by Liu Yi, the Commandant of Justice. In the early years of the Taikang reign, he was appointed Prefect of Wei Commandery, later promoted to Minister Steward, then dismissed again, and finally died at home, leaving four sons: Song, Sui, Ji, and Xian.
Song, style name Taiji, was generous and benevolent, enjoying the company of scholars, and was well-versed in a wide range of literature, especially skilled in "Records of the Grand Historian" and "Book of Han." He held some leisurely official positions when he was young and later served as an Official Historian.
Sui, style name Bowei, rose to the rank of Palace Attendant and Imperial Secretary. Due to his distinguished family background, he lived a life of excessive luxury, was frivolous, and wrote letters with an air of arrogance. After the Prince of Chengyang, Sima Ni, read Sui's letters, he said to others, "Bowei lives in turbulent times and is so arrogant; how could he possibly escape disaster?" Liu Yu and Pan Tao falsely accused him in front of the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, who then killed Sui on the orders of Sima Yue. Earlier, Sui had served Emperor Wu, Sima Yan, at banquets and later told Zun and others, "The country has received the mandate of heaven and established its foundation, inheriting the imperial lineage. Every time I attend banquets, I never hear discussions about the nation's long-term strategies; only trivial matters are discussed, without any thought for the future of our descendants. Only concerned with personal enjoyment, what will become of our descendants? This is a concern for future generations! Perhaps you may still be able to escape disasters." He pointed to his grandsons and said, "These boys will surely face the horrors of war." After Sui's death, Song cried and said, "Oh, my ancestors! You were truly wise sages!"
Ji held the position of magistrate in Zouping County. His personality was quite arrogant, forcing the prominent families in the village, like Xie Kun, to acknowledge him. Some advised him, "In etiquette, one should respect elders and those of higher status, but the most important thing is to win people over with virtue. Forcing Xie Kun to pay his respects to you may damage customs." Ji felt no shame.
Xian served as the magistrate of Lihuxian County. He was both arrogant and stingy, tyrannizing the populace. The villagers despised him and regarded him as an enemy. At the end of Yongjia, the He family was annihilated, not leaving a single survivor.
Shi Bao, style name Zhongrong, was from Nanpi, Hebei. He was cheerful and open-minded, very talented and strategic, tall and handsome, but not very attentive to details. So, at that time, some people said of him, "Shi Zhongrong is very handsome; no one can compare." He was initially appointed by the county as the Agricultural Sergeant (official in charge of agriculture).
Once, the envoy Guo Xuan from Yangdi needed someone to drive a cart, and the sergeant recommended Shi Bao and Deng Ai. After walking more than ten miles, Guo Xuan said to them, "Both of you will reach high positions in the future!" Shi Bao said, "We are just cart drivers now; how can we reach high positions?" Later, he was sent to Ye City for business, but the issue lingered unresolved for a long time, so he decided to sell iron in the market. The market manager of Ye City, Zhao Yuanru from Pei State, was very good at judging people. He noticed Shi Bao and sensed that he was unlike anyone else, so they became friends. Zhao Yuanru sighed that Shi Bao possessed foresight and would definitely assist the court in the future, and from then on, Shi Bao's reputation spread. He went to see the Ministry of Personnel official Xu Yun, hoping to secure a position in a small county. Xu Yun said to Shi Bao, "You are a talent like me; we should help each other achieve something in the court. Why do you want to go to a small county?" Shi Bao returned feeling very emotional, not expecting Xu Yun to comprehend him so thoroughly.
Later, Shi Bao gradually rose through the ranks and became the Central Military Commander under Emperor Jing. When Emperor Xuan heard that Shi Bao was known for his womanizing and had questionable character, he advised Emperor Jing against him. Emperor Jing replied, "Although Shi Bao has some shortcomings in personal conduct, he possesses the talent and strategy to govern the country. Those with upright character do not necessarily manage worldly affairs effectively. Duke Huan of Qi overlooked Guan Zhong's flaws but valued him for his grand plans to expand his influence; Emperor Gao of Han tolerated Chen Ping's flaws but utilized his extraordinary strategies. While Shi Bao may not yet compare to Guan Zhong or Chen Ping, he is certainly a talented individual in his own right!" With this, Emperor Xuan dispelled his concerns. Shi Bao was assigned to Ye City, where he served as the General of Agricultural Affairs. At that time, many of the lords of the Wei state resided in Ye City, and the Minister of Works, Ding Mi, was extremely powerful and often engaged in corruption and bribery. Shi Bao submitted a memorial to impeach their crimes, which earned him even greater acclaim. He successively served as the Governor of Donglai and the Governor of Langya, achieving significant political success wherever he went. Eventually, he was promoted to the Inspector of Xuzhou.
It is said that Emperor Wen faced defeat at the Eastern Pass, and only Deng Ai successfully withdrew his troops. Emperor Wen pointed to the staff in his hand and said to Deng Ai, "I really regret not giving you this staff back then to achieve that important mission!" Thus, he promoted Deng Ai to General of Valiant Arms, giving him the staff to oversee the military in Qingzhou.
Later, Zhuge Dan raised an army in rebellion in Huainan, and Deng Ai led the troops from Qingzhou, bringing along the Governor of Yanzhou, Zhou Tai, and the Governor of Xuzhou, Hu Zhi, to assemble elite soldiers into a mobile force to defend against foreign invasions. Sun Wu dispatched generals Zhu Yi, Ding Feng, and others to support Zhuge Dan, who left their supplies in Dulu and crossed the Lishui River in light armor. Deng Ai and his forces launched a fierce attack and achieved a decisive victory. Hu Lie, the governor of Taishan, used a surprise force to ambush Dulu from a secret route, destroying all their grain and supplies. Zhu Yi and the remnants of his forces fled, and Shouchun City was pacified. The emperor then appointed Deng Ai as the General of the Eastern Command and conferred upon him the title of Marquis of Dongguang, also giving him a ceremonial staff. Soon after, Deng Ai replaced Wang Ji as the military governor of Yangzhou.
Later, Deng Ai went to the capital to pay a visit to the emperor, and on his return journey, he visited the Duke of Gaoguixiang, where the two talked for hours. After leaving, Deng Ai said to Emperor Wen, "He's not just any ruler!" A few days later, the Cheng Ji incident occurred (the specific details of the Cheng Ji incident are not mentioned here, only referenced). Subsequently, Deng Ai was promoted to General of the Eastern Expedition and soon after to General of the Cavalry.
Emperor Wen passed away, and Jia Chong and Xun Xu were discussing the funeral arrangements, which had not been finalized. At this time, Deng Ai rushed to the mourning and wept bitterly, saying, "The foundation of the Cao family has come to this, and I can only end my life as a subject!" Thus, the funeral arrangements were finally settled. Later, Deng Ai often persuaded Emperor Wei alongside Chen Qian, saying that the cycle of dynasties was coming to an end, and the Mandate of Heaven had shifted to someone else. When the Wei dynasty abdicated, Deng Ai played a crucial role. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, Deng Ai was appointed as the Grand Marshal, promoted to Duke of Yeling, and granted the title of Palace Attendant, enjoying the honors of feathered banners and drums.
After Zhuge Liang's death, Shi Bao was stationed in Huainan. His soldiers were strong and numerous, and there were many border affairs to attend to. He was diligent in handling political affairs and was able to govern in an orderly manner through a combination of kindness and firmness. However, Wang Chen, the Inspector of the North, looked down on Shi Bao's background. Upon hearing a rumor that said, "In the palace, a great horse is turned into a donkey, a heavy stone weighs down and cannot be moved," he secretly reported that Shi Bao was colluding with the Wu state. Earlier, there were people observing celestial phenomena who said, "There will be a large army rising in the southeast." When Wang Chen's report reached the emperor, he became very suspicious of Shi Bao. Coincidentally, at this time, Hu Lie, the Inspector of Jingzhou, also reported that the Wu army was preparing to invade. Upon receiving this news, Shi Bao fortified the waterways and strengthened defenses. The emperor asked Yang Hu, "The Wu army always attacks from both the east and west, but this time they are only coming from one direction. Could it be that Shi Bao actually harbors treacherous intentions?" Yang Hu knew what was happening, but the emperor was still uncertain. Just then, Shi Bao's son, Shi Qiao, who was serving as a court official, was summoned by the emperor but did not show up. The emperor suspected that Shi Bao had indeed betrayed him and sought to punish him in secret. Therefore, a decree was issued stating that Shi Bao failed to anticipate the enemy's movements, disturbed the people by fortifying the waterways, and he was relieved of his position. Grand Commandant Wang Wang of Yiyang was ordered to lead a large army to suppress any potential rebellion. The General of the East, Prince Langye Zhu, was ordered to rush from Xiapi to Shouchun for reinforcements. Following the advice of his adviser Sun Shuo, Shi Bao led his troops out of the city on foot and waited at the capital's outskirts to demonstrate his remorse. Upon hearing this, the emperor's suspicions were laid to rest. After arriving in the capital, Shi Bao's title was restored, and he returned to his home. Although Shi Bao felt ashamed for not completing his mission, he bore no resentment.
At this time, the official Guo Yi of Ye County submitted a petition to defend Shi Bao. The emperor issued a decree saying, "Former Grand Marshal Shi Bao is loyal, upright, talented, and has outstanding abilities. His contributions to the governance of the country are evident to all. He should be appointed to an important position to assist the court in governing the country. Let him be appointed as the Minister of Agriculture!" However, some officials submitted a memorial stating, "Shi Bao has made mistakes in the past and is unfit for this position. Allowing him to return home was already generous; he should not be promoted again." The emperor said, "The state of Wu is weak and is unlikely to amount to much. As long as the border defense is consolidated and prevents enemy invasions, that is sufficient. Shi Bao's strategy is different from mine; he is overly concerned about the enemy, which is why he was recalled and given a new appointment. Just like how Deng Yu suffered setbacks in Guanzhong, but eventually assisted the Han Dynasty, should we overlook his great achievements because of one mistake?" So Shi Bao officially took office.
In his report, Bao suggested, "There is no reward and punishment system for agricultural production in various states and counties. Some subordinate officials should be sent to inspect and assess the situation in each region, and then reward or punish accordingly." The emperor said, "Developing agricultural production is a major issue for governing the country and ensuring peace. To stabilize society, increase profits, and eliminate disadvantages, it is essential to first make the people prosperous before educating them. However, with continuous warfare across the country, huge national expenditures, and previous experiences of war and natural disasters, the national treasury is empty and the people are suffering. In ancient times, agricultural production was overseen by the Minister of Agriculture. Although there are officials specifically discussing these matters now, the governance of the country should adapt to the current circumstances. Therefore, during the times of Yao and Shun, the official in charge of agriculture held a crucial role. Now the Minister of Agriculture can take on this responsibility, as he is dedicated to the country and has the determination and willingness to sacrifice his own wealth for the nation. Let him inspect the agricultural production in various states and counties; let him be responsible for this matter, and the emperor will wait for the results. If additional personnel are needed for inspection, then ten more subordinate officials will be added, selecting experienced individuals from the palace." During his tenure, Bao worked diligently, and the emperor consistently entrusted him with significant responsibilities.
In the eighth year of the Tai Shi era, Bao passed away. The emperor mourned for him in the court, granting him precious items, a set of court robes, a garment, three hundred thousand pieces of silver, and one hundred bolts of cloth. At the burial, the arrangements were made according to the specifications for Chen Tai, the Minister of Works of Wei, including honor guards, carriages, a band, and guards. The emperor personally saw him off outside the Eastern Gate. He was posthumously bestowed the title of Wu. In the early years of Xian Ning, the emperor issued an edict to inscribe the merits of Bao and others on a stone tablet for future generations to revere.
Bao had prepared his burial will in advance, stating: "The late Duke of Yanling advocated for a simple burial, which Confucius considered proper; Hua Yuan had a grand burial, and the 'Spring and Autumn Annals' recorded him as disloyal, reflecting the ancient understanding of righteousness. From now on, the deceased should be buried in their usual clothing, without overly extravagant garments. It also forbids having food in one's mouth, as that is the practice of ignorant commoners. Additionally, one should not set up beds or grave goods. After burial, the grave must be filled level with the ground, and no mounds or trees should be planted. In the past, a noble was buried without adornments to reform the customs of the day; his son followed the will, and gentlemen did not criticize him, so how much more should one adhere to the rites?" All his sons adhered to his wishes and forbade relatives, friends, and former subordinates from mourning him. He had six sons: Yue, Qiao, Tong, Jun, Jun, and Chong, with Tong as the heir.
Tong, styled Hongxu, held successive positions as the Commander of Archers and the Grand Minister of Ceremonies. His son Shun had served as an Official of the Secretariat.
Yue, styled Honglun, died young.
Qiao Hongzu held positions such as Minister of Personnel and Cavalry Officer. The emperor originally intended to summon him, but when he failed to appear, he seriously suspected him of colluding with Wang Bao in rebellion. When Wang Bao arrived, he looked awkward and said to Qiao Hongzu, "You almost brought ruin to your family!" Wang Bao dismissed Qiao Hongzu from his position, and he was never allowed to hold office again. Later, after committing some offenses, Qiao Hongzu was exiled to Dunqiu, where he and his brother Qiao Chong were executed. Their sons, Qiao Chao and Qiao Xi, fortunately escaped.
During Wang Sima Ying's rebellion in Chengdu, he appointed Qiao Chao as the General of Zhezhong to confront Sun Xiu. For his contributions, he was granted the title of Marquis. Later, he was made General of Zhenwu to campaign against the bandit Li Chen in Jingzhou province. When Sima Ying fought against Wang Sima Yi of Changsha, Qiao Chao charged at the forefront, and he was promoted to Central Guard Commander. Later, when Chen Zhen and others took Emperor Hui hostage for a northern expedition, Qiao Chao returned to Ye City. Sima Ying sent Qiao Chao to Danyang to intercept the imperial army, but the imperial army was defeated, forcing Qiao Chao to help Emperor Hui flee to Ye Palace. At that moment, Wang Jun launched an attack on Sima Ying, who appointed Qiao Chao as Right General to resist Wang Jun, but he returned in disgrace. Afterward, he followed Emperor Hui to Luoyang and then west to Chang'an. Wang Sima Yong appointed Qiao Chao as the General of the Northern Army, tasking him with resisting Wang Sima Yue of Donghai alongside Sima Ying. Qiao Chao recruited soldiers in Xingyang, with Right General Wang Chan and Officer Zhao Ze both under his command, to support the Governor of Yuzhou, Liu Qiao. However, Wang Sima Xiu of Fanyang launched a counterattack and defeated Qiao Chao, killing him, while Qiao Xi escaped again. During the Yongjia era, Qiao Xi served as an advisor to Grand Tutor Sima Yue.
Qiao Jun, styled Jinglun, was known for his integrity and simplicity, knowledgeable, and he was respectful and caring towards others. He reached the position of Huangmen Shilang but sadly passed away young. Qiao Jun, styled Yanlun, was well-known in his youth, with everyone having high hopes for him, saying he was an outstanding talent. He became the governor of Yangping but also died young. Qiao Chong, styled Jilun, was born in Qingzhou and had the nickname Qinu. He was clever and quick-witted from a young age, brave and strategic. When his father Wang Bao was dying, he divided the family property among his sons but did not give anything to Qiao Chong. His mother pleaded for him, and Wang Bao said, "Although this child is young, he will be able to obtain his own in the future." In his twenties, Qiao Chong became the magistrate of Xiuwu County and made significant achievements in governance. Later, he went to the capital to serve as a Sanqilang, a position of honor, and was promoted to governor of Chengyang. He was rewarded for his contributions during the campaign against the Wu Kingdom and was granted the title of Marquis of Anyang. Although he held an official position in the prefecture, he continued to be diligent in his studies and eventually resigned due to illness. Not long after, he was appointed as Huangmen Lang once more.
My brother Chongtong offended King Jun of Fufeng, and the authorities intended to impose a severe punishment on him as per the decree, but later nothing happened. However, because Chongtong failed to express his gratitude at the palace, the authorities sought to punish him once more. Chongtong wrote a letter saying, "My brother Chongtong has enjoyed preferential treatment early on thanks to the grace of our late father. He has risen through the ranks diligently, and I believe the emperor must have taken notice. Recently, he was falsely accused by King Jun of Fufeng, and the officials quickly accused him harshly, which irritated the emperor. My brothers and I are terrified, constantly living in fear. Jun's relatives and friends hold great power and influence, and court officials are at their beck and call. Since my brother was falsely accused, we dare not speak up for ourselves, waiting to accept punishment. As the ancients said, 'Complying with the emperor's will leads to prosperity, while going against it leads to decline,' which is true. Even if the officials act fairly, they can't escape the harshness of the accusations in the reports. We have been wronged but cannot defend ourselves. Fortunately, the emperor is wise and understanding, considering our late father's contributions and our efforts, and eventually ordered the exoneration, clearing our names. Even if we were to sacrifice ourselves, we could never repay the emperor's grace. I plan to go to the public gate to express my gratitude to the emperor alongside my brothers Chongtong and Chongjun on the 14th. Unexpectedly, before the report even reached the emperor, a ban was issued on the 20th, stating my brother was pardoned, which was a special grace. I didn't go to express my gratitude, and was accused again, feeling utterly wronged. At first, I was shocked and scared upon hearing the news, but then I realized it was not entirely others' fault. When under the pressure of power, anything can happen, and following the law becomes impossible. My abilities are limited, yet I hold a high position, unable to repay the emperor's grace. Within a month, I was continuously accused, unable to distinguish right from wrong. The only regret I have is not currying favor with those in power, which led to this outcome. I feel ashamed for not pleasing them, failing the royal descendants. As 'Sui Chaozi' states, 'The virtue of a wise ruler lies in understanding people first, and matters second.' I believe the emperor already knows the truth, and I await my punishment, with nothing more to add." Ultimately, the matter was resolved. Chongtong was later promoted to Cavalry Commandant and Imperial Attendant.
Second paragraph:
His brother Chongtong offended the Prince of Fufeng, Wang Jun, and was subjected to harsher punishment by the authorities as per the imperial edict, but later it was resolved without any issues. However, because Chongtong did not go to the palace to express his gratitude, the authorities sought to punish him again. Chongtong wrote a memorial explaining that his brother had received the emperor's favor early on because of their father's merits and had held important positions in the court, diligently serving ever since. He believed the emperor must have noticed this. Recently, he was falsely accused by Wang Jun of Fufeng, and the officials, including the Deputy Minister of Justice, quickly submitted a harshly worded memorial to impeach him, which troubled the emperor. He and his brothers were terrified and constantly on edge, living in fear. Because Wang Jun's relatives and friends held great power and influence, court officials followed their every command. If they wanted to target someone, it was as easy as tossing an egg. Since his brother was falsely accused, the brothers hadn’t dared to say a word in their defense, staying silent and bracing for punishment. As the ancients say, "Glory comes from following the edict, while decay comes from going against it," and this saying is truly accurate; he has now experienced it firsthand. Therefore, even if the officials acted impartially, they could not avoid the severity of the memorials, suffering injustice and unable to defend themselves. Fortunately, the emperor is wise and discerning, mindful of their father's contributions and sympathetic to their efforts, ultimately issuing an edict to exonerate them and clear their names. They could never repay the emperor's kindness, even if it meant being shattered to pieces. He plans to go to the public gate on the 14th, along with his brother Chongtong and his younger brother Chongjun, to show their gratitude.
Emperor Wu of Han held Chong in high regard, considering him a capable and responsible person. At the beginning of the Yuankang period, when Yang Jun was in power, he lavished rewards and gathered a large following. Chong and the cavalier officer He Pan discussed together and then presented a memorial to Emperor Hui, saying: "Your Majesty is wise and kind, your grace is widely spread throughout the world, and the ancestors of the imperial family bless you. You have been the Crown Prince in the Eastern Palace for more than twenty years, spreading virtue far and wide, and the people of the whole country have turned their hearts to you. Now that you have inherited the throne, it is destined by heaven! The rewards and titles given now surpass even those during the transition of power in the Taishi period, which raises concerns. The usurpation by Sun Wu has lasted nearly a century, and the border areas have suffered from their atrocities, forcing the court to work tirelessly. The late emperor was wise and decisive, using troops swiftly to eliminate these rebels, as easy as snapping dry twigs. However, the strategists and brave generals who advised and fought the enemy also made great contributions! The rewards they are receiving now surpass even those for the defeat of Wu, which is also problematic. With heaven's blessing, the Great Jin Dynasty may endure. How long the dynasty can continue is still unknown. In establishing a system today, we should consider the long-term effects. If there is no distinction between high and low, and titles are added for everyone with a title, after several generations, everyone will be marquises, which is unacceptable! This is also problematic. We are risking much by bringing this to your attention. We believe that the system and records for merit-based rewards established after the peace with Wu during the Taishi period remain relevant. Even if we cannot completely follow the ancient system, we should refer to past practices!" The memorial was submitted, but the emperor did not accept it. Chong was sent away, appointed as the General of the South-Central Army, Inspector of Jingzhou, concurrently serving as Colonel of the Southern Barbarians, and was also given the title of General of the Soaring Eagle. While in the south, Chong obtained several nestlings of poisonous birds and gave them to the Rear General Wang Kai. At that time, it was stipulated that poisonous birds could not cross the river. This matter was discovered by the Commandant of the Slaves, Fu Zhi, who reported it. The emperor issued a decree saying it was not a problem and ordered the poisonous birds to be burned in the capital's main square.
Lao Zhang, this person is called Shi Chong, very intelligent and talented, but also wild and free-spirited, with no rules in his actions. When he was in Jingzhou, he liked to hold up passing merchants, which made him very wealthy. Later, the court appointed him as the Grand Minister of Agriculture, but before the appointment letter arrived, he ran away on his own, and he lost his official position. After some time, he was appointed as the Grand Commandant, then appointed as a General to pacify the frontier tribes, and was also authorized to command military forces in Xuzhou, stationed in Pengcheng. Shi Chong had a villa in Jingu in Heyang, also called Zize, which was nothing short of opulent. Every time he went there, people from Luoyang would come to bid him farewell, and they would drink and feast there. After arriving in Xuzhou, he had a falling out with the Prefect of Xuzhou, Gao Dan, over drinks, insulting each other, and eventually being reported by subordinates, losing his position. He was then appointed as the Commandant of the Guards, currying favor with Jia Mi, having a particularly good relationship with him. Jia Mi even gave him the nickname "Twenty-Four Friends." Every time Shi Chong went out, Jia Mi would get off the carriage and stand on the left side of the road, bowing from afar to show his respect. Shi Chong came from a wealthy background, with a grand and stunning estate. The backyard had over a hundred rooms, each occupied by beautiful women dressed in luxurious silk and satin, adorned with gold and silver jewelry. His home boasted the finest musical instruments of the era, and the food they ate was all rare delicacies, lavishing wealth that rivaled officials like Wang Kai and Yang Xiu.
Wang Kai cooked rice with a rare type of rice, while Shi Chong used candles for fuel to cook his meal. Wang Kai made a forty-li long purple silk screen, and Shi Chong made a fifty-li long brocade screen to outdo him. Wang Kai coated his house with red resin, and Shi Chong painted his house with pepper paste. The two of them were really going all out to show off! Emperor Wu often favored Wang Kai, and one time he rewarded him with a coral tree that was over two feet tall, with lush branches and leaves, a rare sight indeed. Wang Kai showed it to Shi Chong, who, without a word, smashed it with an iron ruyi! Wang Kai was both heartbroken and angry, thinking Shi Chong was just jealous of his treasure, and his expression changed. Shi Chong said, “This little thing isn't worth crying over; I’ll return it to you right now!” Then he ordered his men to bring out all the coral trees, and there were six or seven that were three or four feet tall, with unique shapes and vibrant colors, much better than Wang Kai's! Wang Kai was dumbfounded at that moment.
Old Wang's family threw a banquet, and they made bean porridge incredibly quickly; it was ready in no time. Every winter, they could eat pickled leeks and duckweed. One time, I went out to play with Wang Kai, racing into Luoyang City; my cow ran like a flying bird, and Wang Kai couldn't catch up at all. This incident, along with the bean porridge and pickled vegetables, stuck in Wang Kai's mind, and he secretly spent money to find out how I did it.
I told him that the reason the bean porridge was made so quickly was that I cooked the beans ahead of time and ground them into powder; when guests arrived, I just added water and cooked it into porridge. As for the pickled leeks and duckweed, I mashed the leek roots with wheat sprouts to pickle them. And the cow ran fast because I knew how to handle it; it wasn't that the cow was fast, but that I had it under control.
Once, Wang Dun and I went to the Imperial Academy and saw the portraits of Yan Hui and Yuan Xian. I sighed and said, "If I were studying with them at the Confucius Temple, what would be the difference between me and those ordinary folks?" Wang Dun said, "I don't know about others, but the difference between you and the nobility isn't that great." I solemnly said, "Scholars should seek both fame and fortune. How can they be content with poverty?" That's my aspiration.
When Liu Yu and his brother were young, they were envied by Wang Kai. Wang Kai invited the two brothers to stay overnight at his house, intending to harm them. I was close with Liu Yu and his brother, so when I heard they were in danger, I hurried to Wang Kai's house, asked where Liu Yu and his brother were, and Wang Kai couldn't cover it up. I went straight to the back room, found them, and we left together in a carriage. I told them, "Young men, don't go staying overnight at other people's houses too easily in the future!" Liu Yu and his brother were very grateful to me.
After Jia Mi was killed, Shichong was dismissed from his position because he was a member of the same party as Jia Mi. At that time, Prince Zhao Lun held power, and Shichong's nephew Ouyang Jian had a falling out with Lun. Shichong had a songstress named Lvzhu, who was very beautiful and played the flute exceptionally well. Sun Xiu sent someone to ask Shichong for Lvzhu. Shichong was at the Jingu Villa at that time, standing on the cool terrace, overlooking the clear water, surrounded by many maidservants. The messenger conveyed Sun Xiu's request to Shichong. Shichong called out dozens of maidservants for the messenger to see, all dressed in gorgeous clothes and exuding fragrance, saying, "Choose any one you like!" The messenger replied, "Sir, the maidservants in your household are indeed lovely, but our master specifically asked for Lvzhu. How do we know which one is Lvzhu?" Shichong was furious and said, "Lvzhu is my beloved woman; you won't be getting her!" The messenger said, "Sir, you are knowledgeable and talented; you should think about the bigger picture. Please reconsider." Shichong resolutely replied, "No!" The messenger left and returned, but Shichong still refused. Sun Xiu was very angry and persuaded Prince Zhao Lun to kill Shichong and Ouyang Jian. Shichong and Ouyang Jian were also secretly aware of Sun Xiu's plan, so they advised Huainan King Sima Yun and Qi King Sima Jiong to join forces against Prince Zhao Lun and Sun Xiu. Sun Xiu realized this, so he fabricated a decree to arrest Shichong, Panyue, Ouyang Jian, and others. As Shichong was hosting a banquet upstairs, the guards arrived at the door. Shichong said to Lvzhu, "I'm in trouble today because of you." Lvzhu cried and said, "I should take my own life in front of the guards." After speaking, she jumped from upstairs and committed suicide. Shichong sighed and said, "At worst, I’ll be exiled to Jiaozhou or Guangzhou." When Shichong was taken onto the carriage to be sent to the Eastern Market for execution, he sighed and said, "These scoundrels are after my wealth!" The escorting people replied, "If you knew that your wealth would bring disaster, why didn't you dispose of it earlier?" Shichong couldn't respond. Shichong's mother, brothers, wife, children, and other family members were all killed, a total of fifteen people, and Shichong was fifty-two years old at that time.
Initially, Shi Chong's family left their rice on the ground, and overnight it turned into snail shells. People at that time believed it was a sign of his family's impending doom. The authorities investigated Shi Chong's water mills, discovering more than thirty, along with more than eight hundred slaves, an endless array of treasures, wealth, land, and property. Later, after Emperor Hui regained the throne, he decreed that Shi Chong be buried with ministerial honors and bestowed the title of Duke of Leling upon Shi Chong's great-grandson Shi Yan.
Shi Chong's great-grandson Shi Pu, styled Xuanzhen, was known for his caution and kindness but lacked any particular talents, eventually falling victim to the Hu people. Shi Le, sharing the same surname as Shi Pu and both hailing from Hebei, regarded him as part of the royal family and treated him with special favor, eventually reaching the position of Minister of Works.
Ouyang Jian, styled Jianshi, hailed from a distinguished family in the Jizhou region for generations. He was talented, wrote well, and was renowned throughout the north. People often remarked, "The Bohai region is teeming with talent, and Ouyang Jianshi stands out!" He held various positions, including magistrate of Shanyang County, Gentleman of the Imperial Secretariat, and Prefect of Fengyi, excelling in each role and earning widespread acclaim. Tragically, he died young, in his thirties, and his death was mourned by all. Before his death, he composed a poignant poem filled with sorrow.
Sun Shuo, courtesy name Juye, was from Huairen. In his youth, he worked as a minor county official. The governor Wu Fen valued his talent and promoted him to the role of chief clerk. Sun Shuo rose step by step from a very humble position, but the sons of prominent families serving alongside him refused to treat him as an equal. Wu Fen was very angry and recommended Sun Shuo to serve as the Chief of Sili. The Sili Colonel Liu Ne held him in high regard. Later, Wu Fen recommended Sun Shuo to the Grand General Shi Bao, who then brought him on as an advisor. Just as Sun Shuo was about to take up his post and reached Xuchang, the court secretly dispatched troops to attack Shi Bao. At that time, the Prince of Ruyin was camped in Xuchang, and Sun Shuo went to pay his respects to him. The Prince of Ruyin had known Sun Shuo for a long time and, out of a sense of hometown loyalty, privately advised him, "Don't get involved in this disaster!" Sun Shuo immediately left and rushed to Shouchun to help strategize for Shi Bao, which allowed him to escape danger. Sun Shuo was later promoted to the position of Minister, during which he challenged over ten unfair decisions, and he was widely praised for it.
Historians commented: Being a teacher to emperors like Zheng Chong truly lives up to the title; being filial to parents like Wang Xiang is only natural; but never treating one's own family and relatives as mere political allies. Xia Yu was diligent and thrifty, and the Shang Dynasty built upon the foundations laid by Xia. There was a hierarchical system for sacrificial livestock and daily necessities; nobles were not allowed to use cattle casually, nor were scholars allowed to use pigs. Extravagance and indulgence among those in power will inevitably impact the governance of the country. Establishing systems that align with the times is essential. Shi Chong was well-read but eccentric, rarely regretting; he surpassed the four major families to become wealthy, competing with the five marquises in extravagance. In the spring, the fields are lush with green grass, appearing exceptionally vibrant on cold mornings; the exquisite screen extends continuously beyond the rivers and mountains. Lost in the dance of the clock chimes, forgetting to return home until the mournful song of Jingu Garden begins, the tall building is on the verge of collapse, much like a cicada resting in the shade, oblivious to the mantis lurking behind.
Praise: Zheng Chong exemplifies noble character, while Wang Xiang thrived in his later years. Various virtues merge together, akin to a pair of celestial birds soaring towards the heavens. He Ceng and Shi Chong each have their own characteristics; their actions are quite peculiar. The emperors' fashion trends flourished, while Shi Chong's thoughts raced ahead. When extravagance reaches its zenith, disaster inevitably follows. The nation divides, reputations are tarnished, and joy is inevitably followed by sorrow.
