Wu You, courtesy name Jiying, was from Changyuan, Chenliu. His father, Wu Hui, served as the Administrator of Nanhai. When Wu You was twelve years old, he followed his father to Nanhai for his official duties. Wu Hui intended to transcribe scriptures on bamboo slips, but Wu You advised him, "Father, now that you have been promoted to a fifth-rank official position and are far away by the sea, although the customs there are simple and honest, there have been many strange incidents in the past. You may be suspected by the imperial court above and sought after by the powerful below. If you proceed with this transcription, it could lead to trouble and invite criticism from both parties. In the past, Ma Yuan faced injustice due to his association with Job's Tears, while Wang Yang gained fame because of his pouch. Such easily misunderstood matters have always been handled very cautiously by wise men throughout the ages!" After hearing this, Wu Hui dispelled the idea and touched Wu You's head, saying, "The Wu family will always have outstanding individuals like Master Ji for generations to come!"
When Wu You turned twenty, his father passed away, leaving the family so impoverished that they lacked even a decent home, but he refused to accept any inheritance. He often herded pigs in Changtan Marsh, reciting scriptures while doing so. When he encountered friends of his late father, they would say, "You are the son of a high-ranking official of two thousand stones, yet you are doing such lowly work. Even if you feel no shame, how can you face your father?" Wu You simply thanked them and continued with his work, never wavering in his aspirations.
Later, Wu You was recommended as an upright and incorruptible official. When he was about to take office, the county threw a farewell banquet for him. Wu You ended up chatting for a long time with a minor official named Huang Zhen from Yongqiu on the altar, and they even became sworn brothers before leaving. The official in charge of evaluating candidates felt that Wu You was too arrogant and wanted to disqualify him. However, the prefect replied, "Wu Jiying knows how to judge character, so there's no need for you to worry about this." Later, Huang Zhen also became a filial and incorruptible official, serving as the magistrate of Xincai County, and he earned a reputation for his integrity. During that time, Gong Shamu came to the academy to study but had no money for food, so he put on rough clothes and took a job at Wu You's place, helping him pound rice. Wu You was quite taken aback by their conversation, so they became good friends beside the rice pounder. Wu You, the Marquis of Jiaodong, was a respected official who rose through the ranks due to his integrity. At that time, Dai Hong's father served as a magistrate in the county, and Dai Hong, who was only sixteen years old, stayed with his father in the county yamen. Whenever Wu You strolled through the garden, he could hear Dai Hong reciting his lessons, and he recognized that this kid was both talented and hardworking, so he struck up a friendship with him. Later, Dai Hong became a famous Confucian master and served as the prefect of Jiuquan. As an official, Wu You focused on kindness and simplicity, leading by example. Whenever common folks had a dispute, he would first take some time to reflect in his office before making a decision, and he would use reasoning to advise them. At times, he even visited the homes of common folks to help resolve their conflicts. As a result, lawsuits decreased, and the common people respected him, never trying to pull a fast one on him.
There was a warehouse supervisor named Sun Xing, who secretly embezzled money from the people and bought a fine outfit to give to his father. When his father saw it, he was enraged and exclaimed, "How could you deceive such a good official?" He immediately ordered him to go back and confess. Terrified, Sun Xing rushed to the county office, took out the clothing, and confessed. Wu Youping dismissed the others and asked him what happened. Sun Xing repeated his father's words verbatim. Wu Youping said, "Because of your father's relationship, you have endured public disgrace. This truly exemplifies the old saying, 'One’s character is revealed by their mistakes!'" He then asked Sun Xing to go back and thank his father and returned the clothing to him.
Another incident occurred in Anqiu, involving a young man named Guanqiu Chang, who was walking with his mother when they encountered a drunken man insulting her. Guanqiu Chang, in a fit of rage, killed the drunken man and then fled. The townsfolk of Anqiu chased him all the way to Jiaodong and finally caught him. Wu Youping called Guanqiu Chang and said, "It is natural for one to be angry when their mother is insulted. However, a filial child, even when angry, will consider the consequences and not bring trouble to their family. For you to seek revenge in broad daylight and kill someone, even if I were to pardon you, it would still be unacceptable both morally and legally. What am I supposed to do?" Guanqiu Chang tied himself up and said, "There are laws in the country, and I have broken the law, so I should be punished. While I appreciate your mercy, you shouldn't misuse it." Wu Youping asked him, "Do you have a wife and children?" Guanqiu Chang replied, "I have a wife, but no children yet." Wu Youping immediately sent someone to Anqiu to bring Guanqiu Chang's wife, removed his shackles, and let them spend time together in prison. Eventually, his wife became pregnant.
When winter arrives, the time for execution has come. Guanqiu Chang cried to his mother, "I am to blame for this, but how can I repay Lord Wu?" He bit his finger and swallowed his own blood, then spoke with blood in his mouth, "If my wife gives birth to a child, I will name him 'Wu Sheng', to signify that before my death, I vow by swallowing my blood, entrusting the child to repay Lord Wu." After speaking, he hanged himself.
Well, this Mr. You (祐) stayed in Jiaodong for nine years and was later promoted to be the minister of Qi. General Liang Ji framed General Li Gu, and You went to confront Liang Ji, but Liang Ji did not listen at all. Ma Rong from Fufeng was also present at the time, writing for Liang Ji, and You said to Ma Rong, "All the crimes of General Li are caused by you! If General Li is really killed, do you have any face to meet the world?" Liang Ji was furious, got up, and went into the house, and You walked out without hesitation. Out of anger, Liang Ji demoted You to be the minister of Hejian. You simply resigned and went home, never to be an official again, growing vegetables and teaching the next generation, and living until the age of ninety-eight before passing away.
His sons were also not bad. His eldest son, Feng, became the governor of Lelang; his youngest son, Kai, became the magistrate of Xinxing; Feng's son, Feng, became the Marquis of Diao Yang, all of them quite famous.
Now let's discuss Yandu, whose courtesy name was Shujian, a native of Nanyang. When he was young, he studied "Zuo Zhuan" with Tang Xidian, a scholar from Yingchuan, and managed to memorize it in just ten days, earning Tang Xidian's admiration. He also studied under Ma Rong, possessed extensive knowledge of classics and history, and could write articles, gaining a measure of fame in the capital.
Later, he was recommended as a filial and incorrupt official and became the minister of Pingyang. In office, he repaired Gong Sui's tomb, erected a stele for sacrifices, and promoted Gong Sui's descendants. When his teacher passed away, he resigned to mourn, and even though several prefectures and counties offered him official positions, he declined.
Emperor Huan summoned him to serve as a scholar and later promoted him to Yilang, where he collaborated on literary works with Zhu Mu and Bian Shao in the East Hall. He gradually rose to the position of Shizhong. The emperor frequently sought his counsel on political matters, and Yan Du always answered cleverly and cautiously, his words and actions adhered to the laws and protocols. Later, he was promoted to Zuo Fengyi and then became the Jingzhao Yin. He was known for his generosity and kindness in office, cared about the suffering of the people, promoted talented individuals, and engaged in governance, earning the affection of the citizens in the region. The people of the Sui region praised him highly. Earlier, Bian Feng from Chenliu had also served as Jingzhao Yin and was highly capable, and at that time, the locals remarked, "In the past, there were Zhao, Zhang, and the Three Kings; now there are Bian and Yan, the two lords."
When the prince fell ill, the court ordered all counties to supply valuable medicinal resources. General Liang Ji also sent someone to deliver a letter to Jingzhao and also attempted to sell musk on the side. When Yan Du received the letter, he promptly arrested Liang Ji's messenger, stating, "The Grand General is related to the Empress by marriage, and the prince is ill. He should be proactively offering medical remedies. How can he send someone from afar to seek personal gain?" He then executed the messenger. Liang Ji was left speechless with shame. The appropriate authorities sought to investigate the incident, so citing illness as the reason, Yan Du returned home to teach and educate. Some contemporaries suspected inconsistencies in his conduct between his early and later years, so Yan Du took the time to write an article addressing this issue.
So, which is more important: benevolence or filial piety? Opinions vary widely; everyone's quoting stories, finding evidence to support their own views, and the debate gets pretty heated! In fact, benevolence and filial piety are basically the same thing; both are fundamental to being human. It's hard to say which is more important; it's just a matter of sequence. If you really want to draw a line between the two, filial piety means honoring and serving your parents, while benevolence is showing kindness to all. Showing kindness to all is seen in society, while honoring and serving your parents is reflected in oneself. Personal matters are few, while societal issues are plenty, so the scope of benevolence is broader.
However, some small things can make a big difference; some things, although hidden, can eventually be revealed. Take ourselves for example: our ability to hear, see, walk, and work, although these abilities are visible on the outside, they all originate from the heart. Looking at the world outside, the growth of plants—from sprouting to flourishing branches and leaves to eventually becoming towering trees—although the branches and leaves are lush, it all boils down to the roots. Therefore, a benevolent person shows filial piety, just like a person's limbs can't be separated from their core, and branches and leaves cannot be separated from the roots. Wise people have understood this for a long time, so they say, "Filial piety is the principle of heaven, the law of earth, and the guide for human behavior." "A wise person should prioritize the basics; once the basics are established, principles will emerge, and filial piety and brotherly respect are the foundations of benevolence!" However, everyone's nature is different, so how to practice benevolence and filial piety specifically is difficult to be completely the same; it's rare for anyone to excel at both.
If we must compare which is more important, benevolence or filial piety, benevolence is like lush foliage, while filial piety is like the heart and foundation; there’s no argument about that. Some argue that filial piety should come before benevolence, but that’s not what Confucius intended. When Confucius taught Yan Hui and Zeng Can, he didn't say that. Benevolence and filial piety are two sides of the same issue; if one can master both, they elevate each other, like the examples of Emperor Shun and Yan Hui. But if someone favors one over the other, their focus will shift, as seen in Gong Liu and Zeng Can. Zengzi and Minzi both viewed filial piety and brotherly love as the highest virtues, while Guan Zhong regarded the unification of the vassals as the greatest benevolent achievement. Yet, no one would claim that Yan Hui and Zeng Can were less virtuous than Guan Zhong, nor would anyone argue that Guan Zhong's achievements are greater than his virtues. Therefore, benevolence and filial piety each have their own strengths and emphases.
Once, there was a man named Li Wende, who was the Prefect of Yue Xi and had a close relationship with Du Du. While in the capital, Li Wende told the court officials, "Du Du is a rare talent in assisting the king; why make him travel all this way here?" He aimed to recommend Du Du to the court. Upon hearing this, Du Du wrote a letter to suggest to Li Wende:
Oh, this world is coming to an end, it's truly fate! I heard that everyone wants me to return to the Eastern Observatory to serve as an official. Although this order is very urgent, I truly cannot accept it. I often get up early in the morning, get ready, and sit in the living room to read. In the morning, I read the "I Ching" by Fu Xi and King Wen, the "Shang Shu" from the era of Yu Shun and Xia Yu, study the ceremonial practices of the Duke of Zhou, and read Confucius' "Spring and Autumn Annals." In the evening, I walk around the corridor in the house, reciting the "Shijing" by the southern window. I've explored various fields of knowledge, writing and drawing. The experience, with the sounds of books in my ears and words filling my eyes, is so joyful! At that time, I lost all sense of the sky and the earth; I didn't know there were other people in the world, and I didn't even know I had a body. Even if I was like Jian Li playing the zither as if no one else was around, or like Gao Feng reading in the rain without caring, compared to my state, it was far from it! Besides, since I started school, I have never done anything disrespectful to the monarch as a subject, never done anything disrespectful to my parents as a son; I don't flatter superiors or act arrogantly with subordinates. After death, when I meet my ancestors, I can face my ancestors with pride! However, if I can't remain steadfast in doing good, it could be perilous, like teaching Yi to shoot arrows; be careful not to lose the foundation, and lose your life! Later, I was imprisoned due to political conflicts. In the first year of Yongkang, I passed away at home. The people in my hometown created my portrait in the Qu Yuan Temple. I diligently study the classics and historical texts, and often express different opinions. Later Confucian scholars such as Fu Qian considered my views to be quite fair. I wrote about twenty poems, articles, inscriptions, letters, defenses, memorials, and decrees.
Shi Bi, courtesy name Gongqian, was a native of Kaocheng in Chenliu. His father, Shi Chang, used his eloquence to become an official and governor during the reign of Emperor Shun of the Han Dynasty. Shi Bi studied diligently from a young age and gathered hundreds of students. He served as a local official and also as an official in the central government, eventually rising to the rank of Commander of the Northern Forces.
At that time, the younger brother of Emperor Huan of Han, Prince Kuai of Bohai, was both cunning and arrogant, engaging in numerous illegal activities. Shi Bi feared that his arrogance and recklessness could endanger the country, so he wrote a memorial to the emperor, saying:
It is said that, although the emperor loves his relatives deeply, he must ensure they understand his authority; although their status is noble, their behavior should be kept in check. Only then can there be harmony in the family, and affection can endure. Look, in the past, King Xiang of Zhou loved Duke Gao of Gan too much, and Emperor Jing of Han loved King Xiao of Liang too much, leading both younger brothers to become arrogant and ultimately causing turmoil in the Zhou and Han dynasties, which led to significant upheaval.
I heard that King Kui of Bohai, relying on his close relationship as the emperor's relative, disregarded the etiquette for the emperor because of favoritism and harbored arrogant and unruly thoughts. He also recruited the lazy and frivolous, lost himself in wine and women at home, led a dissolute lifestyle, and those who associated with him were all untrustworthy individuals, either abandoned by their families or demoted by the court. This is simply repeating the mistakes of Yang Sheng and Wu Bei! The local officials dare not accuse him, and the Prime Minister failed to advise him properly. Your Majesty, you are kind and lenient, and cannot bear to deal with him severely. I am worried that the situation will worsen and the harm will increase. Therefore, I request that my memorial be made public, let all officials know, permit me to directly address his mistakes before you, and then you can order the ministers to handle this matter according to the law. First, make a legal judgment, determine the guilt, and then issue a decree of forgiveness. If the subordinates still do not repent, then extend some leniency to them. In this way, Your Majesty will not face criticism of favoring relatives, and King Kui of Bohai can continue to enjoy his title. Otherwise, I fear that there may be a prison revolt, and court envoys will rush to Bohai endlessly. As the commander of the military, I handle emergencies, but now I am interfering in a vassal state's affairs without authorization, offending my close relatives, which is inexcusable. I am deeply infuriated and cannot calm down, risking my life to bring this to your attention. The Emperor, being a close relative, could not bring himself to deal with this matter. Eventually, Kui was demoted to King Yingtao for treason.
It is said that Bi Qian became a Minister, but was later appointed as the magistrate of Pingyuan. At that time, the court ordered a strict investigation of party affiliates, and many individuals were implicated across various counties, totaling hundreds. However, Bi Qian was the only one who reported no related individuals. The court repeatedly urged the provinces and counties, punishing many minor officials in the process. An official responsible for conveying the orders questioned Bi Qian, saying, "The emperor's decree calls for severe punishment of party affiliates, and the attitude is very firm. In the six counties of Qingzhou, five reported finding party affiliates, and even the nearby Ganling County found many. How can such cases be compared? Why is there no one reported in Pingyuan County?" Bi Qian replied, "The ancient kings governed the world, set boundaries, and each region has different geographical environments and customs. Other counties have party affiliates, but Pingyuan County does not. If, in order to please superiors, good people are falsely accused and punishments are abused to achieve unreasonable goals, then every household in Pingyuan County can be called party affiliates. As the county magistrate, I would rather die than do this." The official, enraged by this response, immediately arrested the officials in the county and imprisoned them, and then reported Bi Qian to the emperor. Coincidentally, not long after, the ban on parties was lifted, and Bi Qian used his salary to atone for his actions, thus avoiding imprisonment and saving more than a thousand lives.
Once upon a time, when Shi Bi was an official, he cracked down on the ruthless bullies who oppressed the common folks. He often let minor mistakes by the common folks slide. Later, when he was promoted to the position of the Prefect of Hedong, the court issued an edict to select virtuous and talented individuals, which was quite a plum job. Shi Bi knew that many powerful folks would definitely try to pull strings, so he issued an order in advance not to accept any privately submitted letters. Sure enough, the eunuch Hou Lan sent a student to deliver a letter, while also trying to request some tax exemptions. But Shi Bi didn’t see him for several days. The student had to come up with another excuse to see Shi Bi and secretly handed over Hou Lan's letter to him. Hearing this, Shi Bi lost his temper and scolded the student, saying, "Who do you think you are, trying to pull a fast one on me?" He promptly had the student dragged out and given a severe beating, ignoring the other officials who tried to intervene. He then had the student imprisoned in Anyi Jail and executed that very day.
Hou Lan, furious, forged a fake report accusing Shi Bi of slandering the court and submitted it to the Chief Constable's office. He then sent people to escort Shi Bi in a prisoner's cart. On the way, the officials kept their distance, except for Pei Yu, a former virtuous talent, who escorted him to the Xianshan Mianchi area. There, he called out loudly, "Sir, for fighting the evil and picking talents for the country, even if you get wronged, your name will go down in history. You have no need to fear!" Shi Bi replied, "For justice's sake, even if I have to face death, I won't regret it!" When they arrived at the prison of the Chief Constable, the folks from Pingyuan County rushed to the capital to plead for Shi Bi’s innocence. Wei Shao, another former virtuous talent, dressed up as Shi Bi's servant to keep an eye on him and protect him.
Nevertheless, Shi Bi was still falsely accused and faced the death penalty. Wei Shao and his fellow villagers sold the houses in the county, bribed Hou Lan, and only then did Shi Bi escape death, but he was sentenced to serve in the left garrison. Some people at the time mocked and said, "The people of Pingyuan County used money to save their magistrate; are they really that foolish?" However, Tao Qiu Hong said, "In the past, when King Wen was in captivity, Hong Yao and San Yi Sheng both offered treasures. Now that Shi Bi is in trouble, righteous men are also offering treasures; what's there to doubt?" This silenced those who had criticized Shi Bi. After Shi Bi was released from prison, he returned to the countryside, claiming to be ill and staying home. Later, many officials recommended him, and He Xiu, an Imperial Secretary, even said that Shi Bi had the ability to govern the country and should be made prime minister, petitioning the court to summon him as an Imperial Secretary. However, Hou Lan and his associates blocked this, and it was not until the Guanghe era that Shi Bi was appointed as the governor of Pengcheng, where he soon died of illness. As for the one who had escorted him initially, Pei Yu, he eventually rose to the rank of Imperial Secretary. It is said that someone commented, "Those with strong personalities rarely achieve generosity; while those who are kind and gentle often lack integrity. Wu Jiying treats others cautiously, speaks carefully and cautiously, appearing like a Confucian scholar; but his heart is full of indignation, and he compromises in the face of power; what kind of man does that make him? Kindness is to protect all things, justice is to give up oneself; that's what a true gentleman is! As the saying goes, 'a person who saves a thousand lives will surely be appointed as an official in future generations.' Although Shi Bi was upright and strict with corrupt officials, ultimately protecting the people of Pingyuan, his descendants did not achieve much, which doesn't necessarily mean much."
Lu Zhi, courtesy name Zigang, was from Zhuo County in Zhuo Commandery. He stood at eight feet two inches tall, with a booming voice like a bell. In his youth, he studied with Ma Rong alongside Zheng Xuan, mastering knowledge of the past and present, and enjoying deep research without getting caught up in the minutiae of text. Ma Rong, being of a powerful family, often had many beautiful women and performers entertaining him. Lu Zhi served him for many years without ever glancing at them, earning Ma Rong's utmost respect. After completing his studies, Lu Zhi bid farewell to Ma Rong and returned to his hometown to teach in seclusion. He had a strong character and a strong sense of integrity, harboring the ambition to help the people; though he wasn't fond of writing poetry, he could down a stone of wine.
At that time, the father of the Empress Dowager and Grand General Dou Wu helped Emperor Ling ascend to the throne, quickly gaining significant power in the court, with some suggesting to confer him a noble title. Although Lu Zhi was just a commoner, he wrote a letter of advice to Dou Wu, stating: "I understand your wife isn’t managing the household well, and your home is falling apart. You must be deeply worried and thoughtful, which is the mindset a true gentleman should have! Scholars should support and challenge each other, which is most important. The ancient books say 'consider the opinions of the people,' and the Book of Songs also says 'consult the common people.' I have read the books of the ancient kings for many years; how could I possibly ignore these words! Your contributions to the Han Dynasty are akin to those of the Duke of Zhou and Duke of Shao, assisting the wise monarch, and the fate of the state rests on your shoulders. Everyone believes that your merit lies in this, and everyone looks to you, listens to you, and believes you will carry on the Han Dynasty's prosperity."
Consulting the accounts in the "Spring and Autumn Annals," if a ruler has no heir, one should choose a senior member of the royal family who possesses both virtue and talent to inherit the throne. If the virtues are equal, divination should be used to decide. Now, there are many potential heirs from the same lineage. By selecting them one by one according to seniority, what kind of merit does this truly reflect? Are you attempting to take credit for the accomplishments of the realm as if they were your own? You should decline excessive rewards to safeguard your reputation. Furthermore, with the lack of royal heirs, seeking heirs from outside poses significant dangers! There is still unrest in various regions, with bandits wreaking havoc, particularly in the Hengshan and Bohai regions. There is a concern that events similar to the Yin clan's collusion with foreign enemies may arise. According to ancient rites, you should establish official positions for the royal sons, summon outstanding descendants of nobles and talented members of the royal family, promote education outwardly while curbing greed within, select talented individuals, and grant titles based on their abilities. This embodies the strategy of empowering the capable while sidelining the inept.
Wu Di was unable to compel him to serve. He received numerous summons from local authorities, but he refused. It wasn't until the Jianning period that he was finally summoned as a scholar, marking the beginning of his official career. In the fourth year of Xiping, the barbarians of Jiujiang rebelled. The court selected him, believing that he was both civil and military, and appointed him as the Prefect of Jiujiang, and the barbarian insurgents were swiftly subdued. Later, due to illness, he resigned from his post.
He authored the "Commentary on the Book of Documents" and the "Interpretation of the Three Rituals." At that time, the court began to establish stone inscriptions of the "Five Classics" in the Imperial Academy to standardize the texts of the "Five Classics." He submitted a memorial, stating:
When I was young, I studied with the esteemed Confucian scholar Ma Rong, who served as the magistrate of Nanjun. I possess a solid understanding of ancient scholarship and find many repetitive and verbose parts in the present-day "Book of Rites." Previously, I pointed out some errors and shortcomings based on the "Rites of Zhou" and other classics. Although my abilities are limited, I took the liberty of attempting to explain and collate, but my family is impoverished, and I lack the means to purchase paper and writing materials. Therefore, I respectfully request your approval to assign me two writing assistants, so that we can go to Dongguan together, utilize official resources and provisions, focus on research, organize the "Book of Documents" into chapters and sentences, evaluate the merits and shortcomings of the "Book of Rites," with the aim of organizing the classics of the sages and rectifying the errors in the inscriptions.
Ancient studies focus on practical applications, but today they are undervalued and have been relegated to the level of primary education. Since the resurgence of the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholars such as Ban Gu, Jia Kui, and the father-son duo Zheng Xuan have placed great emphasis on it. Now the "Book of Songs," "Zuo Zhuan," and "Rites of Zhou" all have biographies and annotations; they complement and explain each other with the "Spring and Autumn Annals." It is essential to establish scholars and specialized officials to instruct future generations and promote the ideology of the sages.
Later, a rebellion erupted among the southern tribes, and due to the trust I had previously garnered in Jiujang, I was appointed as the magistrate of Lujiang. During my tenure, I prioritized effective governance, adhering to the principle of tranquility, and devoted myself to promoting righteousness.
A year later, I was recalled and appointed as a court advisor, along with the grand councilor Ma Ridian, the court advisor Cai Yong, Yang Biao, Han Shuo, and others at Dongguan, to compile the annotations and biographies of the "Five Classics" and supplement and continue writing the "History of the Han Dynasty." The Emperor deemed this matter non-urgent and appointed me as a court attendant, and later promoted me to the position of a court secretary. In the first year of Guanghe, a solar eclipse occurred, an unusual phenomenon, and I submitted a memorial advising:
I heard that in the "Five Elements Classic" it says: "When the sun is darkened and the moon appears, it is called an eclipse, and the kings and dukes should be lenient." This means that if the ruler's decrees are lenient, this is why solar eclipses happen. In the "Spring and Autumn Annals," it also says: "The Son of Heaven should yield his position to the worthy; the time will not be too long." This means that this obscuration will not last long. However, in this recent solar eclipse, it lasted from the hour of the Snake until afternoon, and after the eclipse, the sky remained overcast and gloomy. In recent years, earthquakes have been frequent, and comets and meteors have appeared one after another. I heard that the Han Dynasty was guided by the virtue of Fire, so the governance should be generous and transparent. But now, they are heeding slander and harboring deep taboos, just as fire fears water.
I believe that the disasters that have occurred this year are all caused by a deficiency of yang energy and an encroachment of yin energy. In order to eliminate disasters and avoid dangers, measures need to be implemented. Therefore, I boldly propose eight suggestions: First, appoint virtuous officials; second, pardon the imprisoned; third, prevent and control epidemics; fourth, guard against bandits; fifth, promote proper rites and music; sixth, follow the examples of the ancient sage emperors Yao and Shun; seventh, strictly enforce governance; eighth, show kindness and generosity. Appointing virtuous officials means that local officials should carefully recommend virtuous individuals, entrust them with important tasks based on local conditions, and evaluate their performance. Pardoning the imprisoned, many of those imprisoned are not guilty; a general amnesty should be granted to correct wrongful convictions. Preventing and controlling epidemics, many innocent people have died, leaving their bodies unburied, leading to the spread of epidemics. Orders should be issued to gather and bury the dead to soothe their spirits. Guarding against bandits, the taxes on feudal lords have been cut, causing them to live in poverty and potentially leading to rebellions. Sufficient taxes should be provided to prevent such occurrences. Promoting proper rites and music, talented individuals like Zheng Xuan should be called upon to clarify the principles of the "Hong Fan" to dispel disasters. Following the examples of Yao and Shun, frequent transfers of local officials should be based on their abilities; even if they can't stay in office for nine years like Yao and Shun did, they should at least serve for three years. Strict governance, officials should be banned from seeking promotions or appointments through personal connections, and those responsible for such actions should be held accountable. Showing kindness and generosity, the emperor shouldn't hoard wealth and should prioritize significant matters to cut unnecessary expenses. The emperor ignored these suggestions.
In the year 148 AD, the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out, causing chaos throughout the land. The court appointed Lu Zhi as the General-in-Chief of the Central Army, leading soldiers from the Northern Army and troops recruited from all over the country to suppress the Yellow Turban forces. Lu Zhi, with his deputy, Zong Yuan, fought all the way and eventually defeated the leader of the Yellow Turbans, Zhang Jiao, killing over ten thousand enemies. Zhang Jiao and his followers fled to Guangzong City and held out fiercely, while Lu Zhi besieged Guangzong, built fortifications, and prepared siege ladders. The Emperor sent a young eunuch named Zuo Feng to the front lines to assess the situation. Some advised Lu Zhi to bribe Zuo Feng to speak well of him in front of the Emperor, but Lu Zhi firmly refused. When Zuo Feng returned, he told the Emperor, "The rebel army in Guangzong is easy to defeat, but General Lu is just camping there, waiting for the heavens to sort them out!" The Emperor was angered by this and had Lu Zhi arrested and sentenced him to death, but later commuted his sentence. After Huangfu Song pacified the Yellow Turban Rebellion, he lavished praise on Lu Zhi's military skills, stating that Lu Zhi's strategic tactics, planning, and cunning played a significant role in suppressing the rebellion. As a result, Lu Zhi was appointed as a Minister once more that year.
Later, the emperor died, and General He Jin wanted to eliminate the eunuchs. He sent someone to invite Dong Zhuo, the Governor of Bingzhou, to assist him in intimidating the Empress Dowager. Lu Zhi recognized that Dong Zhuo was ruthless and uncontrollable, and would undoubtedly become a menace, so he strongly urged He Jin against this course of action. But He Jin didn't listen to him. Once Dong Zhuo arrived, he quickly became tyrannical and oppressive, summoning the officials to plot the emperor's replacement. The ministers were too afraid to speak, except for Lu Zhi, who bravely stood up in opposition. Dong Zhuo was enraged and sought to have Lu Zhi killed. Lu Zhi shared a close friendship with Cai Yong, who had been exiled to the northern frontier. Lu Zhi even wrote a letter to the emperor to pardon Cai Yong. Cai Yong later came to plead on Lu Zhi's behalf. Another official, Peng Bo, cautioned Dong Zhuo, saying, "Minister Lu is a highly respected scholar across the nation. If you kill him, the entire realm will be terrified!" Dong Zhuo ultimately relented and merely stripped Lu Zhi of his position. Fearing for his safety due to his old age and Dong Zhuo's tyranny, Lu Zhi requested to retire. To evade Dong Zhuo's pursuit, he stealthily escaped through Hangu Pass. Dong Zhuo sent people to chase him, but they failed to catch him when they reached Huai County. Lu Zhi took refuge in Shanggu, living in seclusion and withdrawing from worldly affairs. Later, the Governor of Jizhou, Yuan Shao, asked him to be his military advisor. However, in the third year of Chuping, 192 AD, Lu Zhi passed away. Before he died, he instructed his son, Lu Jian, to bury him in a pit without a coffin, wrapped only in a simple garment. Throughout his life, he authored numerous inscriptions, elegies, memorials, and other writings, totaling six works.
During the Jian'an period, Cao Cao marched north to attack Liucheng. Passing through Zhuojun, he said to the local officials, "In the past, the Northern Commander Lu Zhi was renowned throughout the country. He was a revered Confucian scholar, a model for scholars, and a pillar of the nation! When King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he even honored Shang Rong's residence; when the state of Zheng lost Zi Chan, Confucius wept in sorrow. I came here to commemorate the good customs he left behind. The principles in the 'Spring and Autumn Annals' should be treated with special respect by the descendants of the virtuous. Quickly send someone to repair his tomb, take care of his descendants, and send some gifts to honor his legacy." Lu Zhi's son, Lu Yu, was also a well-known figure.
This passage conveys that the wind and frost can distinguish the types of plants, and only in times of danger can one's loyalty and integrity be shown. This illustrates the character of Mr. Lu Zhi. Those swarming villains, the deafening thunder, even the ancient fierce warriors like Ben, Yu, Jing Ke, and Yu Rang, may still feel fear and panic. But Lu Zhi was able to brandish a sharp blade, at dangerous passes, at the Yellow River crossing in pursuit of enemies, charging into battle, bravely killing foes, without a thought for the consequences. A true gentleman's unwavering loyalty and righteousness, whether in times of crisis or in times of adversity, remains unwavering!
Zhao Qi, courtesy name Binqing, was from Changling, Jingzhao. His original name was Jia, born in the Yushi Office, thus, his courtesy name became Taiqing. Later, seeking refuge, he changed his name to Zhao Qi to signify that he had not forgotten his homeland. Zhao Qi was proficient in Confucian studies from a young age, a talented individual who married the daughter of Ma Rong, his brother-in-law from Fufeng. Although Ma Rong came from a prominent family, Zhao Qi held them in disdain and refused to associate with him. He served as an official in various counties and was respected for his integrity and uprightness. In his thirties, he fell seriously ill and was bedridden for seven years. Realizing his death was near, he penned a will for his nephew, stating, "A true man should either live in seclusion like the hermit Ji Shan or accomplish great deeds like Yi Yin and Lü Shang. Since fate did not give me the chance, what else is there to say? Erect a stone in front of my grave, engraved with 'In the Han Dynasty, there was a man of free spirit surnamed Zhao with the given name Jia. With ambition but no opportunity, such is fate!'" Miraculously, his illness later improved.
In the second year of Yongxing, he was summoned to serve as the Minister of Works. He proposed that officials of the rank of 2,000 stones could resign to mourn their parents, and the court adopted his suggestion. Later, he was summoned by the Grand General Liang Ji and presented a strategy for seeking talent, but Liang Ji did not accept it. He was recommended as the magistrate of Pishi County. Coincidentally, the Tai Shou of Hedong, Liu Hu, left his post, and the eunuch Zuo Shen's brother Zuo Sheng took over. Zhao Qi was ashamed to associate with eunuchs and resigned on the spot. The Yanzhao prefect Yan Du then appointed him as an official.
His brother, Tang Heng, was initially a captain in Jingzhao Prefecture, but the common people believed he lacked genuine ability to hold office and held him in disdain. His younger brother, Tang Qi, along with their cousin, was also frequently spoken ill of behind their backs. Tang Heng seethed with anger.
Later, in the first year of the Yanxi period, Tang Xuan became the Jingzhao Yin. Tang Qi feared he would be implicated, so he fled with his cousin Tang Jian. As expected, Tang Xuan arrested Tang Qi's family and executed them all under the harshest laws. Tang Qi had to flee everywhere—across the Yangtze River, the Huai River, the sea, and Mount Tai. He changed his name and sold pastries at the market in Beihai.
At that time, a man named Sun Song from Anqiu, in his twenties, sensed Tang Qi was no ordinary person. He stopped his carriage and asked Tang Qi to join him. Tang Qi was terrified; his face went pale. Sun Song lowered the carriage curtain, had the coachman block others, and quietly asked Tang Qi, "You don’t seem like just a cake seller. Your face changed when I asked you. Do you have a great enemy or are you fleeing for your life? My name is Sun Song, from Beihai. My family has over a hundred people and we have the ability to help you." Tang Qi had heard of Sun Song’s name and told him all about his experiences, so he followed Sun Song home. Sun Song first told his mother at home, "I’ve found a lifelong friend out here." Then he welcomed Tang Qi into the hall and gave him a warm welcome. Sun Song hid Tang Qi in a hidden space within his house for several years, during which Tang Qi wrote a song called "E Tun Ge," consisting of twenty-three chapters.
Later, when the Tang family members died and the court issued a general amnesty, Tang Qi emerged. All three major offices of the court invited him to take up an official position. Nine years later, he accepted the appointment of Situ Hu Guang. During the rebellion of the Southern Xiongnu, Wuhuan, and Xianbei, all the court officials recommended Tang Qi, who was promoted to the position of Governor of Bingzhou. Tang Qi wanted to report to the court about his strategies for defending the border, but before he could do so, he was dismissed due to his involvement in factional struggles. So he recorded his thoughts in "Yukou Lun."
During the early reign of Emperor Ling, he had been dismissed from office for over ten years due to the Party's factionalism. In the first year of Zhongping, rebellions broke out in various places, and the court ordered the summoning of those who had previously served as regional inspectors, officials of two thousand stones, and those with both civil and military talents. Tang Qi was summoned to be a Counselor. General Zhang Wen of Chariots and Cavalry went on a campaign to the western regions, and Tang Qi was appointed as his Chief of Staff stationed in Anding. Grand General He Jin also recommended him to be the Prefect of Dunhuang. When he reached Xiangwu, he and several newly appointed county prefects were captured by bandits led by Bian Zhang. The bandits attempted to make him their leader, but Tang Qi cleverly spoke his way out of it and managed to return to Chang'an after a series of twists and turns.
After Emperor Xian relocated the capital to Chang'an, Tang Qi was once again appointed as a Counselor and gradually rose to the position of Taipu. When Li Jue was in power, he sent Grand Tutor Ma Ridi to pacify the world and appointed Tang Qi as his deputy. When Ma Ridi arrived in Luoyang, he requested to send Tang Qi to convey the emperor's orders. Wherever Tang Qi went to a county, the locals happily remarked, "Today we finally see the envoy of the court's chariots and horses again!"
At that time, Yuan Shao, Cao Cao, and Gongsun Zan were engaged in a fierce struggle for control of Jizhou. When they heard that Xun Qi had arrived, Yuan Shao and Cao Cao personally led their troops and traveled hundreds of miles to meet him. Xun Qi explained the emperor's benevolence to them and advised them to cease war and pacify the people. He also wrote a letter to Gongsun Zan, analyzing the situation. It was only then that Yuan Shao and the others withdrew their troops and agreed to meet Xun Qi in Luoyang to welcome the emperor back to the capital. However, Xun Qi fell ill and remained bedridden for two years after heading south to Chenliu, and the previous agreement could not be fulfilled.
Two years later, in the first year of Xingping, the court issued a decree summoning Xun Qi. Just as the emperor was preparing to return to Luoyang, he first sent General Wei Dong Cheng to repair the palace. Xun Qi said to Dong Cheng, "Now the world is in great chaos; only Jingzhou, which is vast and rich in resources, is connected to Ba Shu in the west and leads to Jiaozhi in the south. It has a good harvest every year and relatively sufficient military personnel. Although I am old, I still wish to serve the country. I wish to travel to Jingzhou by bullock cart to persuade Liu Biao to personally lead the troops to defend the court and collaborate with you to restore the royal family. This is a good way to stabilize the court and save the people!" Dong Cheng promptly recommended Xun Qi be sent to Jingzhou and also urged the collection of food and forage. When Xun Qi arrived in Jingzhou, Liu Biao immediately sent troops to Luoyang to help repair the palace and continuously provided military funds. At that time, Sun Song also lived in Jingzhou, but Liu Biao treated him rather coldly. Xun Qi praised Sun Song for his integrity and moral character, so he and Sun Song jointly recommended him for the position of Inspector of Qingzhou. Later, Xun Qi, because of his old age and frailty, stayed in Jingzhou.
At that time, Cao Cao held the position of Minister of Works and recommended Xun Qi to replace himself. Grand Master Huan Dian and Minister Kong Rong also put forth their recommendations for him, so Xun Qi was appointed as Grand Minister. He lived to be over ninety years old and passed away in the sixth year of Jian'an. Before he passed away, he instructed his son, "After I die, pile sand in the tomb as a bed, lay bamboo mats and white clothes, lie with his hair spread out above, cover with a single blanket, bury on the same day, and immediately cover." Xun Qi was a prolific writer during his lifetime, and books such as "Annotations on the Chapters of Mencius" and "Records of the Decisions in the Three Adjuncts" have been passed down through the ages.
Praise: Old Wu is warm-hearted and affectionate, righteous and resolute. Yan and Shi are both gifted individuals, exuding harmony and grace. Liang employs harsh measures, falsely accusing and covertly eliminating rivals. Zigan is both talented and charming, encountering and assisting his mentor. Bin Qing ventures to the frontier, tasked with overseeing imperial affairs.
