Dou Rong, whose courtesy name was Zhou Gong, was a native of Pingling in Fufeng. Seven generations before him, his ancestor Dou Guangguo, who was the brother of Empress Xiaowen, was granted the title of Marquis of Zhanwu. Dou Rong's great-grandfather held an official position equivalent to two thousand stones during the reign of Emperor Xuan and migrated from Changshan to Pingling. Dou Rong lost his father when he was young. During Wang Mang's usurpation of the Han Dynasty, Dou Rong served as the General of Strong Crossbows and led troops to the east to fight against Zhai Yi, and later attacked Huaili, in recognition of his military achievements earning him the title of Jianwu Baron. His sister married Grand Minister Wang Yi as his concubine. Dou Rong resided in Chang'an, often visiting the homes of officials and nobles, and associating with renowned figures in the city, being renowned for his generosity and chivalry. Despite this, he was very filial to his mother and elder brother, took care of his younger siblings, and was known for his loyalty at home. As Wang Mang's downfall drew near, peasant uprisings broke out in Qingzhou and Xuzhou, and Grand Tutor Wang Kuang invited Dou Rong to assist in the eastern expedition.
Later, as the Han army rebelled, Dou Rong, along with Wang Yi, was defeated in the Battle of Kunyang, fleeing back to Chang'an. The Han army swiftly advanced into Guanzhong, and Wang Yi recommended Dou Rong to Liu Xiu, who appointed him as the Bosui General, rewarding him with a thousand catties of gold and sending him to lead troops to Xinfeng. After Wang Mang's defeat, Dou Rong surrendered his army to Grand Marshal Zhao Meng, serving under Emperor Gengshi, who appointed him as a Colonel, valued him highly, and recommended him for the position of Administrator of Julu.
Dou Rong felt that Emperor Gengshi had just established his power, and the situation in the east was still in turmoil, so he was reluctant to leave the pass. He remembered that his great-grandfather had been the Prefect of Zhangye, his grandfather had been the Protector of the Qiang people, and his younger brother had also been the Prefect of Wuwei. Several generations of their family had connections to the Hexi region and were very familiar with the local customs. So Dou Rong said to his brothers, "The situation in the world is still unclear. The Hexi region is rich, with dangerous terrain. Zhangye belongs to a vassal state with elite soldiers and ten thousand cavalry. If any changes occur, as long as we block the crossing of the Hexi Corridor, we can protect ourselves. This is a great place to take refuge!" His brothers agreed with his opinion. So Dou Rong went to see Zhao Meng that day, declined the position of Prefect of Julu, and wanted to leave for Hexi. Zhao Meng told Emperor Gengshi about this, and Dou Rong was appointed as the Commandant of the vassal state of Zhangye. Dou Rong was thrilled and immediately set off west with his family. After arriving in Zhangye, he united the local heroes, pacified the Qiang people, and won their love. The people of the Hexi region all submitted to him.
At that time, Liang Tong, the Commandant of Jiuquan, She Jun, the Commandant of Jincheng, Shi Bao, the Commandant of Zhangye, Zhu Zeng, the Commandant of Jiuquan, and Xin Rong, the Commandant of Dunhuang, were all renowned figures in the Hexi region and had very good relations with Duan Feng. After the collapse of the Gengshi regime, Duan Feng discussed with Liang Tong and others, "Now the world is in great chaos, and no one knows how it will end. The Hexi region is like an isolated island. If we do not work together, we won’t be able to defend it; even if we have enough strength, we lack a leader. We should elect someone as the Grand General to protect these five commanderies together and see how the situation changes." After discussion, everyone began to yield to each other, saying that Duan Feng had been in office in Hexi for a long time and they all respected him. In the end, Duan Feng was appointed as the acting Grand General of the five commanderies of Hexi.
At that time, the Prefect of Wuwei, Ma Qi, and the Prefect of Zhangye, Ren Zhong, were both isolated and powerless, so they jointly wrote a letter to Duan Qiong, expressing their submission. They immediately relinquished their official seals and insignia. Consequently, Liang Tong became the Prefect of Wuwei, Shi Bao became the Prefect of Zhangye, Zhu Zeng became the Prefect of Jiuquan, Xin Rong became the Prefect of Dunhuang, and She Jun continued to be the Prefect of Jincheng. Duan Qiong remained in the vassal state, continuing in his role as Commandant, and also overseeing the surveillance work of five counties. The people of Hexi were simple and honest, and Duan Qiong and his men governed with leniency and a gentle touch, fostering unity at all levels, resulting in a peaceful and prosperous life. They also strengthened military training, increased vigilance, and enhanced the alert measures of beacon towers. Whenever the Qiang and Hu dared to threaten the border, Duan Qiong personally led the troops to provide assistance alongside the troops from each county, and they were able to win every battle quickly and effectively.
Later, the Xiongnu became much more subdued, rarely invading again. The border Qiang and Hu were deterred and surrendered en masse. The people who had fled due to disasters in Anding, Beidi, and Shang counties continued to arrive in Hexi in large numbers.
I heard that Emperor Guangwu, Liu Xiu, has taken the throne. Duan Rong and others wanted to go to the east to seek refuge, but the trip to the Hexi Corridor was a long one, and they couldn't get in touch for a bit. At that time, Wei Xiao was the first to adopt the "Jianwu" era name, and Duan Rong and others followed suit by accepting Liu Xiu's official era name. Wei Xiao even handed them a counterfeit general's seal. He pretended to go along with the people's wishes, but actually had other intentions. He sent the debater Zhang Xuan to convince them in the Hexi area, saying, "The career of Emperor Gengshi Liu Xuan failed at the beginning, which shows that no family can hold the throne forever. Now you should find a supporter fast. Once someone else has control, you won’t have any power left. If trouble comes again, it’ll be too late to regret it. Now heroes are battling for control of the realm, and who will come out on top is anyone's guess. You all should stake your claim to your own lands and team up with Longxi and Shu, and ideally, you’d become kings like those from the Six Kingdoms, or at the very least, follow the example of Weitu, the self-proclaimed King of Nanyue."
Duan Rong then summoned various valiant heroes and local officials to discuss. The wise men said, "The Han Dynasty inherited the imperial throne from Yao and Shun, and its fate is destined to endure. The emperor's surname has long been chronicled in historical records. In the past, erudite scholars like Gu Ziyun and Xia Heliang predicted that the Han Dynasty would once again be appointed by the heavens. This prophecy has been known for some time. Therefore, Liu Xiu changed his name to fulfill this prophecy. Towards the end of Wang Mang's reign, Daoist Sima Junhui also said that Liu Xiu would become emperor, so they planned to support Liu Xiu's brother, Liu Zhong. However, the scheme was uncovered, Liu Zhong was killed, and before his death, he declared to the crowd, 'Liu Xiu is your true lord!' These events have transpired recently, and everyone is aware of them. The wise can see it clearly. Even aside from destiny, from a human perspective, there are multiple contenders for the throne, but Luoyang has the largest territory, the strongest army, and the most effective leadership. Looking at it from both destiny and human perspectives, it is likely that other surnames will struggle to succeed." Each county governor had their own advisors, and opinions differed. After careful deliberation, Duan Rong ultimately chose to align himself with Emperor Guangwu. In the summer of the fifth year of his reign, he sent his Chief Clerk, Liu Jun, with a letter and horses as a tribute to Emperor Guangwu.
The emperor heard that the Hexi region is rich, and the land connects Longxi and Shu; he has always wanted to bring Hexi under control to restrain the arrogant Qiang and Hu. So he sent envoys to deliver a letter to Zhang Rong, and the envoys encountered Duan Jun, the Governor of Liangzhou, on their way. The emperor was very happy to see Duan Jun, and after a warm reception, he let him return, while also giving Zhang Rong a decree, which read: "Decree appointing you as General of the Five Counties of Hexi and Governor of the Subordinate State: You have worked hard to guard the five counties on the border, with strong and well-equipped troops, sufficient warehouse reserves, and prosperous people, defeating the Qiang outside while ensuring the people live and work in peace within. Your reputation and integrity have spread far and wide, and we have been looking forward to cooperating with you, but the road is blocked, which is worrying! The letters and horses brought by the Chief Historian have been received, and we deeply appreciate your loyalty and kindness. Now there is Gongsun Shu in Yizhou, and Wei Xiao in Tianshui; the two territories of Shu Han are at war with each other, and the initiative is in your hands; every move of yours is crucial. From this, we can see that we want to form an alliance with you, which cannot be reduced to mere material rewards! The specific situation has been reported by the Chief Historian, and you are also clear about it. Dynastic changes are rare. If you want to emulate the two emperors Huan Wen and assist weak countries, then you should work hard to achieve your goals; if you want to divide the world into thirds, you should also seize the opportunity to make decisions. The world is not yet unified, and we are separated by distant borders; we are not countries that want to swallow each other. Now those who are talking about it must have someone who will emulate Ren Xiao and Wei Tuo, wanting to control the seven counties. Emperors have the right to grant land, but not the right to grant the people; you only need to focus on your own responsibilities. We now reward you with two hundred pounds of gold; please feel free to share your thoughts." Zhang Rong was then appointed as the Governor of Liangzhou.
The emperor heard that the Hexi region is rich beyond measure, bordering Longxi and Shu, and has long desired to bring Hexi under his control to deal with the arrogant Qiang and Hu tribes in Shu. So he sent a letter to Zhang Rong, but the messenger encountered Duan Jun, the Governor of Liangzhou, on his journey, and they returned together. The emperor was very happy to see Duan Jun, entertained him lavishly, and then let him go back, and issued a decree appointing Zhang Rong as the Grand General of the five counties of Hexi and also as the Minister of the vassal state: "You have worked tirelessly defending the five border counties; your army is strong, with sufficient food and supplies, the people are prosperous and well, able to defeat the Qiang and Hu tribes abroad, and the people are living well internally. Your reputation and benevolence have reached far and wide; we have eagerly anticipated cooperating with you, yet the distance has caused us concern! We have received the letter and horses sent by your chief historian, and we know that you are loyal to the court. Now there is Gongsun Shu in Yizhou, Wei Xiao in Tianshui, and the two sides of Shu Han are fighting fiercely; the initiative lies with you, and every action you take is crucial. So, we want to be friends with you, not merely through simple rewards! Your chief historian has briefed you on the specific circumstances, and you are also clear about it. The state of the world occurs only once every few hundred years. If you wish to divide the world into three factions and form alliances, then seize this opportunity. The world has not yet been unified, we are far apart, we are not looking to annex one another. There are many who are speaking; there must be some who want to imitate Ren Xiao and Wei Tuo, seeking to dominate the seven counties. The emperor can bestow land, but he cannot bestow the loyalty of the people; you just need to do your own thing well. Now, as a reward, I grant you two hundred jin of gold; please feel free to express your thoughts." The emperor then appointed Zhang Rong as the Governor of Liangzhou.
After the emperor's decree was issued, the people in the Hexi region were taken aback, feeling that His Majesty the Emperor had an eagle eye, able to see things clearly even from thousands of miles away. The net was cast wide! Then, Zhang Rong sent Liu Jun to write a letter to the emperor, saying, "As I, Zhang Rong, reflect on this, I am truly fortunate to have served as an official in the court for generations, being favored by the emperor as a relative by marriage. My ancestors have been high-ranking officials with a rank of two thousand stones for several generations. In my generation, I have held important positions, served as a general, and have always looked after this region. If I only wanted to keep my official position, that's easy to say; if I wanted to serve the country faithfully, I can certainly do that. But a letter can't capture the depth of my loyalty, so I have sent Liu Jun to personally express my heartfelt words. I can honestly say that I have no guilt in my heart, no ulterior motives. However, the imperial decree highly praises the two lords of Shu Han, saying they have divided the world into three parts, and are as talented as Ren Xiao and Yu Tuo, which really bothers me. Although I, Zhang Rong, have limited knowledge, I know what's right and wrong, what's just and unjust. How can I betray my former lord and serve treacherous people? How can I abandon my loyal integrity to do things that will lead to the country's destruction? How can I give up the foundation I have already established to chase after unattainable gains? Even a fool would know how to handle these three points; how could I not understand! I have specifically sent my fellow townsman friend to the capital to report my thoughts to the emperor in detail." When the friend arrived in Gaoping, he coincidentally encountered Wei Xiao's rebellion, and the road was cut off, so he had to turn back in a hurry. Therefore, Zhang Rong secretly sent a letter to the emperor through Sima Xifeng. The emperor then sent a letter to Zhang Rong and his friend, comforting them; the letter was filled with concern. Zhang Rong fully grasped the emperor's intentions and wrote a letter to Wei Xiao, rebuking him with the words:
General, your country is prosperous, the government is transparent, and the soldiers all support you. When the country was in a difficult situation, facing dangers, you were able to uphold your integrity and loyalty to the court. Later, you sent Bochun to the court to express your sincere loyalty, and the court recognized your sincerity. We admire your noble character and are willing to serve you for this reason.
However, now, due to a moment of anger, you have shifted your stance and devised plans that have led to conflict between you and your subjects, resulting in strife between the upper and lower ranks. In pursuit of personal glory, you have created difficulties, abandoned your principles, and adopted risky strategies. A century's worth of accomplishments has been ruined in an instant. Isn't that regrettable? Perhaps it is your subordinates who are greedy for credit and plotting, leading to this situation, which fills me with deep sorrow!
Now, the terrain in the Western Zhou area is treacherous, the forces are scattered, and it is easy to be attacked by others, making it hard to stand on your own. If you keep going down this road, even if you hear reason, you will still be lost. If you do not unite with Ziyang in the south, you will have to rely on Wenbo in the north. Counting on false alliances to take on powerful foes and relying on distant rescue to underestimate present enemies, I fail to see how this benefits you. I have heard that wise leaders don’t gamble with the safety of the people, and virtuous men do not pursue fame at the expense of righteousness. Now, what good does it do for the people when you’re outnumbered? What benefit is there in abandoning the people to pursue credit, in terms of righteousness?
Furthermore, when you initially served the court, bowed and paid your respects, that was the duty of a loyal subject. Later, when you dispatched Bochun, you bid farewell with tears; that was the kindness of a compassionate father. But now you have betrayed the court; how will you justify your actions to your subordinates and soldiers? How can you bear to abandon them, and what will you say to the people who remain? Since the outbreak of war, both sides have been attacking each other, cities have turned into ruins, and the people have been displaced, with countless lives lost. Those still alive are either survivors of the battlefield or orphaned refugees. Even now, the wounded have yet to recover, and the sound of weeping still echoes.
Fortunately, our country is blessed, bringing you, General, to face adversity once again. This has kept your long-standing illness from healing, and young orphans will once again be displaced. The sorrow in all this is truly heart-wrenching! Even ordinary folks would struggle to be so ruthless, let alone a man of benevolence and righteousness. I've heard that while loyalty is easy, acting rightly is much harder. I know that worrying excessively and repaying grievances with kindness can lead to trouble, even in conversation. I hope you will consider my words, General.
Since you did not heed my advice, I have joined forces with the governors of five counties to train our troops together and have submitted a petition requesting a date to mobilize.
The emperor greatly admired Zhang Rong, so he rewarded him with some paintings brought as tributes from foreign countries, as well as the works of Sima Qian, including "Records of the Five Ancestors," "The Family of the Empress Dowager," and "The Biography of Wei Qi Hou." The emperor's decree stated: "I often think of the matters concerning the empress dowager. Emperor Xiaojing was of the Dou clan, and Prince Ding was the son of Emperor Jing; they are my ancestors. The words of Wei Qi Hou back then ensured a smooth succession to the throne, the emperors respected their teachers, cultivated noble virtues, and passed on blessings to future generations; this is the blessing of the empress dowager upon the Han dynasty! What was sent from Tianshui is a copy of the letter in which General Wei Xiao refused Wei Xiao's correspondence; reading it is truly heart-wrenching. The rebellious ministers who see this will surely tremble in fear and feel ashamed; loyal ministers will be moved to tears; righteous men will feel enlightened and uplifted. How could this be achieved without loyal, filial, honest, and trustworthy individuals? This is not something that those with shallow virtues can accomplish! Wei Xiao knows that he has lost the support of Hexi and knows that disaster is imminent, so he wants to confuse people with divisive tactics, sow discord, and achieve his evil goals. Moreover, many officials in the capital do not grasp the true intentions of the state and you, General; many people like to exaggerate and talk nonsense, disappointing loyalists and spreading rumors that distort the truth. Words of praise and criticism don't arise from nowhere and must be carefully considered. The bandits in the east have already been pacified, and the army will soon march westward. General, you must be resolute and strong to prepare for the upcoming reunion." After receiving the decree, Zhang Rong immediately led the local prefects and their soldiers into the city of Jin.
In the beginning, during the Gengshi era, Feng He, the leader of the Xianling Qiang, killed the Administrator of Jincheng Commandery and occupied the Jincheng Commandery. Wei Xiao sent bribes, formed an alliance with Feng He, and sought to incite him to take up arms. Zhang Rong and others took the opportunity to attack Feng He, defeating him and beheading over a thousand of his men, capturing tens of thousands of cattle, horses, and sheep, and tens of thousands of bushels of grain. They then displayed their military strength by the river, waiting for the emperor's arrival. At that time, before the main army arrived, Zhang Rong led the troops back.
Because of Zhang Rong's loyalty and remarkable achievements, the emperor appreciated him even more. He issued an edict commanding the restoration of Zhang Rong's father's tomb in Youfufeng Commandery and performing grand sacrificial rites. The emperor sent light cavalry to deliver exotic delicacies from all corners, and Liang Tong also sent an assassin to kill Zhang Xuan, completely cutting off ties with Wei Xiao, both submitting their general's seals. In the summer of the seventh year, the Jiuquan Commandery Administrator Zhu Zeng fled the county after killing someone in revenge for his brother. Zhang Rong, following the emperor's decree, appointed Zhu Zeng as the General of Wufeng and appointed Xin Rong as his replacement.
In the autumn, Wei Xiao launched an attack on Anding Commandery, and the emperor intended to personally lead the western campaign, informing Ma Rong in advance. However, they were met with heavy rain and blocked roads, and Wei Xiao's army had already retreated, so the emperor called off the western campaign. Ma Rong arrived in Guzang and received an imperial decree ordering him to return to court.
Ma Rong was worried that the army was not advancing, so he submitted a report to the emperor: "Kuai Xiao heard that the emperor was going to campaign to the west, and I, Ma Rong, came from the east. His soldiers were panicked and dared not act rashly for now. Kuai Xiao's subordinates, including Gao Jun and his fellow commanders, all wanted to welcome the army. Later, when they heard that the emperor had stopped the western campaign, Gao Jun and the others began to waver again. Kuai Xiao declared that there had been a disturbance in the east, and the heroes of the western states had once again pledged allegiance to him. Kuai Xiao also dispatched the army of Gongsun Shu to guard the Tu Gate. I am fighting alone, caught in between them. Although I rely on the emperor's prestige, I urgently need reinforcements. The imperial army will launch an attack from the front, while I apply pressure from the rear, combining advance and retreat, cooperating with each other. Kuai Xiao will be in a dilemma, and we will definitely defeat him in this way. If the army does not march out soon, if the time drags on, it will make Kuai Xiao suspicious, which will embolden external enemies, make us appear weak from within, and give those treacherous individuals an opportunity to exploit the situation. I am deeply concerned. I hope the emperor can appreciate my concerns!" The emperor highly valued Ma Rong's counsel.
In the summer of the eighth year, the emperor personally led a large army westward to campaign against Wei Xiao. Ma Rong led the governors of five counties and tens of thousands of infantry and cavalry from various tribes such as the Qiang and the Xiongnu, along with over five thousand supply wagons, to meet up with the main army in Gaoping. Ma Rong had sent someone in advance to inquire about the meeting etiquette. At that time, the army was on the march, and the generals met with the three public officials on the road; some were even privately conversing with envoys they were carrying. The emperor was very pleased to hear that Ma Rong had inquired about the etiquette in advance, and even told this to the officials. The emperor hosted a banquet for Ma Rong and others, extending them special honors, and appointed Ma Rong's brother Ma You as the Director of Carriages and Ma Rong's other brother Ma Shi as the Grand Master of the Palace. Then, everyone marched together, and Wei Xiao's army was defeated, with the cities surrendering one after another. The emperor highly valued Ma Rong's contributions and issued a decree elevating him to the rank of Marquis of Anfeng, and his brother Ma You as the Marquis of Xianqin. Following that, other generals were successively appointed: General Wufeng Zhu Zeng as the Marquis of Zhuyi, Governor of Wuwei Liang Tong as the Marquis of Chengyi, Governor of Zhangye Shi Bao as the Marquis of Baoyi, Governor of Jincheng She Jun as the Marquis of Fuyi, and Governor of Jiuquan Xin Dong as the Marquis of Fuyi. After the appointments were completed, the emperor returned by carriage and dispatched Ma Rong and the others back to their respective posts.
During the Han Dynasty, Ma Rong, the son of Ma Teng, a general under Dong Zhuo, and his brothers were granted noble titles and held military power in a region for a long time. Feeling anxious and apprehensive, Ma Rong repeatedly requested to retire in memorials to the court. The emperor replied, "You and the general are as essential to me as a person's left and right hands. You always humbly decline; why can't you see my intentions? Take good care of the people and don’t leave your post without permission."
After the pacification of Longxi and Shu, the emperor summoned Ma Rong to report on his work in the capital city along with the governors of five commanderies. Ma Rong set out with officials and guests following him, with a grand procession of over a thousand carts, horses, cattle, and sheep. When Ma Rong reached the gates of Luoyang, he presented the seals of Liangzhou's governor, the commandant of Zhangye, and the marquis of Anfeng, which the emperor had sent back to him through a messenger. The emperor summoned Ma Rong to sit in the seat of the nobles, rewarded him with many gifts, and the grandeur of the capital city was stirred by this display. After a few months, Ma Rong was appointed as the Governor of Jizhou, and just over ten days later, he was promoted to Grand Minister of Public Works. Ma Rong, feeling he wasn't an old minister, suddenly found himself in a position above the meritorious officials. Every time he was summoned, he behaved very respectfully and humbly, which made the emperor even closer to him.
Ma Rong was cautious and careful, always feeling uneasy for a long time. He repeatedly requested to resign from his title and even expressed his sincerity through the attendant Jin Qian. He wrote again, "I am fifty-three years old this year, my son is fifteen years old, and he is dull-witted. I teach him the classics every day, and do not let him read books on astronomy, calendrical studies, or prophecies. I only hope that he can be respectful, cautious, and follow the rules. I do not want him to have talent, let alone inherit vast lands and the kingdoms of the nobles." He then requested another audience with the emperor, but the emperor did not grant it. Later, after the court meeting, Ma Rong wandered behind his seat, and the emperor knew he wanted to resign, so he had the guards escort him out. The next day, when he was summoned again, the emperor said to Ma Rong, "I was aware a few days ago that you wished to resign and return home, so I let you rest. Today, let's talk about something else when we meet, and let's not discuss resignation again." Ma Rong dared not mention resignation again.
Twenty years later, Grand Tutor Dai She was imprisoned because the person he recommended stole gold. The Emperor had to dismiss Ma Rong from his position as the positions of the Three Excellencies were interconnected. The following year, the Emperor promoted Ma Rong to the rank of Special Advisor. In the twenty-third year, Ma Rong replaced Yin Xing as Commander of the Imperial Guards, while maintaining his role as Special Advisor and also taking on the duties of Grand Architect. His brother, Ma You, became the Gate Captain, and the two brothers both commanded the Imperial Guards. Ma Rong once again requested retirement, and the Emperor rewarded him with a lot of money, silk, and precious treasures from the Imperial Household. After Ma You passed away, the Emperor, considering Ma Rong's old age, sent eunuchs and palace attendants to his home to insist that he eat and drink.
Dou Mu, the eldest son of Dou Rong, married Princess Neihuang; the son of Dou Rong's friend also married a princess. Dou Lin, Dou Rong's nephew, was appointed as Protector of the Qiang people during the reign of Emperor Xianzong. The Dou family was enjoying great prosperity at that time, boasting one duke, two marquises, and three princesses married into their ranks, as well as dozens of officials of the 2,000 stone rank, all being prominent at the same time. From Dou Rong's ancestors to his grandchildren, their government offices were all located in the capital, with thousands of servants and retainers. Among the relatives and esteemed families of that era, no other family could rival the Dou family.
In the second year of the Yongping era, Dou Lin was executed by beheading for a crime, as noted in the "Biography of the Western Qiang." The emperor issued multiple edicts sternly rebuking Dou Rong, warning him that individuals like Dou Ying and Tian Fen, who were intoxicated by their power, would ultimately come to a bad end. Dou Rong was frightened and quickly requested to retire and return home. The emperor granted his request, allowing him to return home to recuperate. A year later, he was bestowed the official seal and insignia of the Commandant of Guards, as well as rewarded with cattle and wine. Dou Rong had served in the palace for over ten years, and as he aged, his sons and grandsons grew increasingly unruly and committed numerous misdeeds. Dou Mu and his associates conspired with some reckless individuals, forming local factions and meddling in court politics. Because the Dou family had a fief in Anfeng, they sought to have their relatives occupy the former Liu'an territory. They even forged a decree from Empress Yin, forcing Liu Xu, the Marquis of Liu'an, to divorce his wife so they could marry their daughter to him. Five years later, the family of Liu Xu's ex-wife filed a complaint, infuriating the emperor, who dismissed Dou Mu and his accomplices from their posts. The Dou family members serving in the court returned with their families to their home counties, while only Dou Rong stayed in the capital. Dou Mu and his group traveled west to Hangu Pass, but the emperor summoned them back. Shortly thereafter, Dou Rong passed away at the age of seventy-eight and was posthumously granted the title of Daihou, and the court arranged a lavish funeral for him.
The emperor thought that Dou Mu, although he had not achieved any good reputation, had a wealthy family background and lived in a big house, so he sent a courtier to keep a close watch on his family. After a few years, the courtier reported that Dou Mu and his son often grumbled ever since they lost their status. The emperor then ordered their entire family to be exiled back to their hometown, except for Dou Xun, who was permitted to remain in the capital as he was the son-in-law of Princess Biyang. Later, Dou Mu was arrested and thrown into prison for bribing low-ranking officials, and he and his son Dou Xuan died in custody at Pingling Prison. Dou Xun also died in Luoyang Prison. Much later, the emperor ordered Dou Rong's wife and a grandson to return to their original residence in Luoyang.
In the fourteenth year, Dou Rong's brother Dou Jia was appointed as the Marquis of Anfeng, with a fief of two thousand households, allowing him to enjoy honor and wealth. When the emperor ascended the throne, Dou Jia held the position of Minister of Finance. After Dou Xian, Dou Rong's son and Grand General, was killed, Dou Jia was dismissed from his position and returned to his fief. After Dou Jia's death, his son Dou Wanquan inherited the title. After Dou Wanquan's death, his son Dou Huizong inherited the title. Dou Wu, Dou Wanquan's grandson, is recorded separately.
Now, let's break this down. Dou Rong initially relied on his reputation as a heroic figure to rise from the common people and seize opportunities to rise. He eventually rose to the ranks of nobility, which was a typical success story achieved through relentless effort. However, when his title and power reached their peak, he appeared quite low-profile, as if he didn't care much about power. What accounts for this? Thinking carefully about him, even though he lacked any remarkable governance skills, he was notable for his understanding of gains and losses.
Dou Gu, courtesy name Mengsun, married a princess when he was young and became an Attendant of the Yellow Gate. He loved reading books, especially studying military strategy, and due to his high status, he was often trusted with important tasks. In the first year of Zhongyuan, he inherited the title of Marquis, inheriting it from his father Dou You, becoming a Marquis of Xianqin. When Emperor Xianzong ascended the throne, Dou Gu was promoted to Colonel of the Palace Guards and was responsible for overseeing the Imperial Guard. Later, due to the crimes of his cousin Dou Mu, Dou Gu was implicated and was dismissed from his position, spending over ten years at home.
During this time of peace, the Emperor sought to emulate the reign of Emperor Wu by sending troops to attack the Xiongnu and open up the route to the Western Regions. Because Dou Gu was familiar with border affairs, in the winter of the fifteenth year of Zhongyuan, the Emperor appointed him as the Commander of Chariots to lead an expedition. He was accompanied by Deputy General Geng Zhong, Prefect Geng Bing as the Marshal of the Cavalry, and Qin Peng as another Deputy General, each accompanied by their respective officials, heading to camp in Liangzhou.
The following year, Dou Gu and Geng Zhong led soldiers from the regions of Jiuquan, Dunhuang, and Zhangye, along with 12,000 cavalry troops from the Qiang and Xiongnu, departing from Jiuquan Pass. Geng Bing and Qin Peng led soldiers recruited from Wuwei, Longxi, and Tianshui, along with 10,000 cavalry troops from the Qiang and Xiongnu, departing from Juyan Pass. In addition, Taipu Jisong and General Douliao Wu Tang led soldiers from Hedong, Beidi, and Xihe, along with 11,000 soldiers from the Qiang, Xiongnu, and Southern Xiongnu, departing from Gaoque Pass. The Deputy General...
It is said that Miao, the General of the Wuhuan, Colonel Wen Mu, led troops from Taiyuan, Yanmen, Daijun, Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, and Dingxiang prefectures, along with over 10,000 cavalry from the Wuhuan and Xianbei, departing from Pingcheng to engage in battle.
Geng Gu and Geng Zhong fought their way to Tianshan, engaged in battle with King Huyan, and decapitated over a thousand enemies. King Huyan was scared and ran away, but Geng Gu and his men pursued him all the way to Puleihai, where they finally halted. Later, they left some soldiers to guard the city of Yiwulu. Geng Bing and Qin Peng were even more formidable, traveling over 600 miles in the vast desert to Samukou Mountain. At the same time, Miao and Wenmu arrived at the Xiongnu River, causing the enemy to flee in all directions without gaining anything. Ji Rong and Wu Tang, on the other hand, were reduced to commoners for not reaching Zhuoxie Mountain. At that time, Geng Gu achieved remarkable success and was promptly promoted by the emperor, granting him the title of Tejin.
The following year, Geng Gu led his troops from Yumen Pass to the Western Regions to fight. The emperor specifically ordered Geng Bing and Cavalry Captain Liu Zhang to follow Geng Gu's command. Geng Gu fought brilliantly in this battle, directly breaking through Baishan and causing the Kingdom of Caras to surrender. These events are well documented in the "Biography of Geng Bing." Geng Gu spent several years on the frontier, where the Qiang and Hu tribes held him in high regard.
After Emperor Suzong ascended the throne, because Geng Gu's daughter married into the royal family and several generations of the Geng family had been loyal to the court, the emperor elevated his daughter's title to that of Princess Chang and granted her an additional three thousand households of land. The emperor also appointed Geng Gu as the Grand Minister of War, transferring him from Wei Ying. The emperor recognized Geng Gu's extensive knowledge of border affairs and frequently sought his advice. In the third year of Jianchu, the emperor posthumously recognized Geng Gu's previous achievements and granted him an additional thirteen hundred households of land. In the seventh year of Jianchu, Geng Gu succeeded Ma Fang as the Grand Minister of Works. The following year, he also succeeded Ma Fang as the Commandant of the Guards.
Geng Gu held a high position as an official for many years, with countless rewards and a fortune worth hundreds of millions. Despite his wealth and status, he was very humble, frugal, and always willing to help others, earning the admiration of many. In the second year of the Zhanghe era, Geng Gu passed away and was posthumously honored as Marquis Wen. His son Geng Biao later became the Colonel of Archers, but unfortunately passed away before his father and did not leave behind any sons, resulting in the loss of the Geng family's title.
Now, let's talk about a man named Dou Xian, also known as Bo Du. His father Dou Xun was murdered, leaving Dou Xian fatherless from a young age. In the second year of Jianchu, his sister became the empress, leading to Dou Xian's appointment as a court attendant. He gradually rose through the ranks to become the Attendant of the Palace and the General of the Tiger Guards. His brother Dou Du also became a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate. Both brothers were highly favored by the emperor, receiving constant rewards and promotions. Even the powerful families of Wang, Zhu, Yin, and Ma were both respected and feared by them.
Dou Xian relied on his power in the palace, forcefully acquiring Princess Qinshui's garden at a low price. The princess was forced to accept it and didn't dare to resist. Later, Emperor Suzong passed by the princess's garden, pointed at it, and asked Dou Xian what was going on. Dou Xian was so scared that he didn't dare to speak. The matter was later discovered, and the emperor was furious. He called Dou Xian and gave him a severe dressing down, saying, "Think carefully about what you've done, forcibly seizing the princess's land. How is this different from Zhao Gao calling a deer a horse? If you continue like this for a long time, people will be afraid of you! Back in the Yongping period, I often had the Yin party, Yin Bo, and Deng Die supervise each other, so those high-ranking officials and nobles dared not break the law, and my decrees repeatedly emphasized that even my uncle's land and houses had to be taken care of. Now that you have forcibly seized the princess's land, what will happen to others? The country has now abandoned you like a foul rat!" Dou Xian trembled in fear. The empress quickly donned mourning attire to apologize, and it took a long time for the emperor to calm down. He ordered Dou Xian to return the land to the princess. Although he was not punished for his actions, he was never trusted with an important position again.
After Emperor He ascended the throne, the Empress Dowager held court and listened to political affairs. Dou Xian, as a palace official, held the secrets of the court and was responsible for announcing the emperor's edicts. In the posthumous edict of Emperor Suzong, Dou Du was appointed as the General of the Tiger Guards, while Dou Du's brothers, Dou Jing and Dou Gui, were both appointed as Palace Attendants. This way, the Dou family brothers all held important positions in the court. Dou Xian respected the former Grand Commandant Deng Biao for his integrity and the respect he received from the late emperor. Deng Biao was kind-hearted, so Dou Xian respected him and appointed him as the Grand Tutor, and commanded all officials to heed Deng Biao’s guidance. Dou Xian always reported his actions to Emperor He through Deng Biao before reporting to the Empress Dowager, ensuring everything went smoothly. He also recommended the Commandant of the Cavalry, Huan Yu, whose family had served as teachers to the emperors for generations. Huan Yu was humble and cautious, and Dou Xian recommended him for lecturing in the palace. Therefore, there was unity both inside and outside the court, with no suspicions arising.
This old fellow was quite hot-tempered. If anyone crossed him, no matter how big the grudge, he would seek revenge. In the early years of the Yongping era, a petitioner named Han Yu had once brought charges against his father. He then sent someone to kill Han Yu's son and offer the head at his father's grave. Later, Prince Chang of Qi, Changle, came to pay respects during the national mourning. Changle had a reputation for being unscrupulous and had a close relationship with Infantry Commandant Deng Die, often entering and leaving the capital together. Because Deng Die's mother had a good relationship with the Changle Palace and received favor from the Empress Dowager, Changle was summoned by the Empress Dowager to enter the East Gate. He feared that Changle might win the Empress Dowager’s favor, so he harbored malicious intentions to shift the balance of power in the palace. He then ordered an assassination of Changle at the camp and pinned the blame on Changle's younger brother, Li Hougang. He also sent the Imperial Censor and the Governor of Qingzhou to investigate Li Hougang and his associates.
As a result, the truth eventually came to light, and the Empress Dowager was furious, so she imprisoned this old fellow in the palace. Fearing execution, he volunteered to go fight the Xiongnu to atone for his mistakes. Just then, the Southern Chanyu requested the Han Dynasty to send troops to the north, and the court appointed him as the General of Chariots and Cavalry, bestowing upon him a golden seal and a purple sash, a rank comparable to that of the Minister of Works, and appointed the Chief Commandant Geng Bing as his deputy. He then assembled the troops under five captains of the Northern Army, the armies of Liyang and Yong camps, as well as the cavalry from twelve border counties, along with Qiang and Hu troops, to march out of the pass together.
The following year, he and Geng Bing each led four thousand cavalry, along with over ten thousand cavalry from the Southern Xiongnu's Left Gu Li King, marching out from the Jilu Pass in Shuofang. The Southern Chanyu led over ten thousand cavalry out from Manyigu, General Deng Hong of Liaodong and the Qiang and Hu volunteers from the border led eight thousand cavalry, along with over ten thousand cavalry of King Anguo from Zouyang Pass, all agreed to rendezvous at Zhuoxie Mountain. He sent Deputy Captain Yan Pan, Marshal Geng Kui, and Geng Tan to lead over ten thousand elite cavalry of the Left Gu Li King and Right Huyan King to fight the Northern Chanyu at Jiluo Mountain, securing a resounding victory; the enemy was routed and scattered, the Chanyu fled, and the Han army pursued them all the way to the Siku Bidi Sea. Over thirteen thousand troops, from the king down, were killed, and over a million livestock were captured. As a result, eighty-one tribes such as Wenduxu, Yuezhui, Wenwu, and Fuqu King Ludi and over two hundred thousand people surrendered. He and Geng Bing ascended Yanran Mountain together, over three thousand miles from the border, carved stones to commemorate their achievements, sang the praises of the Han Dynasty's might, and had Ban Gu write an inscription, which is inscribed as follows:
In the autumn of the seventh month of the year 89 AD, the Han Dynasty's imperial relative and General of Chariots and Cavalry Dou Xian, who was intelligent and capable, assisted the imperial family in governing the country in an orderly and clear manner. He went to Shuofang with Chief Commandant Geng Bing to inspect the troops and organize the military.
This army, each and every one of them is an elite soldier, exceptionally formidable. There are six major armies in total, along with the leaders of various tribes, including the Southern Xiongnu, Eastern Wuhuan, and Western Qiang, as well as thirty thousand brave cavalry. The generals traveled lightly, and the army was divided into four routes, with an immense supply train consisting of over ten thousand carts. The army was arranged in a Bagua formation, awe-inspiring and imposing, the black armor shining in the sunlight, the red flags dyeing the sky red.
They advanced with unstoppable momentum, capturing strongholds such as Gaoque and Jilu, crossing deserts and wastelands, traversing vast deserts, slaying the enemy's priests and dying the battle flag red with their blood. Then the four armies advanced together, sweeping through the enemy like a meteor shower, sweeping across a thousand miles, leaving no enemy able to escape.
In this way, they utterly annihilated the power of the Xiongnu Chanyu and returned in glorious triumph. They diligently surveyed the landscapes along their route and drew maps. They traversed Zhuoxie Mountain and Anhou Mountain, entered the former realm of Modu Chanyu, and razed the Xiongnu Chanyu's stronghold to the ground.
The Emperor took this opportunity to release the pent-up anger that had built up since the reign of Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Wen of Han, illuminating the glory of their ancestors; at the same time, to expand their territory and revitalize the prestige of the Han Dynasty. This is a prime example of "small investment, big returns"! Therefore, Dou Xian erected a stone monument on Yanran Mountain to celebrate the Emperor's accomplishments. The inscription states:
"Inscription of Yanran Mountain":
The king's army conquers the wilds, eradicating the cruelty and tyranny from across the seas, expanding its reach across the land, establishing sacred mounds and constructing prosperous peaks, Emperor Xi continues the legacy, revitalizing for generations to come.
Goodness, Huo Guang led the troops to victory this time! He sent his generals Wu Si and Liang Feng to meet the Northern Chanyu with gold and silver treasures to promote the power of the Han Dynasty, with the army trailing closely behind. At that time, the Xiongnu were in disarray, and wherever Wu Si and Liang Feng went, the people surrendered, amounting to over 10,000. They pursued all the way to the Western Sea and found the Chanyu, once more showcasing the might of the Han Dynasty and presenting him with the emperor's edict. The Chanyu quickly bowed in gratitude and respectfully accepted the edict. Liang Feng took the opportunity to suggest that the Chanyu emulate the Chanyu of the Huns and ensure peace and stability for the people, striving for peaceful times. The Chanyu was overjoyed and immediately returned to the Han Dynasty with his followers. Upon reaching the Siku Sea, they heard that the Han army had returned home, so the Chanyu sent his brother, King Yuwenyudi, with tribute to see the emperor, accompanying Liang Feng on the journey to Chang'an. Huo Guang, seeing that the Chanyu himself did not come, requested the emperor to send the Chanyu's brother back. The Southern Chanyu sent an ancient tripod as well from the northern desert, capable of holding five dou of grain, bearing the inscription "Zhongshanfu Ding, for the use of future generations forever." Huo Guang presented this tripod to the emperor.
The emperor issued an imperial decree, sending the Zhonglang General with the imperial token to Wuyuan Commandery, appointing Huo Guang as Grand General, granting him the title of Marquis of Wuyang, with a fief of 20,000 households. Huo Guang refused to accept the reward, but the emperor finally relented. Previously, the position of Grand General was below the Three Excellencies, and the appointment of subordinate officials followed that of the Grand Commandant. However, Huo Guang's power was too great, and both the court and officials had to listen to him. Therefore, the emperor issued another decree, placing the position of Grand General below that of Grand Tutor and above the Three Excellencies; the ranks of the Grand General's Chief Clerk and Marshal were elevated to 2,000 bushels, the ranks of the Attendant Gentlemen were elevated to 600 bushels, and the ranks of other officials were similarly elevated. After Huo Guang returned to the capital, the court opened the national treasury to reward the soldiers. The county magistrates and the sons of the 2,000-bushel rank officials who followed Huo Guang on the expedition were all appointed as Attendants to the Crown Prince.
At that time, Huo Guang's younger brother Huo Du became the Guard Commander, and Huo Guang's two nephews Huo Jing and Huo Gui became Palace Attendants and Commandants of the Imperial Carriages and Cavalry. The four Huo brothers all rose to prominence, busy constructing grand houses and hiring the finest craftsmen. The following year, the emperor issued yet another imperial decree: "Grand General Huo Guang, who achieved a great victory against the Northern Di tribes two years prior, has already been rewarded by the court but has firmly declined. In line with previous practice, his relatives were also to be rewarded. Therefore, Huo Guang is to be granted the title of Marquis of Guanjun, with a fief of 20,000 households; Huo Du as Marquis of Yan, Huo Jing as Marquis of Ruyang, and Huo Gui as Marquis of Xiayang, each receiving a fief of 6,000 households." Huo Guang still refused to accept the rewards, so he took his army to garrison Liangzhou and appointed Deng Die, a Palace Attendant, as Acting General of the West to serve as his deputy.
The Northern Xiongnu Chanyu sent his brother back to the Han Dynasty as a hostage and sent Che Xie, Chu Wang, and others to the Juyan Pass to convey goodwill, with the intention of visiting the emperor and requesting a high-ranking official to welcome them. The emperor sent General Ban Gu, the Grand General of the Central Guard, along with Sima Liang Feng, to meet them. However, they found that the Northern Xiongnu had been defeated by the Southern Xiongnu; the Chanyu was wounded and fled, and Ban Gu turned back upon reaching Siqu Sea. The emperor felt that the Northern Xiongnu were now significantly weakened and wanted to completely eliminate them.
In the following summer, the emperor sent Right Colonel Geng Kui, Sima Renshang, Zhao Bo, and others to attack the Northern Xiongnu at Jinwei Mountain, achieving a decisive victory, capturing a large number of captives and resources. The Northern Xiongnu Chanyu fled, and his whereabouts became unknown. The emperor pacified the Xiongnu, his reputation skyrocketed; Geng Kui and Renshang became his trusted subordinates, while Deng Die and Guo Huang became his closest confidants. Ban Gu, Fu Yi, and others worked in the imperial court, handling administrative affairs. Many provincial governors and local officials were among their students. The Minister of Works, Zhi Shou Pu She, and Yue Hui angered the emperor and subsequently took their own lives. From then on, the courtiers became increasingly fearful, obediently complying with the emperor's commands.
Dou Xian was promoted to an honorary position because of his great achievements, with the authority to recommend officials and receiving the same treatment as the Three Excellencies. Dou Jing became the Chief of Justice, and Dou Gui became the Grandee of the Imperial Household. They held significant power and were extremely arrogant in the capital city. Although both brothers were arrogant and overbearing, Dou Jing was particularly excessive. His servants and cavalry bullied the people, extorted money, and abducted women. Merchants were too afraid to do business, avoiding them like they would avoid bandits. Officials were too scared to report them. When the Empress Dowager heard about this, she had Dou Jing's official position revoked and allowed him to return to court in his honorary position. Dou Gui loved reading from a young age, lived a frugal life, and was well-educated. He later served as the Administrator of Wei Commandery, and then was promoted to Administrator of Yingchuan Commandery. The Dou family had fathers, sons, and brothers in high positions, with their people everywhere in the court. Dou Xian's uncle, Dou Ba, became the City Gate Commandant, Dou Ba's brother, Dou Bao, was appointed Grand Architect, and Dou Bao's brother, Dou Jia, became the Minister of the Treasury. Their family had over ten members serving as Attendants, Generals, Grandees, and Officials in the court!
As for Liang Ji, due to his hard work and significant achievements, his power grew and he became more arrogant. Four years later, the Emperor bestowed the title of Marquis of Rang upon Deng Die. Deng Die and his brother, the Infantry Commandant Deng Lei, along with their mother Yuan Shi, and Liang Ji's son-in-law, the Cavalry Commandant Guo Ju, and Guo Ju's father, the Prefect of Changle, Guo Huang, all conspired. Yuan Shi and Guo Ju often visited the palace, and Guo Ju even received favor from the Empress Dowager. Thus, they conspired to assassinate the Emperor.
The emperor secretly learned of their conspiracy and discussed with his close eunuch Zheng Zhong about eliminating them. However, Liang Ji was not in the capital at the time, and the emperor was worried that Liang Ji might fear being implicated and rebel, so he decided to hold back and not take action for the time being. When Liang Ji and Deng Die returned to the capital, the emperor issued a decree for the Grand Herald to greet them outside the city and bestowed various rewards upon the soldiers. After Liang Ji and his party arrived in the capital, the emperor went to the Northern Palace and ordered the Jinwu Guards and the Five Commanders to station troops in the South and North Palaces, close the city gates, arrest Deng Die, Deng Lei, Guo Huang, and Guo Ju, and imprison them and sentence them to death. Their families were all exiled to Hepu. The emperor also sent an official to reclaim Liang Ji's general's seal and appointed him as the Marquis of Champions. Liang Ji and his brothers Liang Du, Liang Jing, and Liang Gui were all sent back to their fiefdoms.
The emperor, out of consideration for the empress dowager, did not wish to execute Liang Ji publicly, so he sent a strict and capable person to supervise him. After Liang Ji, Liang Du, and Liang Jing returned to their fiefdoms, they were coerced into committing suicide. Their relatives and guests, as well as those who held official positions in the court, were all dismissed from their positions and returned to their hometowns. Liang Gui, who was typically cautious, was not forced to commit suicide. The following year, after he reported his financial difficulties, he was demoted to the Marquis of Luo and was not allowed to have servants or officials serving him. Originally, Empress Dou had falsely accused the Liang family, and Liang Ji and others were also involved in this matter. In the tenth year of Yongyuan, Liang Tang and his brothers returned from exile in Jiuzhen County, passing through Changsha, and coerced Liang Gui into suicide. Later, during the reign of Empress Dowager Dengxi, in the third year of Yongchu, the emperor issued a decree for the members of the Dou family who had been exiled to their hometowns and for the Marquis of Anfeng, Wan Quan, to return to the capital together with them. Wan Quan had a son named Zhang.
It is said that Wei Qing and Huo Qubing led the army of the Han Dynasty to battle the Xiongnu year in and year out, draining nearly half of the nation's resources, yet still not winning. However, they are still praised as famous generals in later generations. Isn't that largely thanks to their personal reputations? Dou Xian led a mixed force of Qiang and Hu troops, and with one battle, he broke through Shuofang, even pursuing beyond Jiluo, watering their horses by the Bida River, erecting stone tablets and making sacrifices at ancestral shrines. His achievements were greater than Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, but few people remembered him favorably in later generations because he later did some bad things that tarnished his reputation. Therefore, it's important to keep your integrity and steer clear of disgraceful behavior, as gentlemen find it repulsive.
These young folks only served in the court, having faced little hardship or made any real contributions, yet they were promoted and selected, which is very different from the situations of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing. Consider the struggles Wei Qing and Huo Qubing went through in their youth and how they gradually succeeded. They had no time to enjoy wealth and luxury. Dongfang Shuo once said, "Be a tiger when needed, and a mouse when not," which is absolutely true! Therefore, some people harbor great ambitions but end up achieving nothing. What’s to be done about it?
Zhang Zou, also known by his courtesy name Boxiang, loved learning since childhood and was quite articulate. He was good friends with Ma Rong and Cui Yuan, who introduced each other. During the Yongchu period, the Three Frontiers region was attacked by the Qiang people, and Zhang Zou fled to the eastern region, settling in Waihuang. Despite living in poverty, in a thatched cottage and subsisting on simple fare, he still respected his parents, stayed committed to his studies without interruption. Taifu Deng Kang heard of his reputation and wanted to associate with him, but Zhang Zou refused. Deng Kang respected him even more for this. Back then, people likened Dongguan to the place where Laozi stored his texts, so Deng Kang recommended Zhang Zou to serve as a junior clerk at Dongguan.
During the early reign of Emperor Shun, the daughter of Zhang Zou was only twelve years old when she could already compose essays. Due to her exceptional talent and beauty, she was selected to enter the imperial palace and was greatly favored by the Emperor, just as Empress Liang was. As a result, Zhang Zou was promoted to Yulin Langjiang and later to Tunqi Xiaowei. Zhang Zou was humble and adept at befriending his peers, hence he had a good reputation. At that time, both the Liang and Dou families were prominent and often clashed with each other, but Zhang Zou was able to forge harmonious relationships and avoid getting involved in conflicts.
Zhang Zou's daughter died young, which caused the Emperor great sorrow. He ordered the court historian to erect a monument praising her virtues, with the inscription written by Zhang Zou himself. Even after his daughter's death, the Emperor did not lessen his regard for Zhang Zou. In the fifth year of the Yonghe, Zhang Zou was promoted to Shao Fu. In the second year of Han'an, he was further promoted to Dahonglu. In the first year of Jiankang, Empress Liang took over the court, and Zhang Zou chose to resign from his position and died at home. His second son, Zhang Tang, was exceptionally talented and achieved the rank of Hubei Zhonglangjiang.
They say that An Feng was renowned for his unparalleled loyalty and righteousness! He was celebrated for his exceptional talent and fierce spirit! Wholeheartedly devoted to the country, he carried stones from the river and followed blueprints! When the Mengsun clan was fighting on the border, An Feng led troops on a northern expedition and opened up the western front, achieving remarkable military successes! Leading troops in the vast desert, he even went on an expedition to the Jinshan, overcoming countless challenges along the way. Thinking about him listening to the sounds of war trumpets at Longting and carving stones to commemorate his achievements at Yanran Mountain, the spectacle was truly awe-inspiring! Although he ultimately lost the battle and the tripod, his loyalty deeply touched the king, leaving his name in history!
Praise be: The sincere An Feng, also celebrated for his exceptional talents. Carrying stones from the river, following blueprints with loyalty. Mengsun guarding the borders, conquering the north and opening up the west. Establishing himself in the desolate desert, leading troops to Jinshan. Listening to the trumpets at Longting, carving stones at Yanran. Although the tripod was ultimately lost, his loyalty was forever honored.
