Speaking of this person's spirituality, how it manifests in poetry and song, we cannot say; nor can we explain how inner emotions stir the limbs and bones. The thoughts that arise in the heart, we call it "Dao"; the behaviors that manifest externally, we refer to as "Yong." Just as between heaven and earth, where countless changes in weather influence one another, all animals can dance to the rhythm, let alone humans! People who love peace and hate war create music to express this kind of emotion.
From the ancient Nongse and Xiqin to the later Chui Zhong and He Qing, these musical instruments are all designed to express human spirituality, imitate the natural world, and praise virtues. Therefore, the origin of music is very ancient. However, during the Yin Dynasty, the political situation was chaotic, and the previous noble traditions gradually faded; decadent music became prevalent, leading to the loss of orthodox compositions. The methods for producing music like "Ying" and "Jing" were also nearly forgotten. Confucius once said, "People can promote the great way, rather than the great way promoting people." In the early Zhou Dynasty, there were two "Nan Feng" pieces, and the Book of Songs contains the music of the Six Dynasties.
In the past, Huangdi composed "Yunmen," Yao composed "Xianchi," Shun composed "Dasha," Yu composed "Daxia," the Yin Dynasty composed "Dahuo," and the Zhou Dynasty composed "Dawu." These music pieces inherited the ritual music system of the previous emperors, reflecting a respectful and humble attitude, inner harmony, and outward brilliance. The "Shangshu" records that Kui was the official in charge of music; he taught the children of nobles, so the "Zhou Li" mentioned playing Daliu and singing Huangzhong. The blessings bestowed by heaven descended upon the world, and people all showed reverence. The nuances of music adhered to the norms of the Zhou Dynasty, aiming to promote refined and proper music.
But later, due to the alluring beauty of Bao Si leading to national disasters, King Ping encountered wars again, the system of rites and music fell into disarray, and the relationships among kin and nobility became confused, causing music to fade as well. Therefore, Yanling Jizi sighed after hearing the sound of "Xiao Ya" and said, "Ah, the moral decay of the Zhou Dynasty has reached this point! But fortunately, we can still hear the music left by the ancient kings!" Various regions began to create their own songs. Marquis Wen of Wei was afraid to sleep after hearing the ancient music; Duke Ping of Jin forgot to eat after hearing the new music. The music from the era of the ancient kings gradually faded. Different regions had different customs, and their music was also different. After the Qin Dynasty unified the nation, only the law was prioritized, while the songs from the "Book of Songs" and the instruments meant for sacrifices were all destroyed, leaving nothing behind.
Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang, pacified the world with his sword. While he wasn't particularly distinguished in cultural matters, he made significant contributions to construction. However, the Empress Dowager at that time did not like Confucian thoughts, and the ministers also dismissed Jia Yi's proposals. Scholars and officials of status and learning lamented this, and even Dong Zhongshu and Gongsun Hong were helpless.
Later, during the revival of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Ming Liu Zhuang ascended the throne, revived rites and music with great enthusiasm, held grand sacrificial ceremonies, and personally participated in them. He worshipped his ancestors, summoned Huan Rong to the Imperial Academy, bared his torso, and took part in the sacrificial rites. The spectacle was truly grand and magnificent, well worth witnessing! From that time on, the system of rites and music of the Han Dynasty became even more prosperous.
In the third year of Yongping, the official body in charge of music was renamed "Dayu," with the aim of better promoting ritual music. They extensively collected oracular texts and studied chapters such as "Ya" and "Song" from the "Book of Songs," striving for harmony. The types of music they performed were varied, such as "Da Yue Jiu Bian," which was said to be used for worshiping the heavenly gods; the music for ancestral temple sacrifices was solemn and dignified, as if the ancestors were listening; the music for state sacrifices featured stringed instruments and drums, welcoming the land deity; the music from the "Bi Yong" (ancient educational venue) was intended to change customs and practices, underscoring the importance of music; the music for court banquets was meant to entertain the ministers, with everyone singing and dancing together; and the music for military triumphs was used to celebrate victories, sounding the triumphant songs.
Cao Cao leveraged the emperor's authority to command the feudal lords, wholeheartedly wanting to unify the country during a chaotic period marked by the collapse of laws and systems. It was only after he subdued Liu Biao that he acquired the musician Du Kui, and thus began to reorganize the military music, referring to previous texts. For three generations, Cao Cao's family were renowned for their poetry; although their vocal music saw some variations, they placed great emphasis on the elegance of the language. Therefore, literati like Wang Can created many new poems, carefully crafting words to praise the deities, expressing their reverence for them.
Emperor Wu learned from the successful practices of the Han and Wei dynasties, referencing the governance strategies of Emperor Jing and Emperor Wen to reform the national system, while the core principles stayed the same. In the ninth year of Taishi, the Grand Minister of Music Xun Xu began to produce standard musical instruments to standardize musical tuning and also introduced the excellent musical pieces created by Zhang Hua and others for performance.
During the Yongjia period, the society was in turmoil, and there were fewer musicians available. The performance stages and pavilions from before fell into disrepair. Although there were still some musicians of the "Xiang Dance" who had fled from the Hu region to the Jin Dynasty, it was hard to find complete ensembles of instruments like the Guzhu bamboo flute, the Yunhe se, the Kongsang qin, and the Sibin qing; it was rare to find even one complete instrument among a hundred.
People embody the essence of heaven and earth; some are strong, others are weak, experiencing joy and sorrow, and that's completely natural. When spring comes, people feel joy; when autumn arrives, there's a touch of melancholy. Human emotions are like the sounds of metal and stone, transcending the range of orchestral instruments, changing with the environment, flowing like water, never flowing upstream. So, King Chu took a leisurely boat ride on Pengli Lake, while Emperor Shun of Han listened to the birds singing on the road outside Fanmen. Once a sage achieves success and fame, they often compose music; when the world is at peace, they create harmonious melodies to express joy, anger, sorrow, and happiness, conveying inner feelings through music.
In summary, the core principles of music include the pentatonic scale, the eight tones, the six pitches, and the twelve pipes; these form the framework of music. The pentatonic scale includes five notes: Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zhi, and Yu. Gong is like a monarch, representing harmony, a path of harmony applicable everywhere. Shang is like a minister, representing strength, as hard as metal. Jiao is like the common people, representing impulsiveness, full of vitality like the growth of all things. Zhi represents events and signifies cessation, implying that when things reach their peak, they come to a halt. Yu is like all things, representing expansion, indicating the resurgence of yang energy and the growth of all things. As the ancients wisely said, "Ritual and music should never be separated from oneself." Therefore, listening to Gong sounds cultivates gentleness and generosity; listening to Shang sounds fosters uprightness and trustworthiness; listening to Jiao sounds inspires compassion and love; listening to Zhi sounds encourages a spirit of contribution; listening to Yu sounds nurtures respect and humility.
The eight sounds represent the winds of eight directions. The Qian hexagram corresponds to stone, representing strong winds; the Kan hexagram corresponds to water, symbolizing broad winds; the Gen hexagram corresponds to mountain, representing gentle winds; the Zhen hexagram corresponds to bamboo, symbolizing clear winds; the Xun hexagram corresponds to wood, symbolizing bright winds; the Li hexagram corresponds to silk, representing splendid winds; the Kun hexagram corresponds to earth, symbolizing cool winds; the Dui hexagram corresponds to metal, representing vigorous winds.
Ancient people divided the year into twelve solar terms, commonly referred to as the twelve zodiacs, corresponding to the twelve earthly branches. They used twelve musical notes to represent them, with six yang notes: Huangzhong, Taizuo, Guxi, Ruibin, Yize, and Wushe; and six yin notes: Dalu, Yingzhong, Nanlu, Linzhong, Zhonglu, and Jiazhong. "Lü" refers to both rules and assistance, indicating that the operation and growth of yang energy have their own patterns and that "Lü" also signifies support in fulfilling yang energy's function.
January (Yin) signifies the passage for all things to grow; February (Mao) represents the flourishing growth of yang energy; March (Chen) indicates that all things begin to vibrate and grow; April (Si) denotes the onset of growth; May (Wu) indicates that all things grow tall and large; June (Wei) indicates that all things mature and have flavor; July (Shen) indicates that all things have matured; August (You) signifies the beginning of contraction; September (Xu) marks the onset of decline; October (Hai) marks the suppression of all things by yin energy; November (Zi) indicates that yang energy begins to grow again; December (Chou) signifies connection, representing the end of one year and the beginning of a new one. Thus, each of the twelve months carries its own unique significance.
The pipe corresponding to November is called Huangzhong; the color yellow represents the harmony of yin and yang. There are six types of qi in the sky, five types of substances on the earth, and the numbers of heaven and earth are all contained here. Some people also say that the virtue associated with the winter solstice is earth, and the color associated with earth is yellow, so it is called Huangzhong. The pipe corresponding to January is called Tai Yu, where 'Yu' signifies gathering, meaning all things grow with the gathering of yang qi. The pipe corresponding to March is called Gu Xi, where 'Gu' means withered, and 'Xi' means washing, indicating that all things are renewed, washing away the withered, and branches and leaves are renewed. The pipe corresponding to May is called Rui Bin, where 'Rui' refers to a drooping appearance, while 'Bin' signifies respect, indicating that at this time, yang qi descends, and yin qi begins to rise, with yin and yang respecting each other. The pipe corresponding to July is called Yi Ze, where 'Yi' is flat, and 'Ze' is regular, meaning all things are about to mature, and everything is stable and orderly. The pipe corresponding to September is called Wu She, where 'She' means to shoot forth, indicating that at this time, yang qi rises, and all things are stored away and do not emerge. The pipe corresponding to December is called Da Lu, where 'Lu' is auxiliary, meaning yang qi begins to dominate, and yin qi assists. The pipe corresponding to October is called Ying Zhong, where 'Ying' represents harmony, meaning the year's achievements are complete, in harmony with the achievements of yang qi, gathered and collected. The pipe corresponding to August is called Nan Lu, where 'Nan' signifies bearing, meaning at this time all things are growing luxuriantly, reflecting a sense of abundance. The pipe corresponding to June is called Lin Zhong, where 'Lin' signifies lushness, meaning at this time all things in the wild are lush. The pipe for April is referred to as Zhong Lu, where 'Lu' is auxiliary, meaning yang qi is vigorous and growing, and where yin qi plays a supportive role. The pipe corresponding to February is called Jia Zhong, where 'Jia' signifies assistance, meaning at this time all things have not fully grown, and yin qi assists yang qi in the growth of all things.
Since the chaos in the Eastern Capital during the Han Dynasty, there has been no musical enjoyment, rendering their original forms unknown, as the music pieces are lost and incomplete. When Emperor Wu of Wei restored order in Jingzhou, he obtained Du Kui, a Han Dynasty musician from Henan who could identify the old music, and appointed him as the military strategist and ritual wine officer to re-establish the music. At that time, Deng Jing and Yin Shang, who excelled in the instruction of music, Yin Hu, a singer skilled in performing music for ancestral sacrifices, Feng Su, a dancer, and Fu Yang, who understood various dances from the past, were all under Du Kui's command. He extensively studied ancient texts, collected music materials from that time, and verified ancient music, before starting to establish instruments such as pavilions, suspended bells, and stone chimes for performing music. However, during the Huangchu period, people like Chai Yu and Zuo Yannian won the Emperor's favor with their innovative music, changing the original sound.
When Emperor Wu of Jin just ascended the throne, everything had to be rebuilt from the ground up. In the second year of Taishi, he issued a decree stating that the ceremonial music system for the suburban sacrifices should adopt the old system of Wei State, follow the founding of Zhou Dynasty, and imitate the rituals of Yin and Shang Dynasties, with only a slight modification of the lyrics. He then asked Fu Xuan to write these lyrics.
The songs written by Fu Xuan are as follows:
【Song of the Evening Sacrifice to Heaven and Earth in the Five Suburbs】
Heaven's mandate is with the Jin Dynasty, characterized by righteousness and openness. We must diligently serve Heaven with respect, both morning and night, following the seasons and completing the sacrifices. Offer a black bull and perform the sacrifice in the evening. Maintain virtue, compose music, and the deities will surely heed our call.
【Song of Welcoming and Sending Off the Gods in the Five Suburbs to Heaven and Earth】
Promote education, prosper day by day, and bring peace to the world. Guard it forever, never slack day or night. Carrying out the will of heaven, the Lord is exalted. With beautiful music, abundant offerings, praying for the gods' blessings, so that the nation may thrive. The gods descend, granting us endless blessings.
【Song of the Feast to Heaven and Earth in the Five Suburbs】
May Heaven bless the Jin Dynasty; its rule is unprecedented. Inheriting the foundation of the Wei Kingdom, leading the people. Revering Heaven, treating the gods with a peaceful heart. Honoring the virtues of our ancestors, pure and beautiful. Offering a black bull to begin the sacrifice. When the spirits descend, blessings and prosperity will naturally come.
The era is progressing; this is Heaven's decree. May Heaven bless the Jin Dynasty, so that the people all revere it. Fear the majesty of Heaven, follow the laws of the seasons. Continuously reflecting on and building upon the achievements of our ancestors. The imperial power has been established, and all undertakings are flourishing. May we strive diligently day and night, blessing the prosperity of the Jin Dynasty.
Promote moral education; the virtuous Empress is capable of assisting the Emperor. Pacify the world, possessing a long-lasting era of peace and prosperity. Govern diligently, thereby stabilizing the people. Establishing laws and regulations, revising ceremonial laws. Pursue the welfare of the people, starting from the fundamentals. Make the country prosperous, forever guarding it.
[Heaven and Earth Outer Hall Evening Sacrificial Song]
The great Jin Dynasty, a time of development and noble virtues. Carrying out Heaven's decree, shining upon all nations. All nations prosper and flourish; gods bless with auspiciousness. Perform the outer sacrifices with sincerity, serving Heaven respectfully. Serve Heaven respectfully; all kinds of blessings will come. The towering ancestors can match with Heaven. Offerings of respect, not for pleasing, but to show reverence. Accept the grace of Heaven; spirits bless all directions.
[Heaven and Earth Outer Hall Descending Spirit Song]
The great Jin Dynasty, following Heaven's will, auspicious and smooth. Two emperors with noble virtues, proclaiming the glory of this prosperous era. Our Emperor is appointed by Heaven, ruling over all directions. Outer sacrificial rites, accompanied by solemn music. The spirits partake of the offerings, and the ancestors provide protection. The country prospers; blessings are boundless.
[Heaven Outer Hall Offering Song] (This sentence has no content, no need for translation)
Legend has it that the grand sacrificial ceremony began with the worship of the Royal Deity at the Altar of Heaven. The song goes: "Cleanse the Altar of Heaven, worship the Royal Deity. Divine beings are moved, hundreds of divine beings come to pay their respects." This means that after cleaning the Altar of Heaven, the Royal Deity is worshipped solemnly, and the divine beings are moved, with hundreds of them coming to pay their respects. Next, "Ignite the vermilion fire, burn fragrant firewood. Purple smoke drifts, rising to meet the blue clouds." This describes the scene of the sacrifice: igniting the vermilion fire, burning fragrant firewood, purple smoke drifting, rising straight to the sky. We cannot see the form of the divine, "The form of the divine is formless. Vast and formless, secluded yet pure." The existence of the divine is boundless, secluded yet pure. When the divine descends, "The divine comes, radiance shining. Unheard, unseen." Though we cannot hear or see, the divine's radiance is unmistakably present. When the divine arrives, everyone is filled with awe and joy, "The divine arrives, hearts brimming with reverence. Spirits refreshed, moving our hearts." With the divine seated, joy is shared, "The divine seated, joy is shared. Blessings soar like clouds, gentle as the wind." The divine's blessings are scattered like clouds, gentle as the wind. Next comes the solemn sacrificial ritual, "Beautiful music plays, voices in harmony. The eight tones blend, the divine listens." Beautiful music plays, with lyrics that are beautiful and melodious, the eight tones harmonize, and the divine listens. The offerings are pure and plentiful, exuding a fragrant aroma, "All offerings complete, fragrant and delicious. Sacrifices accepted, jade cups enjoyed." The offerings are pure and plentiful, exuding a fragrant aroma, well-cooked sacrificial animals, and jade cups placed on the altar. The divine delights in the feast and graciously accepts our sacrifice, "The divine delights in the feast and graciously accepts our sacrifice. Blessings for the great Jin, bringing abundant blessings." The divine enjoys the offerings, accepts our sacrifice with pleasure, blesses the great Jin dynasty, and bestows beautiful blessings. Finally, a prayer for national peace and prosperity, "May the heavens safeguard us for years to come, and may the land's prosperity be chronicled." Praying for the prosperity and flourishing of the nation, vast territories, long-lasting national fortune, and abundant harvests.
Then there is the sacrificial ceremony at the Ming Hall, and the singing begins: "The altar is repaired, awaiting the divine beings. The gods respond, and the myriad spirits participate." This means that the Tai altar has been renovated, waiting for the divine beings (referring to deities). The gods respond, and all spirits come to partake in the ceremony. "The yin sacrifice has been prepared, and the auspicious rites are being performed. The night is nearing its end, but time has not yet shifted." The yin sacrifice has been completed, and the auspicious rites are underway; the night is coming to a close, yet time has not advanced. The deities themselves are formless: "The body of the deity has no image. Hidden in the depths, it is mysterious and enigmatic." The deities are concealed in profound places, shrouded in mystery. The appearance of the deities: "When the deity comes, it seems as if there is light. The spirit is not distant, much like the nurturing mother of the world." Though they may be faintly perceived, the divine spirits are ever-present, much like the nurturing mother of the world. When the deities descend, "The arrival of the deity brings forth a radiant vision. It is clear as if it exists, yet ultimately obscure." While the deities' specific forms remain unseen, their brilliance persists, remaining ultimately unfathomable.
Everyone devoutly performed sacrifices, "In reverence, we gather joyfully. Dance with virtue, sing with grace." The deities descended, and everyone was ecstatic, singing and dancing, praising the grace of the deities. After the deities took their seats, everyone shared joy together, "Once the deities are seated, we all rejoice. Their grace nourishes all things like rain and dew, illuminating the earth like clouds." After the deities took their seats, everyone celebrated together, the deities' grace nourishing all things like rain and dew, illuminating the earth like clouds. "Music in eight variations, sound teaching spreads. All beings flourish, bringing joy to the deities." Eight kinds of musical instruments played different melodies, teaching and enriching all beings, bringing joy to the deities. "When everyone is neat, the attendants are solemn. The jade cup is presented, all are reverent." The offerings were pure and complete, the attendants were respectful and solemn, the jade cup was brought forward, creating a solemn and reverent atmosphere. "Savoring the bountiful offerings and feeling the deities' grace. Blessings are bestowed, reaching all living beings." Enjoying the abundant offerings, feeling the grace of the deities, blessing the great Jin country and all living beings. "The deities' grace spreads across the nine provinces, reaching the heavenly court. Protecting longevity, extending longevity." Grace spreads throughout the land of the nine provinces, reaching the heavenly court, praying for the prosperity of the country and eternal longevity. Finally, in the temple sacrifice, the song sings: "From the beginning of the Ming Tang, the sacrifice is not slack. To our imperial ancestors, their glory shines alongside the gods." It means that after the Ming Tang was built, sacrifices have never ceased, the glory of our ancestors shines alongside the gods. "The mighty gods, exalted and revered. The holy ancestors share glory, their virtues shining brightly." The great gods, exalted and revered, the imperial ancestors share glory with the gods, their virtues shining brightly. "Leading the land with respect, people from all directions come to pay their respects. Always at the right time, ensuring eternal blessings." All the people of the world fulfill their duties, people from all directions come to pay their respects, praying for the nation's prosperity and lasting stability.
There are also songs of welcome and farewell for the sacrificial rites, singing: "Tonight, we offer sacrifices with reverence and care. Abundant offerings are prepared to honor the deities." This means that we are holding a sacrificial ceremony tonight, with respect and care, offering lavish offerings to honor the deities. "The deities will see our sincerity and accept our offerings. Our ancestors descend to partake, reflecting the filial piety of their descendants." The deities will surely recognize our sincerity and accept our sacrifices, and our ancestors will come to enjoy this, which is the heartfelt intention of their filial descendants.
Wow, time really flies; it's sacrificial day again! We hope for the deities' blessings as we hold the rites on time. Deities, you have descended; please bless us! May our nation's fortune be everlasting, receiving the protection of heaven! The Supreme Emperor and the Holy Ancestor Emperor, both renowned for their great merits; the late emperor, inheriting the throne, has made remarkable contributions.
【Song of the General of the Western Expedition at the Ancestral Hall】 The ancestral hall is under construction, and the deities bestow blessings here. May you grant us boundless grace, so that we can honor you forever. Great ancestors, bless your descendants. May our descendants also receive your grace, thriving and prospering.
【Song of the Lord of Yuzhang at the Ancestral Hall】 The grand sacrificial ceremony is now underway, and we are performing the rites in the hall. The great ancestral hall honors our ancestors and emperors. All ministers, come together to participate in the sacrifices. The sacrificial ceremony is solemn and dignified; may heaven bestow abundant blessings of harvest.
【Song of the Lord of Yingchuan at the Ancestral Hall】 Tracing back to distant ancestors, they were all ordained by heaven. Illustrious ancestors, your grace has descended. The family thrives, all thanks to your founding. Your blessings are boundless, ensuring that your descendants will enjoy this fortune forever.
【Song of the Lord of Jingzhao at the Ancestral Hall】 Our great-grandfather was virtuous, upright, humble, and kind. He protected the country, adhering to the mandate of heaven. He fathered the Holy Ancestor Emperor, illuminating the four nations.
**[Song of the Emperor at the Ancestral Shrine]** Great ancestors, your sacred virtues inspire admiration. You governed with diligence and compassion for the people, working day and night. You spread education, showcased military might, strengthened the nation, administered divine justice, pioneered great undertakings, and laid the foundation for the imperial legacy. You revered the mandate of heaven and always guarded the nation.
**[Song of Emperor Jing at the Ancestral Shrine]** Emperor Jing was wise and discerning, respectful and cautious, fearing heaven. He inherited the cause of the former emperor, consolidated achievements, stabilized the realm, and quelled rebellions. He ruled with diligence and compassion for the people, working earnestly, upholding the mandate of heaven, leading to national prosperity.
**[Song of Emperor Wen at the Ancestral Shrine]** Great Emperor Wen of Jin, renowned for his civil and military achievements, was intelligent and wise, enlightened and divine. He handled state affairs with efficiency and harmony; he quelled rebellions and stabilized the realm; he treated distant lords kindly and promoted talented individuals; he established a foundational enterprise and passed down the imperial lineage, leaving an unmatched legacy.
**[Two Songs for the Deities at the Ancestral Temple]** It is said that the sacrificial ceremonies of the Jin Dynasty were held with regularity and grandeur. In the ancestral temple for honoring ancestors, the atmosphere was one of solemnity and respect, with all the ceremonial instruments prepared. Those who came to pay respects were from all over the country, answering the call from every corner of the realm. The offerings were arranged, fine wine was prepared, and an array of delicious dishes, including rich soups, was plentiful, with all kinds of offerings present. Everyone's hearts were overwhelmed with emotions and reflections for their ancestors. Thus, people sang and danced, playing solemn sacrificial music, resulting in a scene of harmony. The spirits of the ancestors seemed to have arrived at the scene, blessing our nation and its citizens, bringing peace and harmony to the world.
Next, let's look at the officials at the sacrificial site, each sitting upright and solemn, with civil and military officials assembled. People from all over the country have come to participate in the sacrifice, creating a grand spectacle with meticulous rituals. Look, the bells and drums resonate in harmony, the orchestra is playing music, dancers are performing gracefully, and the singing is melodious—it's truly a lively occasion! "The bells and drums resonate, the orchestra is arranged, the dance celebrates the origin, the song praises the beginning, the deities are pleased!" The officials are all sitting upright and solemn, with civil and military officials gathered together, from top to bottom, large and small, all respectfully participating in the sacrificial activities, orderly and with complete rites. "Arrange the orchestra, strike the drums and bells, dance to symbolize virtue, sing to praise merit, the deities are pleased!"
Finally, look, the officials are all sitting upright and solemn, the atmosphere is both dignified and solemn. The majestic Son of Heaven, along with the ministers assisting him, is present. The sacrificial rites adhere to strict ceremonial protocols, and the music follows corresponding movements, with dancers performing virtuous dances, and the singing extolling the achievements of ancestors. "Rites have their ceremonies, music has its rules, dance symbolizes merit, song praises virtue, the deities are pleased!" The entire sacrificial process is both solemn and dignified, while also exuding a festive and harmonious atmosphere.
Du Kui had previously created four pieces of ceremonial music, namely "The Deer Call," "Zou Yu," "Felling the Sandalwood," and "King Wen," all of which were ancient-style songs. During the Taihe period, Zuo Yannian adapted and rearranged Du Kui's "Zou Yu," "Felling the Sandalwood," and "King Wen"; although the names remained the same, the melodies were entirely different. Only Du Kui's "The Deer Call" remained the same. Every New Year's Day court meeting, as the Grand Marshal held the jade bi and the ministers paid their respects, the ceremonial music performed in the east wing was this piece "The Deer Call." Later, the three ceremonial poems were later adapted. The first one was called "Yu He Poem," praising the Martial Emperor, with the same melody as the original "The Deer Call"; the second one was called "Wei Wei Poem," praising the Civil Emperor, using the melody adapted by Zuo Yannian from "Zou Yu"; the third one was called "Yang Yang Poem," praising the Ming Emperor, using the melody adapted by Zuo Yannian from "King Wen"; and the fourth one used "The Deer Call" again. Therefore, the piece "The Deer Call" was repeatedly used, while Du Kui's original "Felling the Sandalwood" was phased out. In the early Jin Dynasty, the banquets also featured "The Deer Call."
In the fifth year of the Tai Shi era, the Minister of Rites presented a memorial, requesting that Fu Xuan, the Grand Master of Ceremonies, the Chief of the Central Secretariat Xun Xu, and the Yellow Gate Attendant Zhang Hua each compose songs and poems for the New Year's court assembly, the birthday celebrations for nobles, and the banquet celebrating achievements. Xun Xu said, "The court assemblies and celebratory banquets of the Wei Dynasty all used the Zhou Dynasty's poem 'Lu Ming' as the musical piece. However, 'Lu Ming' is intended for entertaining guests and is unsuitable for court assemblies. Upon reviewing earlier records, I found no suitable basis for this." As a result, Xun Xu discarded the original 'Lu Ming' song and created four new poems for the rituals, first discussing the significance of the court visits from the three dynasties. He also composed songs and poems for the New Year's court assembly, the birthday celebrations for nobles, and the banquet celebrating achievements, totaling thirteen pieces. Furthermore, since the Wei Dynasty's songs and poems featured two-character, three-character, four-character, and five-character forms, which are different from ancient poetry, Xun Xu consulted the Deputy Minister of Justice Chen Qi. Chen Qi remarked, "When performed on metal and stone instruments, it doesn't necessarily need to conform to the metrics of ancient poetry." Thus, all the songs Xun Xu composed for the Jin Dynasty were four-character poems, with only one piece for the birthday banquet of nobles being three-character and five-character. Zhang Hua argued, "The poems for birthday celebrations and achievement banquets of the Wei Dynasty, as well as those used in the Han Dynasty, vary in sentence length and do not conform to the standards of ancient poetry. However, since the melodies of the music have a longstanding tradition, only those who understand musical theory can determine the tone and rhythm of the music, which cannot be casually altered by ordinary people. Across two dynasties and three reigns, this tradition has continued. Although the language of the poetry has changed and fluctuated with the times, the rhythm and variations in melody remain consistent with the past for a reason." Thus, Zhang Hua also stuck to traditional practices and was hesitant to change them. This represented a differing viewpoint between Zhang Hua and Xun Xu. At that time, the court also asked Deputy Minister Cheng Gong Sui to compose musical pieces. All of this has now been documented.
Oh, the emperor has arrived, and nations have come to pay their respects! Look at the court filled with exceptional talents, truly a gathering of exceptional talents! The emperor’s benevolence is felt throughout the realm, skillfully governing the nation. This grand banquet, with guests filling every seat, creates a lively and bustling atmosphere! The colorful flags, the resounding music, the scene is truly magnificent and awe-inspiring! The officials pay their respects, the ceremonies are solemn, with gleaming gold and jade ornaments, radiating a magnificent aura!
The banquet has been meticulously prepared, allowing guests to indulge to their heart's content! Wishing the emperor a long and prosperous life, may each day bring new prosperity! All the vassals have come to offer their congratulations, the atmosphere is incredibly lively, everyone toasting each other, presenting gifts, upholding proper etiquette, with a feast of sumptuous dishes spread across the tables, and countless fine wines! Singing and dancing together, sharing in this grand banquet, sharing in blessings and prosperity!
It's wonderful! The world is at peace, the social atmosphere is pure, everywhere is harmonious! Look, the music of "Shao" is playing, praising the peaceful and prosperous era, with bountiful harvests every year, national prosperity and peace, this era of prosperity brings boundless joy! The emperor is wise and martial, the ministers are unwaveringly loyal, the emperor's grace extends throughout the land, and the social atmosphere is getting better and better!
What a truly auspicious sign! Look, the qilin has appeared, the phoenix soars majestically, sweet springs are gushing, and the barns are filled with abundant harvests, all blessings showered upon the emperor by the heavens! The emperor ascends the throne, ruling over all nations, receives the mandate of heaven, upholds the virtues of the saints, with the imperial family thriving in harmony for generations, glorifying the ancestors, establishing a great foundation, with the country prospering, culture flourishing, and virtues shining! The emperor has ushered in the brilliance of the Jin Dynasty, and this era of prosperity will endure endlessly!
During the Taishi era, the Phoenix rose, truly a sign of prosperity! The Emperor possessed vast territories, educated the people, with a brilliant historical record as proof. The Emperor's virtues were magnificent, where righteousness flourished, blessings spreading throughout the world, reaching the heavens! Future generations will inherit the Emperor's legacy, with the era of prosperity enduring!
The Emperor governed the world in accordance with the will of heaven, and everyone led a happy life. The royal family enjoyed three generations of prosperity, laying the foundation of the country during the Taishi era. The Emperor's virtues shone as brightly as the sun and stars, blessings flowed as predictably as the changing seasons, bringing peace to the world, with the people living in comfort, truly a time of peace and prosperity! How wonderful! Yongxi!
The heavens destined a benevolent and righteous monarch to appear, just like the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, whose virtues were grand! They understood the laws governing the celestial bodies, illuminating the seven celestial bodies. The orderly progression of the four seasons, governing the realm with almost divine grace. The people adhered to the same customs, flourishing under the rule of benevolence and righteousness, aiding the populace in the spirit of Tao Yuanming, blessing future generations. Those talented individuals, each with abundant talents and virtues, their legacy resonating through the ages, never-ending.
The Qing temple was solemn and dignified, the doors of the imperial palace stood wide open, handling national affairs with meticulous attention to detail. Working diligently on countless matters, even when exhausted, there was no time to rest, even if hungry, there was no time for eating. After the grand sacrificial ceremony, everyone immersed in joy, with joy that seemed endless.
Having climbed Kunlun Mountain and reached the highest mountain city, riding a celestial dragon, ascending to the clear sky. Wearing a crown made of the sun, moon, and stars, adorned with five shining stars. Raising the rainbow flag, setting up the colorful flag, draped in auspicious clouds, embodying a scene of prosperity and abundance. Surveying distant lands and touring the celestial court. In accordance with the laws of heaven and earth, harmonizing yin and yang, and orchestrating the four seasons, making the sun, moon, and stars shine brightly. Casting the heavenly net, establishing the nation's laws and order, promoting an ethos of benevolence and righteousness, ensuring the people's peace and prosperity, fostering extensive education and showcasing divine authority. Embracing all corners of the earth and welcoming diverse tribes. Gathering in the palace and feasting in the Purple Palace, erecting five flags, arranging bells and chimes, hanging four precious mirrors, performing the "Shao" and "Wu" music. The sounds of metal and stone resonate powerfully, the flags are fluttering, the Eight Yis and Bayu dances gracefully, reciting odes and harmonizing melodies, everyone joyfully celebrates in unison, praising the wise monarch.
This scene of prosperity, like a gentle breeze, cleanses the hearts of people, uniting all heroes and valiant souls, forging the universe and clearing all paths. Radiant and illustrious, wise and valiant, surpassing all emperors of the past, earning renown for future generations and leaving an enduring legacy, honoring ancestors and shining through the ages.
Embodying ancestral glory and supporting the present age, courageous and powerful, ruling during a prosperous age, paving a broad path and establishing the foundation of imperial rule. A brilliant and illustrious emperor with remarkable achievements, rectifying the state of affairs and saving the populace, with unparalleled merits. Peace across the land and stability in all regions, the will of heaven fulfilled, heralding a wise governance.
A respectful and wise emperor, both intelligent and handsome, born with innate virtue, destined to fulfill the will of heaven, establishing the imperial rule and founding the Jin Dynasty, passing down virtues through the generations and bestowing blessings upon future descendants.
The Ming Ming Holy Emperor, soaring in the sky like a dragon, in communion with the divine, possessing deep and inscrutable virtues, receiving blessings from heaven, overlooking the earth, and will be remembered for all eternity.
Wow, this is a song written by Xun Xu; let's translate it into plain language sentence by sentence.
The first paragraph is a birthday song sung at the New Year's Day ceremony: "Step on the Yuan Chen, extend the Rong. Presenting the ceremonial cup, praying for eternal prosperity. May the emperor enjoy long life and prosperity, may the emperor flourish and thrive. The branches are vigorous for hundreds of generations, and the imperial fortune is eternal." The meaning is: On this joyous New Year's Day, we all celebrate together; we offer fine wine and wish the emperor a long and boundless life! The emperor is blessed with longevity, the country is prosperous, the emperor's descendants flourish and thrive, and the emperor's achievements will be passed down forever!
The second paragraph is a song at the banquet, called "The Eastern Chamber Feast Song": "The radiant seven celestial bodies, mingling and harmonious. I have distinguished guests, are they blessings or tributes? With the nation's affairs in good order, so we have a grand feast. People hold us in high regard, so we must respond with humility." This means: Look at the brilliant stars in the sky, bright and clear; today we have so many distinguished guests attending the banquet, it is truly an honor! The country's political affairs are smooth, so we can hold such a grand banquet.
The next part continues with the banquet song: "At the beginning of the guest feast, the atmosphere is lively. First, we attend the morning court, then we host the banquet to fulfill various rites. Distribute positions and ranks, some in the courtyard, some on the steps. Even the elderly attendants bring their brothers to participate; everyone adheres to the standards of etiquette, enjoying themselves, offering wishes for the emperor's long life and good health." Guests gather in great numbers, fostering a vibrant atmosphere.
This part continues: "In the past, our three predecessors achieved great undertakings. Now, our Holy Emperor shines even brighter than his predecessors. Generations have upheld the legacy of our predecessors, and the Emperor's grace reaches all corners of the nation. The Emperor governs diligently and cares for the people, never acting against the natural order, following the example of Yu the Great in his water management, with his reputation spreading far and wide. Heaven bestows blessings upon the Emperor, granting him fortune and prosperity."
The final section praises the achievements of the predecessors: "All glory to the Great Ancestor, who expanded and exemplified virtue. He expanded our territories and established order throughout the realm. Through wise governance, the people lived free from corruption. He laid the foundations for the rise of our Jin state. The illustrious Emperor Wen, in a difficult environment, quelled rebellions, commanding respect without resorting to cruelty. His governance was wise and effective, leading the nation to unprecedented prosperity, with all seven virtues fully embodied, ensuring peace and security for the nation and its people."
The final paragraph summarizes the late emperor's virtues: "Oh, how magnificent! The sacred texts of the late emperor. Heaven has granted great favor; he is a truly great ruler. He diligently upheld the Five Classics, attentively managed state affairs. His civil and military achievements flourished, earning great accolades. He cultivated himself, governed the state, and brought peace and prosperity to the people. He tended to the frontier regions, promoted philosophical thought, and educated the people with virtue, rarely waging wars, which won him the hearts of the people. His moral character is vast, and his teachings flourish; his merits will be remembered forever!
In Longhua's prosperous era, the emperor's grace is vast. We walk the path of the Jin dynasty, all thanks to our wise ruler!
The dragon soars, reforming the times, governing the vast lands. Wise and enlightened, comparable to Yu the Great and Tang Yao. He bestowed fiefdoms, bringing blessings and auspicious signs. The good fortune accumulated over three dynasties ultimately yielded excellent results. What are these good results? It is the successful governance of the world!
The original lords have been appointed, and the four mountains are now ruled by feudal kings. At this time, the world enjoys stability, which has become the norm. Guests exchange greetings in the courtyard, while honored guests gather in the hall. With the arrival of the Song and Wei, as well as Chen and Liu, there are visitors and envoys, witnessing the nation's splendor. Offering honors to the virtuous and accepting wise counsel, presenting jade and bestowing treasures. Protecting the destiny, bestowing boundless blessings."
(The lords and vassal kings are in their places, the common people live and work in peace and happiness; this is the way of life! Guests bow to each other in the courtyard, honored guests sit in the hall, the states of Song and Wei, along with Chenliu and Shanyang, are in attendance. Envoys and guests gather to witness the grandeur of our great nation, presenting talented individuals, offering strategies, bestowing treasures, and blessing the emperor's rule with endless grace!)
The herons soar in flight, the wild geese spread their wings. The capital is solemn and dignified, and the four corners emulate it. There is no rivalry, only a harmonious populace; the king's laws are upheld. Gentlemen come to pay homage, expressing their admiration for the flourishing age.
(Great sovereign, the people depend on you! You follow the way of heaven, bestowing grace upon the people without end. You are far from injustice, teaching the people with sincerity. There is a distinction between light and darkness, and the worthy hold office. The nine clans live in harmony, and the various states are loyal. The Kaiyuan era flourishes, the world is at peace, adhering to orthodoxy, and different paths lead to the same destination. With great virtue, you carry the weight of the world; with a wise heart, you are supremely noble. Presenting honest words, the emperor graciously accepts advice, establishing a model and educating the people; what is done above is reflected below. The blessings of one are shared by all. The emperor celebrates joyfully, and his wise decrees will be remembered for eternity!)
The banquet ended, and all nations celebrated. The etiquette was complete, everything was in order. The courtyard was illuminated, the drums and bells resounded. The music played and the dances displayed their skills. The eight tones harmonized, customs were easily transformed. Their harmony was like a beautiful melody, and the people were at peace and enjoyed their lives.
In the era of prosperity, the world was united. In the footsteps of our forebears, our reputation outshone that of our neighbors. We first pacified Jingchu, then Yan and Qin. The emperor was diligent and ruled with kindness and virtue, spreading benevolence and compassion. Beginning with the establishment of the country, we followed the will of heaven and governed the people. Signs of auspiciousness appeared, shaking the world. Heaven and earth were in harmony, connecting humans and gods. Shu was subdued, and Wu was welcomed as a guest. Officials were diligent in their duties, offering tribute. Han and Hui presented music and dances, the Western regions offered hunting dogs, and Funan presented treasures. The barbarian descendants translated texts, and the emperor's benevolence spread across the land, ushering in a renewed era of prosperity.
Ah, this gathering is truly lively; although there is not much noise, there's joy all around. The wine has been poured, and the sacrificial offerings are all set up. The ceremony is quite grand, with the sounds of 'Shao' music filling the air, and the atmosphere is incredibly warm! Everyone drinks happily, drinks to their heart's content, but does not get drunk. The entire country is wrapped in joy and harmony, and as a result, the country enjoys peace. With a wise and strong emperor, the country remains stable for generations to come!
【Winter Solstice New Year's Song】(Zhang Hua)
Time flies as the seasons cycle. Festivals come one after another, bringing joy, and the whole country shares the peaceful and prosperous era. Officials from all over the country come to pay homage to the emperor and wish him longevity. I've prepared birthday gifts and invited all the officials to the feast. The table is laden with sumptuous dishes, and the wine is as clear as spring water. Instruments such as sheng and yong play harmonious music, while instruments like qing and guan create enchanting melodies. The emperor is deeply loved by the people, and the people are wholeheartedly loyal to him. The emperor seizes this opportunity to promote teachings and spread virtues. Through his teachings and guidance, the country thrives in harmony and stability, and the spirit of benevolence and righteousness will flourish, spreading blessings across the land.
【Banquet Song】(Zhang Hua)
Our emperor is truly enlightened, possessing both virtue and talent, radiating like the heavens. The emperor governs diligently and loves the people, tirelessly attending to state affairs. Even after the morning court session, the emperor takes time to meet with his officials. Officials come to pay their respects, creating a spectacle as dazzling as the stars. A feast of exquisite dishes unfolds, and fine wines flow freely. Everyone enjoys themselves to the fullest, celebrating with joy. The singing is melodious, the dancing is graceful, the music harmonious, filling the air with a lively atmosphere. The emperor takes this opportunity to promote etiquette and music, displaying the nation's prosperity. Everyone enjoys themselves, yet always remembers their manners. The emperor loves music, but never indulges excessively, maintaining order and unprecedented grandeur.
[Song of the Commander Setting Out] (by Zhang Hua)
Like the great emperors Yao, Shun, and Yu, who ruled the land and brought defiant barbarian tribes to heel. The Xu Yi of the Xia Dynasty and the Gui Fang of the Shang Dynasty once rebelled. Now our country is in a golden age, but there are rebellious elements in the border regions causing chaos and preying on the people like ravenous wolves. The marshal leads a large army to quell the unrest in Liangzhou and Qin. The soldiers must abide by military discipline, with clear rewards and punishments to ensure victory. Use strong authority to influence the barbarian tribes and bring them under the court's rule. What is mere wine against the loyalty of soldiers who defend their homeland? The soldiers are willing to face danger for the country, reflecting their sense of duty. We hope to stop wars with force and educate the people with the Seven Virtues, bringing peace to the world. With our efforts, we can ensure lasting peace in the border regions.
[Song of the Returning Commander] (by Zhang Hua)
Once upon a time, the Xianyun defied the natural order, leading the country into fragmentation and turmoil. Their war chariots thundered across the northern borders, and all the generals united in support of the emperor's wise leadership. The soldiers gathered their strength, poised like a tightly drawn bow, ready to spring into action at a moment's notice. The battle cries echoed like thunder, making the valleys tremble, as glinting weapons flashed in the sky. The soldiers wielded their arms, fiercely attacking the enemy, marching over the fallen enemies. One by one, the enemy surrendered, and peace was finally restored to the northern borders. When they set out for battle, the scorching sun made the heat unbearable; now, upon their triumphant return, it was snowing, and the biting cold wind swept through. The brave soldiers truly endured great hardships, and since ancient times, the song "Cai Wei" has long expressed the yearning of soldiers for their homeland. Now, they return home with honor and titles, filled with joy as they celebrate their victory.
Next came the songs from the inner palace, praising the great achievements of the former king: the former king continued a great legacy, his virtues and benevolence reached every corner. His actions inspired the various nations, and the training within the palace flourished as a result. The emperor's wise and enlightened rule inherited the imperial legacy of his ancestors, and "Da Ya" also celebrated the wise and virtuous queens and consorts of past dynasties. He upheld noble character, promoted education, governed the country, and managed state affairs. The empress and consorts were gentle and virtuous, embodying humility and respect through their adherence to etiquette. "Zhong Si" praised the royal family's kindness and prosperity, while "Jiao Mu" extolled the harmony and flourishing of the royal house. The virtues and teachings of the royal family were as refreshing as a gentle breeze, with noble character unmatched by others. Their virtues shone as enduringly as the sun and moon, and future generations will always revere their legacy.
The clan members also sang songs, praising the harmony and prosperity of the family: all family members followed etiquette, lived in harmony, and siblings were as close as brothers and sisters, like one family. Family members shared a deep bond and celebrated happy occasions together; the song "Tang Di" praised the deep affection between siblings. Under the leadership of Empress Shengming, the country prospered, and the people lived and worked in peace. The emperor revered etiquette, valued kinship, and promoted it among all family members and relatives. The banquet was incredibly lively, and everyone joined in the celebration with a sumptuous and delicious imperial feast. The entire banquet was filled with a harmonious and joyful atmosphere, with everyone sharing in the joy. The emperor's benevolent rule was felt across the land, and the family's harmony had a profound influence.
In the ninth year of Taishi, the Grand Minister of Ceremonies Xun Xu discovered that the musical scales created by Du Kui did not match the music of Taiyue, Zongzhang, and the eight types of music in Guochui, so he established new standards and created new scales to adjust the music. This is detailed in the "Records of Music and Calendar." Once the scales were completed, they were sent to Taichang for the orchestras of Taiyue, Zongzhang, Guochui, and Qingshang. From then on, Xun Xu took charge of musical affairs and invited knowledgeable officials to help manage them. He also commissioned Guo Xia, Song Shi, and others to create the dances "Zhengde" and "Dayu," with music composed by Zhang Hua for the dances.
(The song for the Zhengde dance should be here, but the original text is missing.)
Speaking of Your Majesty, under Heaven's watchful eye, shining with integrity. The imperial throne, like the celestial bodies, follows an endless cycle, with the succession of the Five Virtues. The land of the Jin Dynasty has had wise monarchs throughout the generations. Your Majesty promotes education and culture, blessing the world, nurturing all things like pottery, governing the people across the land. The grace of the Great Ming shines far and wide, its radiance boundless. The common people enjoy Your Majesty's grace; the country is prosperous and the people are safe. The imperial court is clear and bright, with flourishing rituals and music; the sounds of metal and stone echo in the air. The atmosphere is grand and festive, the music is harmonious, truly a scene of great joy! This dance exceeds the "War Dance" and "Huo Dance," with the rhythm taken from "Six Heroes." Advancing and retreating in an orderly manner, harmonious and natural, subtly influencing the people. The world is peaceful, and the harmony extends even to the netherworld.
[The Great Yu Dance Song] (by Zhang Hua)
All of this is ordained by Heaven, following the laws of fate. The brilliance of the Jin Dynasty shines anew, reminiscent of the glory of the three generations of emperors. I, Your Majesty, carry on the late emperor's aspirations, like the North Star, high above, guiding the way. All the people submit to Your Majesty; the world is in submission. Your Majesty diligently adheres to the Five Canons, spreading education far and wide. All corners of the world follow the same principles, ensuring unity and stability throughout the realm. Your Majesty has specially created the "Great Yu" dance to celebrate Your Majesty's achievements. Education is deeply rooted in people's hearts; the royal road is prosperous, benevolence spreading to plants and trees, grace benefiting insects. Countless people admire Your Majesty's grace; the great legacy initiated by Your Majesty will endure for generations.
Xun Xu also created twelve new flutes to adjust the musical modes and regulate the ceremonial music in the palace. He felt that the music was harmonious, but some critics believed that Xun Xu's understanding of music was not thorough enough. At that time, Ruan Xian was proficient in the Eight Tones, and people said that his understanding of music was as profound as that of a deity. Ruan Xian often criticized Xun Xu's new flutes for being too high-pitched, feeling that the high-pitched sound was too mournful and did not align with the principles of harmony. During each court performance, Xun Xu always felt that Ruan Xian's performance was out of tune, thinking that Ruan Xian was deliberately opposing him, so he exiled Ruan Xian, appointing him as the magistrate of Shiping County. Later, a farmer unexpectedly discovered a jade ruler from the Zhou Dynasty while working in the fields. Xun Xu used it to calibrate the bells, drums, and other musical instruments he had crafted, only to find that they were all one meter shorter than the jade ruler. This revelation led Xun Xu to fully appreciate Ruan Xian's remarkable skills, so he invited him back. Xun Xu used the new flutes to create two dances and later modified the bell sounds. Unfortunately, Xun Xu passed away before he could complete his work. In the third year of Yuankang, the court instructed his son Xun Fan to revise the stone and metal musical instruments for temple rituals. However, due to the subsequent wars, these events were not recorded.
Liu Bang defeated the Three Qins in Shu land, and Fan Yin from Langzhong led the Qiang people to follow him as the vanguard. After the Qin territory was pacified, Liu Bang appointed Fan Yin as the Marquis of Langzhong and ennobled the seven surnames of the Qiang people. The Qiang people enjoyed dancing, and Liu Bang found them brave and formidable, often watching them dance and even having musicians learn their dances. There was a Yushui River in Langzhong, and since Fan Yin resided there, the dance became known as the "Bayu Dance." The dance featured four songs: "Mao Yu Original Song," "An Nu Original Song," "An Tai Original Song," and "Xing Ci Original Song." The lyrics were exceptionally archaic, leaving everyone puzzled about their meaning.
During the early Wei Dynasty, the military strategist Wang Can was tasked with rewriting lyrics. Wang Can asked the generals Li Guan and Zhong Yu from Bayu about the meaning of the song, had them sing it to him, and after careful study, revised the lyrics into "Mao Yu's New Blessing Song," "Nu Yu's New Blessing Song," "An Tai's New Blessing Song," and "Xing Ci's New Blessing Song." Among these, "Xing Ci" specifically celebrates the achievements of the Wei Kingdom. In the third year of Huangchu, the "Bayu Dance" was subsequently renamed "Zhaowu Dance." In the first year of Jingchu, the Ministry of Rites submitted a proposal to examine the ritual music inherited from the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, and based on achievements and virtues, new dances were composed, including "Wu Shi," "Xianxi," and "Zhang Bin," all performed with feathered accessories and flutes.
In the Jin Dynasty, "Zhaowu Dance" was renamed "Xuanwu Dance," and "Yueyue Dance" was renamed "Xuanwen Dance." In the first year of Xianning, the court formalized ancestral titles, and the temple music ceased to use "Xuanwu Dance" and "Xuanwen Dance," and instead adopted "Zhengde" and "Dayu," two dances composed by Guo Xia and Song Shi of the Xun Xu school.
