Fu Pi, courtesy name Yongshu, was the eldest son of Fu Jian, though he was not the legitimate son. He was intelligent and studious since childhood, well-versed in a wide array of texts, and familiar with historical and classical works. Fu Jian admired him and often discussed military strategy with him, even having Deng Qiang teach him military strategy. His literary and martial talents were second only to Fu Rong, and he was skilled at attending to the soldiers' morale during battles. He was stationed at Ye City, bringing stability to the Dongxia region. After Fu Jian's defeat and return to Chang'an, Fu Pi was pressured by Murong Chui, forcing him to flee from Ye City to Fangtou. After Fu Jian's death, Fu Pi returned to Ye City, planning to reclaim the territories of Zhao and Wei before heading west to Chang'an.
At that time, the Inspector of Youzhou, Wang Yong, and the Inspector of Pingzhou, Fu Chong, were consecutively defeated by generals of Murong Chui, including Ping Gui. Therefore, they sent the Prefect of Changli, Song Chang, to burn down the palaces in Helong and Jicheng, with thirty thousand troops camped at Huguan, and sent envoys to invite Fu Pi. Fu Pi subsequently departed from Ye City, leading more than sixty thousand men, women, children, and elderly people to Luchuan. The General of Cavalry, Zhang Hao, and the Inspector of Bingzhou, Wang Teng, welcomed him, and together they occupied Jinyang. Only then did Fu Pi learn of Fu Jian's death. He held a grand funeral in Jinyang, and the entire army donned plain attire. Wang Yong left Fu Chong to guard Huguan and led ten thousand cavalry to join Fu Pi, persuading him to declare himself emperor, which Fu Pi accepted.
Therefore, in the tenth year of Taiyuan, Fu Pi proclaimed himself emperor south of Jinyang. He established ancestral shrines for Fu Jian, granted amnesty throughout the territory, and renamed the era Taian. He appointed a number of officials, appointing Zhang Hao as Palace Attendant and Minister of Works, and granted him the title of Duke of Shangdang Commandery; appointed Wang Yong as Commissioner Bearing Credentials, Palace Attendant, Commander-in-Chief of all military affairs, Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, Prefect of the Masters of Writing, and enfeoffed him as Duke of Qinghe; appointed Wang Teng as Cavalier In Regular Attendance, Grand General of the Central Army, Colonel Director of Retainers, and Duke of Yangping Commandery; appointed Fu Chong as Grand Master of Splendid Happiness of the Left, Left Chief Clerk of the Masters of Writing, and Prince of Xiping; appointed Ju Shizi as Guard General and Duke of Puyang; appointed Yang Fu as Chief Clerk of the Right in the Masters of Writing, and Duke of Jiyang; appointed Wang Liang as General Who Protects the Army, and Duke of Pengcheng; appointed Qiang Yi'er and Liang Chang as Palace Attendants, Xu Yi as Chief of the Ministry of Personnel, and they were all granted titles as County Dukes. Other appointments to official positions varied as well.
At that time, the General of the Pacification of the West, Lu Guang, returned from fighting in the Western Regions and arrived at Yihe. The Inspector of Liangzhou, Liang Xi, wanted to shut himself off and fortify his position, confronting Lu Guang. The Administrator of Gaochang, Yang Han, said to Liang Xi, "Lu Guang has just pacified the Western Regions; his troops are strong and vigorous, and his forces are formidable. We simply cannot stop him! I believe he definitely has other plans. Now, Guanzhong is in chaos, and it is uncertain whether the court can hold on. From west of the Yellow River to the flowing sands, tens of thousands of square miles, there are one hundred thousand troops. If Lu Guang comes through the flowing sands, the consequences could be catastrophic. The Gaowu Valley is strategically important, and the water source is crucial. We should defend that place first and control the water source. If they lack water, they will naturally surrender. If we don't even defend this, Yiwu Pass will not be able to hold. If we lose these two strongholds, even if Zhuge Liang were alive, there would be no way out. This is a crucial stronghold, a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity!" Liang Xi dismissed him entirely.
County magistrate Zhang Tong of Meishui once again advised Liang Xi, saying: "The Emperor mobilized the country's resources for a southern expedition, only to return in great defeat. Murong Chui has established dominance in the north, while Murong Hong and Murong Chong are attacking the capital. Various tribes such as the Dingling are causing unrest in Guanzhong and Luoyang. Local elites and landowners are acting independently, ignoring the court's commands. Everyone is only concerned with their own interests. Now that General Lu Guang has returned, how will you resist?" Liang Xi sighed and said, "I am indeed very worried, but I do not know what to do." Zhang Tong said, "Lu Guang is brave, resourceful, and now he returns with the prestige of pacifying the Western Regions, leading a formidable army. He is like an unstoppable blaze on the grasslands! General, you have received the Emperor's favor for generations, loyal and dedicated. It is time to establish merit for the court! Murong Luo, the Duke of Xingtang, is the Emperor's cousin and a peerless warrior. In my opinion, you should support him as the leader to rally support and unite against the enemy, which will prevent Lu Guang from acting recklessly. Then, consolidate elite forces, unite with Mao Xing in the east, contact Wang Tong and Yang Bi, mobilize forces from the four provinces, eliminate the rebels, and stabilize Guanzhong. This will be a great achievement like Huan Wen's in the past!" Liang Xi did not listen. Liang Xi killed Murong Luo in the Western Sea, appointed his son Liang Yin as General Yanqiang, and led fifty thousand troops to resist Lu Guang in Jiuquan. The Prefects of Dunhuang, Yao Jing, and Jinchang, Li Chun, surrendered to Lu Guang. Liang Yin fought with Lu Guang in Anmi and was defeated. The Prefect of Wuwei, Peng Ji, captured Liang Xi and presented him to Lu Guang, who subsequently executed Liang Xi. The Prefects of Jianwei and Xijun, Suo Pan, and Fen Wei, the Military Supervisor in Hongchi, and the Prefect of Jiuquan, Song Hao, were all slain by Lu Guang.
Oh, speaking of which, there was a guy named Fu Zuan before, who was the Minister of the Interior, Duke of Wei Chang, and he ran from Guanzhong to seek refuge with us. The Emperor was so happy that he directly appointed him as a Grand Commandant and promoted him to the King of Donghai, what a generous reward! Then, he promoted Wang Yan, the Prefect of Zhongshan, to General of the East, Governor of Pingzhou Province, and Marquis of Fucheng; Fu Ding became General Who Conquers the East, Governor of Jizhou Province, and Marquis of Gao City; Fu Shao became General Who Guards the East, overseeing military affairs in Jizhou Province, and was appointed Marquis of Chonghe; Fu Mo became General Who Conquers the West, Governor of Youzhou Province, and Marquis of Gaoyi; Fu Liang became Grand General Who Guards the North, in charge of military affairs in Youzhou and Bingzhou, all of them were promoted in rank and became marquises. Fu Ding and Fu Shao occupied Xindu, while Fu Mo and Fu Liang first occupied Changshan. However, when Murong Chui besieged Ye City, the two of them defected to Murong Chui. Later, when they heard that Cao Pi had proclaimed himself emperor, they quickly sent people to apologize. Wang Yan held his ground, standoff against Murong Chui. And then there were Left General Dou Chong, Inspector of Qinzhou Wang Tong, Inspector of Hezhou Mao Xing, Inspector of Yizhou Wang Guang, Inspector of Southern Qinzhou Yang Bi, and Guard General Yang Ding; these people all secured their positions in the Longyou region and even sent people to contact Cao Pi, requesting to join forces to attack Yao Chang. When Cao Pi heard this, he was overjoyed and immediately appointed Yang Ding as Grand General of Agile Cavalry, Governor of Yongzhou Province; Dou Chong became Grand General Who Conquers the West, Governor of Liangzhou Province; Wang Tong was Grand General Who Guards the West; Mao Xing was Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry; Yang Bi was Grand General Who Conquers the South; all of these were appointed as equal to the Three Excellencies and were also given the title of Cavalry Attendant. Wang Guang was appointed as General of the West, and they were all promoted to the rank of Governors.
Good grief, Wang Yongxuan has issued a proclamation to all the states and counties, saying: "Hey, the Great Emperor has passed away, the realm is without a ruler, this is a dire situation! We are rallying behind the General of the East, the Duke of Changle, who is the son of the late Emperor; he is a wise and valiant leader, appointed in Jingnan, his influence reaches all the way to the coast, he also oversees the Eastern Capital, his benevolence is felt across the land, and his virtues are as commendable as those extolled in the Book of Songs! Together with Prime Minister Zhang Hao, I am acting in accordance with the will of heaven and the people's wishes, and we will enthrone him on an auspicious day in autumn to succeed to the throne. At this moment, we are mournfully attending to state affairs, drilling the troops day and night, ever ready to avenge our wrongs!"
Continuing on, he said: "Murong Chui, that old rascal, is bullying others in the east, like a fat pig! Murong Hong and Murong Chong, the two brothers, are causing trouble in the capital, forcing the emperor to flee everywhere; the country is on the verge of collapse! And that Qiang tribe bandit Yao Chang, who was originally a subject of our Great Jin, actually rebelled; this is a traitor of the highest order, it's absolutely shameless! My Wang family has received imperial favor for generations, our ancestors have been generals for several generations; how can we betray the emperor and neglect this land like those savages from Li Mountain and Yingze? All you lords and ministers, some of you have close ties to the royal family, some have followed generations of heroes; can you stand by and watch these scoundrels destroy our country and let the traitors who killed the emperor roam free?! Our new emperor, that's by heaven's decree, with all the right omens; it will be recorded in history! Now there are over thirty thousand who have surrendered; it won't be long before we can restore order like Shaokang and Emperor Guangwu! Now, I appoint General Wei Juzi as our chief military strategist, and Minister of Works Zhang Hao as the commander of the central army. Our soldiers are fierce and unstoppable; we must take down these villains, and nothing else matters! I, Wang Yongxuan, will assist the emperor and punish these traitors. The relationship between ruler and subject should be united for the country, ready to face any challenge! We must achieve greatness like Duke Wen of Jin and Duke Zhuang of Zheng!"
Murong Lin attacked Boling, where Wang Yan was stationed, and eventually ran out of supplies and arrows. The county magistrate Zhang Yi of Boling climbed over the city wall and gathered troops to rally to Murong Lin. Wang Yan pointed at Zhang Yi from the city tower, shouting angrily, "You are a person from the state of Qin! I am your sovereign! You’ve rallied a force to support the rebels and even claimed to be a righteous army. The gap between your words and actions is astounding! Your brother previously conspired with fellow villagers and clan members, personally hunted down the officials in the city, and was ultimately reviled, meeting a miserable end at the hands of the people. Just after your brother's death, you’re doing the same thing! You are my official, but you’ve taken up arms yourself and become the leader of the rebel forces. How can I, as your sovereign, feel good about this? I could overlook your past merits, but I will never forget your disloyalty and disrespect towards your family! The ancients said, 'To seek loyal ministers, one must come from the gate of filial sons.' Your mother is still in the city, but you are indifferent. What kind of loyalty and righteousness are you talking about? Few can match your wickedness! I never expected someone from a family like yours to come from the Central Plains, known for its rites and righteousness! You treat your elderly mother like a worn-out shoe; what more can I say?" The city was soon taken, and both Wang Yan and Duke Gu'an Fu Jian were killed by Murong Lin. Sima Pi then appointed Wang Yong as the Minister of Works, in charge of the affairs of the Shangshu province, and appointed Xu Yi as the Prefect of Shangshu, and conferred upon him the title of Right Guanglu Daifu as well.
After Wang Guang returned from Chengdu, he sought refuge with his brother, who was the Governor of Qinzhou, Wang Tong. Following the fall of Chang'an, Wang Guang attacked Fuhan, where Mao Xing, the Governor of Hezhou, was stationed. Mao Xing sent General Jianjie and Count Weiping of Linqing to lead 1,700 tribesmen to launch a night attack on Wang Guang's army, inflicting a crushing defeat on him. Wang Tong then sent reinforcements to aid Wang Guang, and Mao Xing decided to defend the city. Later, Mao Xing attacked Wang Guang again, defeating him once more. Wang Guang fled back to Qinzhou, where he was captured by the Xianbei people of Longxi and presented to Yao Chang. After defeating Wang Guang, Mao Xing planned to attack Wang Tong and captured Shanggui. The Di people of Fuhan were worn out from the ongoing conflict, and eventually killed Mao Xing, proclaiming Weiping as the new Commissioner, Grand General, General of the Anxi, Prefect of Hezhou, and sent envoys to the court to request amnesty.
After Diao Yun killed Murong Zhong, Murong Yong was proclaimed as the Commissioner, Grand Commander of Military Operations, Grand General, Grand Chanyu, Governor of Yong, Qin, Liang, and Liangzhou, Director of the Secretariat, and King of Hedong, and swore fealty to Later Yan. The Eastern Jin's General Who Conquers the East, Fu Ding, General Who Guards the East, Fu Shao, General Who Conquers the North, Fu Mo, and General Who Guards the North, Fu Liang all surrendered to Murong Chui.
Incredibly, with a wave of the Emperor's hand, Wang Yong was immediately promoted to Left Prime Minister, Fu Zuan became the Grand Marshal, Zhang Hao was appointed as Grand Commandant, Wang Teng was made Grand General of the Cavalry, while also holding the prestigious title of Yitong Sanqi, Xu Yi became Minister of Works, Fu Chong was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry, Chief Secretary, while also holding the title of Yitong Sanqi, and Ju Shizi was appointed as Grand General of the Guards and Left Deputy Director of the Secretariat. None of these individuals had their original positions altered.
Then Wang Yong sent a letter to all the states and counties, saying: "Back in the day, during the Xia Dynasty, when the poor and barbaric tribes rebelled, it was only then that Shaokang rose up to restore order; Wang Mang poisoned Emperor Ping, and Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu revived the Han Dynasty; the rise and fall of dynasties—what dynasty has not faced such challenges? Now, with natural disasters and man-made calamities, the Qiang and Hu tribes invading the Central Plains, the previous emperor has passed away, and the capital lies in ruins. The entire Central Plains is in desolation, and the common people are struggling to survive. However, the heavens have not forsaken our Qin Dynasty; there are still those who guard the state! Our emperor is wise and valiant, as formidable as Emperor Guangwu, with the people's support and heaven's favor on our side; we will surely restore our former glory and recover our ancestral heritage! Yao Chang, Murong Chui, and their gang of bandits, wherever they go, they burn, kill, and plunder, acting with impunity, more ruthless than the Yellow Turban and Chimei rebellions! Now that autumn is approaching, it is an opportune time to take up arms. All generals, local officials, gentry, and powerful families should contribute to the country, remain loyal to the throne, lead their own troops, and gather in Linjin in early winter!" Upon hearing this, Tian Shui Jiang Yan, Feng Yi Kou Ming, He Dong Wang Zhao, Xin Ping Zhang Yan, Jing Zhao Du Min, Fu Feng Ma Lang, and Jian Zhong Gao Ping's pastoral officials all responded to the call, raised their troops one after another, each contingent numbered in the tens of thousands, and even sent envoys to Wang Yong to pledge their loyalty. These individuals were all promoted to generals and county governors, and were granted marquis titles as well. Champion Deng Jing led five thousand troops to seize Pengchi, coordinated with Dou Chong's forces, and defeated Pingliang Prefect Jin Xi. The Northern Commander of Anding, Xianbei Mo Yi, led Hu Yuanzha, the King of Shanshan, and the Protector of the Qiang, Liang Gounu, and others, fought against Yao Fangcheng, the Left General of Yao Chang, and Zhenyuan Qiangjing in Sunqiu Valley, and achieved a resounding victory!
The Di people of Mahan believed that Wei Ping was too old to achieve anything significant, so they wanted to remove him from power. However, they feared Wei Ping's family's strong influence, which left them indecisive for several days. At that moment, a Di man named Dan Qing stood up and addressed the generals. "This is a critical matter that requires a swift decision! We can’t afford to hesitate any longer. If this plan gets out, it will be us who suffer. Generals, let's have Lord Wei gather everyone together; I will make a decision for everyone!" Everyone thought he made sense.
So they organized an extravagant feast to host the generals. Dan Qing unsheathed his sword, stepped forward, and declared, "Now the world is in chaos; everywhere there are jackals and tigers. We are in this together; without a wise leader, we can't overcome this challenge! Lord Wei is too old to accomplish great things; he should step aside and allow a capable leader to take charge. Although Di Dao Fu Deng's relationship with the royal family is a bit distant, he has great ambitions and outstanding abilities. We should support him to usher in a new era of success! If anyone disagrees, now is the time to speak up!" With that, he waved his sword, rolled up his sleeves, looking as if he would kill anyone who opposed, scaring everyone into silence, and everyone agreed.
Thus, they elected Fu Deng as their leader and then sent a messenger to consult Fu Pi. Fu Pi appointed Fu Deng as the Grand General of the West, the Governor with Equal Rights, and the King of Nan'an, granting him authority over the provinces and counties, bestowing upon him all the titles he had requested. He also appointed Xu Yi as the Chancellor.
Fu Pi left Wang Teng to guard Jinyang, Yang Fu to guard Huguan, and led 40,000 troops to set up camp in Pingyang. On this side, Wang Tong unexpectedly surrendered to Yao Chang. Murong Yong heard that Fu Pi had arrived in Pingyang, worried he couldn't hold his position, so he sent a messenger to ask Fu Pi for permission to withdraw his troops back east, but Fu Pi did not agree. Fu Pi sent Wang Yong and Fu Zuan to attack Murong Yong, appointing Ju Shizi as the vanguard general. They subsequently engaged Murong Yong in battle at Xiangling. Wang Yong was defeated, and both he and Ju Shizi were killed.
At first, when Fu Zuan fled to Fu Pi, he brought more than 3,000 strong men with him. Fu Pi was both suspicious of him and wary of his intentions. After Murong Yong was defeated, Fu Pi, fearing he might be killed by Fu Zuan, fled south with thousands of cavalry to Dongyuan. General Feng Gai of the Jin Dynasty set out from Shan Prefecture to confront him, defeated Fu Pi, beheaded him, captured his crown prince Ning and Prince Changle, and sent them to the capital. The court granted a general amnesty, spared their lives, and handed them over to Fu Hong.
Xu Yi was captured by Murong Yong, who tortured him by burying his feet, intending to kill him. Xu Yi began to recite the "Avalokitesvara Sutra," and by midnight, the ground suddenly cracked open, and the torture devices on his feet fell off. Feeling as if someone was secretly guiding him, he managed to escape from heavy guard and fled to Yang Quanqi, who appointed him the magistrate of Luoyang.
Fu Zuan and his younger brother Fu Shino led the remaining tens of thousands of troops loyal to Fu Pi to escape and defend Xingcheng. Fu Deng proclaimed himself emperor and posthumously titled Fu Pi as Emperor Aiping. The ministers of Fu Pi surrendered to Murong Yong. Murong Yong seized the opportunity to occupy Changzi County in Shangdang Commandery, proclaimed himself emperor, and renamed the era Zhongxing. Fu Pi met his end two years after ascending to the throne.
Fu Deng, Fu Jian's great-grandson. His father, Fu Chang, served as the Grand Marshal, Inspector of Longdong, and General of Establishing Righteousness before Fu Jian became emperor, but was later murdered by Fu Sheng. After Fu Jian became emperor, Fu Chang was posthumously honored as the General of the Right and Governor of Liangzhou, and Fu Deng's older brother, Fu Tongcheng, succeeded to the title. Later, Mao Xing was stationed in Shanggui and appointed Fu Deng as his Chief of Staff. Fu Deng was brave and bold from a young age, with a rough personality and not paying much attention to details, so Fu Jian did not appreciate him very much. However, he became cautious and steady as he grew older, and studied extensively. He was appointed as the General of the Palace, and later promoted to the Supervisor of the Imperial Guard, General of Rising Martial Might, and Prefect of Chang'an, but was later demoted to the Prefect of Didao County due to a misstep. After the turmoil in Guanzhong, he left Didao and sought refuge with Mao Xing.
Fu Tongcheng recommended Fu Deng to Mao Xing, requesting that he serve as his strategist and assist him in the military camp. Fu Deng was insightful and adept at strategy, and Fu Tongcheng often told him, "Have you heard of 'not in the position, not making plans for its policies'? Many times, for those who are knowledgeable, it is not allowed to plan and strategize on their own. I'm not singling you out, just afraid that some people might not appreciate others taking the initiative, so it's wise for you to keep your opinions to yourself for now. When you have power in the future, you can fully display your talents." At that time, many people heard Fu Tongcheng say this and felt that he was intentionally stifling Fu Deng's talents. So Fu Deng tried to keep a low profile and not make friends too casually. When Mao Xing needed him, he would summon him and playfully call him "Little Marshal," inviting him to join in discussions. Fu Deng's speeches were always logical and insightful, and Mao Xing held him in high regard, but still had some reservations and did not dare to fully trust him.
Yao Chang rose in rebellion and sent his brother Yao Shuode to lead the army to attack Mao Xing, leading to a standoff. Before his death, Mao Xing said to Fu Tongcheng, "We have fought against the Qiang people for many years, but in the end, we failed. It's truly a pity! You can leave the next steps to your brother, Fu Deng. The person who can defeat Yao Shuode must be him. Let him take over the position of Sima."
After Fu Deng took over from Wei Ping, he took sole control of the military, responsible for commanding operations. At that time, a drought plagued the land, leaving the people starving and corpses littering the roads. After each battle, Fu Deng called the enemy corpses "cooked meat," telling his soldiers, "Fight in the morning, and you can feast on meat in the evening. What are you worried about hunger for?" The soldiers followed his orders, filled their bellies, and gained more strength to fight. When Yao Chang heard about this, he quickly sent someone to recall Yao Shuode, saying, "If you don't hurry back, Fu Deng will devour you!" Yao Shuode hurriedly fled back to Yao Chang from Longxi.
After Cao Pi's death, Minister Kou Yi took Cao Pi's sons, Cao Yi, the Prince of Bohai, and Cao Chang, the Prince of Jibei, and fled from Xingcheng to Shi Le. Shi Le immediately announced Cao Pi's death and conducted funeral rites for him, with the entire army in mourning. Shi Le suggested making Cao Yi the emperor, but the others argued, "Although the Prince of Bohai is the son of the late emperor, he is still young and inexperienced; how can he possibly manage the chaos of this era! The country is in such chaos; we should have an older and more capable emperor. This is a principle stated in the 'Spring and Autumn Annals'! Now the barbarians are wreaking havoc everywhere; enemies lurk everywhere, like jackals, wolves, and leopards. It is dangerous everywhere; this is the direst situation we've faced in history. Your Majesty, when you led the army westward yourself, you struck fear into the Qinling Mountains. Even though it was just a small detachment, you scared Yao Chang to death. The credit for this battle is nothing short of legendary! Now is your chance to demonstrate your strength and courage and save the old capital. You must prioritize the state and the ancestral temple; you must not let minor concerns like Cao Zang and Wu Zha prevent you from seizing this opportunity to turn the tide and establish a great legacy!"
Therefore, in the eleventh year of Taiyuan, Shi Le declared himself emperor, granted a general amnesty, and changed the era name to Taichu. He enshrined the ancestral tablet of the Emperor of Cao Wei in the army, transported it with a supply cart, with green canopies adorned with feathers, yellow flags on the cart, and three hundred elite soldiers for protection. Before every battle, Shi Le would report to the ancestral tablet of the emperor, and any action had to be approved by the ancestral tablet before proceeding. Shi Le reorganized the army, prepared to march eastward, and then spoke to the ancestral tablet of the Emperor of Cao Wei, saying, "I, your great-grandson Shi Le, have ascended to the throne thanks to the protection of the late Emperor. The chaos caused by the Five Princes and the treacherous Qiang tribes were all my sins! Now, leading fifty thousand elite troops, I am well-equipped to achieve great deeds, with good harvests and ample supplies for sustained warfare. I will charge ahead like a shooting star, directly attacking the enemy camp, even if it means dying on the battlefield, I won't hesitate. I must avenge the late Emperor and cleanse the shame for the ministers! I hope the spirit of the late Emperor in heaven can bless me!" With that, Shi Le began to cry, tears flowing uncontrollably. Upon hearing this, the soldiers were also deeply saddened, carving "Death or Glory" on their weapons to show their determination to sacrifice for the country. In each battle, they formed formations using spears and hooked blades, distributing forces reasonably based on the number of troops, so the soldiers fought bravely and were invincible.
Initially, when Chang'an was on the brink of collapse, General Xu Song and the Colonel of Cavalry Hu Kong each led five thousand troops, seized strategic positions, constructed fortifications for their defense, and accepted titles bestowed by Yao Chang. After Yao Chang assassinated Fu Jian, Xu Song and his men buried him between two fortifications following imperial customs.
Later, Xu Song and Hu Kong surrendered to Fu Deng with their respective armies. Fu Deng appointed Xu Song as the General of the Garrison and Inspector of Yongzhou, and Hu Kong as the General of State Affairs and Intendant of Jingzhao. Fu Deng then ordered a grand burial for Fu Jian with imperial honors. He also declared himself emperor, made Fu Jian's wife Empress Mao, and his brother Fu Yi the Crown Prince. He sent envoys to pay respects to Fu Zuan, appointing him as Chancellor, Palace Attendant, Commander-in-Chief of all military affairs, Grand Tutor, concurrently holding the position of Grand Marshal, and further ennobling him as the King of Lu. Fu Zuan's brother, Fu Shinu, was appointed as Grand General of the Guards, Governor of Bingzhou, and Duke of Shuofang.
Upon hearing this, Fu Zuan became furious and shouted at the envoys, "I am the grandson of the founder King of Bohai, the son of the previous emperor. Why should I not be made emperor while Southern Peace King (Fu Jian's son Fu Pi) is not?" Fu Zuan's Chief Clerk, Wang Lu, quickly advised, "Southern Peace King has already declared himself emperor; it is not appropriate to change now. The enemies have not yet been defeated, and the imperial family should not fight amongst themselves. You should follow the example of Emperor Guangwu of Han, Liu Xiu, and eliminate these two rebels first before making further plans." Fu Zuan then accepted this title. Subsequently, the rebel leaders in Erxian County, Peng Peigu, the Tuju leaders Dong Cheng and Zhang Longshi, the Xinpinqiang leader Lei Edi, and others all responded to Fu Zuan, with a total force exceeding 100,000. Fu Zuan sent Fu Shinu to attack the leaders of the Qiang tribes in Shangjun, Jin Dahei and Jin Luosheng. Jin Dahei and others resisted and were ultimately defeated, resulting in the capture of 5,800 enemy combatants.
Fu Deng appointed Dou Chong as the General of Chariots and Cavalry, Governor of Southern Qin, Yang Ding as Grand General, Governor of Yizhou, and Yang Bi as Minister of Works, Governor of Liangzhou. Fu Zuan defeated Yao Shuode in Jingyang, and Yao Chang advanced from Yinmi to intercept Fu Zuan, who retreated and took up position at Fulu. Dou Chong attacked the cities of Qianxian and Yongxian held by Yao Chang, captured them, and killed Yao Chang's generals Yao Yuanping and Zhang Lue. He then fought Yao Chang to the east of Qianxian but was ultimately defeated. Fu Deng was stationed at Wating. Yao Chang attacked the fortress of Pengpeigu in Guan Valley, captured it, and Pengpeigu fled to Xingcheng, while Yao Chang relocated his capital to Yinmi. Fu Deng sent General Lan Du, Prefect of Fengyi, with 20,000 troops to enter Hening from Pinyang to attack Chang'an from both sides. Fu Shinu advised his brother Fu Zuan to declare himself emperor, but Fu Zuan refused, leading Fu Shinu to kill him and proclaim himself as Duke of Qin. Lan Du and Fu Zuan's army were defeated by Yao Chang. Fu Deng took down Hukong Fortress, resulting in the surrender of over 100,000 Xia soldiers. Yao Chang sent General Yao Fangcheng to capture Xusong Fortress, where Xusong was executed, and all the Xia soldiers were executed. Fu Deng led his army down the mountain, entered Chaona, as Yao Chang took control of Wudu, and both sides confronted each other, engaging in several battles with victories alternating between them. Fu Deng's army was extremely hungry, so they gathered mulberries to sustain the soldiers. Fu Deng designated his son Fu Chong as Crown Prince, Fu Bian as the Prince of Nan'an, and Fu Shang as the Prince of Beihai. Yao Chang retreated to Anding.
Fu Deng went to Xinping to have a meal, leaving most of the army at Hukongbao, only leading more than 10,000 cavalry to surround Yao Chang's camp, crying loudly from all sides; the cries were heart-wrenching. Yao Chang disapproved of this tactic, so he ordered the three armies to also cry in response to Fu Deng, and only then did Fu Deng decide to retreat. Yao Chang, due to Fu Deng's repeated victories in battle, believed that Fu Jian had divine favor, and also set up a shrine for Fu Jian in the army, praying: "The disasters in Xinping in previous years were not my fault. My elder brother Yao Xiang crossed the river from northern Shaanxi, took a detour to the west, wanting to return to his hometown to take a look, just like a fox that dies with its head turned toward its den. Your Majesty, you fought Fu Jian for the strategic pass and died in battle. Yao Xiang, before his death, ordered me to seek revenge; this too was not my fault. Fu Deng is a distant relative of Your Majesty, seeking revenge as well. I seek revenge for my elder brother; what's unreasonable about that? You conferred upon me the title of 'General Longxiang,' saying to me: 'I have established my achievements relying on the title of General Longxiang; you must also strive hard!' The imperial edict made this abundantly clear; these words are still vivid in my mind. Although Your Majesty has become a divine spirit after death, do you wish to use Fu Deng against me, forgetting the promises made during the initial campaigns? Now I have erected an image of Your Majesty as a deity; you can rest easy here, do not pursue my faults anymore, listen to my sincere words!" Fu Deng led the army to attack Yao Chang, later climbing a tall building to shout at Yao Chang: "From ancient times to the present, where has there been a case of killing a monarch, but instead erecting a shrine and praying for blessings, hoping for benefits!?" Then he shouted loudly: "The traitor Yao Chang who killed the monarch, come out; I will fight you to the death. Why harm the innocent?" Yao Chang was afraid and did not respond. After Yao Chang himself set up the shrine for Fu Jian, the war did not go smoothly; the army was restless every night, so he cut off the head of the shrine and sent it to Fu Deng with a solemn beating of drums.
It is said that Dou Luo, Dou Yu, and others conspired to rebel, and the plot was exposed, prompting them to quickly flee to Chang County. General Deng went to attack Pengchi but was unable to capture it. Later, he attacked the fortifications at Mi Jie Camp and Fanchuan, successfully seizing them.
Chang suffered consecutive defeats in battles, so they sent their general Yao Chong to launch a surprise attack on Dajie. Upon hearing this, General Deng rushed to intercept and defeated Yao Chong at Anqiu, capturing or killing 25,000 enemy soldiers. He then attacked the Chang generals Wu Zhong and Tang Kuang, also seizing Pingliang. He promoted the official Fu Shuo to the position of Frontline General and sent him to guard Pingliang. Later, General Deng occupied Goutouyuan as a threat to Anding.
Unexpectedly, Chang led 30,000 cavalry to launch a surprise attack on Dajie Camp at midnight, leading to the camp's destruction. General Deng's wife, Lady Mao, and his sons Bian and Shang were all killed. Several famous generals were captured, and over 50,000 people were taken as captives, which resulted in devastating losses.
After regrouping the surviving soldiers, I retreated to Hukong Fortress and sent messengers with my letters to inform various military officials. I ordered Dou Chong to lead the vanguard forces from Fanchuan to Chang'an, while I commanded the main army from Xinping to secure Qianhugudu in Xinfeng. Yang Ding followed with the troops from Longshan, while Yang Bi stayed behind in Chouchi. I also ordered the governors of Bingzhou and Jizhou to converge their armies in Chang'an.
Yao Chang dispatched his general Wang Polu to launch an attack on Qinzhou. Yang Ding and Wang Polu fought at Genu Hill in Qingshui, which resulted in a significant defeat for Wang Polu. I attacked Yangquan Fort, which was occupied by Zhang Longshi. Yao Chang came to his rescue, but seeing the situation was unfavorable, I decided to retreat. Yao Chang secretly dispatched his generals Ren Pan and Zong Du to pose as defectors, sending messengers to surrender to me, promising to open the gates and let me in. I nearly fell for it at the time. Lei E hurried over to me and said, "Yao Chang is a cunning and treacherous person, skilled at manipulating others. He must be playing tricks and schemes. You must think carefully!" After hearing his words, I dispelled the idea.
Yao Chang heard that Lei E went to see me and said to his subordinates, "This Qiang person is cunning and crafty. If he goes to see Fu Deng, this matter will definitely not succeed." Later, I heard that Yao Chang set up an ambush waiting for me, which frightened me a lot. I told those around me, "Lei Zhengdong is really wise! If it weren't for him, I would have almost been deceived by this kid!" Later, Yao Chang captured Xinluo Fort. Yao Chang's Fu Feng Prefect Qi Yinan came to me seeking refuge. My generals such as Lu Chai and Qiang Wu surrendered their troops to Yao Chang. I attacked Yao Chang's general Zhang Yesheng in Longdong. Yao Chang came to rescue him, but failed and retreated. My general Wei Hefei attacked Yao Chang's army in Xingcheng and was slain by Yao Chang.
Guo Zhi and Feng Deng raised troops in response to Fu Deng in Guangxiang, and then issued a proclamation to the Sanfu region, which read: "Justice can move a gentleman, while benefits can tempt a villain. We are fortunate to live in an era as prosperous as that of Emperor Yao and Shun, receiving imperial favor for generations. We are not like Boyi, Shuqi, or the descendants of officials, scholars, and governors. How can we stand by and watch as wolves harm our fathers and rulers?! Corpses lie exposed in the wild, suffering reaches the depths of the earth, the imperial mausoleum has no pine or cypress trees, and there’s no temple for sacrifices to the late emperor. Yao Chang's treachery is without precedent! Even if it means enduring bitter greens and sour herbs, we must tell everyone this truth! Yao Chang is extremely evil, harming both humans and gods. There were no signs in any prophecies that he would seize power, yet he shamelessly claims the title of emperor. The sun and moon do not shine on him, and heaven and earth do not nurture him. Even if heaven wants to destroy him, it will need us loyal and righteous people! All upright gentlemen should recognize heaven's will early on, uphold justice, endure humiliation, and bear heavy burdens. Shouldn't we be ready to die for justice?" Everyone was deeply moved by this. Only Gou Yao from Zheng County refused to join in and gathered several thousand people to support Yao Chang. Fu Deng appointed Guo Zhi as General of Pingdong and Prefect of Fengyi.
Guo Zhi's generals went to attack Gou Yao, but returned in a crushing defeat. Guo Zhi then called Yang Kai from the east for support and fought against Gou Yao to the east of Zheng County. They were defeated by Gou Yao, so Guo Zhi surrendered to Yao Chang, who appointed Guo Zhi as a general. Guo Zhi's army completely disbanded. Fu Deng launched an attack on Yao Chang's general Jin Wen from Yongzhou at Fanshi Fortress and defeated him. He then crossed the Wei River and attacked Yao Chang's Jinzhao Prefect Wei Fan at Danshi Fortress, but was unable to capture it, so he stationed at Qulao. Gou Yao commanded over 10,000 troops, occupying Nifang Fortress, and secretly coordinating with Fu Deng. Fu Deng left Qulao and Fanchuan and stationed at Matouyuan. Yao Chang led his cavalry to intercept, and the two sides engaged in a fierce battle. Fu Deng defeated Yao Chang, killed Wu Zhong, Yao Chang's Shangshu, and then attacked Xinping. Yao Chang rallied his troops to the rescue; Fu Deng retreated and then attacked Anding but was defeated by Yao Chang, who then defended Lu Cheng Fortress.
At that time, Fu Deng fell seriously ill and believed that Yao Chang was behind his troubles. Upon hearing this news, he immediately readied his forces for battle and addressed the spirit tablet of Fu Jian, saying, "Since I took over this war nearly ten years ago, I have been favored by the heavens, and both the heavens and the earth have taken special care of me. Every battle has been a victory, and the enemy has been crushed like ice. Now the Emperor's spirit has brought disaster to this rebel Yao Chang, indicating that the enemy is surely weakened. I should seize the opportunity of his illness to punish him in accordance with heaven's will, reclaim the imperial tomb, and make amends to our ancestors." Afterward, he declared a general amnesty and promoted all officials by two ranks up.
Next, Fu Deng fought a battle against Yao Chong's general Yao Chong and was repeatedly defeated by him. Later, Fu Deng attacked Anding, which was over ninety li from the city. At this time, Fu Deng's illness improved slightly, so he led his army to confront Yao Chong. Yao Chong sent the general Yao Xilong to sneak attack Fu Deng's camp, which scared Fu Deng, prompting him to retreat. That night, Yao Chong led his troops to bypass Fu Deng's camp more than thirty li away, silently trailing behind him. The next morning, someone reported, "The enemy camp is empty, and we don't know where they have gone!" Fu Deng was taken aback and exclaimed, "What's going on? I didn't notice when they left, and I didn't realize when they came. I thought they were dead, but suddenly they came back! How unlucky am I to be living in the same era as these Qiang people!" So, Fu Deng gave up the attack and returned to Yongcheng in defeat.
Later, Fu Deng appointed Dou Chong as the Right Prime Minister. Not long after, Dou Chong rebelled, declared himself King of Qin, and changed the era name. Fu Deng attacked Dou Chong at Yerenbao, and Dou Chong sought help from Yao Chong, who sent his son Yao Xing to reinforce Hukongbao to support Dou Chong. Fu Deng led his troops to reinforce Hukongbao, resulting in Dou Chong and Yao Chong joining forces.
When Yao Chong died, Fu Deng heard the news and cheerfully remarked, "That little Yao Xing, I'll have to beat him with a stick when the time is right!" He then issued a general amnesty and led all his troops to the east to attack, breaking through the fortresses of Tuge Yao Nu and Bopu. After capturing them, Fu Deng advanced from Ganquan towards Guanzhong. Yao Xing pursued Fu Deng but was dozens of miles behind. Fu Deng rushed from Liumu's small road to Feiqiao, where Yao Xing's general Yin Wei was waiting for him on the bridge. Fu Deng couldn't even find water to drink; many soldiers died of thirst, around twelve or thirteen. Then he engaged in a fierce battle against Yin Wei and was defeated by him. That night, the army scattered, and Fu Deng managed to escape back to Yongcheng alone.
At the beginning, when Fu Jian's younger sibling Fu Deng attacked Chang'an, he left his younger brother, the Grand Minister Fu Guang, to guard Yongzhou, and assigned the Crown Prince Fu Chong to guard Hukong Fort. Upon hearing of Fu Deng's defeat, Fu Guang and Fu Chong fled, causing all of Fu Deng's followers to scatter. With nowhere to go, Fu Deng fled to Pingliang, where he gathered the remnants of his defeated army and retreated to Mamao Mountain. Fu Jian sent troops to attack Mamao Mountain, and Fu Deng sent his son, Prince Ruyin Fu Zong, to Longxi to seek a marriage alliance and request support from the Xianbei leader Qifu Gangui. Qifu Gangui sent twenty thousand cavalry to his aid. Fu Deng led his forces to meet them and engaged Fu Jian's army in battle south of the mountain, but was ultimately defeated and killed. He ruled for nine years before dying at the age of fifty-two. Fu Chong fled to Huangzhong, declared himself emperor, and changed the era name to Yanchu, and posthumously honored Fu Deng with the title of Gao Emperor, temple name Taizong. Later, Fu Chong was also defeated by Qifu Gangui, and both Fu Chong and Fu Ding died. Fu Jian usurped the throne and proclaimed himself emperor in the seventh year of Yonghe (351 AD). By the time of Fu Deng's reign, he had already become the fifth emperor, over a total of forty-four years, and was ultimately overthrown in the nineteenth year of Taiyuan (394 AD).
Suopan, style name Delin, was from Dunhuang, and his family had been prominent local families for generations. When Suopan was young, he enjoyed being a wandering hero, but as he grew older, he changed his temperament and became studious, showing his aptitude for serving the ruler. During Zhang Tianxi's administration, Suopan was appointed as the chief record keeper. After Zhang Tianxi proclaimed himself emperor, he appointed Suopan as the commander of the army, and later he held positions such as recorder of the inner court and imperial censor. He enforced the law with strictness, leading to significant changes in the governance of the provinces and counties. Later, he was promoted to the Left Guardian of the Imperial Guards, renowned for his hard work and capability. He later served as General of the Central Leagues, Prefect of Wuxi in Xi Prefecture, and Colonel of the Guards. He ruled with leniency, and the Qiang and Hu people were very grateful to him, with Zhang Tianxi also holding him in high regard. Fu Jian, upon meeting him, sighed, "Indeed, there are many gentlemen in Liangzhou!" Later, due to Suopan's high reputation in the Hexi region, he was appointed as a deputy. After Lü Guang captured Guzang, Suopan refused to surrender and defended the county city, but Lü Guang besieged and ultimately captured him. Lü Guang said, "I have already pacified the Western Regions and am preparing to go to the capital to serve the king diligently. Liang Xi's behavior was improper, cutting off my retreat. This is a criminal of the court. Why do you still insist on defending the county city and joining forces with him?" Suopan rebuked Lü Guang angrily, saying, "General, you were tasked with subduing the rebellious Hu. Can you also be ordered to disturb Liangzhou? What crime has my lord committed that you want to harm him? I am just a weak individual and cannot defend the city to avenge my father's grudge. How can I surrender at the first sign of trouble like the Di man Peng Ji? When the lord perishes, the subjects die with him; this is the way things should be!" So, Suopan was executed in the marketplace, his expression remained unchanged.
His younger brother was named Ling, very talented and had served under Zhang Tianxi as the imperial censor and assistant to the right monitor. Later, during Fu Jian's rule, he rose to the rank of General Fubo and Captain of Agriculture, but ultimately, he too was executed alongside Suopan.
Xu Song, courtesy name Yuan Gao, was the son of Xu Sheng. He was known for his integrity and honesty from a young age. During the reign of Fu Jian, he was recommended as a virtuous man, appointed as a court official, and later promoted to be the magistrate of Chang'an. Whenever the children of high-ranking officials committed crimes, Xu Song would investigate according to the law without any favoritism, preventing any attempts to pull strings. Fu Jian greatly admired him for this and said to Xu Song's uncle Xu Cheng, "When holding office, one should follow the rules. But this young man is different; he is very accountable and a rare talent." Later, Xu Song was promoted to be the governor of Shiping commandery, where he performed excellently and was loved by the people. However, after the city fell, Yao Fangcheng captured him and rebuked him for his alleged crimes. Xu Song glared at him and shouted, "Yao Chang deserves to die a thousand deaths. The emperor spared him after he had his yellow eyebrows shaved off, yet he held important positions both inside and outside, rising to the rank of general, with no sense of gratitude whatsoever, instead committing heinous crimes! How can you Qiang people expect to hold him accountable with moral principles? Just kill me and let me meet the late emperor in the underworld to avenge Yao Chang!" Yao Fangcheng was furious and struck Xu Song three times, then desecrated his head by using it as a toilet. Upon hearing this news, the people mourned deeply. The court posthumously promoted him to General of Chariots and Cavalry and bestowed upon him the posthumous title of "Loyal and Martial."
The history books say: Ever since the fall of the two capitals, the realm has been divided, and the Central Plains have become a den of jackals, tigers, and leopards, while the imperial palace has turned into a breeding ground for frogs and toads. The war is continuous, with battles raging like a competition among heroes for supremacy, and it is still uncertain who will emerge victorious. Fu Hong, relying on the bravery and skill of the barbarian and Qiang tribes, took advantage of the demise of the Jie tribe, outwardly submitting to the Eastern Jin Dynasty while secretly plotting to take control of the Guanzhong region, like a cunning and treacherous snake, harboring ambitions yet to be realized. Fu Jian inherited his father and brothers' cruelty and tyranny, continuing their brutal rule, leading his loyal followers to exploit vulnerabilities and occupy strategic mountainous areas, commanding the elite forces of Guanzhong, and ambitiously seeking to seize the throne, ultimately usurping it and dominating the region. In the annals of history, Fu Jian stands out as one of the most treacherous figures. Fu Jian was brutal and tyrannical by nature. When he saw unusual celestial phenomena, he claimed it was because the stars were drinking at night; when he slaughtered innocent beings, he blamed it on hungry wild animals in the morning. He was only concerned with savage slaughter, never reflecting on his own mistakes, bringing disaster upon himself, and ultimately meeting his own downfall - isn't this all self-inflicted?
Now, initially, he was quite majestic and handsome, and even transformed the barbarians into obedient subjects, composing poems and essays to praise the peaceful and prosperous era - truly a man of great merit! He valued talents such as Wang Meng, Fu Rong, Quan Xue, and Deng Zhang, all outstanding civil and military leaders, governing the nation skillfully. Under his leadership, the country prospered, successfully pacifying the Yan and Shu states, defeating the Dai and Liang states, and occupying two-thirds of the country's territory, as well as the territories of seven provinces. Even remote regions paid tribute, and even the most inhospitable regions submitted to his authority. People praised his achievements in poems, claiming his achievements rivaled those of ancient sage-kings! Even the mightiest emperors of the Five Barbarians period pale in comparison to him!
However, later on, Fu Jian became increasingly arrogant, full of himself, not listening to advice from others, and underestimating his enemies. He incited wars everywhere, resorting to aggression. He believed himself invincible, planning to swiftly conquer the Central Plains, wanting to set up his base at Yu Xue and Yi Mountain, appointing Chu talents as marquises, and building mansions waiting for others to surrender. He failed to realize that only by aligning with the natural order can one thrive; excessive arrogance leads to downfall! Although his army was powerful, he was ultimately defeated at Kunyang. As a result, opportunistic rivals took advantage of the situation, and Shao Dang also rose in rebellion. The state was taken over by other ethnic groups, and Fu Jian himself was killed—a truly regrettable and tragic ending!
After Fu Pi succeeded to the throne, he quickly failed; it seemed fate had sealed his doom, and no human effort could save him. Later, Fu Deng gathered remnants of defeated soldiers; despite being outnumbered, his sense of honor and bravery were commendable.
It is said that this tribute poem is quite the flattery! "Hong Wei is brave, Wei Ling Di is fierce," which means they were indeed brave and fierce at the outset, intimidating the Di tribe. Impressive! "Jian Jie Shi Zi, Sui Xiong Guan, Long," meaning that they, with their formidable strength, successfully occupied Guanzhong and Longxi; their territory was quite vast! This strength should not be taken lightly!
But later, things changed. "Chang Sheng Hun Nue, Bai Bu Xuan Zhong," the emperor was foolish and tyrannical, and it all happened so fast! Truly validating the saying "an arrogant army will be defeated"! "Yong Gu Zhen Xiang, Zhao Zi Long Xiang," which indicates that lasting stability and good fortune were destined from the moment they took up arms, like a dragon, full of majesty! It's a shame that such good times were short-lived.
"Chui Lu Fu Yi, Qie Di Tu Wang," this refers to their usurpation of the throne in their quest for power. Their ambition was truly grand!
"Indulging the enemy makes it hard to stand strong." However, they underestimated the enemy and indulged them, eventually finding themselves unable to hold their ground and losing their strength. This is truly a case of reaping what they sowed! "In the end, Pi and Deng usurped the throne, which led to their downfall." These two pretenders to the throne ended up dragging everyone down along with them. They truly harmed both others and themselves! This entire story is perfectly summarized by this praise poem!
