In 710 BC, during the third year of Duke Yin of Lu's reign, a solar eclipse occurred on the Jisi day of the second month. "On the day of Jisi in the second month, the sun was eclipsed," as the historical records state. The *Gu Liang Commentary* only gives the date, not the day of the month. But the *Gongyang Commentary* says it was on the second. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed that following this eclipse, the Rong and Di captured the emperor's envoys, Zheng attacked Lu, Dai was wiped out, and Wei, Lu, and Song all got rid of their rulers.
The author of the *Zuo Zhuan*, Liu Xin, believed that the eclipse occurred on the second day of the first month, as a celestial phenomenon affecting the Yan and Yue territories. In conclusion, good governance and unity against disaster bring blessings; otherwise, disaster turns to ruin. These events are recorded, but not explained, because good or bad fortune depends on what people do, not on any set pattern. During the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, the emperor was late with his monthly announcements. Lu's calendar was off, their leap months were wrong, and the months were all the wrong length. The *Records of the Grand Historian* sometimes got the date wrong—sometimes saying it was the first when it wasn't, or vice versa, or leaving out the date altogether—all because of government screw-ups.
Jing Fang said in his "Book of Changes" that the army lost because of bad leadership. The signs of a solar eclipse are: uneven light during a solar eclipse, with multiple eclipses occurring simultaneously, suggesting excessive killings and legal violations, foreshadowing rebellion; light dispersing during a solar eclipse indicates tolerance of rebellion and that the ruler is out of touch; three days of heavy rain before a solar eclipse, followed by cold weather after the rain stops, indicates grabbing for power and restless ambition; when the sun turns black as soon as it comes out during a solar eclipse, and the light reflects outward, it indicates a rift between ruler and subjects, signaling the country's demise; when a solar eclipse occurs three times covering the sun, it indicates that related princes are invading and slandering the monarch; during a solar eclipse, there are clouds in the four directions and none in the center, with cold weather, indicating that the sovereign is undermining the monarch; during a solar eclipse, the center of the sun is pale blue while the four directions are red, and an earthquake occurs afterward, indicating that the princes are warring amongst themselves and defying authority; when the sun is covered three times and restored three times during a solar eclipse, it indicates that the monarch is not good at governing, the ministers are plotting against the throne, and the country is in chaos; when hail falls before a solar eclipse, killing many wild animals, it indicates the murder of the king; when there is wind and rain before a solar eclipse, trees are broken by the wind, and the sun turns red, it indicates that courtiers are colluding with foreign enemies; when a solar eclipse is about to occur with rain, there is noise underground, indicating the abuse of power by the prime minister; before a solar eclipse, there is a strong wind, the sun is in the clouds during the eclipse, and there are no clouds in the four directions, indicating that an official is overstepping his authority and grabbing power; during a solar eclipse, the sun is split in half, indicating that the princes are vying for power and profit in the court; during a solar eclipse, the sun encroaches on the moon, eclipsing half of it, with chirping sounds in the sky, indicating inadequate tax collection and an empty treasury; during a solar eclipse, although the sun's light is blocked, it is still bright, indicating that a divinely appointed minister is fighting the tyrant, just like the minister of King Wen who alone overthrew King Zhou; during a solar eclipse, displaying five colors, with extremely cold weather and frost, indicating that wicked men rally to the divinely appointed minister, killing their own monarch, like the minister of King Zhou who attached himself to King Wu and overthrew King Zhou; during a solar eclipse, the sun is covered three times and restored three times, followed by strong winds and earthquakes, indicating that the princes are changing the system and rebelling; during a solar eclipse, the sun deviates from its position, the light is dim, and the shape of the moon is visible, indicating that the people are suffering and their complaints are widespread; during a solar eclipse, the sun appears green, then black, then red, followed by heavy rain the next day, fog, and cold weather, indicating excessive drinking and debauchery.
There are a total of twenty signs of a solar eclipse, with twenty-four different shapes. If corrected in time, disasters will be eliminated; if not corrected, it will occur again in three years, and if still not corrected, it will happen again in six years, and nine years later. The solar eclipse in the third year of Duke Yin of Lu, where the sun's center was obscured, darkening above and below, was interpreted as a sign of ministers killing the ruler. Later on, Zhou Xu of Wei assassinated the ruler and declared independence.
In the year 705 BC, on the first day of the seventh month of the third year of Duke Huan, there was a solar eclipse, an event of considerable import. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang both believed that past events paled in comparison to what was to come, hence the appearance of the celestial phenomenon. Previously, both the states of Lu and Song had experienced incidents of rulers being killed, with Lu even getting involved in the internal strife of Song and flouting the emperor by altering the Xutian system; the state of Chu even went as far as illegitimately claiming the title of king. Later on, the state of Zheng attacked the army of King Huan of Zhou, injuring him, and not only that, two vassal states engaged in a power struggle. Liu Xin, on the other hand, believed that this solar eclipse was related to Zhao and Jin's division of territory in the sixth month. Previously, Quwo, the Jin lord, had twice killed the ruler of Jin, causing chaos in Jin that year and leading to the destruction of many noble families. Jing Fang in the "Book of Changes" said that during the solar eclipse in the third year of Duke Huan, the sun was obscured in the center, with a yellow hue above and below, which was a sign of ministers attempting to kill the ruler but failing. Later on, the state of Chu indeed usurped the title of king, expanding its territory by a thousand li (approximately 1,000 kilometers).
In 688 BCE, in the seventeenth year of Duke Huan of Lu, on the first day of the tenth month, there was another solar eclipse. The "Gu Liang Zhuan" (a classical Chinese historical text) only mentioned "朔" (the first day of the lunar month) without mentioning "日" (sun), indicating that the eclipse lasted for two days. Liu Xiang interpreted this as related to the wrongdoing of the Duke of Wei, who fled to Qi State, leading to the establishment of a new ruler by the emperor. The Duke of Wei had allied with five feudal states and rebelled to become king, which directly undermined the authority of the royal family. Meanwhile, the Duchess of Lu was having an affair with a man from Qi, ultimately leading to the death of Duke Huan of Lu. Dong Zhongshu had a different interpretation, suggesting that the mention of "朔" without "日" in the "Gu Liang Zhuan" foreshadowed the calamity brought by the Duchess of Lu, indicating his imminent demise. Liu Xin saw this solar eclipse as related to the division of land between the states of Chu and Zheng.
In 680 BCE, in the eighteenth year of Duke Zhuang, in the third month, there was another solar eclipse. This time, the "Gu Liang Zhuan" did not mention "日" or "朔," but referred to it as a "夜食" (an eclipse that occurred at night). "Shi Ji" (another classical Chinese historical text) calculated that the eclipse occurred at night, ending when the sun rose the next morning, hence called a "夜食." Liu Xiang argued that the "夜食" symbolized the decline of the prestige of the Zhou dynasty, with Duke Huan of Qi poised to seize the authority of the Zhou dynasty, convene a meeting of feudal states, and implement hegemony. Later, Duke Huan of Qi indeed convened feudal states nine times, and the Zhou dynasty even sent the crown prince to attend, confirming the prediction. The "Gong Yang Zhuan" (yet another classical Chinese historical text) referred to it as "食晦" (eclipse). Dong Zhongshu believed that the eclipse occurred in the eastern wall mansion, symbolizing Lu State. Subsequently, the sons of Lu State, Qingfu and Shuya, conspired with the Duchess of Lu to threaten the ruler. Liu Xin believed that this eclipse foreshadowed the division of land between Lu State and Wei State.
In 677 BCE, in the twenty-fifth year of Duke Huan of Lu, on the first day of the sixth month, there was another solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu believed that this eclipse occurred in the Bi mansion, symbolizing border wars and the invasion of the Di people. Later, the Di people indeed destroyed Xing State and Wei State. Liu Xin argued that this eclipse was related to the division of land between Lu State and Zhao State on the second day of the fifth month.
In the year 134 BC, on the first day of the twelfth month, according to the lunar calendar, a solar eclipse occurred. Dong Zhongshu believed that this was a sign of hidden disasters in people's hearts, emphasizing the importance of people's hearts like the state's Mingtang (the ancestral temple, symbolizing the heart of the state). With the decline of governance and military might, the country was in danger, hanging by a thread. Liu Xiang, on the other hand, believed that it was due to the invasion of Rongdi into Cao State, as a Lu noblewoman plotted with Qing Fu and Shu Ya to murder the ruler, prompting a series of eclipses to warn the rulers. Liu Xin explained that on the second day of October that year, Chu and Zheng had a serious conflict.
In the year 130 BC, on the first day of the ninth lunar month, another solar eclipse occurred. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed that this was because the two previous rulers of Lu State were killed, the lady of Lu State was executed, the two princes also died, the Di people destroyed Xing, Xu attacked Shu, Jin killed the crown prince, and Chu destroyed Xian, all signs of divine retribution. Liu Xin, however, believed that this was due to a conflict between Qin and Zhou in August.
In the year 65 BC, in the fifth year of Xi Gong, on the first day of the ninth lunar month, another solar eclipse was seen. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang analyzed that before this, Duke Huan of Qi established his hegemony, and Jiang and Huang submitted to him, even the powerful southern state of Chu also submitted to him. However, Duke Huan did not reflect on himself, instead relying on officials from Chen, which led to Chen and Chu no longer following him, the Zheng ruler fled the alliance, and the lords no longer obeyed Duke Huan's orders, so heaven sent a solar eclipse as a warning. Afterwards, Jin destroyed Guo, Chu surrounded Xu, the lords attacked Zheng, Jin killed two rulers, the Di people destroyed Wen, and Chu attacked Huang, while Duke Huan was unable to rescue, all seemingly confirming the eclipse's omen. Liu Xin, on the other hand, believed that this was due to a conflict between Qin and Jin in July.
In 128 BCE, on the first day of the third lunar month, there was a solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang argued that this was because Chu destroyed Huang, the Di people invaded Wei and Zheng, and Ju conquered Qi. Liu Xin attributed it to conflicts between Qi and Wei in the third month.
In 125 BCE, in May, there was a solar eclipse. Liu Xiang maintained that this foreshadowed that Duke Wen of Jin would pursue the path to hegemony, and indeed he later attacked Wei, captured the ruler of Cao, defeated Chu in the Battle of Chengpu, formed an alliance with the vassals, and had the Zhou emperor pay him homage, all fulfilling the omen of the solar eclipse. He believed that solar eclipses were the fault of the ministers, while lunar eclipses were used to cover up crimes. He also noted that Heaven had lost a good ruler; although Duke Huan and Duke Wen behaved improperly, they were able to drive out the invaders and stabilize the Central Plains, allowing them to barely maintain their rule. This was in line with the actual situation of the "Spring and Autumn Annals," but not with its writing principles. Dong Zhongshu believed that this was due to Qin capturing the ruler of Jin, Qi destroying Xiang, and Chu defeating Xu at Loulin. Liu Xin thought it was related to conflicts between Qi and Yue on the first day of the second month.
In 77 BCE, on the first day of the second month, there was a solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed that before this, the ministers began to control state power, and all the noble princes flocked to the capital; later, the crown prince of Chu, Shang Chen, killed his father, and the prince of Qi, Shang Ren, killed his sovereign, both seizing power. The prince of Song, Duke Ai, fled, Jin destroyed Jiang, and Chu defeated the six states. The ministers Gong Sun Ao and Shu Pengsheng also presided over the alliance. Liu Xin noted that on the first day of the first month, Yan and Yue separated.
In the fifteenth year, in 62 BCE, on the first day of the sixth month, there was a solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed that in the eight years between Song, Qi, Ju, Jin, and Zheng, five rulers were killed! Chu also destroyed Shu and Liao. Liu Xin felt that on the second day of the fourth month, Lu and Wei separated.
These historical accounts, linking solar eclipses to significant political events, are recorded in ancient Chinese texts.
In the eighth year of Xuan Gong, 60 BC, in July, on Jiazi day, another solar eclipse appeared! Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang analyzed that before this, a Chu official, Shang Chen, assassinated his father and declared himself king, and until King Yan, Chu became increasingly powerful. At that time, only the various states of the Zhou dynasty left were Qi and Jin, but both had just experienced turmoil with power grabs and assassinations, causing instability within their borders. Therefore, Chu took advantage of the situation to expand aggressively, invading six times in eight years, destroying one country, attacking the Lu Hun nomads, and even flexing their military muscle in the Zhou dynasty. Later, they invaded Zheng, causing the ruler of Zheng to humiliate himself; then they defeated Jin's army in the Di region, resulting in a bloody battle; finally, they besieged Song for nine months, using the Song corpses as fuel. Liu Xin believed that on the second day of October, Chu and Zheng split.
Ten years later, in 58 BC, in April, on Bingchen day, another solar eclipse occurred. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed that before this, Chen and Xia attacked Shu, killing its ruler; Chu destroyed Xiao, Jin destroyed two countries, and Wang Zazi killed the lords of Shao and Mao. Liu Xin believed that in February, Lu and Wei went their separate ways.
In the seventeenth year, 50 BC, in June, on Guimao day, another solar eclipse was seen! Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed that before this, Zhu dismembered the ruler of Zeng, Jin defeated King Zhou's army in Morong, and also defeated Qi's army in Andi. Liu Xin believed that on the last day of March, Lu and Wei split.
In the sixteenth year of Cheng Gong, 51 BC, in June, on Bingshen day, another solar eclipse occurred. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed that before this, Jin defeated Chu and Zheng in Yanling and captured Lu's ruler. Liu Xin believed that on the second day of April, Lu and Wei went their separate ways.
In 117 BC, during the 17th year of Emperor Wu's reign, on the first day of the twelfth lunar month, there was an afternoon solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang attributed it to the earlier destruction of Shuyong by Chu, the assassination of its own ruler by Jin, the seizure of cities by Song official Yu Shi due to Chu, the destruction of Zeng by Ju, the annihilation of Lai by Qi, and the assassination of the Zheng ruler. Liu Xin, on the other hand, explained it by a split between Zhou and Chu the previous September.
In 113 BC, during the 14th year of Emperor Wu's reign, on the first day of the second lunar month, another solar eclipse occurred in the afternoon. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed this was due to Wei officials Sun and Ning driving away Duke Xiang of Wei and installing Sun Piao as the ruler. Liu Xin thought it was because of a split between Song and Yan on the second day of the twelfth month two years prior.
In 112 BC, during the 15th year of Emperor Wu's reign, on the first day of the eighth lunar month, another solar eclipse occurred in the afternoon. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang thought this was due to Jin convening a meeting of the vassal states in Jize, where they formed an alliance. Later, another meeting was held at Ju Liang, where the vassal states attended, but only the officials formed alliances while the rulers were powerless. Liu Xin believed this was due to a split between Lu and Zhao on the second day of the fifth month.
In 110 BC, during the 20th year of Emperor Wu's reign, on the first day of the tenth lunar month, another solar eclipse occurred in the afternoon. Dong Zhongshu believed this was because Chen officials Qing Hu and Qing Yin had deceived the ruler, there were rebellious thoughts among the people of Zhu, and later Zhu refugees, bringing Qi Di and Luqiu, sought shelter in Chen, leading to the killing of Qing Hu and Qing Yin by Chen. Liu Xin thought this was due to a split between Qin and Zhou in the eighth month.
These interpretations of the solar eclipses reflect the political turmoil of the time and the belief that celestial events were linked to earthly affairs.
Ancient Chinese astronomers attributed solar eclipses to political upheaval, as evidenced by these accounts from the Han Dynasty. In 109 BC, during the 21st year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, on the first of the ninth lunar month, a solar eclipse occurred. Dong Zhongshu believed this was because Luan Ying of Jin was planning to attack the Jin ruler, and later Luan Ying fled to Quwo. Liu Xin, on the other hand, thought this was due to a rift between Qin and Jin in the seventh month. In the same year, on the first of the tenth lunar month, another solar eclipse occurred. Dong Zhongshu believed this was because Zhen and Jiao were in alignment, symbolizing an impending change in the powerful Chu. Subsequently, the Qu family of Chu framed and killed Prince Zhuishu, and Qingfeng of Qi strong-armed the ruler, causing turmoil in Qi. Liu Xin believed this was due to a split between Qin and Zhou in the eighth month.
In 107 BC, during the 23rd year of Emperor Wu, on the first of the second lunar month, another solar eclipse occurred. Dong Zhongshu believed this was because the Marquis of Wei entered Chen Yi, and Ning Xi killed Sun Piao, the ruler of Wei. Liu Xin believed this was due to a split between Song and Yan on the second of the twelfth month two years prior.
Apparently, in 134 BC, during the 24th year of Emperor Wu, on the first of the seventh month, a solar eclipse occurred and quickly ended. Liu Xin believed this foretold a split between Lu and Zhao in the fifth month. On the first of the eighth month, another solar eclipse occurred. Dong Zhongshu analyzed that the consecutive solar eclipses symbolized waning yang and the sign that the barbarians would dominate the Central Plains. Indeed, later on, six vassal rulers were killed, the ruler of Chu joined other vassal states in attacking Zheng, destroying Shujue, and Lu bowed to Chu, leaving Chu in control of the Central Plains and attacking Wu to punish Qingfeng. Liu Xin's explanation for this was that in the sixth month, a split between Jin and Zhao would also occur.
In the year 131 BC, during the twenty-seventh year of Emperor Wu of Han's reign, on the first day of the twelfth month, there was another solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu believed this was a sign of the imminent collapse of ritual and righteousness. At that time, the ruler of Wu was a bit of a brute, even allowing criminals to guard the palace gates; the ruler of Cai was shagging the crown prince's wife; and the state of Ju didn’t promptly appoint a crown prince. Later, the ruler of Wu was killed by the palace guards, the crown prince of Cai offed his own father, and there was regicide in Ju, followed by power struggles among the bastards. Liu Xiang concluded that from the twentieth year of Emperor Wu's reign to this year, there were a total of seven solar eclipses, indicating that trouble and strife would intensify, as heaven repeatedly issued warnings. Subsequently, the ruler of Qi was killed by Cui Zhu, the crown prince of Song was killed, the ruler of Northern Yan fled, and a minister of Zheng usurped the throne upon his return from abroad, pretty much as Dong Zhongshu predicted. Liu Xin believed this was a sign of Zhou and Chu falling out in September.
In the seventh year of Duke Zhao, on the first day of the fourth month, the sky darkened and a solar eclipse occurred. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang thought this was because the Spirit King of Chu was a right nasty piece of work. He bumped off the king, then rounded up the vassal states, nicked Xu Zi, and flattened Lai. Later, Chen's son Zhao killed the crown prince, leading to Chu wiping out Chen, followed by the destruction of Cai, and ultimately the Spirit King himself was killed. Liu Xin, on the other hand, believed the solar eclipse was caused by a massive falling out between Lu and Wei in the second month.
In ancient books, it is recorded that the Duke of Jin asked Shi Wenbo: "What is the reason for this solar eclipse?" Shi Wenbo replied: "There are problems in the states of Lu and Wei, with Wei having a bigger issue and Lu having a smaller one." The Duke of Jin asked: "Why is that?" Shi Wenbo said: "The situation in Wei is like a problem occurring in the territory of Lu, which is why disasters happen. This is probably due to issues with the ruler of Wei, while Lu probably has issues with its officials." In that year, Duke Xiang of Wei died in August, and in November, Lord Jī Sūn of Lu also died. The Duke of Jin said to Shi Wenbo: "Your explanation of the solar eclipse has proven correct. Can we predict things like this in the future?" Shi Wenbo replied: "No. Natural phenomena vary. Public opinion shifts. Events unfold differently. Appointments are often ill-considered. How could we possibly predict everything accurately? As the *Book of Songs* says, 'Some live in peace, while others labor endlessly for the state.' The outcomes of solar eclipses are different." The Duke of Jin asked: "What are the six natural phenomena?" Shi Wenbo said: "Years, seasons, days, months, stars, and constellations." The Duke of Jin asked: "What is a *chen*?" Shi Wenbo said: "When the sun and moon align, it's called a *chen*." The Duke of Jin then asked: "In the *Book of Songs*, it mentions 'Does this eclipse portend something ill?' What does that mean?" Shi Wenbo said: "It refers to bad politics. Without good governance, not using talented individuals will lead to disasters caused by the sun and moon. Therefore, politics must be cautious, and three things must be done: selecting talents, following public opinion, and adhering to the seasons." This is the divination for predicting solar eclipses, following the laws of change. The *Yi Jing* says: "The hanging images are very clear; nothing is more important than the sun and moon." Therefore, sages value it and record it in the Three Classics. The *Yi Jing*, Hexagram "Abundance" and Line "Shock" describes a situation of abundant rain obscuring the sun, likened to a broken right arm, yet without resulting disaster. The *Book of Songs*, in the passage "The Exchange of October," records that the officials and ministers, as well as charioteers and charioteer masters, are not suitable talents. This mirrors the broken arm analogy. It also aligns with the three principles of talent selection. Ultimately, it reveals how villains oppress virtuous people, secretly undermining the vital yang energy.
On June 1st of the fifteenth year, another solar eclipse occurred. Liu Xin attributed this to the conflict between the states of Lu and Wei in March.
In the year 134 BC, on the first day of the sixth month, there was a solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu believed that this was a sign that the disaster star was in the Pi constellation, which was a symbol of the Jin state! Think about it: back in the day, Duke Li of Jin killed four high-ranking officials, causing the people to lose faith, and in the end, he was also killed. After that, who dared to control the officials? As a result, the six powerful families formed alliances, making Jin a mess, and the ruler had to act at their mercy. Solar eclipses have occurred more than once, but these events were recorded after the "Spring and Autumn Annals," so they were not written in the canonical texts. Liu Xin's explanation was different; he said it was a sign of the separation of the Lu and Zhao states. In the "Zuo Zhuan," Pingzi said: "Only on the first day of the first month, before evil has taken root, if a solar eclipse occurs, the Son of Heaven could not perform sacrifices, and must beat drums at the altar of the land and grain. The feudal lords must also use sacrificial offerings to beat drums at the altar of the land and grain, and beat drums in the court; this is the ritual. If a solar eclipse occurs in other months, it is different." The imperial astronomer explained: "This solar eclipse occurred in this month, and the sun was eclipsed before noon, indicating a celestial calamity affecting the sun, moon, and stars. All officials must wear plain clothes to express mourning; the ruler cannot hold sacrificial activities, must avoid the main hall, and wait for an auspicious time to hold sacrifices to avert the calamity. The orchestra plays drums, the officials offer sacrifices, the historians record, the officials responsible for the sacrifices rode post-haste, and the populace was in an uproar; this is the response to a solar eclipse on the first day of the first month. By the fourth month of summer, which is also the beginning of summer." He continued: The first month corresponds to the sixth month of the Zhou dynasty, and the fourth month of summer is the month of pure yang. "Te" refers to yin lines, from the winter solstice when yang lines begin to grow, hence it is called "recovery." By the month of Si, it is pure yang, with no yin lines, but yin energy invades yang energy, causing serious disasters. Therefore, drums and sacrificial offerings are used to worship the yin energy. Wearing plain clothes to express mourning, stopping sacrificial activities, avoiding the main hall, and waiting for an auspicious time to avert the calamity. The officials responsible for the sacrifices are those in charge of the rituals; the common people are those who serve. Liu Xin attributed the separation of Lu and Zhao to the following day, the second of the sixth month.
In 131 BCE, on the first day of the seventh month, there was another solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu believed that this was a sign of disharmony between the king and his officials, with Cai Hou Zhu acting like a total tyrant. Later, Cai Hou Zhu fled, and Liu Zi and Shan Zi installed Wang Meng as king. Liu Xin offered an alternative explanation: on the second day of the fifth month, Lu and Zhao split.
In 130 BCE, on the first day of the twelfth month, another solar eclipse occurred. Dong Zhongshu interpreted the eclipse as a bad omen for the emperor. Later, the Yin clan installed Wang Zi Chao as king, and the Zhou emperor hightailed it to Di Quan. Liu Xin believed that in October, the kingdoms of Chu and Zheng split.
In 130 BC, on the first day of the fifth month, there was a solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu believed this eclipse meant trouble because it occurred in the Stomach constellation, associated with the state of Lu, indicating that a major event would happen there. Indeed, later on, the Ji clan kicked Duke Zhao of Lu out. Liu Xiang also noted that from 145 BC to this year, there were seven instances of unusual celestial phenomena, but those in charge still didn't get it. He listed several other major events: Chu slaughtered the Rong barbarians, Jin wiped out the Luhun Rong, someone assassinated the Marquis of Wei's brother, the rulers of Cai and Ju fled, Wu destroyed Chao, Gongzi Guang killed Wang Liao and declared himself king, and three ministers of Song rebelled against the ruler using cities. These all lined up with what Dong Zhongshu predicted. Liu Xin believed this eclipse happened right on the border between Lu and Zhao. That day, the Big Dipper pointed towards the Dragon constellation, which indicates certain astrological implications. According to the Zuo Zhuan, Zizhen said, "There will be a major flood." However, Zhaozi countered, "There will be a drought. The sun has moved past the dividing point, but the yang energy has not yet overcome the yin energy. If the yang energy eventually prevails, then the disaster will be severe; how could there not be a drought? If the yang energy can't overcome the yin energy, it means the accumulated power is insufficient." They held a huge rain prayer ceremony that autumn, but it was still bone dry. Although that year saw two winter solstices, two spring equinoxes, and two solar eclipses, it did not lead to major disasters, just some floods and droughts. It turned out that eclipses around the equinoxes and solstices were less likely to cause major disasters, just some floods or droughts.
In 123 BC, on the first day of the twelfth lunar month, there was another solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu believed that this solar eclipse occurred in the Xin constellation, which corresponds to the emperor, indicating that the emperor would be in danger. At that time, the power of the capital was relatively weak, and later the vassal states started building walls. Song nearly lost its reverence for the emperor but still continued to build city walls. Liu Xiang thought that during that time, Wu destroyed Xu, Cai destroyed Shen, Chu surrounded Cai, Wu defeated Chu and entered the capital of Ying, and King Zhao of Chu was forced to flee. Liu Xin believed that this solar eclipse occurred on the border between Song and Yan.
In 119 BC, on the first day of the third lunar month, there was another solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang both thought that after this solar eclipse, Zheng destroyed Xu, Yang Hu of Lu rebelled, stealing royal jewels and a ceremonial bow, Duke Jianzi removed Confucius from his official position, and three Song ministers rebelled, seizing control of cities. Liu Xin believed that this solar eclipse occurred on the border between Yan and Zhao on the first day of the first month.
In 128 BC, on the first day of the eleventh lunar month, there was another solar eclipse. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed that after this solar eclipse, three ministers of Jin rebelled, seizing control of cities, the Xue ruler was assassinated, Chu destroyed Dun and Hu, Yue defeated Wu, and Wei drove away the crown prince. Liu Xin believed that this solar eclipse occurred on the border between Chu and Zheng on the first day of the twelfth month.
Liu Xin, however, located each eclipse along a different state border: Song-Yan, Yan-Zhao, and Chu-Zheng, respectively.
Fifteen years ago, on the day of "the eclipse of the sun on the first day of the eighth month in the year of Gengchen," Dong Zhongshu got a bad feeling, saying this meant the Zhou dynasty was toast and that foreigners would rule the Central Plains. The following year, several vassal states joined Chu in besieging the State of Cai, causing them to flee in fear. Jin even sent prisoners of war to Chu, and the capital was about to fall to them. Liu Xiang also had his own opinion, stating that all this was because the ruler of Cai was killed, and Qi's Chen Qishi killed his own ruler, replacing him with Yang Sheng as king. Confucius would've flipped his wig over such actions. Liu Xin believed Jin and Zhao splitting up in June was another bad sign.
A few years later, in the fourteenth year of Duke Ai, on the day of "the eclipse of the sun on the first day of the fifth month in the year of Gengshen," this was after they found a qilin. Liu Xin analyzed that on the second day of the third month, Qi and Wei also separated. In total, there were thirty-six solar eclipses during the 242 years of the Spring and Autumn Period. Different people recorded eclipses differently:
| Source | New Moon Eclipses | Full Moon Eclipses | Nocturnal Eclipses | Unrecorded |
|-----------------|--------------------|---------------------|---------------------|------------|
| Guliangzhuan | 26 | 7 | 2 | 2 |
| Gongyangzhuan | 27 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| Zuozhuan | 16 | 18 | 1 | 2 |
In the third year of Gaozu, there was a solar eclipse on the last day of the tenth month (Jiaxu) at 20 degrees in the Dipper constellation, right over Yan territory. Two years later, King Zangtu of Yan rebelled and was killed, and then Lu Wan was made king of Yan, who also rebelled and ultimately failed.
In November (Guimao), another solar eclipse occurred, this time at three degrees in the Void constellation, which was in the territory of Qi. Two years later, King Han Xin of Qi was demoted to King of Chu, then a year later was further demoted to Marquis, before rebelling again and being killed.
In the last day of the sixth month of the ninth year of Yiwu, another solar eclipse occurred, this time at thirteen degrees in the Archer constellation.
During Emperor Hui's seventh year, on the first day of the first lunar month, a solar eclipse occurred at thirteen degrees in the constellation of Wei. Gu Yong believed that a solar eclipse on the first day of the first lunar month was a very bad omen, similar to a major event happening in the court, causing even the nobles to feel unhappy.
In the fifth month, on the day Dingmao, the day before the new moon, a solar eclipse almost completely obscured the sun, occurring near the constellation of the Seven Stars. Liu Xiang believed that the fifth month, with its rising Yin energy, was encroaching on the Yang, indicating a very ominous sign. Sure enough, in the eighth month, there was a disturbance in the palace, with the Lu family plotting to usurp the throne. Jing Fang stated in the "Book of Changes": "Eclipses that do not occur on the new moon or full moon are called 'thin.' If a ruler executes without reason, or treacherous ministers rebel, even though the sun and moon are not in the same constellation, the dominance of Yin energy makes the sunlight thin."
In the second year of Empress Dowager Gao's reign, on the day Bingxu in the sixth month, another solar eclipse occurred.
In the seventh year, at the end of the first lunar month, a solar eclipse occurred at nine degrees in the constellation of Ying Shi. Empress Dowager Gao was very afraid, saying, "This is a sign of my impending death!" The following year, she passed away.
In the second year of Emperor Wen's reign, at the end of the eleventh month, a solar eclipse occurred at the position of the constellation Wu Nu.
In the third year, at the end of the tenth month, another solar eclipse occurred at twenty-two degrees in the constellation of Dou.
At the end of the eleventh month, another solar eclipse occurred at eight degrees in the constellation of Xu.
Four years later, at the end of the fourth month, a solar eclipse occurred at thirteen degrees in the constellation of Dongjing.
On the first day of the first lunar month in the seventh year, a solar eclipse occurred.
In the third year of Emperor Jing's reign, at the end of the second month, a solar eclipse occurred at two degrees in the constellation of Wei.
At the end of the eleventh month in the seventh year, a solar eclipse occurred at nine degrees in the constellation of Xu.
In the first year of Emperor Wu's reign, at the end of the twelfth month, a solar eclipse occurred.
In the second year of the Zhongyuan era, at the end of the ninth month, a solar eclipse occurred.
In the third year of the Zhongyuan era, at the end of the ninth month, a solar eclipse occurred, nearly completely covering the sun, at nine degrees in the constellation of Wei.
In the sixth year of the Zhongyuan era, at the end of July (Xinhai day), a solar eclipse occurred at seven degrees in the Zhen (Crow) constellation.
In the first year of the Houyuan era, one day before the end of July (Yisi day), a solar eclipse took place at seventeen degrees in the Yi constellation.
In the second month of the second year of Han Emperor Wudi's reign, on the first day of Bingxu, a solar eclipse occurred at fourteen degrees in the Kui constellation. Liu Xiang noted that the Kui constellation represents lowly thieves and women, and later Empress Wei rose from a humble position but ultimately met a tragic end—a prophecy that was fulfilled.
At the end of September in the third year, on the day of Bingzi, a solar eclipse occurred at two degrees in the Wei constellation.
On the first day of the first month in the fifth year, a solar eclipse took place.
At the end of the second month in the first year of the Yuanguang era, a solar eclipse occurred. One day before the end of July (Guiwei day), a solar eclipse took place at eight degrees in the Yi constellation. Liu Xiang mentioned that two years prior, the high garden palace caught fire, similar to the incident when the royal granary burned during the Spring and Autumn period, coinciding with solar eclipses in the Yi and Zhen constellations. This, he believed, foretold palace intrigue involving a woman and unrest among the feudal lords. Later, Empress Chen was deposed, and the Kings of Jiangdu, Huainan, and Hengshan were executed for rebellion. This solar eclipse began in the northeast, reached its peak at noon, and ended in the evening.
At the end of the second month in the second year of the Yuanshuo era, a solar eclipse occurred at three degrees in the Wei constellation.
At the end of the twelfth month in the sixth year, a solar eclipse took place.
At the end of May in the first year of the Yu Shu era, a solar eclipse occurred at six degrees in the Liu constellation. Jing Fang's *Yi Zhuan* interpretation linked the eclipse's position to the ruler's morality and his officials' competence. A right-side eclipse indicated the ruler's immorality and his officials' failure. A left-side eclipse implied the same. An eclipse from above meant the officials were at fault, while one from below indicated the ruler had lost the people's trust.
At the end of the twelfth month in the fifth year of the Yuanding era, a solar eclipse occurred at twenty-three degrees in the Dongjing constellation.
On the first day of the sixth month in the fourth year of the Yuanfeng era, a solar eclipse took place.
At the end of the first month in the first year of the Taishi era, a solar eclipse occurred.
At the end of October in the fourth year, a solar eclipse took place at nineteen degrees in the Dou constellation.
In August 73 BC, a solar eclipse darkened the sky, leaving the sun shaped like a sickle at two degrees in the Kang constellation. It began in the northwest and ended by afternoon.
In November 48 BC, a solar eclipse occurred at the ninth degree of the Dou (斗) constellation in the Yan region. Four years later, the King of Yan rebelled and was executed.
In July 3 BC, a solar eclipse almost obscured the entire sun at the twelfth degree of the Zhang constellation. Liu Xiang believed this eclipse occurred on Ji Hai (己亥), a day in the sexagenary cycle, foretelling doom. Six years later, the emperor died without an heir.
In December 49 BC, a solar eclipse occurred at the fifteenth degree of the Ying (營) constellation.
In December 46 BC, a solar eclipse occurred at the tenth degree of the Wǔnǚ (婺女) constellation.
In April 44 BC, a solar eclipse occurred at the nineteenth degree of the Bi constellation. This eclipse happened on the first day of the first month, and nothing bad occurred at that time. The "Zuo Zhuan" considered this to be an unusual omen.
In March 8 BC, a solar eclipse occurred at the eighth degree of the Lou constellation.
In June 6 BC, a solar eclipse occurred at the seventh degree of the Zhang constellation.
In June 6 BC, a solar eclipse occurred, the sun eclipsed like a sickle, a long eclipse.
In the 12th month of the year 1 BC, a solar eclipse occurred on a certain day, and that night an earthquake struck Weiyang Palace. Gu Yong said, "The solar eclipse occurred at the ninth degree of Wunu, which is a sign related to the empress; the earthquake at Weiyang Palace signifies disaster for the emperor's favorite. The simultaneous occurrence of these two events indicates that the empress and the emperor's favorite are jointly suppressing the emperor, posing a threat to the crown prince. If only the solar eclipse had occurred, the emperor's favorite would not have suffered; if only the earthquake had occurred, the empress would not have suffered. These two events happening separately may seem like different incidents, but if they happen simultaneously, the consequences are unpredictable. This month, both the empress and the emperor's favorite may engage in improper behavior, which is why these two signs appeared simultaneously in the heavens. Whoever acts improperly, distances themselves from many concubines, and obstructs the crown prince, these are the two individuals." Du Qin also said, "The solar eclipse occurred on the day of Wushen, during the hour of Wei. Wushen, associated with earth, represents the emperor's position. The earthquake in the palace that night must have been caused by the concubines competing for favor and harming each other. Immoral behavior on earth manifests as omens in the heavens. If one can respond with virtue, disaster will be averted; if one is negligent, disaster will strike. To heed the warnings from above, one must be sincere and keep their word."
Seven years earlier, on the last day of April in the year 7 BC, a solar eclipse occurred on the day of Jihai, with the sun partially obscured, resembling a sickle, at the sixth degree of the Eastern Well constellation (a measure used in astronomy to indicate the position of stars and celestial bodies). Liu Xiang remarked at the time, "April is transitioning to May. This is the same month and day as significant events during the reigns of Emperors Xiaohui and Xiaozhao. The Eastern Well constellation represents the capital city, and the incomplete obscuration of the sun suggests that the heir to the throne may be in danger!" This solar eclipse occurred relatively early, starting from the southwest.
Further solar eclipses occurred: on the last day of August in 4 BC (Yimao, Fang constellation); March 1st, 3 BC (Guichou, Miao constellation); and the last day of February in 2 BC (Dingwei, Wei constellation).
On the last day of September in 1 BC, a solar eclipse occurred. Gu Yong explained according to Jing Fang's "Yi Zhan": "The solar eclipse that happened in September of last year was caused by excessive drinking. Only the people in the capital saw it; no one else did. This suggests that the emperor is too chummy with alcohol and women, and the lines between the emperor and his officials are getting blurry, leading to internal disasters!"
On the last day of February in 2 BC, another solar eclipse was observed. Gu Yong again referred to Jing Fang's "Yi Zhan": "The solar eclipse in February this year was due to heavy taxation and the grievances of the people. This time, it was seen all over the country, except for the capital, which was obscured. It implies that the emperor enjoys building palaces and lavish tomb construction, which increases taxes and leaves the people exhausted, resulting in external troubles!"
On the last day of January in 3 BC, a solar eclipse took place. On the last day of July in 4 BC, another eclipse darkened the sun. On the first day of the first month of the Yuan Yan era in 1 BC, a solar eclipse occurred.
On the first day of the first month of the first year of Emperor Ai Yuan Shou in 1 BC, a solar eclipse was observed, with the sun partially covered, resembling a sickle, located at ten degrees in the Ying Shi constellation, the same day and month as the seventh year of Emperor Hui's reign. On the last day of March in 2 BC, another solar eclipse took place. On the first day of the fifth month of the first year of Emperor Ping Yuan Shi in 1 BC, a solar eclipse occurred in the Dong Jing constellation. On the last day of September in 2 BC, another solar eclipse was completely obscured.
From the founding of the Han Dynasty to Emperor Ai's reign, twelve emperors ruled for 212 years, during which 53 solar eclipses occurred: 14 on the first day of the month, 36 on the last, and 3 on the day before the last.
So, on August 15th, the first year of Emperor Cheng's Jian Shi era, before dawn, two moons hung in the sky! This was a rare occurrence. At that time, there was a man named Jing Fang, who wrote the "Yi Zhuan." He said, "If the Empress is strong and the Emperor weak, it's a bad omen, showing up as two moons." This means that if the emperor is weak and the empress is powerful, there will be a phenomenon of "yin flourishing and yang declining," leading to the appearance of two moons. He also said that if the moon appears in the west at the end of the lunar month, it is called "Jue" (绝), and if it appears in the east at the beginning of the month, it is called "Ze Chao" (仄朝). During "Ze Chao," the guys in charge must be serious, while during "Jue," they can relax a bit.
Liu Xiang had his own take on this. He said that "Jue" represents illness. If the Emperor chilled out too much, his ministers got all uppity, causing the sun to move slowly while the moon sped up. On the flip side, "Ze Chao" represents slacking off. If the Emperor got too nervous, the ministers would be scared and back off, making the sun move quickly while the moon crawled along, avoiding the Emperor. If the Emperor was neither too relaxed nor too nervous, but just right, it was like seeing the moon on the first day of the lunar month. Liu Xin had a different view. He believed that if the Emperor was really laid back, the ministers would be super busy, causing the moon to move quickly. If the Emperor was on edge, the ministers would slack off, making the moon move slowly. He pointed out that during the Spring and Autumn Period, slacking off happened 18 times, while lack of ambition only occurred once. In the Han Dynasty, lack of ambition occurred 36 times, and slacking off never happened, so Liu Xin's view seems more reliable.
So, all this weird celestial stuff just pointed to something being off.
In the first year of Emperor Han Yuanguang's Yongguang era, in the fourth month, the color of the sun was bluish-white, without radiance, and it was unusually dim at midday. That summer was particularly cold, and it wasn't until September that the sun returned to its normal brightness. Jing Fang also mentioned a similar situation in the "Yi Zhuan." He said, "When goodness is not accepted by Heaven, it indicates the weakness of heaven's power, so the sun appeared pale and did not warm for seven days." "Loss of control is also a sign of weakness; the sun shone pale for sixty days, and all living things perished from the frost." "When the emperor himself leads the army, it shows his lack of wisdom; the sun appeared pale, and the body feels cold." "Although weak, there is still responsibility, so it will not perish; the sun shone pale but did not warm, and the light did not move." "Public errors are open, indicating the inability to uphold justice, so the sun was unusually dark, strong winds blew, the sky was cloudless, and the sunlight was dim." "It is not difficult to govern, indicating rich experience; the sun was unusually dark, low in position, and the size of a marble."
On the first day of the first month in 28 BC, it was the day of Renyin, and the sun and moon were both in the Ying Shi constellation. When the sun rose, it was red. Further unusual celestial events were recorded in the following months. On the tenth day of the second month, the sun was red in the morning, still red when it was about to set, and the moon was also red at night. On the eleventh, the sun rose blood-red, without radiance. It took four and a half hours for its radiance to fully return, shining on the earth in a reddish-yellow color until after lunch when it was completely restored. Jing Fang, in the "Yi Zhuan," explained this as a sign of 'perishing,' a deviation from the righteous path.
On the sixth day of March, when the sun rose, it was yellow, and a dark spot appeared in the center of the sun, about the size of a copper coin. Jing Fang said in the "Book of Changes": "Failure to properly perform sacrifices to Heaven and Earth is called 'divine displeasure,' and this phenomenon is the sun turning red with a dark center. If you hear good advice but do not follow it, this is called 'lack of foresight,' and this phenomenon is the sun turning yellow."
Look at those great figures; their virtues are in tune with the cosmos, and their wisdom is as brilliant as the sun and moon. Therefore, when a sage king is in power, he will command many talents to demonstrate the emperor's virtue, ensuring that the sun's light is bright, the full spectrum of colors is present, and the radiance is magnificent, with no abnormalities. Once abnormalities occur, there are signs, and action must be taken, changes must be made. The changes in the color and shape of the sun are not without reason. Observing these five solar anomalies serves as a warning. Therefore, it is said: "Celestial events are most clearly seen in the sun and moon."
In 644 BC, on the night of the fourth day of April, strange things happened in the sky. All the stars disappeared, and in the middle of the night, a shower of stars rained down. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang both believed that the twenty-eight constellations represent the ruler; the other stars, the people. The disappearance of the stars signified the weakening of the feudal lords; the falling stars symbolized the people's loss of support. The midnight occurrence pointed to the Central Plains. Although the stars fell, they eventually returned to the sky, representing the rise of Duke Huan of Qi, who saved the country from imminent destruction. If Duke Huan of Qi had died, the stars would have continued falling to the ground, and the Central Plains region would have been completely doomed. Liu Xiang also argued that this midnight event signified an inability to achieve a successful conclusion or perhaps a mid-course betrayal.
Heaven uses celestial phenomena to warn the world, intending for rulers to guard against evil, stay away from wicked ministers, and be humble and cautious, in order to ensure their own safety and the peace of the country. If rulers possess wisdom, fear the will of heaven, show filial piety like Emperor Gaozong, weep for "Jin Teng" like King Cheng, repent and change for the better, establish credibility, show kindness and mercy, save those in danger, reinvigorate the state, promote talented individuals, take the common people's concerns to heart, reduce taxes, shorten service time, and live frugally, then vassals will return, the people will be obedient, disasters will be eliminated, and auspicious signs will arise.
However, Duke Huan of Qi and others refused to repent, only imitating the practices of ancient rulers, each doing as they pleased, ultimately causing discord between rulers and subjects, and resentment between superiors and inferiors. As a result, the rulers of Qi and Song were assassinated; the states of Tan, Sui, Xing, and Wei were destroyed; Suqian fell to Song; the state of Cai was annexed by Chu; and the ministers of Jin turned against one another. It was not until five generations later that stability was restored—this was the retribution of celestial phenomena. "Zuo Zhuan" states, "When the stars disappear, it is bright at night; when stars fall like rain, it happens with rain." Liu Xin interprets this as daytime representing the Central Plains and nighttime representing the barbarians. A bright night, devoid of familiar stars, foretold the weakening of the Central Plains. "Stars fall like rain" signifies simultaneous celestial and terrestrial upheaval.
"Hong Fan" says: "The fate of the common people is reflected in the stars." The "Book of Changes" states: "Thunder and rain: a breaking point." That year was the Xuan Xiao year, a time associated with hardship, marking the division within Qi's sphere of influence. Stars fell in the middle of the night, signifying the people's rebellion against their rulers. The rain symbolized the correction of mistakes and the restoration of order between ruler and ruled, indicating Duke Huan of Qi as the paramount lord among the feudal states, revitalizing the Zhou dynasty. In the fourth month of the Zhou calendar (equivalent to the Xia calendar's second month), the sun was in the Jiao Lou asterism, which was associated with the Lu state. Prior to this, the Marquis of Wei fled to the Qi state, and his son, Ni Zhuan, usurped power. The Qi state led the vassals to attack him, while the Zhou emperor sent messengers to rescue Wei. Ni Zhuan, alongside Qi, disobeyed the emperor's orders. Yan Gong, who was unable to stop them, eventually joined in the attack on Wei, expelling the ruler appointed by the Zhou emperor. This was a gross injustice, yet they considered it a great achievement. The people abandoned their rulers, and power shifted to the lower classes. This phenomenon was very obvious; thus, when stars fell in the Lu state, it was a clear sign from Heaven.
It was the second year of Yongshi, February, a Guimai day, when a meteor shower blazed across the night sky. The meteors were enormous—easily ten to twenty feet long—shooting across the heavens and vanishing before they hit the earth, only stopping when the rooster crowed. Gu Yong said, "The sun, moon, and stars—they light up our world. If strange phenomena like this meteor shower appear, everyone, no matter how far away or hidden, can see it. The stars are to the heavens what the people are to the king. If the king is immoral and the rules are relaxed, the people will betray him. So, the stars also betray the sky and fall to show this omen. Among the various anomalies recorded in the 'Spring and Autumn Annals,' meteor showers are the most serious. Since the time of Yan Gong in the state of Lu, we haven’t seen such phenomena until now. I've heard that the downfall of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties was due to palace concubines and villains, lost in a life of wine and women. The 'Book of Documents' says, 'They listened to the women, and the country fell apart—all because they trusted and promoted them.' The 'Book of Songs' states, 'The mighty Zhou dynasty? Bao Si brought it down. They lost their way, drowning in wine and women.' As for the Qin dynasty, its downfall in the second generation was due to luxurious living and extravagant burials. Now we've got both those problems— a real disaster for the country and our ancestors!" Jing Fang also said in his 'Yi Zhuan,' "If the ruler does not employ talented people, strange phenomena like meteor showers will occur."
That meteor shower scared the daylights out of everyone. Gu Yong quickly figured out what was going on. He said, it's like, if the king's a jerk, the whole country goes to pot. That meteor shower? A sign from God, that's what it was! He looked up historical records and said the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties all fell apart because of palace intrigue, bad rulers, and too much partying. Same with the Qin—too much luxury, and poof, gone. And we've got both those problems now—that's a scary thought! He even brought up Jing Fang's point about how rulers who don't value talent are asking for trouble.
In 144 BC, during Emperor Wen's reign, a comet slammed right into the Big Dipper. Dong Zhongshu believed this comet, the character "bei," itself suggests something sneaky and shady. The Big Dipper is the emperor, and then, bam! Kings got bumped off in Qi, Song, Lu, Ju, and Jin.
Liu Xiang figured that if the court was a mess and the government was weak, it would lead to chaos in the heavens, causing all sorts of weird celestial events—like comets. The Big Dipper is the emperor, and the comet? That's a sign of rebellions and assassinations. The *Star Records* say the Pole Star is where the emperor's fate is sealed, and a comet near the Big Dipper means trouble for officials. The warning signs were there, written in the stars, but the rulers? Blind as bats.
As a result, six countries including Song, Lu, Ju, Jin, Zheng, and Chen all experienced their kings getting bumped off, with Qi even experiencing two! China went completely bonkers, barbarians invaded, wars continued, and Chu seized the opportunity and raised an army, invading the Central Plains multiple times, even destroying a country and sending spies to keep an eye on the Zhou Dynasty. The State of Jin destroyed two small countries, defeated the royal army internally, and joined forces with the armies of three other countries to defeat the Qi army at Andi, pursuing all the way to the coast of the East Sea, really weakening Qi. These events were related to the appearance of a comet, with the impact lasting until 138 BC, the 28th year of Duke Wen. An ancient text on stars also states: "When a comet enters the Big Dipper, there will be a great war. If the comet's trajectory enters the center of the Big Dipper, it indicates that a famous person will rise to power; if it does not enter the center, it indicates that a famous person will fall from power." Hua Yuan, a highly respected official of the State of Song, was captured by the State of Zheng in the Battle of Ji, and his deeds were later praised by the people.
The "Zuo Zhuan" also records the event of the comet entering the Big Dipper, with a Zhou historian predicting: "Within seven years, the rulers of the three countries of Song, Qi, and Jin will all die in turmoil." Liu Xin believed they thought the Big Dipper had a ring-shaped area, and that four stars were entering it. The Big Dipper is one of the Three Luminaries in the sky, representing the rules and regulations, and the three countries of Song, Qi, and Jin are the princes of the emperor, representing the rules and regulations of the Central Plains. The comet's appearance meant change was coming. With the Seven Stars of the Big Dipper, the prophecy says within seven years. By 138 BC, the people of Song killed Duke Zhao; in 136 BC, the people of Qi killed Duke Yi; in 134 BC, Zhao Chuan of Jin killed Duke Ling. In the winter of 541 BC, a comet appeared in the sky, passing through the Big Dipper. Dong Zhongshu believed that the Big Dipper represents the heart of the emperor, which is the center of the country, symbolizing the emperor's rightful court. Now that the comet has appeared, it signifies turmoil in the court, with a bunch of princes fighting over the throne.
Liu Xiang believes that in "Astronomical Records," it is said that Dachen Star symbolizes the Heavenly Emperor, the star in front of it is the Crown Prince, and the star behind it represents other princes. The tail of the comet signifies political unrest between the ruler and his subjects. When the comet passes by Dachen Star, it indicates that the Emperor and the princes will vie for power. The position of this comet corresponds to the states of Chen, Zheng, Song, and Wei.
Five years later, King Jing of Zhou died, causing chaos in the royal family. Ministers Liu Zi and Shan Zi installed Wang Meng as king, while Yin Shi, Zhao Bo, and Mao Bo supported Prince Chao, a Chu prince. At that time, Chu was very powerful, and Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng all depended on Chu. After Wang Meng's death, King Jing succeeded to the throne. Prince Chao entered the royal city, but King Jing resided in Di Quan, and Prince Chao found no support. Five years later, King Ping of Chu died, and Prince Chao fled to Chu, stabilizing the royal family.
Later, Chu led six other states to attack Wu. However, they were defeated by Wu at Jifu, resulting in heavy casualties among Chu's leaders. The state of Cai resented Chu and destroyed the state of Shen. Chu was enraged and besieged Cai. Wu came to the rescue, leading to the Battle of Boju, where Wu defeated Chu, captured the capital city of Ying, and even defiled King Zhao of Chu's tomb. These events all stemmed from the comet's appearance.
The "Zuo Zhuan" records: "A comet appeared in the Great Chariot, reaching the Han asterism." Shen Xu said: "Comets are used to clear out the old and bring in the new; this is the law of celestial phenomena. Now that the comet has passed through the Fire asterism, changes are certain to follow. Will there be fires in the feudal states?" Zi Shen said: "I have seen this situation before; it is a sign. The Fire asterism has appeared, and now it is even more prominent. The Fire asterism will definitely vanish; it has been lurking for a long time, and this will not be mistaken. The Fire asterism appears in the Xia Dynasty in March, in the Shang Dynasty in April, and in the Zhou Dynasty in May. The calendar of the Xia Dynasty aligns with celestial phenomena; if a fire occurs, it should be in four states: Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng. Song corresponds to the empty asterism of the Great Chariot; Chen corresponds to the empty asterism of Taihao; Zheng corresponds to the empty asterism of Zhurong; all three are fire asterisms. The comet passes through the Han asterism, which represents water. Wei corresponds to the empty asterism of Zhuan Xu, whose asterism signifies great floods. Water is the nemesis of fire. Will it happen in the year of Bing Zi or Ren Wu? Water and fire are antagonistic. If the Fire asterism disappears, it will definitely be in the year of Ren Wu, and it will appear within a month at most."
In the second year of May, a fire appeared in the evening, and a strong wind blew on the day of Bing Zi. Zi Shen said: "This is a wind presaging fire, the beginning of the disaster. Will there be a fire seven days later? The wind on the day of Wu Yin is stronger, and the wind on the day of Ren Wu is the strongest; Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng will all experience fires."
Liu Xin believes that the Great Chariot includes the stars Fang, Xin, and Wei. In August, the Xin asterism is in the west; the comet passes through the Xin asterism from the west and then reaches the Han asterism. Song is responsible for the worship of the Great Chariot; Chen is the former land of Taihao, and according to the five elements, wood gives rise to fire; Zheng is the former land of Zhurong, who is the fire god; thus, these three states are all related to fire. Wei is the former land of Zhuan Xu, whose asterism represents vast waters, the barracks. With such celestial phenomena, these four states have experienced similar misrule, ultimately leading to chaos in the royal family, perfectly mirroring the celestial omens.
In the winter of 134 BC, in the eleventh month, a comet appeared in the sky, shining in the east. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed that the historical records did not specify which constellation the comet appeared in because it did not belong to any particular constellation. It appeared during the day, outshining the sun, indicating that evil energy obscured the wisdom of the king. The following year, the Spring and Autumn Annals ended its record. Some people say that the eleventh month of the Zhou Dynasty corresponds to the ninth month of the Xia Dynasty, with the sun in the Dǐ (氐) constellation. This comet appeared in the east, possibly in the constellations of Zhen, Jiao, or Kang. Zhen was associated with the Chu State, while Jiao and Kang were considered to represent the Chen State and Zheng State. Some people also say that Jiao and Kang represented powerful states, corresponding to the Qi State and Jin State. Later, the Chu State conquered the Chen State, the Tian clan seized control of Qi, and the Six Ministers divided the Jin State, all of which confirmed the comet's portent. Liu Xin believed that this comet was the largest constellation in the east, and the historical records did not specify which constellation it was because it appeared during the day, outshining the sun, and even when it fell, its tail could still be seen. That year, the intercalary months were improperly scheduled, so the eleventh month was actually in August, with the sun in the Chunhuo (鹑火) constellation, marking the boundaries of the Zhou Dynasty. In the winter of 133 BC, a comet appeared again, following the appearance of a unicorn. Liu Xin believed that the historical records failed to specify the comet's location, likely due to official negligence.
In July of 204 BC, a comet appeared near the Dajiao constellation, disappearing after more than ten days. Liu Xiang believed that at that time, Xiang Yu was the King of Chu, and the other lords submitted to his authority, while the Han Dynasty had already pacified the Three Qins and was facing off against Xiang Yu in Xingyang. Popular support was shifting to the Han, and the Chu State was about to perish; thus, the comet presaged Chu's downfall. Some people also say that Xiang Yu's massacre of the Qin army, burning of palaces, and murder of the Righteous Emperor brought chaos to the throne, so the comet brought punishment upon him.
In September of 177 BC, a comet appeared in the west, with its tail stretching from the Tail constellation, Ji constellation, all the way to the Void and Danger constellations, stretching for over ten zhang, even touching the Milky Way, and disappeared after sixteen days. Liu Xiang believed that the Tail constellation corresponded to the Song State, which is now the Pengcheng of the Chu State; the Ji constellation corresponded to the Yan State, as well as the Wu State, Yue State, and Qi State. The comet appeared over Hanzhong, a region near the sea with extensive marshlands. At that time, Emperor Jing had just ascended the throne and really depended on Chao Cuo, preparing to eliminate the vassal kings. The appearance of the comet was an omen. Three years later, the Wu State, the Chu State, four factions within the Qi State, and the Zhao State rebelled and were all exterminated.
In June of 135 BC, a comet appeared in the north. Liu Xiang believed that the following year, Liu An, the Prince of Huainan, entered the court, conspired with Grand Commandant Tian Fen, Marquis of Wu'an, while Empress Chen was arrogant and overbearing. Later, Empress Chen was deposed; Prince Huainan rebelled and was executed.
In August of the same year, a long comet appeared in the east, crossing the sky, and disappeared after thirty days. Divination said, "This is the banner of Chi You, a legendary figure associated with war; its appearance means that the king will launch campaigns in all directions." Later, Emperor Wu of Han indeed launched campaigns in all directions for several decades.
In April of 121 BC, a long comet appeared again in the northwest. At that time, Emperor Wu of Han was particularly fierce in his campaign against the Xiongnu.
In May of 110 BC, a comet appeared in the sky, first near the Eastern Well constellation, and later near the Three Platforms constellation. Afterwards, Jiang Chong's rebellion threw Chang'an into chaos. This indicates that the Eastern Well and Three Platforms constellations correspond to the national fortune of the Qin State.
In January of 57 BC, a comet appeared in the west, about twenty zhang away from the Tai Bai Star. Liu Xiang believed that the Tai Bai Star represented the Grand General, and the comet approaching it foreshadowed sweeping and destruction. The following year, Grand General Huo Guang died, and two years later, the Huo family was exterminated.
In the first month of 7 BC, a comet appeared near the Ying Shi star, bluish-white in color, six to seven zhang (approximately 20 to 23 feet) long, and over one Chinese foot (approximately 14 inches) wide. Liu Xiang and Gu Yong believed that the Ying Shi star represented a sign of pregnancy in the harem, and the appearance of the comet indicated disaster for the harem, leaving the royal family without an heir. Some also said that the harem would suffer trouble. Later, Empress Xu was deposed for cursing the pregnant women in the harem. Queen Zhao appointed her own sister as Zhaoyi (a high-ranking concubine), causing the death of two princes and leaving the emperor with no heir. In the end, all of Queen Zhao's sisters faced punishment.
In 6 BC, on Xinyou day, a comet appeared near the Eastern Well star (東井). It passed through the constellations associated with five princely states, crossing the River Drum, Beishuai, Xuanyuan, Taiwei, and others. It was visible for over six hours during the day and was seen in the east in the morning. Thirteen days later, it appeared in the west in the evening, passing through the constellations of Xifei, Changqiu, Dou, and Tian, and traversing the Purple Palace twice. The comet's tail, pointing south, reached the Milky Way and swept across the Fei constellation. It then moved south, passing through Dajiao, Sheti, and other constellations, arriving at the Tian Shi constellation before moving slowly. The comet's light illuminated Tian Shi, and it only moved west after half a month, disappearing alongside Canglong star after a total of fifty-six days. Gu Yong exclaimed, "Such chaos is unprecedented! Look at its speed, the length of its light, and the constellations it passed through; all indicate disasters for the inner palace concubines and rebellions among the external princes." Liu Xiang added, "The downfall of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties corresponded to the change in the position of the Sheti constellation; the fall of the Qin Dynasty and the Chu-Han contention corresponded to the comet sweeping through Dajiao star." That year, Zhao Zhaoyi killed two princes. Five years later, Emperor Cheng died, and Zhaoyi committed suicide. Emperor Ai ascended the throne, and the Zhao family members were stripped of their titles and exiled to Liaoxi. Emperor Ai had no sons. Emperor Ping ascended the throne, and with Wang Mang in power, he investigated the crimes of Empress Zhao of Emperor Cheng and Empress Fu of Emperor Ai, both of whom committed suicide. The relatives of Emperor Cheng and Emperor Ai were stripped of their titles and exiled to Hepu or returned to their original counties. Emperor Ping also had no sons, and Wang Mang eventually usurped power.
In 637 BC, in the first month, five meteors fell on the Song State. In the same month, six kingfishers flew backwards and left the capital of Song. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang believed that this was a warning from heaven to Duke Xiang of Song: if he sought to emulate the moral behavior of Boyi and Shuqi, he would ultimately bring destruction upon himself. The meteors, a paradoxical combination of yin and yang, signified a fall from grace. They are akin to metals, primarily white in color, which is close to auspicious signs. Kingfishers are water birds; the number six is a yin number, and their backward flight signifies a desire to move forward while retreating. Kingfishers are blue in color, which is also an auspicious sign, but here it refers to disorder and inauspiciousness. Heaven warns that the Song State is weak in national strength and has a small territory; it should not be arrogant or eager for victory, as striving to dominate neighboring states and fighting against powerful nations will surely lead to losses.
Duke Xiang did not heed this advice. The following year, Duke Huan of Qi died, and Duke Xiang attacked Qi but was defeated in battle. He captured the ruler of Teng State, besieged Cao State, participated in the Yudi Alliance, and vied with Chu State for the position of alliance leader, ultimately being captured by Chu State. Although he later returned to his country, he did not repent. Instead, he allied with other states to attack Zheng State and fought against Chu State at the Hong River, where his army was defeated and he was injured, drawing ridicule from other states. The "Zuo Zhuan" states that meteors are celestial phenomena, while the kingfishers flying backwards are atmospheric phenomena. Duke Xiang asked the court historian, Shi Xing, "What is this an omen of? Is it good or bad?" Shi Xing replied, "This year there will be great mourning in Lu State, and next year there will be internal turmoil in Qi State. You will receive support from the neighboring states, but ultimately you will not succeed." Then, Shi Xing privately told others, "It's simply a shift in the balance of yin and yang; whether it's good or bad depends on how one acts. I wouldn't dare contradict the ruler." That year, Jiyou, the prince of Lu State, Ji姬, the princess of Zeng State, and Gōngsūn Zī all died. The following year, Duke Wei of Qi died, leading to chaos in Qi State over succession issues. Duke Xiang then attacked Qi State and was defeated by Chu State.
Liu Xin believed that this year was the year when the star deity Shou Xing was in charge. Shou Xing had offended the constellation associated with Lu, and Lu is the boundary of the kingdom of Lu, which led to great mourning in Lu. In the first month, the sun was in the constellation, conflicting with the constellation Xuan Xiao, which is the boundary of the kingdom of Qi. Meteorites were seen as manifestations of mountain spirits, and Qi is located after Mount Tai. Five meteorites symbolize the power struggle among the five sons of the deceased Duke Huan of Qi after his death, indicating that Qi would experience internal turmoil. The common people looked up at the stars, and a meteorite fell in the kingdom of Song, symbolizing that Duke Xiang of Song would receive support from rival states and quell the rebellion of the five sons. The falling meteorite and the reversed flight of the huángniǎo symbolize that although support from the rival states could be obtained, success would not ultimately be achieved. The six huángniǎo symbolize that six years later, the hegemony of Duke Xiang of Song would begin to decline, and he would be captured in the area of Yudi. Moral decay breeds chaos and unnatural disasters; ultimately, such imbalances invite karmic retribution through the clash of yin and yang. The disasters of Qi and Lu were not caused by the rulers, so Shu Xing said, "I wouldn't dare disobey the king." Jing Fang said in the Book of Changes, "Refusal to heed warnings, coupled with arrogance, leads to downfall—a parallel to the reversed flight of the huángniǎo. Such a reversal often foreshadows a ruler's deposition."
In the third year of Emperor Han Huidi's reign (189 BCE), a single meteorite fell from the sky and landed in Mianzhu (a place name).
In the fourth year of Emperor Han Wudi's reign (111 BCE), on the day of Dingyou in the second month, two meteorites fell in Yongzhou; at that time, the sky turned black, thick clouds rolled in, and a booming sound echoed for four hundred miles.
In the first month of the first year of Emperor Han Yuandi's reign (1 BCE), on the day of Wuchen, a total of six meteorites fell in the kingdom of Liang!
In the first month of the fourth year of Emperor Han Chengdi's reign (24 CE), on the day of Guimao, four meteorites fell in a place called "Gao," and in another place called "Feilei," one piece fell.
In the third year of Han Yangshuo, on the day of the second month of Renxu, eight meteorites landed in Bai Ma (白馬)! In the second year of Han Hongjia, on the day of the fifth month of Guiwei, three meteorites landed in Du Yan (杜衍). In March of the fourth year of Han Yuanyan, two meteorites landed in Du Guan (都關). On the day of Dingwei in the first month of Jianping, the first year of Han Aid Emperor, ten meteorites fell at once in Beidi (北地)! On the day of Jia Chen in the same year, in September, two meteorites landed in Yu (虞). In June of the second year of Emperor Pingdi, two meteorites landed in Julu (巨鹿). Eleven meteorite falls were recorded during the period from Emperor Huidi of Han to Emperor Pingdi of Han. These events were especially common during the reigns of Emperors Chengdi and Aid, always accompanied by a blinding flash and a deafening boom!
