Ancient astronomical texts clearly describe a total of 118 constellations and asterisms, comprising 783 stars. Each represents features of states, palaces, and objects. Their visibility, auspiciousness or inauspiciousness, and apparent motion, as well as the movements of the five planets (their conjunctions, oppositions, and transits), eclipses, comets, meteors, solar and lunar eclipses, atmospheric phenomena (sun dogs, halos), and unusual weather patterns—all these are the essence of Yin and Yang, originating from the earth and manifesting in the heavens. Political turmoil is reflected in celestial events, like a shadow mirroring its form, or an echo its sound. Therefore, a wise ruler, recognizing this, would correct himself and govern properly, reflect on his mistakes and seek forgiveness; then calamities will be averted and blessings will come, as the natural order dictates.
The pole star, the Bright One, is the abode of the Great One. The three stars on its left and right are the Three Officials, also known as the Sons. The next four stars are the Empress and her court; the following three, other palace officials. Surrounding them are the twelve stars of the Protective Guards, the vassals. All of them are called the Purple Palace.
Three stars preceding the Dipper, sometimes visible, sometimes not, are known as Yin Virtue or the Celestial One. The three stars on the left of the Purple Palace are called the Celestial Spear, and the four stars on the right are called the Celestial Mace. The following seventeen stars refer to the Han Army reaching the barracks, known as the Pavilion Path.
The seven stars of the Big Dipper—'Turning, Pivot, and Jade Balance'—represent the Seven Governors. The Ladle carries the Dragon's Horn, the Balance supports the Southern Dipper, and the Chief leans on the Head of the Dipper. The Ladle starts at dusk, from China to the southwest; midnight begins with the Balance, between the He and Ji rivers in the Central State of Yin; dawn starts with the Chief, northeast of Mount Tai by the sea. The Dipper is the Emperor's Chariot, moving in the center, overseeing the four seas. It divides Yin and Yang, establishes the four seasons, regulates the five elements, moves the solar terms, sets the calendar, and all are connected to the Dipper.
The six stars of the Dipper's handle and bowl form the Wen Chang Palace: the First General, the Second General, the Noble Advisor, the Master of Fate, the Master of Fortune, and the Master of Disaster. The noble person resides in the Chief. When the six stars below the Chief are paired up, they are known as the Three Abilities. Harmony between ruler and subject is indicated by consistent colors in the Three Abilities stars; otherwise, discord is foretold. If the handle star and the supporting star of the Dipper are bright and close, then the supporting minister is close and strong; if they are far and dim, then the supporting minister is distant and weak.
The spoon handle has two stars: one inside is a spear, brandished; one outside is a shield, resembling a celestial wasp. There is a group of fifteen stars in the ladle, belonging to the spoon, called the prison of the humble. The stars in the prison are many when solid and few when empty.
The celestial bodies representing sky, spear, club, spear, and shield are in motion, the corner is large, and the soldiers are rising. The eastern palace has a blue dragon, the constellations named Room and Heart. The Heart is the bright hall, the big star is the heavenly king, and the stars before and after belong to the sons. Do not desire directness; if direct, the imperial fortunes will suffer. The Room is the heavenly mansion, called Tian Si. Its yin refers to the right side. There are two stars on the side called collar. One star to the north of the collar is called a dark star. Twelve stars in the northeast are called flags. Four stars in the flag are called Tian Shi. The more stars in Tian Shi are solid, and the fewer stars are empty. Many stars in the south of the Room are called riding officials.
Left corner, reason; right corner, will. The big corner is where the heavenly king sits in court. There are three stars on each side, which are called She Ti. The position of She Ti, indicated by the ladle's orientation, is used to determine the seasons, hence it is called the "She Ti Grid." Kang is the ancestral temple, in charge of illness. The two big stars north and south are called South Gate. Di is the heavenly root, in charge of epidemics. Wei is the nine sons, referred to as monarchs and ministers; exclusion leads to disharmony. Ji is the guest of honor, the palace of the empress, associated with conflict. If fire violates the guarding corner, there will be a halberd. The Room and Heart, the king dislikes it.
The southern palace has a red bird, power, balance. Balance and Taiwei, the court of the sun, moon, and stars. There are twelve stars in the basket guard, vassals: west, general; east, minister; four stars in the south, law enforcement; middle, main gate; left and right, side gates. There are six stars inside the side gate, the princes. Five stars inside are the five emperors. Fifteen stars behind are the position of the mournful crow; a large star on the side is the position of the general. The moon and five planets follow their orbits; the stars they guard are those that the emperor will punish. If they move against the orbit, they will be named for the offense; sitting in the center, forming, all the subjects are not following the plan. The influences of metal and fire are particularly severe. In the court, there are four accompanying stars in the west, named Shao Wei, scholars and officials. Power, Xuanyuan, the body of the yellow dragon. The big star in front is the empress; the small stars on the side belong to the attendants of the harem. If the moon and five stars have guarding violations, the divination of good and bad fortune is akin to the balance star's method of divination.
Dongjing (one of the twenty-eight mansions, also known as the Well) is associated with water matters. The emperor fears failure because of this. The westernmost star in Dongjing is called Yue (a type of ancient axe); to the north is the North River, and to the south is the South River. Between the two rivers and the Tianque is the Guanliang. The Yugu is related to ghost worship, and the central star represents purity. If Mars guards the North and South Rivers, then war will break out and there will be a poor harvest. Thus, virtue brings balance, observation brings clarity, injury brings the axe, disaster brings ruin to the Well, and punishment brings purification.
The Willow constellation resembles a bird's beak and governs matters of wood and grass. The Seven Stars in the neck represent the Yuan Palace, which is related to urgent matters. Zhang and Su, representing the throat, govern matters of the kitchen and hospitality. The Yi represents wings, symbolizing distant guests.
The Zhen represents a chariot, symbolizing wind. Next to it is a small star called Changsha, which should not be too bright. If Changsha's brightness equals that of the other four stars, forming a conjunction, war will erupt. The southern stars of Zhen are called Tianku, which consists of five chariots. If the Jiao star in the Chariot constellation is unusually bright or dim, it portends loss of chariots and horses.
The Xigong is the Xianchi, known as the Heavenly Five Brightness. The Five Brightness represents the stables of the five emperors. The influence of fire brings drought, metal brings war, and water brings floods. In the center are three pillars; if the pillars are incomplete, war will break out.
Kui represents Fengxi (a type of wild boar) and governs canals and ditches. Lou represents gathering crowds. Wei represents the Heavenly Granary. The southern stars are called Kuaji (a constellation).
Mao, also known as the Banner's Head, is associated with the Hu people and gatherings of those in white. Bi represents the Hanche, a star related to border troops and hunting. A small star near the main star represents a whispering advisor; its movement indicates the presence of a treacherous minister. The area between Mao and Bi is known as the Heavenly Street. The area's Yin and Yang aspects represent the Yin and Yang kingdoms respectively.
The White Tiger constellation. The three straight stars are called the Weighing Stone. Below are three sharp stars, referred to as the Penalty, associated with the ritual of cutting Ai. The four stars to either side represent its shoulders and legs. The small three stars are placed in the corner, called Zui Xi (the constellation representing the tiger's jaws), in charge of military affairs. To the south are four stars known as Tian Ce. Below Tian Ce is a star called Tian Shi. A yellow Tian Shi star is auspicious; blue, white, or black, inauspicious. To the west are nine stars arranged in a hooked line, divided into three groups: the first group is Tian Qi, the second is Tian Yuan, and the third is Jiu Yao. To the east is a large star called Lang, whose color indicates the prevalence of thieves. Below are four stars called Hu, situated near the wolf. Near the ground is a large star known as Canopus. If the Canopus star is visible, the world will be peaceful; otherwise, there will be wars. This is usually observed in the southern suburbs at the time of the autumn equinox.
The North Palace Xuanwu consists of Xu (Emptiness) and Wei (Peril). Wei is associated with building houses; Xu relates to mourning. To the south are many stars called the Celestial Army of Feathered Forests. To the west of the army is a rampart, also referred to as the Axe. Next to it is a large star, the North-Falling Star. If the North-Falling Star is dim, the army star flickers and is sparse, or if five stars interfere with the North-Falling Star, the army will rebel. Fire, gold, and water are especially dangerous. If the fire star invades, the army worries; if the water star invades, floods occur frequently; if the wood star and earth star invade, it is beneficial to the army. To the east of Wei are six stars arranged in pairs, referred to as the Judge.
The camp is a clean temple, known as the Li Palace and the Ge Dao. The four stars in Han Zhong are called Tian Si. Next to it is a star called Wang Liang. Wang Liang rides a horse, with chariots and riders filling the fields. Beside it are eight stars spanning the Han River, called Tian Heng. Adjacent to Tian Heng is the Jiang star. If the Jiang star moves, it indicates that someone will cross the water.
The four stars of Pestle and Mortar are located in the south of Wei. A greenish-black star presides over the Po-qua constellation, indicating high prices for fish and salt.
The Southern Dipper represents a temple, with the North Star signifying a flag. The Cowherd is a sacrificial offering, and to the north lies the He Gu. The He Gu is a large star, the leader; to the left is the left leader; to the right is the right leader. The Weaver Girl is located to the north of the Wushu. The Weaver Girl star is the granddaughter of the Emperor of Heaven.
Jupiter is called the eastern spring wood, representing the five virtues in humans and the five aspects of conduct. When benevolence is lacking and the proper appearance is lost, violating the natural order of spring will harm the wood energy, resulting in punishment from Jupiter. When Jupiter is positioned favorably, the realm cannot be invaded, but individuals can be. Advancing beyond its normal position is considered auspicious; retreating is considered inauspicious. Winning means the realm will no longer have soldiers; shrinking means the kingdom will face worries, the general will die, and the land will fall. Leaving a place means losing territory; going to a place means gaining territory. If one does not settle where they should, the kingdom will perish; if they go to the right place, the realm will prosper; if they have settled but then move east or west, the kingdom will be in danger, and military campaigns should be avoided. It is auspicious to stay calm and moderate. If one enters or exits inappropriately, they will surely see disasters from the heavens at their residence.
When Jupiter moves to the southeast, the Stone clan "sees a comet," and the Gan clan "becomes visible after three months, resembling a star, but at the end, it looks like a comet, two zhang long." When Jupiter moves to the northeast, the Stone clan "sees a comet," and the Gan clan "becomes visible after three months, resembling a star, but sharp at the end, four chi long." When Jupiter moves to the southwest, the Stone clan "sees a cloud resembling an ox," and the Gan clan "becomes visible after three months, resembling a sky spear, sharp on both sides, several zhang long." When Jupiter moves to the northwest, the Stone clan "sees a cloud resembling a spear," and the Gan clan "becomes visible after three months, resembling a sky spear, resembling a star, but sharp at the end, several zhang long." The Stone clan states, "The shapes of the spear, sky spear, comet, and comet are all different, but the calamity is the same; there will surely be the downfall of the kingdom and the ruler's demise, with deaths and other disasters such as drought, danger, famine, and epidemics." When a comet travels one chi, it will appear for more than twenty days before disappearing, and the Gan clan states, "The realm will be in danger, and military campaigns should be avoided." When it appears and disappears, "the kingdom that it is facing will suffer from the calamity." It is also said, "The ominous star, if it does not appear for three years, will have an army under it, and when it loses territory, it will be like the kingdom losing its ruler."
Mars is called the southern summer fire, representing rites and observations. When rites are lacking and observations are lost, disrupting the harmony of summer will harm the fire energy, resulting in punishment from Mars. Going against the normal path for one or two places is inauspicious; residing there for three months will bring calamity to the realm, receiving soldiers in May, the kingdom will lose half of its territory in July, and more than half in September. If one goes in and out with Mars, the kingdom will cease its sacrifices. Mars brings chaos and turmoil.
When a country's in turmoil, you're gonna see disasters, plagues, and wars, and its people will pay the price. Disasters start small, but they snowball. Left unchecked, they become major catastrophes. They'll pop up here and there, making things even worse. If a country's at war, it'll lose land and battles. A quick move east, and the troops gather east; west, and they gather west. Southern losses hit the men, northern losses the women. Mars' movements affect a country's fate, so even the wisest ruler needs to keep a close eye on it.
Tai Bai said that the autumn's metallic energy in the west represents righteousness and speech. Violating the autumnal order weakens the metallic qi, resulting in punishment from Tai Bai. If Tai Bai is south when the sun is south, it's a victory; if Tai Bai is north when the sun is north, it's a loss. Kings and lords will not be at peace; attacking brings good fortune, while retreating brings misfortune. If Tai Bai is north when the sun is south, it indicates a contraction; kings and lords will have worries, with retreating leading to good fortune and advancing to misfortune. Failing to advance or retreat at the opportune moment leads to missed opportunities, resulting in defeat in battle, the death of a king, and the demise of a nation.
It is said that when there is chaos and troops are rampant, the nation facing the troops will face great misfortune. The following scenarios illustrate military actions and their outcomes:
- Going out when one should go out, but entering when one should not enter, leads to chaos with troops outside.
- Not going out when one should go out, but going out when one should not enter, results in rebellion and the destruction of a nation.
- Going out when one should not go out, and entering when one should not enter, leads to rebellion and the demise of the nation facing the troops.
- Going out on time brings prosperity to the nation. Going east means heading towards the east, while entering means heading towards the north; going west means heading towards the west, while entering means heading towards the south. Staying in one place for a long time will bring benefits to the nation; moving around will bring misfortune to the homeland.
Seven days of Tai Bai's presence: the general dies in battle. Ten days of Tai Bai's presence: the minister dies. If Tai Bai enters and leaves again, the ruler will be displeased. If Tai Bai comes out three days early, then retreats slightly, and then comes out again in full force after three days, it indicates a state of weakness and lurking. The subordinate nations will have armies, but the armies will be defeated, and the generals will flee north. After staying for three days, Tai Bai will retreat slightly, then come out in full force after three days, causing worries in the subordinate nations. Although the army is numerous, the enemy will consume their provisions, use their troops, and capture their generals.
Westward deviation leads to barbarian defeat; eastward deviation leads to the defeat of China. It is said that going out early leads to a lunar eclipse, while going out late leads to natural disasters and comets, which will bring calamity to the nation on the verge of collapse. When Tai Bai comes out and remains between mulberry and sunset, it will bring illness to the subordinate nations. If Tai Bai is fierce when appearing, not passing through the sky within the expected time frame, it will bring illness to the neighboring nation.
When Tai Bai passes through the sky, there will be changes in the world, with people overthrowing kings, leading to chaos and the displacement of people. Daytime Tai Bai, outshining the sun: powerful nations weaken, smaller ones strengthen, and women rise to power.
Tai Bai is a military symbol. When it rises high, military action is more favorable if extensive, less so if limited; when it falls low, military action is more favorable if limited, less so if extensive. Rapid military action is auspicious if Tai Bai moves quickly and inauspicious if it moves slowly; the reverse is true if Tai Bai moves slowly. A pointed angle indicates a successful battle; a hesitant approach is unfavorable. Tactical maneuvers are favorable; remaining static is not. A measured approach is auspicious; rash action is inauspicious. Military action mirrors Tai Bai's movement—advance or retreat. Favorable omens from Tai Bai indicate success; unfavorable omens indicate failure.
Tai Bai represents the army; Ying Huo represents anxiety. The army is anxious when Ying Huo follows Tai Bai and relieved when they separate. The appearance of Tai Bai's yin aspect foreshadows division within the army; its yang aspect, a battle involving a detachment. When they are on the move, Tai Bai retreats, routing the army and slaying the general.
Chen Xing represents the aura of killing and fighting. It emerges from the east along with Tai Bai, both red and angled; the barbarians are defeated, China wins. If they emerge from the west together, both red and angled, China loses and the barbarians win. When the five stars cluster in the east, China prospers; when they cluster in the west, barbarian forces gain an advantage.
If Chen Xing does not come out, Tai Bai is a guest; if Chen Xing emerges, Tai Bai is the host. If Chen Xing and Tai Bai do not follow each other, even if there are armies, they will not fight. If Chen Xing emerges from the east, Tai Bai from the west. If Chen Xing emerges from the west, Tai Bai from the east, it is a stand-off; even though there are armies in the field, they do not fight. When Chen Xing enters Tai Bai's center, it takes five days to emerge; when it emerges upwards, routing the army and slaying the general, the guest wins; when it emerges downwards, the guest loses the land. If Chen Xing comes to resist, Tai Bai does not leave, the general will die. When it emerges upwards, routing the army and slaying the general, the guest wins; when it emerges downwards, the guest loses the land. Look at where it points to name the broken army.
Chen Xing orbits Tai Bai, foreshadowing a major conflict; the guest wins, while the host and officials perish. If Chen Xing passes Tai Bai, a sword can be drawn, leading to a small battle; the guest wins. If it stays in front of Tai Bai for the first three days of the month, the army is dismissed; if it goes to the left of Tai Bai, a small battle occurs; if it goes around the right of Tai Bai, tens of thousands engage in battle, resulting in the host and officials' demise; if it goes to the right of Tai Bai and is three feet apart, the army is in a critical situation, about to engage in battle.
When the Tai Bai star is in its auspicious position, the country gains power, and those who attain power will win battles. Those whose actions align with the star's auspicious color and position will prevail, while those who go against the color will lose. A white Tai Bai is likened to a wolf, Tai Bai's red hue is associated with the heart, yellow corresponds to the right shoulder of Canopus, blue to the left shoulder of Canopus, and black to the star Kui. Auspicious color enhances position; favorable movement enhances auspicious color; decisive action leads to ultimate victory.
The Tai Bai star embodies the north, winter, water, wisdom, and attentiveness. If there is a lack of wisdom and attentiveness, violating the rules of winter and damaging the essence of water, punishment will follow, and the Tai Bai star will appear abnormally. If the Tai Bai star appears early, there will be a lunar eclipse; if late, a comet or natural disasters will occur. If the Tai Bai star does not appear at the right time, there will be discord; if it does not appear throughout the year, there will be a great famine. If the Tai Bai star appears at the wrong time, there will be abnormal weather. If it encounters other stars in battle, chaos will ensue. If the Tai Bai star appears between the stars Fáng and Xīn, there will be earthquakes.
The Fǔ star represents the center, summer, earth, trust, and thought. Trust is the key to benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. Thought governs appearance, speech, sight, and hearing. If the four stars are lost, the Fǔ star will move. When the Fǔ star is present, the nation will experience prosperity. If the Fǔ star is not supposed to be there but is present, the nation will experience prosperity and increased fertility. If the Fǔ star is supposed to be there but is not, the nation will lose land and women. If the Fǔ star stays for a long time, the country will flourish; if it moves, the country will decline. The Fǔ star's expansion portends unrest for the ruler; its contraction foretells military defeat. If the Fǔ star moves east or west, the country will face disaster and should refrain from military actions. If the Fǔ star shifts up or down by one or three positions, the royal command will fail, leading to floods; if it shifts down by two positions, there will be trouble, poor harvests, and possibly earthquakes or landslides.
If the five stars are in conjunction, when the year star aligns with the Fill star, it indicates internal strife; when it aligns with the Dragon star, it portends changes in strategy and affairs; when it aligns with the Mars star, it suggests hunger and drought; when it aligns with the Venus star, it signifies a gathering of people in white garments. When Jupiter is in the north and Venus is in the south, it is referred to as the Bull star, indicating a bountiful harvest. If Venus is in the north and Jupiter is in the south, there may be prosperity or misfortune. When Mars and Venus align, it portends defeat; one should avoid military action; when the Fill star aligns with Mars, it suggests anxiety and political instability; when the Dragon star aligns with Mars, it indicates a northern military force and a significant defeat. When Fill and Dragon align, there will be a major defeat in battle; when Venus aligns with Mars, it signifies illness and internal strife. When Dragon aligns with Venus, it suggests changes in strategy and military concerns. Whenever the year star, Mars, Fill, and Venus align with the Dragon star, it indicates war, and if military action is not taken externally, it signifies internal turmoil. Fire and water together indicate a refining process, while fire and metal suggest transformation; one should not engage in military activity. When earth and metal align, the nation faces ruin; when earth and wood align, the country will suffer from famine; when earth and water align, it results in societal chaos, and one should refrain from military action. When wood and metal align, it results in internal discord within the country. If two stars are close together, it signifies alignment; if they are in opposition, it indicates conflict. If two stars are within a close distance, disaster is imminent. Whenever a lunar eclipse occurs with the five stars, the country will perish: hunger with the year star, chaos with Mars, death with Fill, invasion by a strong nation with Venus, and societal instability related to women with the Dragon star. A lunar eclipse at the major axis is detested by rulers. When the five stars gather in a constellation, the ruler of the country will dominate the world: righteousness is associated with Jupiter, propriety with Mars, gravity with Fill, military might with Venus, and law with the Dragon star. Bringing law and order to the world is essential. If three stars align, it signifies sudden upheavals, leading to internal and external conflicts, famine, and the replacement of rulers. If four stars align, it indicates a great upheaval, with the nation facing military losses, concerns for the nobles, and distress among the common people. If five stars align, it suggests significant developments: those with virtue will receive blessings, new rulers will be established, territories will be expanded, and descendants will thrive; those lacking virtue will face punishment, be exiled from their homeland, see their ancestral temples destroyed, witness the departure of the populace, and be surrounded by adversaries. The magnitude of the celestial events mirrors the scale of their earthly consequences.
The five planets are all round: white means mourning and drought; a disturbed red star foretells conflict; blue: worry and floods; black: illness and widespread death; yellow signifies good fortune. Their positions are also significant: the red star threatens our city; there is contestation over territories represented by yellow; white portends widespread mourning; blue signifies military anxieties; black portends floods. If the five stars share the same color, there will be chaos in the world. Peace will reign, with singing, dancing, abundant harvests, and freedom from disease.
Regarding the five stars of the year: slow movement is inauspicious; rapid movement is excessive; retrograde movement is ominous. If Mars moves slowly, it will not appear; if it moves quickly, it will not enter; if it goes against the path, it will be inauspicious. If Saturn moves slowly, it will not appear; if it moves quickly, it will not enter; if it goes against the path, it will be inauspicious. If Jupiter moves slowly, it will not appear; if it moves quickly, it will not enter; if it goes against the path, it will be inauspicious. If Venus moves slowly, it will not appear; if it moves quickly, it will not enter; if it goes against the path, it will be inauspicious. If the five stars do not deviate from their paths, the year will be abundant in grains.
If the fixed stars undergo changes, the stars will scatter and the constellations will be disrupted, leading to earthquakes. If a star is positioned near the Three-Pillar constellation, there will be great floods in the world, earthquakes, and marine creatures appearing. If the Ji star scatters, mountains will collapse, and there will be mourning. If the Turtle and Tortoise stars are not in their usual position, there will be changes in the Shu region. If Mars enters the Five Chariots, there will be floods. If Mars enters accumulated water, there will be war; if it enters accumulated firewood, there will be drought and war. The same applies if it guards these areas. In the far future, there are four stars known as the Ji stars. Behind the Big Dipper are three stars known as the Wei stars. If they scatter, they will not be in harmony. The Three Pillars represent the three pillars of the Five Chariots. The Heavenly Record belongs to the Guan Suo constellation. Accumulated firewood is in the northwest of the northern garrison, while accumulated water is in the northeast of the northern garrison.
| Constellation | Region |
|---------------|--------|
| Jiao, Kang, Di | Yanzhou |
| Fang, Xin | Yuzhou |
| Wei, Ji | Youzhou |
| Dou | Jianghu |
| Qian Niu, Wu Nu | Yangzhou |
| Xu, Wei | Qingzhou |
| Ying Shi, Dong Bi | Bingzhou |
| Kui, Lou, Wei | Xuzhou |
| Ang, Bi | Jizhou |
| Zui Xi, Can | Yizhou |
| Dong Jing, Yu Gui | Yongzhou |
| Liu, Qi Xing, Zhang | Sanhe |
| Yi, Zhen | Jingzhou |
The first and second positions represent areas overseas, beyond the influence of the sun and moon. The third and fourth refer to the Yangtze, Huai, and Yellow Seas, and Mount Tai. The fifth and sixth correspond to the Yellow River and the Ji River. The seventh and eighth are west of Mount Hua. The ninth and tenth are north of Mount Chang. One says: Qi (甲), Dongyi (乙), Chu (丙), Nanyi (丁), Wei (戊), Han (己), Qin (庚), Xiyi (辛), Yan and Zhao (壬), and Beidi (癸) are associated with these positions. Rat Zhou, Ox Di, Tiger Zhao, Rabbit Zheng, Dragon Handan, Snake Wei, Horse Qin, Goat Zhongshan, Monkey Qi, Rooster Lu, Dog Wu, Yue, Pig Yan, Dai.
The boundary of Qin observes Venus, using its position to predict events associated with the constellations of Wolf and Bow. The boundary of Wu and Chu observes Mars, predicting the Bird and the Balance. The boundary of Yan and Qi observes the Morning Star, predicting the Void and the Danger. The boundary of Song and Zheng observes Jupiter, predicting the Room and the Heart. The boundary of Jin also observes the Morning Star, predicting the Can and the Penalty. Following Qin's annexation of the three Jin states, Yan, and Dai, everything south of the Yellow River and the mountains is considered China. Within the four seas, China is located in the southeast, representing the yang principle, which includes the Sun, Jupiter, Mars, and Saturn, predicting in the south of the street, presided over by Bi. To the northwest are the nomadic Hu, Mao, and Yuezhi peoples, known for their felt clothing and archery skills, representing yin, which includes the Moon, Venus, and the Morning Star, predicting in the north of the street, presided over by Mao. Therefore, the rivers flow northeast in China, with the river system originating in the Long and Shu regions and flowing into the Bohai Sea at Jieshi. This is why Qin and Jin excel at military strategy and predict Venus. Venus presides over China, while the Hu and Mao frequently invade, predicting the Morning Star. The Morning Star moves quickly, representing the barbarians, which is an important principle.
Of the five stars, early rising signifies a guest, while late rising signifies the host. When the five stars rise and set, there must be a heavenly sign in the Dipper.
When Jupiter is in the Tiger sign, the year is referred to as Sheti. Jupiter rises in January in the east, known as the Monitoring Virtue, in the Dipper and the Cowherd. Disasters and abnormalities are associated with the Dipper, early water, and late drought. The Gan calendar corresponds to the Star of the Builder and the Wench.
In the Rabbit sign, it is called Dan. In February, it rises, known as the Descent, in the Wench, the Void, and the Danger. Disasters and abnormalities are linked to the Dipper, indicating water disasters. The Tai Chu calendar is in Kui and Lou.
In the Chen period, hold Xu. In the third month, it appears. The Shi clan calls it Qingzhang, in the Camp and the Eastern Wall. Omens include early drought and flooding later. The Gan clan agrees. Initially, it is in the stomach and the Pleiades.
In the Si period, it is called Dahuangluo. In the fourth month, it appears. The Shi clan calls it Luzhong, in Kui and Lou. The Gan clan agrees. Initially, it is in Can and Fa.
In the Wu period, it is called Dunzang. In the fifth month, it appears. The Shi clan calls it Qiming, in the stomach, the Pleiades, and Bo. Omens include early drought and flooding later. The Gan clan agrees. Initially, it is in Dongjing, the Chariot, and the Ghost.
In the Wei period, it is called Xieqia. In the sixth month, it appears. The Shi clan calls it Changlie, in Zizhui and Can. The Gan clan is in Can and Fa. Initially, it is in Zhu, Zhang, and the Big Dipper.
In the Shen period, it is called Tuntan. In the seventh month, it appears. The Shi clan calls it Tianjin, in Dongjing and the Chariot. The Gan clan is in the arc. Initially, it is in Yi and Zhen.
In the You period, it is called Zuo'e (as in "Erya"). In the eighth month, it appears. The Shi clan calls it Changren, in Liu, the Big Dipper, and Zhang. Omens include early drought, female mourning, and people's illness. The Gan clan is in Zhu and Zhang. Omens also include early drought and fire. Initially, it is in Jiao and Kang.
In the Xu period, it is called Yanmao. In the ninth month, it appears. The Shi clan calls it Tiansui, in Yi and Zhen. Omens include water. The Gan clan is in the Big Dipper and Yi. Initially, it is in Di, Fang, and Xin.
In the Hai period, it is called Dayuanxian. In the tenth month, it appears. The Shi clan calls it Tianhuang, in Jiao and Kang. The Gan clan is in Zhen, Jiao, and Kang. Initially, it is in Wei and Ji.
In the Zi period, it is called Kundun. In the eleventh month, it appears. The Shi clan calls it Tianzong, in Di and Fang. The Gan clan agrees. Initially, it is in Jianxing and Niuniu.
In the Chou period, it is called Chifenruo. In the twelfth month, it appears. The Shi clan calls it Tianhao, in Wei and Ji. The Gan clan is in Xin and Wei. Initially, it is in Wunu, Xu, and Wei. The differences between the Gan clan and the Tai Chu calendar arise from the variations in the trajectories of the stars' movements, which lead to different recorded observations. The same is true for the other four stars.
Ancient astronomical records, before Gan and Shi, described the five planets as having no retrograde motion. Calendrical calculations assumed regular, predictable movements. The ancients said, "Solar eclipses don't occur at the new moon, and lunar eclipses don't occur at the full moon." Solar and lunar eclipses were interpreted as omens relating to the ruler and ministers, respectively. The sun symbolized virtue, the moon punishment; thus, solar eclipses were seen as portents requiring virtuous action, lunar eclipses, punitive measures. However, the calendrical calculations of lunar eclipses parallel the apparent retrograde motion of these two planets. Mars was associated with internal strife, Jupiter with military matters, and the moon with punishment. Following the Zhou dynasty's decline, the realm was plagued by frequent rebellions, military instability, social unrest, and erratic application of justice. Even after rebellions were suppressed, court corruption, border conflicts, warfare, and unjust legal practices persisted. The erratic movements of these two planets and the moon thus signaled frequent upheavals; major catastrophes coincided with bloody rebellions. Gan and Shi, however, considered these irregularities normal and incorporated them into their astronomical models, despite their deviation from regular celestial movements. The *Classic of Poetry* notes, "A lunar eclipse is a regular occurrence; a solar eclipse, however, is ominous." Commentaries interpreted this as lunar eclipses being relatively common, unlike solar eclipses, thus classifying them as minor, not regular, events. Mars's passage through the sixteen lunar mansions, its distance from the sun, and its retrograde motion were considered irregular. Similarly, Jupiter's westward movement before the sun, and its retrograde motion at its brightest, were also seen as irregular. Lunar eclipses, occurring at the full moon, were viewed as a suppression of the moon's power.
The Emperor Star: large and red, resembling the south celestial pole. Wherever it appears, there is often war. The military is strong, but its offense is not favorable.
The Star of Brightness: large and white, without angles, sometimes up and sometimes down. Wherever it appears, there is often war.
The Five Destroyer Stars: appearing in the east, stars of the East. Shaped like the star of Chen, approximately six meters away from the ground, large and yellow.
The Six Thief Stars: appearing in the south, stars of the South. Approximately six meters away from the ground, large and red, moving frequently, with light.
The Star of Deception: appearing in the west, stars of the West. Approximately six meters away from the ground, large and white, resembling Jupiter.
The Star of the Northern Han: appearing in the north, about six meters away from the ground, large and red, but upon closer inspection, it is greenish-blue.
The anomalous appearances of these four stars were interpreted as portents of impending warfare and unfavorable military outcomes.
Four Corner Stars appear at the four corners, about 13 feet away from the ground. A hidden light emanates from the earth's veins, also appearing at the four corners, about 6.5 feet above the ground, at moonrise. Below, turmoil brings death; virtue, prosperity.
The Candle Star, glowing like a bright jewel, when it appears it does not move, and disappears when seen. Where it shines, there will be turmoil in towns and cities.
A nebulous entity, neither star nor cloud, named the Returning Evil. When the Returning Evil appears, there will be those returning to their homeland.
Stars are the energy emitted by gold, fundamentally linked to humans. Many stars bring good fortune to a country; few bring misfortune. The Han people are also associated with gold, fundamentally linked to water. Abundant stars signify plentiful rainfall; a scarcity of stars, drought; this is an important rule.
The Heavenly Drum sounds like thunder, yet distinct from it; its appearance heralds military mobilization.
The Celestial Dog, shaped like a large shooting star, makes a sound, falling straight to the ground, resembling a dog. Where it falls, it looks like flames in the sky. The place where it falls is round, like a few acres of land, with a sharp tip, appearing yellow, causing widespread military defeat.
The Geze Star blazes with a yellow-white flame, rising from the ground, sharp at the top. When it appears, there will be harvest without cultivation. Without farming, expect distinguished visitors.
The Banner of Chi You, like a comet, but curved, shaped like a flag. When seen, royal conquest will extend to all corners of the land.
The Beginning of the Ten-Day Star appears next to the Big Dipper, shaped like a rooster. When angered, it turns dark green-black, contrasting sharply with its usual appearance.
The Wandering Arrow, shaped like a large shooting star, winds like a snake, dark black in color, appearing to have eyespots.
Chang Geng, as wide as a piece of cloth hanging in the sky. Its appearance heralds rebellion.
When a star falls to the ground, it turns into a stone.
The appearance of the Heavenly Niao presages the Jing Star, a star of virtue, with an ever-changing form, often appearing in prosperous times.
The sun has its path; the moon has its cycles.
The Middle Way is the Yellow Path, also known as the Path of Light. The Path of Light extends from the asterism of the Northern Dipper to the East Well (东井), close to the North Pole; to the Cowherd (牵牛) in the south, far from the North Pole; from the Horn (角) in the east to the Scoop (娄) in the west, at a moderate distance from the North Pole. At the summer solstice, the shadow is long due to the proximity to the North Pole; using a gnomon eight feet tall, the shadow measures one foot five inches and eight arcminutes long. At the winter solstice, the shadow is long due to the distance from the North Pole; with an eight-foot gnomon, the shadow measures three feet one inch and four arcminutes long. At the spring and autumn equinoxes, the shadow is moderate due to the moderate distance from the North Pole; with an eight-foot gnomon, the shadow measures seven feet three inches and six arcminutes long. This difference in distance from the North Pole affects the length of the shadow. The distance from the North Pole is difficult to determine, so it is assessed by the length of the shadow. The length of the shadow is used to determine the north and south directions of the sun. The sun is associated with yang energy. When the yang energy is strong, the sun moves northward, the day lengthens, and it becomes warmer; when yin energy is strong, the sun moves southward, the day shortens, and it becomes colder. Therefore, when the sun moves northward, it becomes warmer; when it moves southward, it becomes colder. If the sun loses its balance between north and south, an excessively long shadow indicates constant cold, while a shorter shadow indicates prolonged warmth. This is the representation of cold and heat. Therefore, it is referred to as cold and heat. An excessive shadow length indicates flooding, while a short shadow indicates drought, and when the wicked prosper, the righteous suffer.
The moon has nine symbolic paths: the Black Path (黑道, two paths) is located north of the Yellow Path; the Red Path (赤道, two paths) is located south of the Yellow Path; the White Path (白道, two paths) is located west of the Yellow Path; the Blue Path (青道, two paths) is located east of the Yellow Path. At the Beginning of Spring and the Spring Equinox, the moon follows the Blue Path in the east; at the Beginning of Autumn and the Autumn Equinox, it follows the White Path in the west; at the Beginning of Winter and the Winter Solstice, it follows the Black Path in the north; at the Beginning of Summer and the Summer Solstice, it follows the Red Path in the south. However, the relationship between these paths and the Middle Way is significant. Blue and Red represent the Yang Path, while White and Black represent the Yin Path. If the moon loses its balance and moves recklessly, drought winds occur when it follows the Yang Path, and rain falls when it follows the Yin Path.
When a ruler travels quickly, the sun travels fast; when a ruler travels slowly, the sun travels slowly. The movement of the sun cannot be precisely determined, so the stars are used as indicators, with a separation of two degrees of arc. When the sun moves east, the stars move west. At dusk of the winter solstice, the star Kui is in the middle of the eighth degree; at the summer solstice, the star Di is in the middle of the thirteenth degree; at the Spring Equinox, the star Liu is in the middle of the first degree; at the Autumn Equinox, the star Cowherd is in the middle of the third degree and seven minutes: this is their correct movement. When the sun moves fast, the stars move quickly in the opposite direction, due to the predictable relationship between the sun's motion and the apparent westward movement of the stars. Therefore, when the sun moves past the center, it moves quickly, indicating the ruler's haste; when it falls short of the center, it moves slowly, indicating the ruler's slowness.
When it comes to the movements of the moon, it is determined by the new moon. In winter, it moves south; in summer, it moves north. The winter solstice is at the Ox (牽牛), and the summer solstice is at the East Well (東井). The sun's path is central; the moon and five planets follow it. The Ji star represents wind and is the star of the northeast. The northeast is the earthly position of heaven, thus the *Yi Jing* states, "loss of companions in the northeast." When Xun (巽), one of the eight trigrams, is in the southeast, it represents wind; wind is the yin within yang, symbolizing a high-ranking official, and its star is Zhen (轸). When the moon moves away from the middle path and enters Ji in the northeast, there will be much wind. The west represents rain; rain is the position of passive yin. When the moon moves away from the middle path and enters Bi in the west, there will be much rain. This is why the poem says, "the moon leaves Bi, causing heavy rain," indicating abundant rain. The astrological treatises say, "when the moon enters Bi, there will be those who commit crimes against their families," indicating an excess of yin. The *Book of Documents* states, "stars indicating good wind, stars indicating good rain; when the moon aligns with the stars, there will be wind and rain," indicating a deviation from the middle path towards east and west. The astrological treatises say, "when the moon enters the southern part of the Ox, there will be plagues among the people; when the moon enters the northern part of the Taiwei (a constellation), those sitting in the north will conspire against those above them."
Furthermore, the moon represents wind and rain, while the sun represents cold and warmth. At winter solstice, the sun is at its southernmost point, with long day length; if the warmth doesn't reach the north, it becomes harmful. At summer solstice, the sun is at its northernmost point, with shorter hours of daylight; if the cold doesn't reach the south, it becomes harmful. This is why the *Book of Documents* says, "as the sun and moon move, there will be winter and summer." Changes in earthly politics correspond with the movements of the sun and moon in the sky. When the sun rises in the north, it brings rain, yin, chaos, and warfare; when it rises in the south, it brings drought, death, and disasters. When there is extreme weather and changes in the five stars, it will inevitably have an effect.
When two armies face each other, if the sun is surrounded by a halo, their strength is equal; if the shadows cast by the sun are thick and long, there will be victory; if they are thin and short, there will be defeat. A concentrated force is vulnerable to attack. Embracing each other signifies harmony, while turning away signifies disharmony and separation. Standing alone signifies self-reliance, while defeating the enemy signifies killing the general. Embracing and supporting each other signifies joy. Being surrounded from the center signifies victory, while being surrounded from the outside signifies defeat. Blue on the outside and red on the inside signifies harmony and distance; red on the outside and blue on the inside signifies animosity and distance. The eclipse's influence arrives first and then departs, occupying the high ground in battle. Arriving first and leaving first signifies advantage and disadvantage; arriving last and leaving last signifies disadvantage and advantage; arriving last and leaving first signifies both sides are at a disadvantage, leading to defeat. Seeing and then leaving signifies future illness; even if there is victory, there will be no merit. Seeing for more than half a day signifies too much. A white heron with a short neck, sharp at both ends, is an omen that will cause heavy bleeding. An eclipse indicates victory, with short-term effects within thirty days and long-term effects within sixty days.
If its food supply is weak, it will not thrive; if its resources are abundant, it will flourish. The country's name is derived from its location relative to the sun's path and the number of days it takes to traverse that path.
Looking up at the clouds, one can see them for three to four hundred miles; when viewed flat from a mulberry tree, they can be seen over a thousand to two thousand miles away; from a high vantage point, the lower land can be seen for three thousand miles. Higher clouds indicate victory.
To the south of the Huai River, the atmospheric conditions are dark below and red above. In the region of Mount Song and the outskirts of Sanhe, the atmosphere is red. North of Changshan, the atmospheric conditions are dark below and blue above. Between Mount Bo, Mount Jie, Mount Hai, and Mount Dai, the atmosphere is entirely dark. Between the Yangtze and Huai Rivers, the atmosphere is all white.
The atmospheric conditions in the fields are white, while those related to the soil are yellow. The clouds associated with chariots fluctuate in height and often gather. The clouds of the riders are low and spread out. The clouds of the soldiers are mixed. Those with low clouds in front and high clouds in the back are quick; those with square clouds in front and high clouds in the back are sharp; those with sharp clouds in the back and low clouds in front are retreating. Those with even atmospheric conditions move slowly. Those who have high clouds in front and low clouds in the back do not stop but retreat. When the clouds meet, the lower clouds prevail over the higher ones, and the sharp clouds prevail over the square ones. If the clouds come low and follow the path of the chariot, they will be visible within three to four days, appearing five to six miles away. If the clouds rise high by seven or eight feet, they will be visible within five or six days, appearing ten to twenty miles away. Clouds that are twenty to thirty feet high can be seen in about thirty to forty days, at a distance of fifty to sixty miles.
If the essence of the clouds is white, their leader is fierce and their soldiers are timid. If they have a large root and are far ahead, they will engage in battle. If the awn is low, it wins; if it is red and looking up, it loses. A cloud resembling a standing wall, a cloud like a weaving shuttle, a cloud with sharp points, and a cloud like a rope that occupies the front and reaches the sky, half the sky. A cloud resembling a battle flag, and a cloud with sharp hooks and curves. When these clouds are seen, they are interpreted in five colors. If the marsh is dense and movement is noticeable, there will be predictions; war will arise. Measure the stars directly, as Wang Shuo did, using divination techniques based on celestial observations. The clouds and mists next to the sun are interpreted as symbols of the ruler. All shapes are interpreted accordingly.
The northern barbarians' *qi* is like a herd of animals penned in, while the southern barbarians' *qi* is like boats, flags, and banners. Places with lots of water, old battlefields, and ruined countries—wherever there are underground springs and buried gold—have a *qi* that can't be ignored. By the sea, mirages look like towers and pavilions; out on the plains, the *qi* can look like palaces and gates. So, when a ruler takes a moment, they should go out and check on the state of their borders, farms, houses, and city gates, then look at the quality of their carriages, clothes, livestock, and goods. Strong *qi* means good luck; weak *qi* means bad luck.
If it looks like smoke but isn't, or like clouds but isn't, and there's a busy, exciting feeling in the air—that's called auspicious clouds. Seeing them means good things are coming. If it's misty but your clothes stay dry, the city's soldiers will be heading out to war.
Thunder, lightning, rainbows, and night lights are all signs of *yang qi* on the move. They're strong in spring and summer, weaker in fall and winter. So those watching for these signs need to stay sharp. When the earth shows signs of upheaval—earthquakes, landslides, rivers backing up, drying marshes—and you see damp city gates, crumbling palaces, and people clustering together... Pay attention to people's customs, clothes, food, crops, storage, roads, animals, and where you find fish, turtles, birds, and rats—it all tells a story. If you hear ghost cries or people talking about bad luck, expect a lot of rumors.
To figure out if the year will be good or bad, watch carefully at the start of the year. That might be the winter solstice, when the *qi* starts to stir. La Ming is a big celebration marking the end of the old year and the start of the new, a burst of *yang qi*. New Year's Day is the start of the year for the emperor, and the start of spring is the start of the whole year. These are the key dates to watch.
In the Han, Wei, Xian, and La dynasties, the first month of the Lunar New Year saw the observation of the Eight Winds. Wind from the south brings drought; southwest brings minor drought; west foretells military conflict; northwest brings small rain and signals impending warfare; north indicates an average harvest; northeast suggests an abundant harvest; east brings floods; southeast brings illness and widespread misfortune. These eight winds are understood in terms of their opposing forces, with the dominant force determining the outcome. More power over less, long over short, fast over slow. Wheat is favored from dawn to midday; from midday to sunset, it is associated with illness; from sunset to dusk, it is millet; from dusk to late evening, it is sorghum; from late evening to nightfall, it is hemp. If there are clouds, wind, and sun throughout the day, it will be deep and substantial; without clouds, with wind and sun, it will be shallow and less substantial; with clouds and wind, without sun, it will be deep and less substantial; with sun, without clouds, and no wind, it will result in a failed harvest. If there is a slight harvest, it is a small failure; if the yield is about five bushels, it is a great failure. When the wind rises again and there are clouds, the crops will rise again. Farmers used cloud color at this time to predict suitable planting conditions. Rain and snow bring cold and bad luck.
On a bright day, gauge public opinion in the capital: Gong for good luck; Shang for warfare; Zheng for drought; Yu for water; Jiao for widespread misfortune. Rain accumulation was tracked from the first day of the first month. If it rains one sheng on the first day, and up to seven sheng, it will be extreme; beyond that, it is not predicted. Count to the twelfth day, until the end of the month, to predict water and drought. Within a thousand-li radius, this served as an indicator for the region, and by extension, the empire. The moon's position relative to the constellations, along with the sun, wind, and clouds, were used to predict the fortunes of the region. However, it is necessary to observe where the Grand Duke is located. A metal-associated year brings abundance; water brings destruction; wood brings hunger; fire brings drought. These were the primary factors considered.
On the first day of the first month, an east wind was considered auspicious for silkworm cultivation; if it comes from the west and there are yellow clouds at dawn, it is bad luck. At the winter solstice, suspend a piece of charcoal in the air. If the charcoal moves, the deer shed their antlers, orchids sprout, springs bubble; this will give an indication of the arrival of the day, determining the time of the sun. Celestial cycles undergo minor shifts every thirty years, significant changes every century, and major transformations every five hundred years.
During the 242 years of the Spring and Autumn period, there were thirty-six solar eclipses, three sightings of comets, and the stars were not visible at night, with one night seeing stars falling like rain. At that time, there was constant upheaval, the Zhou dynasty was weak, and social unrest was rampant. Thirty-six rulers were killed, fifty-two states were destroyed, and innumerable vassal states were overrun. After that, the weak fell prey to the strong, with Qin, Chu, Wu, and Yue rising to prominence. The Tian family usurped Qi, the three families divided Jin, and they became the Warring States, fighting and seizing territories. Wars escalated, cities were destroyed, and famine and suffering prevailed. Reading the stars became a matter of life and death. In recent times, twelve vassals and seven states became kings, with politics and stargazing going hand in hand, making accurate records impossible.
The Zhou dynasty was eventually destroyed by the Qin. During the reign of the First Emperor, a comet appeared four times within fifteen years, some lasting eighty days and stretching across the sky. The Qin empire expanded internally, conquered six states, and fought against external enemies, resulting in numerous deaths. Mars was in conjunction with the Heart constellation, and the Tian Shi Mang Jiao star blazed crimson. After the death of the First Emperor, chaos ensued, with the Second Emperor executing his own relatives and officials. Jupiter made two transits across the sky. This led to the rise of Chu and the outbreak of war, ultimately leading to the downfall of the Qin dynasty.
Xiang Yu's victory at Ju Lu was a Pyrrhic one, as his arrow missed its mark and flew westward. His victory, like a wildly straying arrow, foreshadowed his own downfall. A crooked arrow, a crooked path – Xiang Yu’s reign was a mess. Xiang Yu united his forces, defeated the Qin people, and slaughtered the city of Xianyang. His chaotic rule, like a bent arrow, only led to more chaos.
In the first year of the Han Dynasty, in October, five stars gathered in the asterism Dongjing (the Eastern Well), aligned with Jupiter according to the calendar. This was the symbol of the mandate received by the Emperor. Therefore, a guest said to Zhang Er, "When the King of Han enters Qin, the five stars gather in conjunction with Jupiter; it is destined that taking the world by righteous means will be their fate." Prince Ying of Qin surrendered at Zhidao, and the Han king surrendered them to his officials. He spurned their riches and women, and the palace was sealed shut. The army returned to Baxiang to await the feudal lords. With the people of Qin, they agreed on three laws, and the Qin people readily submitted; it was divinely ordained. In five years, he unified the empire, and the emperor ascended the throne. This auspicious alignment of Jupiter signified the righteousness of their cause, while the Dongjing exemplified the conquest of Qin territory.
In the autumn of the third year, Venus appeared in the west, shining brightly as it moved across the sky, sometimes to the north and sometimes to the south, before finally entering its position. The Morning Star appeared in the fourth month of the lunar calendar. At that time, Xiang Yu was the King of Chu, and Han had already established control over the Three Qins, facing each other at Xingyang. When Venus appeared in the west, shining brightly, it indicated that the generals of Qin were poised to win in battle, while the Han state was on the rise. The appearance of the Morning Star in the fourth month foreshadowed a change in power. Two years later, Han destroyed Chu.
In the seventh year, there was a lunar eclipse, with the constellations Shen and Bi appearing prominently. The divination stated, "Between Bi and Miao, it is the heavenly thoroughfare; to the north of the thoroughfare are the barbarians; to the south are the lands of China. Miao represents the Xiongnu, Shen represents Zhao, and Bi represents the border troops." In that year, the Emperor personally led troops to attack the Xiongnu, reaching Pingcheng, where they were surrounded by Modun Chanyu, and it was not until seven days later that they were released.
In the spring of the twelfth year, Mars was in opposition. In the fourth month, the emperor died.
In the second year of Emperor Xiaohui, the sky opened in the northeast, ten meters wide and twenty meters long. The earth shook, there was an excess of yin; the sky split, there was insufficient yang: these were all signs of a strong force from below that would threaten the dynasty. After that, there was the chaos of the Lü clan.
In the second year of Emperor Xiaowen's reign, in early January, in the evening, a celestial omen appeared in the southwest. Observers interpreted this as a sign that there would be war and turmoil. In the eleventh month of the same year, the Xiongnu invaded Shangjun and Yunzhong, prompting the Han Dynasty to raise three armies to defend the capital. In the fourth month of the following year, Earth and water aligned in the constellation of Wei. The omen foretold: "This signifies internal strife and external wars, as well as upheaval in the court. Wei represents Qi." In the eighth month, a falling star descended in Liangye, and that year, Zhou Yin in Chang'an was executed for treason. In the sixth month of the seventh year, Emperor Wen passed away. In the eleventh month of the following year, water, wood, and fire combined in Dongjing. The omen foretold: "This indicates disaster for the country of Yongju, where military actions cannot be taken and will result in calamity. It is also said that the army will be defeated. Dongjing represents Qin." In the seventh month, Mars exhibited unusual retrograde motion, passing through the constellations of Bi and Miao, circling northeast of Bi, then turning west, moving backwards to Miao, then turning south, and finally eastward again. This was interpreted as an omen concerning the Zhao state, suggesting that there would be war and chaos.
In the first month of the first year of Emperor Xiao Jing, the planets Jin and Water were in conjunction in the Wuzhunv constellation. The divination said: "There will be changes and military worries. Wuzhunv is in the Yue state, also known as Qi." In the seventh month of the same year, Jin, Wood, and Water combined in Zhang. The divination said: "There will be warfare and mourning, both at home and abroad, and changes in the ruling class. Zhang is in the land of Zhou, which is now in Henan, also known as Chu." In the second year, in the seventh month, Fire and Water appeared in the east, near the Dipper constellation. The divination said: "The state will suffer a loss of religious observance." By the twelfth month, Water and Fire combined in the Dipper. The divination said: "It is an inauspicious time; do not start any new ventures or use military force, or else you will suffer the consequences." It is also said: "The northern army will face a major defeat in battle. The Dipper represents Wu, also known as Yue." In that year, a comet appeared in the southwest. In the third month, six imperial sons were made kings of Huaiyang, Runan, Hejian, Linjiang, Changsha, and Guangchuan. In the third year, the seven states of Wu, Chu, Jiaoxi, Jiaodong, Zichuan, Jinan, and Zhao rebelled. Wu and Chu's armies first attacked Liang, while Jiaoxi, Jiaodong, and Zichuan besieged Qi. The Han sent General Zhou Yafu to defend Henan, waiting for the defeat of Wu and Chu, which eventually happened. The King of Wu fled to Yue, where he was killed. The Marquis of Pingyang defeated the armies of the three states in Qi; they all admitted their guilt, and the King of Qi committed suicide. The Han army attacked Zhao City by water, causing the city to fall and the king to commit suicide. In the sixth month, two imperial sons and one son of the King of Chu were made kings of Jiaoxi, Zhongshan, and Chu. They moved Jibei to be the King of Zichuan, Huaiyang to be the King of Lu, and Runan to be the King of Jiangdu. In the seventh month, the military activities ceased. A star, interpreted as the Dog Star, appeared to fall; the divination said: "The army will be defeated and the general will be killed. The Dog Star is a symbol of protection, its fall is a warning; strengthen your defenses." Wu and Chu attacked Liang, which held strong, leading to many casualties. In the third year, the Filling Star appeared in the Lou constellation, then briefly moved towards, and then returned to, the Kui constellation. The divination said: "The country will gain land and prosperity, as in Lu expanding its territory." In the fourth year, in the seventh month, Fire entered the Eastern Well, moving through the Yin, and in the ninth month, it entered the Carriage and Ghost, and left in Wuyin. The divination said: "It is a punishment; there will be fires." Two years later, the incident involving the Li family occurred. After that, there was a disaster at the east gate of the imperial palace.
In the first year of Zhongyuan, the planets were in alignment in the constellations Zǐxī and Shēn, and moving towards Dōngjǐng. The divination said: "Loss of territory; fear for the women." In the third year, in the first month of the year of Dinghai, a conjunction of Jupiter and Venus occurred in Zǐxī, marking a time of national mourning. In the third month of Dingyou, a comet was seen at night in the northwest, white in color, with a length of several cubits, in Zǐxī, gradually diminishing until it disappeared for fifteen days. This omen, observed in the constellation Zǐxī (associated with the Liang dynasty), indicated: there will be a country broken and a ruler overthrown. In the fifth month of Jiawu, both Jupiter and Venus were in Dōngjǐng. The metal star moved away, while the wood star stayed for twenty days. The divination said: "War will bring disaster. Wood represents the princes, and the punishment will be carried out among them." In the sixth month of Renxu, the comet was seen in the southwest, south of Fang, about twenty meters away, as large as a large bowl; in Guihai, in the northeast of Xin, about ten meters long; in Jiazi, in the north of Wei, about six meters long; in Dingmao, in the north of Ji, near Han, slightly smaller, and when it moved away, it was as large as a peach. Ren Shen left after ten days. The divination said: "When the comet appears, there will be treacherous ministers. Between Fang and Xin symbolizes the imperial palace." At that time, the King of Liang wanted to become the heir of Han and sent someone to kill the loyal minister Yuan Ang. The Han court executed the ministers of Liang with axes. The King of Liang, fearing for his life, entered the capital in a humble carriage and begged for forgiveness with the executioners before being spared.
In the third year of Zhong, on the evening of the eleventh month of Gengwu, metal and fire met in Xu, one inch apart. The divination said: "For smelting and for funerals. Xu refers to Qi." In the fourth year, in the fourth month of Bingshen, a conjunction of Jupiter and Venus occurred in Dōngjǐng. The divination said: "For a gathering of people in white clothes. This conjunction, observed in the constellation Dōngjǐng (associated with the Qin dynasty),..." In the fifth year, in the fourth month of Yisi, water and fire met in Shen. The divination said: "The country is not auspicious. Shen refers to Liang." In the sixth year, in the fourth month, King Xiaowang of Liang died. In the fifth month, King Chengyang and King Jiyin died. In the sixth month, Princess Chengyang died. During those three months, the emperor wore white clothes multiple times to inspect the palace.
In the first year of Houyuan, in the fifth month of Renwu, fire and metal met in the northeast of Yuguishu (a constellation), not reaching Liu, and were five inches away from the north of Yuguishu. The divination said: "For smelting and for funerals. Yuguishu refers to Qin." In the month of Bingxu, a major earthquake struck, followed by a devastating epidemic that drove up the cost of coffins, until it stopped in autumn.
In the third year of Xiaowu Jianyuan, in the third month, a comet appeared in the constellations Zhu and Zhang, traversing Taiwei, the Purple Palace, and finally reaching the Celestial Han. According to the Spring and Autumn Annals, "When a star appears in the Big Dipper, the rulers of Qi, Lu, and Jin will all face death and chaos." Following this celestial event, the kings of Jidong, Jiaoxi, and Jiangdu were deposed and subsequently committed suicide for their transgressions, while the prefectures of Huaiyang and Hengshan were suppressed for their rebellions.
In the fourth month of the third year, a star appeared in the Celestial Record, reaching the Weaver Girl. It was predicted: "When the Weaver Girl changes, it will be an earthquake." In the tenth month of the fourth year, an earthquake occurred, and Empress Chen was deposed.
In the sixth year, Mars was conjunct with the Ghost constellation. It was predicted: "This portends fire and death." That year, there was a fire in Gaoyuan, and Empress Dowager Dou passed away.
In the first year of Yuanguang, in June, a nova was seen in Fang. It was predicted: "A rebellion will arise, involving horses." In the second year, in November, the Xiongnu Chanyu led 100,000 cavalry into Wuzhou, and the Han sent over 300,000 troops to face them.
During the Yuanguang period, the heavens seemed to shake, so the emperor asked the stargazers. They replied: "Trembling stars foretell widespread hardship among the people." Later, after attacking the four barbarians, the people were exhausted from the military campaigns.
In the fifth year of Yuanding, Venus entered the Heavenly Garden. It was predicted: "A cavalry rebellion is foreseen." Another prediction said: "Many horses will perish in battle." After that, due to the rebellion of the Tianma tribe, the horses died in battle.
During the Yuanding period, Mars guarded the Southern Dipper. It was predicted: "When Mars guards a constellation, there will be chaos, bandits, and lost soldiers; if it guards for a long time, the country will lose its sacrifices. The Southern Dipper signifies the Yue tribes." Later, the Yue chieftain Lu Jia, a minister, killed his king and queen, and the Han army executed him, destroying his kingdom.
In the middle of Yuanfeng, a star appeared at Heshuo. It was predicted: "The southern garrison signifies the Yue, while the northern, the Hu." After that, the Han army attacked and conquered Korea, establishing the Lelang and Xuantu commanderies. Korea, like the ancient Yue, was situated near the sea, yet also bordered Hu territories in the north.
During Taichu, a star appeared in a certain constellation. It was said: "A guest star in this constellation presages rebellion among the barbarians, leading to the deaths of both ruler and people." After that, the Han army attacked the Tianma tribe and killed their king. The specific constellation represents the division of the distant barbarians.
During the Xiaozhao era, the Han official Liang Chenghui and the Yan Prince, Hou Xing, saw the Penglai star emerging from the eastern gate of the Western Celestial Market and passing the River Drum before entering the military camp. Chenghui said, "When the Penglai star emerges for sixty days, within three years, a treacherous minister will be executed in the market." Later, when Jupiter emerged from the west, it descended one mansion of stars and then ascended two mansions of stars before descending again. Jupiter's movements portend military matters, indicating impending executions. When Jupiter entered the Salt Pool and then descended into the Eastern Well, it signified disloyal ministers conspiring. Jupiter then entered the first star of the Great Bear's Western Fence, moved north to the first star of the Eastern Fence, and then descended northeast. The Great Bear represents the imperial palace, and with Jupiter moving within it, the palace gates should be closed, generals should don armor, and corrupt officials should be executed. Mars was in Lou, moving retrograde to Kui, indicating the presence of military forces. Later, when Jupiter entered Miao, Wu Mo said, "When the Penglai star emerges from the west, a high-ranking minister will be executed. Jupiter's transit through the Eastern Well and the Great Bear Palace, then its exit from the eastern gate, foretells the death of a Han military leader." When Mars emerged from the east, it guarded Jupiter, signifying the rise of military forces and the defeat of the host. A meteor then fell at the extreme of the Yan Wanzai Palace, moving east, indicating danger to the country and someone being killed. Subsequently, the Left General Jie, Cavalry General An, along with Princess Chang and King Yala, conspired to rebel and were all executed, with the Wuhuan also being defeated. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng, in the ninth month, a guest star appeared between the Purple Palace and the Dipper, indicating warfare. In the fifth year, in the sixth month, young men from the three border regions were conscripted into the Northern Army. In the fifth year, in the fourth month, the Candle Star appeared between Kui and Lou, indicating territorial gains, the death of enemy soldiers, and stability on the borders. In the sixth year, in the first month, the Liaodong and Xuantu cities were built. In the second month, the Liaodong General Fan Mingyou attacked the Wuhuan and returned. In the first month of the first year of Yuanping, at sunrise, there were black clouds resembling a swirling mass of burning flames in a chaotic whirlwind, moving northwest and then southeast before disappearing. Some said, "When clouds appear like numerous winds, it is called the Wind Master, indicating a large army." Subsequently, rebellion broke out among the Wusun, and five generals marched against the Xiongnu.
In February, Jia Shen year, in the morning there was a huge star, bright as the moon, with many stars following it as it moved westward. In the second month of the lunar calendar in the year of Yi You, there were dog-shaped clouds, red in color, with a three-segmented tail, moving westward alongside the heavenly constellations. The large star, bright as the moon, symbolizes a high-ranking official, with many stars following it, signifying followers. According to astronomy, east is good, west is bad. This high-ranking official intends to use his power to stabilize the country. Some people say, "The planet Jupiter turning into a celestial dog indicates a military uprising. With a military uprising, disasters could happen at any time, and the high-ranking official holds power. The cloud shaped like a sheep suggests that the king is planning a rebellion." In the fourth month of the lunar calendar, King Changyi engaged in immoral acts, reigning for twenty-seven days before General Huo Guang advised the Empress Dowager to depose him.
In the third month of the lunar calendar in the year of Bing Xu, a meteor flew out from the northeast, passing by the heavenly constellations and entering the Purple Palace. It first appeared small and then grew larger, emitting light. As it entered, there was a momentary pause, followed by a sound like thunder and three cries. Some people say, "A meteor entering the Purple Palace signifies great calamity for the country." In the fourth month of the lunar calendar in the year of Gui Wei, the royal carriage was delayed, indicating the emperor's death.
In the first year of Emperor Xiaoxuan's reign, in the fourth month of the lunar calendar in the year of Ren Xu, the Morning Star and Canopus shone in the west. In the second year, in the seventh month of the lunar calendar in the year of Xin Hai, the Morning Star and Canopus appeared again, both rising early in the morning. Some people say, "Bigwigs are gonna get it." Afterwards, Mars remained in the constellation of the room, which represents the emperor's palace. The room signifies generals, while the heart represents subordinates. This place is in Song, now known as Pengcheng in the state of Chu. In the fourth year, in the seventh month of the lunar calendar in the year of Jia Chen, the Morning Star was in Canopus, with the moon transiting it. Some people say, "Army's gonna rise up, and the top brass are toast." On that day, Mars entered the constellation of the celestial ghost. Some people say, "There's a traitor in high places, gunning for the big man."
In the first month of the first year of Emperor Cheng's reign, on the night of February 10, 1 BCE, there was a lunar eclipse with Mars in the constellations of Jiao and Kang (two constellations). This was interpreted as: "There is worry in the palace, not from thieves but from traitors; there will be internal chaos, with slanderous ministers nearby." In the year of Xinyou, Mars entered the Di constellation, associated with the emperor's palace, indicating the presence of treacherous ministers. In the sixth month of the year Wuxu, on the night of July 30, 1 BCE, an unusual celestial event appeared between the left and right horns of the constellation, pointing to the southeast, about 0.6 meters in length and white in color. This was interpreted as: "There is a traitor in the court." In the month of Bingyin, another unusual celestial event was seen moving from the northeast to the south, reaching the Tian Shi constellation (Celestial Market) on the night of August 18, 1 BCE, pointing to the southeast with a white color. The prediction was: "The death of a high-ranking official is imminent." Another prediction stated: "An official will be killed, within a year, at most two years." At that time, King Chu Yanshou's treasonous plot led to his suicide. In the fourth year, the wife of the late Grand General Huo Guang, along with General Huo Yu, Fan Mingyou, Huo Shan, and all their brothers were involved in a conspiracy, and all were found guilty.
In the third month of the first year of the Huanglong era, an unusual celestial event was seen in the northeast of the Wangliang constellation, about 2.7 meters long, pointing west, reaching the Purple Palace. In the twelfth month, the emperor died. In the fourth month of the first year of the Yuandi era, an unusual celestial event appeared as large as a melon (approximately 30 centimeters in diameter), with a bluish-white color, located four feet east of the second star in the Southern Dipper (asterism). This was interpreted as: "This will lead to floods and famine." In the fifth month, there was a major flood in Bohai Sea. In the sixth month, there was a severe famine in the eastern region, with many people starving to death and resorting to cannibalism in Langye commandery. In the fifth month of the second year, an unusual celestial event was seen at the eastern end of the Pleiades, about 1.5 meters long, with a bluish-white color and a flame three inches long. This was interpreted as: "There will be widespread rumors throughout the country." In the twelfth month, the Commandant of Julu, Xie Junnan, falsely claimed to be a divine being and was sentenced to death, while his father was relieved of his official position. In the fourth month of the fifth year, a comet appeared in the northwest, with a red and yellow color, eight feet long, extending to more than ten feet after several days, pointing to the northeast in the Canfen constellation (asterism). More than two years later, the Western Qiang (a group of nomadic tribes) rebelled.
In the ninth month of the first year of Xiaocheng Jian's reign, a meteor appeared in the constellation of Wenchang. It was white in color, its light illuminated the ground, about four zhang (approximately 13 feet) long and four zhang in circumference, twisting and turning like a dragon or a snake. At one point, it extended to about five or six zhang, winding its way towards the west of the Purple Palace (the constellation of the Purple Forbidden Enclosure), between the Big Dipper and the northern horizon. It then curved into a loop, open at the top. The prediction was: "This means a powerful general is on the rise!" At that time, Wang Feng, the emperor's uncle, was appointed as the Grand General, and later, the emperor's nephew Wang Shang was appointed as the Prime Minister, both holding high positions of power. Feng, jealous of Shang, framed him and got him sacked. Shang committed suicide, and his relatives were all stripped of their titles.
In the seventh month of the fourth year, Mars and Saturn came into conjunction, with Mars positioned northeast by half a cun (approximately 2 inches) from Saturn. At that time, Saturn was four chi (approximately 1.3 feet) to the west of the star Antares, while Mars zoomed in from the northeast, hitting Alkaid in a few days. The prediction was: "The emperor's gonna be hungry this year!" In the third month of the first year of Heping, there was a drought that damaged the wheat, and the people had to eat elm bark. In the twelfth month of the second year, the Empress Dowager went to Kunming to beat the heat.
In the eleventh month of the year, there was a lunar eclipse obscuring the stars, with the stars not visible, and it was located about eight or nine chi (approximately 2.6 to 3 feet) to the northwest of a constellation near the southern horizon. The prediction was: "During the lunar eclipse, the people will be displaced for thousands of miles, struggling to survive." In the third month of the first year of Heping, refugees flooded into Hangu Pass.
In the second year of Heping, in late October, Regulus was about a chi south of the main star in the Dongjing Xuanyuan constellation, Jupiter was a chi to the northwest, and Mars was two chi to the northwest, all coming from the west. Regulus pierced the Carriage and the Ghost constellations, arriving before Jupiter, and Mars also pierced the Carriage and the Ghost. In early November, Jupiter and Mars moved westward from Regulus, all moving northwest in retrograde. It was predicted: "If the three stars align, it is called a shocking position, it is called utter destruction; there will be internal and external strife and mourning, and a new king will be established." On the night of Ding Si in the eleventh month, King Xin of Yelang acted rebelliously and was arrested and killed by the Tai Prefect of Zangke. In the ninth month of the third year, Jia Xu, the son of Houmu from Zhuangping in Dongjun, and five brothers formed a group of thieves, attacking and burning government temples, capturing county officials, seizing official seals and insignia, and proclaiming themselves as generals. In the third month of the fourth year, the Left General Qianqiu died, and the Right General Shi Dan became the Left General. In the fourth month of the fourth year, Prince He of Liang passed away. In the first year of Yangshuo, in the seventh month of Renzi, the Moon obscured the Heart Star, which was predicted to signify: "The country will be in trouble, as if there is great mourning. Fang and Xin represent the state of Song, now in the land of Chu." In the eleventh month of Xinwei, King You of Chu passed away. In the leap month of the fourth year, a meteor as large as a bucket flew out to the southwest and entered below the Dipper. It was predicted: "The Han Dynasty dispatched envoys to the Xiongnu." In the first year of Hongjia, in the first month, the Chanyu of the Xiongnu, Diaotao Mogao, passed away. In the fifth month of Jiawu, the Zhonglang General Yang Xing was sent on a condolence mission.
In the second month of the second year of Yongshi, on the night of Guiwei, there was a red atmospheric phenomenon in the east, approximately three to four zhang wide and two to three zhang long, resembling a tree; in the south, there was a large phenomenon four to five zhang wide, descending more than ten zhang, all not reaching the ground. It was predicted: "The change in energy in the east indicates that the situation is like a tree, and from this, it is known that the four directions are about to move." In the twelfth month of the following year, in Ji Mao, Fan Bing and others from Weishi conspired to rebel, killing the Tai Prefect of Chenliu, Yan Pu, along with officials and civilians, releasing prisoners, seizing weapons from the arsenal, kidnapping the magistrate, and proclaiming themselves as generals, all of whom were eventually killed. On the day of Gengzi, the fugitive Su Ling from Shanyang Tieguan and others killed and injured officials and civilians, released prisoners, seized weapons from the arsenal, and gathered a group of several hundred as major bandits, traveling through more than forty counties over the years. On one occasion, two ominous phenomena rose simultaneously, appearing together, and Bing and Ling both emerged in the same month.
In the fourth month of the first year of Yuan Yan, on the day of Dingyou, around midday, there was a strange change in the celestial phenomena. There were sounds like thunder, and a meteor appeared as large as a vat, over ten zhang long, glowing in a bright reddish-white, moving from the southeast below the sun. Others fell like rain from all directions, some as large as a basin and others as small as chicken eggs, until dusk. Reports of falling stars came from all the counties. In the Spring and Autumn period, a falling star like rain signifies the decline of a king and the rise of a rival prince. Later on, Wang Mang seized the country. The rise of the Wang clan began during the reign of Emperor Cheng, hence the occurrence of the falling star. Later, Wang Mang seized the country.
In the first month of the first year of Suihe, on the day of Xinyou, a meteor entered the Northern Dipper from the southeast, tens of zhang long, and stopped for half an hour. It was predicted that a high minister would be implicated. In the eleventh month of the same year, Dingzi, Dingling Hou Chunyu Chang was arrested, taken to prison, and died.
In the second year of spring, Mars was in conjunction with the star Antares. In the second month of Yichou, Prime Minister Zhai Fangjin attempted to avert the omen but ended up committing suicide.
In the second month of Bingxu, the Emperor died.
In the first month of the first year of Emperor Ai's reign, on the day of Dingwei, at sunrise, there was a white gas in the sky, very wide, over ten zhang long, moving to the southwest, sounding like thunder, and stopping after a quarter in the southwest, named Tian Gou. It was said: "Disobedience will bring calamity." In the fourth year, in the first, second, and third months, the people were alarmed, running in fear, spreading rumors of building temples for the Queen Mother of the West, and saying, "A man with discerning eyes will arrive." In the twelfth month, the white gas emerged from the southwest, reaching from the ground to the sky, passing through the celestial latrine, very wide, over ten zhang long, and disappeared after over ten days. It was predicted: "The Emperor is secretly ill." In the third year, in the eleventh month of Renzi, the Empress Dowager issued an edict saying: "Our Emperor is kind and filial, faithfully upholding our ancestors' traditions. Sadly, his long illness persists. He constantly worries day and night. It is not appropriate to change the ruler. Spring and Autumn will return to the old ways, and Ganquan Taizhi and Fenyin Houtu will be restored as before."
In February of the second year, a comet appeared in the sky for over seventy days. People said, "Comets appear to signify the end of the old and the beginning of the new. The Cowherd star (Altair), the origin of the sun, moon, and five planets, is the beginning of the calendar, the start of the three seasons. Seeing a comet meant big changes were coming. If it stays visible for a long time, it signifies a major event." In June of the Jiazi year, Xia Heliang and others suggested changing the era name and reforming the calendar. The emperor decreed to change the second year of Jianping to the first year of Taichu, with the title of Emperor Chen Shengliu Taiping (a title meaning 'peaceful emperor'), and adjusting the calendar's units to 120 divisions. In August, all these changes were reversed, and Xia Heliang and his cronies were executed and exiled. Sure enough, Wang Mang did indeed seize the throne.
In the first year of Yuanshou, in the eleventh month, the year star (Jupiter) entered the Great Bear constellation (Ursa Major), moving backward. It was predicted: "Big trouble for high officials, and law enforcement would be punished if they were in the wrong." In the second year, in the tenth month, Marquis Dong Xian lost his job as Grand Marshal and killed himself at home.
