Emperor Guangwu had eleven children. Empress Guo gave birth to Prince Liu Qiang of Donghai, Prince Liu Fu of Peixian, Prince Liu Kang of Jinan, Prince Liu Yan of Fuling, and Prince Liu Yan of Zhongshan; Lady Xu gave birth to Prince Liu Ying of Chu; Empress Guanglie gave birth to Emperor Ming of Han, Prince Liu Cang of Dongping, Prince Liu Jing of Guangling, Duke Liu Heng of Linhuai, and Prince Liu Jing of Langye.
Let's first talk about Prince Liu Qiang of Donghai. In the second year of Jianwu, his mother Empress Guo was made empress, and Liu Qiang was made crown prince. When he was seventeen years old, Empress Guo was deposed, and Liu Qiang was deeply troubled and disheartened. He repeatedly expressed his wish to become a vassal king through his attendants and other princes to the emperor, hoping to be granted a fiefdom. Emperor Guangwu also took pity on him and hesitated for several years before agreeing. In the nineteenth year of Jianwu, Liu Qiang was granted the title of Prince of Donghai, and in the twenty-eighth year of Jianwu, he went to take up his fiefdom. The emperor felt that it wasn't Liu Qiang's fault for being deposed as crown prince, so he granted him a large territory, which included Lu County, totaling twenty-nine counties. He also gave him the Tiger Guards and the Maotou Banner, and set up musical instruments such as bells and chimes in his palace, similar to those in the emperor's procession.
After arriving at his fiefdom, Liu Qiang repeatedly requested to relinquish his title as Prince of Donghai in his memorials, even asking the crown prince to help persuade him. But the emperor did not agree, instead admiring him greatly and showing his memorials to the ministers as a model. Earlier, Prince Lu Gong liked to build palaces and had constructed the magnificent Lingguang Hall, which still stood at the time, so the emperor ordered Liu Qiang to move the capital to Lu. In the first year of the Zhongyuan era, Liu Qiang went to the capital, participated in the ceremony of worshipping at Mount Tai, and then stayed in the capital. In the spring of the following year, the emperor passed away. In the winter, Liu Qiang returned to his fiefdom.
In the first year of Yongping, Liu Qiang fell ill. Emperor Han Ming sent a eunuch along with the imperial physician to hurry to treat him. He also ordered Prince Pei Liu Fu, Prince Jinan Liu Kang, and Prince Huaiyang Liu Yan to visit him in Lu Province. When Liu Qiang passed away, he had someone draft a memorial to express his gratitude to the emperor.
The emperor has shown me great favor, granting me the honor of serving as a minister and governing two different regions. The palace systems, rituals, music, and ceremonies varied greatly, and I find it hard to repay his kindness. However, my personal cultivation has been inadequate, and I have been plagued by illness for many years, which has caused concern in the court. The Empress Dowager and the emperor have both shown me mercy, sending physicians and alchemists to visit me multiple times, demonstrating profound concern. I am deeply grateful, unsure of how to express it. I can feel my health declining, confined to bed day and night, fearing I will never be able to repay his kindness and fearing this regret will haunt me for life. I fell gravely ill at such a young age, causing great worry for both the Empress Dowager and the emperor, and I feel ashamed and sorrowful. My son, Xizheng, is rather unremarkable, and I fear he will struggle to uphold my legacy if he inherits my title. I earnestly wish to return to Donghai Commandery. If the emperor can understand my feelings of isolation and permit my three daughters to inherit my title, this has long been my heartfelt wish. The realm has recently endured profound sorrow, and the emperor should diligently care for the Empress Dowager and visit her often. My health is truly too poor; I can hardly speak clearly anymore. I only wish to express my gratitude to all the princes, as I fear I may never see you all again.
After the Emperor read my memorial, he was deeply saddened and went to Jinmen Pavilion with the Empress Dowager to mourn for me. The Emperor appointed the Chief Minister to oversee the funeral arrangements, with the Grand Herald's assistance. The Minister of Rites and the Chief Architect were responsible for supervising the funeral, and I was given high honors, including a dragon flag, a feathered headdress, a phoenix carriage, a dragon banner, and one hundred Imperial Guards to escort my coffin. The Emperor also ordered Prince Ying of Chu, Prince Xu of Zhao, Prince Xing of Beihai, Princess Guantao, Princess Biyang, and the relatives from the four noble families in the capital to attend my funeral. The Emperor remembered me as modest and prudent, not desiring a lavish funeral during my lifetime, so he specifically instructed the eunuch Du Cen and the Imperial Tutor of Donghai, Fu Xiang, saying, "Wang Gong was humble and polite, with moral integrity throughout his life. The funeral items must be simple, with neat attire and simple adornments, to highlight his extraordinary aspirations. The Chief Architect is responsible for building the tomb."
I lived for thirty-four years, passing away at the age of thirty-four, and my son, Prince Zheng, inherited my title. However, Prince Zheng indulged in excessive indulgence and immoral behavior. After the death of Prince Jian of Zhongshan, Prince Zheng went to Zhongshan for the funeral and secretly claimed Prince Jian's wife, Lady Xu, even bringing palace maids out of the palace in secret. The Governor of Yuzhou and the Minister of Lu submitted a memorial requesting the execution of Prince Zheng, and the Emperor ultimately decreed the revocation of his title as Prince of Xue County.
Several years before the common era, this prince died at forty-four, and his son, Prince Su of Qing, succeeded to the throne. "He reigned for forty-four years and passed away, succeeded by Prince Su of Qing." In the sixteenth year of Yongyuan, the Emperor enfeoffed the twenty-one brothers of this prince as marquises; what a prosperous family it was! Prince Su of Qing was humble and frugal, diligently observing the royal laws. During the Yongchu era, due to unrest in the Western Qiang region, he generously contributed twenty million coins to support the state. In the Yuanchu era, he donated tens of thousands of bolts of silk to aid in national development, and the Empress Dowager even issued a special edict praising him!
"In the sixteenth year of Yongyuan, twenty-one younger brothers of Prince Su Feng were all made marquises. Su was humble and frugal, adhering to the royal laws with respect and humility. In the middle of the Yongchu era, due to the unrest in the Western Qiang region, two million coins were submitted. In the middle of Yuanchu, ten thousand bolts of silk were submitted to assist in national expenses. Empress Dowager Deng issued a decree to commend this. This prince lived for twenty-three years before passing away, and his son, Prince Xiao Zhen, succeeded him. He passed away in his twenty-third year; his son, Prince Xiao Zhen, succeeded him. In the second year of Yongjian, the emperor also conferred the title of marquis upon the two younger brothers of Prince Xiao Zhen, Min and Jian. Both Prince Xiao Zhen and his brother Jian were very filial. When their mother passed away, the brothers wept bitterly. During their mourning period, they regretted that their father's funeral, which they had arranged when they were young, had not been thorough enough, so they arranged another funeral according to proper customs. Prince Xiao Zhen was generous, often sharing his income with his uncles and brothers. The Prime Minister reported these matters to the emperor, and Emperor Hanshun was greatly pleased. He issued a special decree praising him, stating, 'Prince Donghai Zhen, as a royal relative, inherited the throne at a young age and enjoys honor and wealth. However, he did not let this make him proud or extravagant. Instead, he exercised restraint, observed etiquette, respected his parents, and served his mother wholeheartedly, and was deeply grief-stricken after his mother's death. He mourned for three years, fulfilling his duties as a son. He and his brothers were harmonious, taking care of orphans and widows, demonstrating pure filial piety and embodying both benevolence and righteousness. I am very pleased! Encouraging people to do good and rectifying social customs are major concerns for the country. Previously, Prince Xiaowang Chang of Dongping was also filial to his mother, and the funeral arrangements were very appropriate, which resulted in an increase in his fiefdom. The Book of Songs states, 'Always be filial and remember our ancestors.' Now, I will increase Zhen's fiefdom by five thousand households and Jian's by five hundred households to honor their merits."
"In the second year of Yongjian, Feng Zhen's two younger brothers, Min and Jian, were granted the title of marquises in their hometown. Zhen and his younger brother Jian both had sincere conduct. When their mother passed away, they both were so grief-stricken that they coughed up blood. They donned red mourning garments. The brothers remembered their father's funeral from their childhood and felt that the rites had been insufficient, so they decided to observe mourning rites again. Zhen was known for his honesty and kindness, often sharing his rental income to support his relatives. His virtuous conduct garnered praise from the court, and Emperor Shun held him in high regard. A decree was issued to the Grand Marshal and the Three Excellencies, stating: 'Prince Zhen of Donghai, despite his youth and noble lineage, has shown great filial piety, respect, and love towards his family. He has diligently observed mourning rites for three years, cared for his siblings and the vulnerable, and exemplified the highest standards of filial piety and righteousness. We are deeply pleased with his conduct. Promoting virtuous behavior and setting a precedent for the realm. Previously, Prince Xiaowen of Dongping and his brothers demonstrated filial piety during their mother's funeral and were rewarded with expanded land grants. As the Book of Songs states: 'May the legacy of filial piety endure through the ages, honoring our imperial ancestors.' Now, Zhen's land grants are increased to five thousand households, while Jian's are increased to five hundred households, as a reward for their virtues." This prince lived for thirty-one years before passing away, and his son, Yi Wang Zhi, ascended to the throne. "He reigned for thirty-one years and his son Yi Wang Zhi succeeded him." In the fourth year of Chuping, Yi Wang Zhi's son, Wan, traveled to Chang'an to present a memorial to Emperor Xian, who granted Wan the title of Marquis of Wenyang and appointed him as the Prime Minister of Pingyuan.
"In the fourth year of Chuping, he sent his son Wan to Chang'an to present the edict. The Emperor conferred upon Wan the title of Marquis of Wenyang and appointed him as the Chancellor of Pingyuan." King Yi Zhi passed away at the age of forty-four, and his son Xian succeeded to the throne. Twenty years later, the Wei Kingdom usurped the Han, and he was granted the title of Marquis of Chongde. "Zhi reigned for forty-four years before his death, and his son Xian succeeded him. Twenty years later, Wei received the abdication and appointed him as the Marquis of Chongde." Pei Xian Wang Fu was appointed as the Right Yigu Gong in the fifteenth year of Jianwu. Seventeen years later, Empress Guo was deposed and demoted to Empress Dowager of Zhongshan, so Pei Xian Wang Fu was also relocated to Zhongshan as its king, concurrently governing Changshan County. Twenty years later, he was relocated back to Pei as its king. "Pei Xian Wang Fu was appointed as Right Yigu Gong in the fifteenth year of Jianwu. Seventeen years later, Empress Guo was deposed and demoted to Empress Dowager of Zhongshan, so Fu was moved to Zhongshan as a king, governing Changshan County. Twenty years later, he was relocated back and enfeoffed as Pei Wang."
At that time, the laws were not very strict, and the imperial relatives and nobles were all in the capital, each trying to enhance their reputation and curry favor with guests from all corners. Marquis Shouguang Liu Li, the son of Emperor Gengshi Liu Xuan, was favored by Prince Fu. Liu Li had long harbored resentment towards Liu Penzi for causing his father’s death, so he used Prince Fu's influence to gather a group to avenge his father by killing Liu Gong, the elder brother of Gu Shi Hou Liu Gong. As a result, Prince Fu was arrested and imprisoned for three days and then released. Since then, the guests of those princes became more cautious and obedient, respecting the laws. In the twenty-eighth year of Jianwu, Prince Fu died. In the second year of Emperor Ming, Prince Fu's son Liu Bao was appointed as Marquis of Pei. In the first year of Yongping, Liu Bao's younger brother, Liu Jia, was appointed as Marquis of Tong.
Fu Wang was strict, organized, and enjoyed reading classic texts, especially excelling in explaining the "Classic of Changes," "Teaching Classics," "Lunyu," and various texts on divination. He also wrote a book called "Wujing Lun," which people at the time referred to as "Pei Wang Tong Lun." He governed his fiefdom diligently and frugally, consistently being praised as a wise king. Emperor Ming of Han respected him greatly and rewarded him multiple times. Fu Wang passed away after reigning for forty-six years, and his son Liu Ding succeeded to the throne. In the second year of Yuanhe, Liu Ding's twelve younger brothers were granted the title of marquises.
Liu Ding reigned for eleven years before his death, and his son Liu Zheng ascended to the throne. In the first year of Yuanxing, Liu Zheng's two younger brothers were enfeoffed as viscounts. Liu Zheng reigned for fourteen years before his death, and his son Liu Guang succeeded him. Liu Guang was in poor health, so Emperor An of Han appointed Liu Guang's grandmother, Lady Zhou, to manage the affairs of the royal family. Lady Zhou was known for her integrity and strictness, and she passed away during Emperor An's reign. Emperor Shun of Han issued a decree praising Lady Zhou's kindness and noble character, and posthumously honored her with the title of a noblewoman. Liu Guang reigned for thirty-five years before his death, and his son Liu Rong succeeded him. Liu Rong reigned for twenty years before his death, and his son Liu Cong succeeded him. After Liu Cong's passing, his son Liu Yao ascended to the throne. Liu Yao passed away, and his son Liu Qi succeeded him; later, during the Wei Dynasty's takeover of the Han, Liu Qi was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Chongde.
Chu Wang Liu Ying was enfeoffed as the Duke of Chu in the fifteenth year of Jianwu, elevated to the rank of king in the seventeenth year, and established his own kingdom in the twenty-eighth year. His mother, Lady Xu, was not well-regarded, which left the Chu Kingdom in a state of poverty. In the thirtieth year of Jianwu, the court transferred the counties of Lu and Xuchang from Linhuai Commandery to the Chu Kingdom. Since the time of Emperor Ming of Han as Crown Prince, Liu Ying had always relied on him alone, and the Crown Prince was particularly close to him. After Emperor Ming ascended the throne, he rewarded Liu Ying multiple times. In the first year of Yongping, Emperor Ming specially enfeoffed Liu Ying's brother-in-law, Xu Chang, as the Marquis of Longshu.
When King Chu Ying was young, he liked to travel around and make many friends. In his later years, he became obsessed with the teachings of Huang-Lao and also studied the fasting and sacrifices of Buddhism. After eight years, the court ordered that anyone guilty of a capital crime could redeem themselves with money. King Chu Ying sent the Chief Medical Officer to bring thirty pieces of fine yellow and white silk to the prime minister, saying, "I have made many mistakes while serving in the court; thanks to the emperor's grace, I specially offer these silks to atone for my mistakes." The prime minister reported this to the emperor, who replied, "King Chu studies the teachings of Huang-Lao and believes in Buddhism, has devoutly fasted for three months, and made vows to the gods; what is there to doubt? Why repent? Take back the silks intended for redemption and use them to enrich the grand sacrifices at the Yipuse Sang altar." The decree was then announced to the world. King Chu Ying later cultivated more friendships with scholars and made ornaments such as golden turtles and jade cranes, inscribed with words, as auspicious symbols.
Thirteen years later, a man named Yan accused King Chu Ying, King Ping of Yuyang, Yan Zhong, and others of plotting rebellion, which was investigated. The relevant department reported that King Chu Ying had recruited evil men, made prophecies, predicted official positions, and arranged the positions of princes, dukes, generals, and officials of the rank of two thousand stones, which constituted a grave offense, and requested his execution. The emperor, out of familial loyalty, could not bear to kill him, so he deposed him and exiled him to Danyang Jing County, granting him five hundred households in Tangmu County. He also sent the Grand Honglu to escort him with a ceremonial staff, provided him with musicians, slaves, craftsmen, and a drum and music band, allowing him to travel in comfort and giving him weapons and crossbows to hunt and enjoy himself on the road. His official wives, concubines, fiefdoms, and status remained unchanged. Queen Chu did not hand over the seal and ribbon but remained in the Chu Palace.
The following year, the English king took his own life in Danyang. He reigned for thirty-three years, and the country eventually perished. The emperor sent the Grand Minister with a ceremonial token to pay tribute to him, and according to custom, presented him with a ceremonial hat, additionally granting him the marquis's seal. Following the customs of a vassal state, he was buried in Jing County. The emperor also dispatched officials to look after his wife and children. No officials in Chu dared to come to his defense. The emperor issued a decree to console the Empress Dowager, saying, "When we first heard about the situation in Chu, we hoped it wasn't true. After knowing the truth, I am deeply saddened and regretful. I had intended to forgive him and allow him to live out his days in peace, but he ignored the Empress Dowager and ultimately could not save himself. This is fate; there's nothing we can do! Empress Dowager, please take care of yourself and the children, and try to eat something. It's only natural for people to promise wealth and glory to the English king. I've ordered the relevant departments to track down those involved in the plot and ensure they can live and work in peace." Therefore, the emperor named Yan Guang the Marquis of Treason. The Chu case has dragged on for several years, with more and more people getting caught up in it, from relatives and friends in the capital to heroes of vassal states and counties, and officials responsible for handling the case, all turning on one another, resulting in thousands being sentenced to death or exile.
Fifteen years later, the emperor went to Pengcheng and met with the Empress Dowager Xu and the wife and children of the King of Ying in the inner hall, crying sadly and touching those around him. In the second year of Jianchu, the emperor appointed Ying King's son Zhong as the Marquis of Chu, and his five brothers were also appointed as Marquises, but they were not allowed to appoint ministers and officials. In the third year of Yuanhe, Empress Dowager Xu passed away. The emperor once again sent the Grand Minister of Ceremonies with the imperial tablet to offer sacrifices, stayed to handle the funeral affairs, and rewarded them with five hundred thousand taels. He also sent envoys to prepare royal officials to receive the coffin of the King of Ying, relocated him to Pengcheng, bestowed upon the royal red sash, feathered canopy, and ceremonial decorations, and posthumously honored him as the Marquis of Chuli. In the first year of Zhanghe, the emperor went to Pengcheng again and met with the King of Ying's wife and six sons, rewarding them with many gifts. Zhong's title was later promoted to Marquis of Liu. After his death, his son Du inherited the title. After Du's death, his son Ju inherited the title, and the title of Marquis of Chu continued to be passed down through the generations.
Prince Kang of Jinan was appointed as the Duke of Jinan in the fifteenth year of Jianwu, promoted to king in the seventeenth year, and arrived at his fiefdom in the twenty-eighth year. In the thirtieth year, he transferred the counties of Zhua, Ande, Chaoyang, Pingchang, Xiying, and Chongqiu to the Kingdom of Jinan. In the second year of Zhongyuan, Kang's son De was appointed as the Marquis of Dongwucheng. Prince Kang did not abide by the law at all, constantly mingling with various people and forming friendships. Later, someone reported that Prince Kang had colluded with the cunning and deceitful individuals Yan Zhong and Liu Zichan from Fuyang, and had secretly conspired with them on certain illicit activities, even giving them a lot of silk and cloth. This issue was investigated and reported by the appropriate authorities. However, Emperor Xianzong, out of familial affection, could not bring himself to fully investigate the matter, so he only reduced Prince Kang's control over the counties of Zhua, Xiying, Dongchaoyang, Ande, and Xipingchang.
In the eighth year of Jianchu, Emperor Suzong returned the land that had been previously reduced to Prince Kang. Prince Kang, now in an even better position, continued to amass wealth with increasing extravagance, building palaces extravagantly, with a household of 1,400 slaves and maids, 1,200 horses, and 800 hectares of private land, indulging in luxury and playing as he pleased without restraint. In the early years of Yongyuan, the National Tutor, He Chang, advised Prince Kang in a memorial:
"I have heard that in order for the feudal lords to maintain their states and ensure the people's well-being, they must strictly restrain themselves, spending within their means. Your Highness is a relative of the Emperor and enjoys a state salary, and should govern the country well, strictly enforce the laws, and have rules and regulations in your daily life and activities, with a corresponding system for chariots, horses, and personnel. But now, your household supports so many idle people that you struggle to feed yourself. Those palace maids locked away in the inner palace lose their true nature, disrupting the harmonious atmosphere in the palace. You continue to build palaces extravagantly, in violation of state prohibitions, spending enormous amounts, yet the project is not even half completed. Those lengthy memorials will only contribute to the country's decline; overgrown trees can become a danger; these are not practices to flatter the Emperor and bless future generations. The state of Chu perished after building Zhanhua Terrace, the state of Wu was destroyed after building Gusu Terrace, Duke Jing of Qi had over a thousand chariots, but the common people did not benefit. Your frequent visits to those palaces for leisure, without any restraint in your daily activities, are not a sustainable approach. I hope Your Highness will practice thrift and adhere to ancient customs, reduce the number of slaves and horses, abandon those private lands, control your leisure activities, and live by the rules, so that I can feel at ease. I hope Your Highness will seriously consider my words."
Prince Kang always respected He Chang, though he felt somewhat displeased, he ultimately did not change his ways.
King Kang died after reigning for fifty years, and his son King Jian ascended to the throne. While still the crown prince, Jian took a liking to the musician Song Run from King Kang's palace and sent the doctor Zhang Zun to fetch her. When Zhang Zun failed to bring her back, King Jian was furious and killed Zhang Zun himself. The prime minister reported this incident, but the emperor ordered that no investigation be conducted. In the eleventh year of Yongyuan, the emperor granted titles to Jian's seven younger brothers as marquises.
King Jian died after reigning for six years. His son King Xiao Liu Xiang succeeded to the throne. In the second year of Yongchu, the emperor granted titles to Liu Xiang's four younger brothers as marquises. Liu Xiang was a very upright person who enjoyed reading classics. His uncle was not granted a title because he had committed a crime, and Marquis of Xiping Chang Liu Yu was deprived of his title for breaking the law. Liu Xiang petitioned to divide the title among his uncle's son Liu Wan and Liu Yu's son Liu Song, so that they could both become marquises.
After reigning for twenty years, Liu Xiang died without a son, resulting in the loss of his kingdom. In the first year of Yongjian, Emperor Shun established Liu Xian, the son of King Jian, as the heir, thus becoming King Diping. Liu Xian reigned for three years before his death, and his son King Dao Liu Guang succeeded to the throne. In the fifth year of Yongjian, the emperor granted titles to Liu Guang's brother Liu Wen as the Marquis of Yuechengting.
Liu Guang reigned for twenty-five years before dying in the first year of Yongxing without a son, leading to the cancellation of his kingdom. King Xian Liu Cang of Dongping was granted the title of Duke of Dongping in the fifteenth year of Jianwu and promoted to King of Dongping in the seventeenth year. Liu Cang loved reading from a young age, was very wise and thoughtful, handsome, sporting a handsome beard and a sturdy build, and Emperor Ming of Han greatly favored him. After Emperor Ming ascended the throne, he appointed Liu Cang as General of the Cavalry, providing him with forty recorders and officials, elevating his status above that of the Three Excellencies.
In the first year of Yongping, the emperor granted titles to Liu Cang's two sons as marquises. In the second year of Yongping, he assigned Shouzhang and Xuchang in Dongjun, as well as Nanpingyang, Tuo, and Huling in Shanyang to Dongpingguo. At that time, it had been more than thirty years since the revival of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the world was peaceful. Liu Cang believed that the world had already stabilized and should reform the ritual music system. Therefore, he held discussions with the court ministers and formulated the systems of crowns, chariots, and clothing used in the southern and northern suburban sacrifices, as well as the specifications for singing and dancing during the sacrifices to Emperor Guangwu, which were all documented in the "Records of Rites and Music" and the "Records of Imperial Clothing." Every time the emperor went on an inspection tour, Liu Cang always stayed in the capital to serve the empress dowager.
In the spring of the fourth year, the emperor was planning to go on an inspection tour and heard that he was going to hunt in Henan. This made the official Zhang Cang anxious, so he quickly wrote a memorial to counsel Your Majesty, saying, "I heard that spring is the busy farming season, and there shouldn’t be any extravagant activities. Ancient texts say, 'Hunting should not last overnight, eating should not be extravagant, and traveling should not be arbitrary, in order to make the trees grow straight.' Your Majesty, hunting at this time is a mistake that disregards the season! I understand that Your Majesty's trip will be relatively modest, and officials along the way will also learn the story of 'Gantang' to honor your benevolence. However, if your actions do not align with proper etiquette, it will not set a good example for the people. Your Majesty should use this trip to visit the fields and observe the crops, leisurely stroll around, and then return to the palace. Wait until the autumn and winter seasons, then assert your authority, organize the troops, bolster defenses, and hold grand ceremonies. As the Book of Songs states, 'The solemn and majestic appearance is due to the cultivation of inner virtues.' I am genuinely concerned, which is why I wrote this memorial by hand, requesting an audience with Your Majesty to convey my sincere feelings." After reading the memorial, the emperor immediately returned to the palace.
Zhang Cang has been serving as an official in the court for many years, accomplishing many beneficial deeds. As he was the emperor's close aide and his prestige was increasing, he grew increasingly anxious. Therefore, he submitted a memorial requesting to resign from office and return home. In the memorial, he wrote: "I, Zhang Cang, have limited abilities and have relied on the emperor's favor to come this far. Your teachings have been like those of a kind father to me, promoting me to an official rank, issuing decrees to praise me, making my reputation known throughout the realm. You have transformed a mere woodcutter into a high-ranking court official; how can I repay this kindness? Even common folk do not forget the kindness of a meal given by others, let alone me holding the position of prime minister and being your relative! I should set an example for all officials, but I am foolish and often ill, truly ashamed. I cannot shoulder the weighty responsibility of assisting the emperor, fearing that poets will mock me for my extravagance. The nation is currently at peace, with no significant threats; it is time to adopt a policy of minimal governance, reducing the number of civil officials and not increasing the number of military generals. In ancient times, although the elephant had a large nose, it could not be used to govern a country. This is due to deep affection, as one cannot bear to reveal its flaws. The experiences and lessons of our predecessors serve as guidance for future generations. Since the establishment of the Han Dynasty, imperial relatives have never held important positions. Only you, Your Majesty, can follow the example of Yu Shun in treating his brother with kindness, adhering to ancestral customs, to ultimately achieve good results. Therefore, I request that you take back my General of the Flying Cavalry seal and allow me to return to my fief, hoping for your compassion." The emperor issued an edict allowing him to return, but he declined. Later, he repeatedly submitted requests, pleading earnestly. After five years, the emperor finally agreed to let him return to his home country, but he did not accept the seal of the general. The emperor appointed him as the Grand Tutor of Dongping and arranged official positions for his subordinates: the secretary was appointed as a Grand Master, and the historian as an official of the Wang family. The emperor also bestowed upon him fifty million coins and one hundred thousand rolls of cloth.
In the winter of the sixth year, the emperor traveled to Lu for an inspection and summoned Cang back from the capital. The following year, the empress dowager died. After her funeral, Cang returned to his country, and the emperor generously rewarded him with five hundred palace maids and servants, 250,000 pieces of cloth, as well as many treasures, clothes, carriages, and various items.
In the eleventh year, Cang traveled to the capital with other princes to pay their respects to the emperor. A month later, he returned to his country. The emperor personally escorted him to the palace gate, feeling sad and nostalgic about him, and sent an envoy with a handwritten decree to Fu, saying: "After parting, I sat alone feeling very uncomfortable, so I took a carriage back to the palace, lying on the shaft of the carriage, reciting poetry, always looking in the direction he left, missing him deeply and reflecting on the song 'Gathering Beans,' which made me sigh endlessly. The other day I asked the King of Dongping what made him happiest at home, and he said that doing good deeds brought him the most joy, which really resonated with me. Now I am giving him nineteen marquis seals, for all the sons of the princes who are five years old or older and able to pay their respects, let them wear them."
In the spring of the fifteenth year, the emperor traveled to Dongping for an inspection and rewarded Cang with 15 million coins and 40,000 pieces of cloth. The emperor showed Cang the 'Annals of Emperor Guangwu' that he had written, and Cang composed a poem titled 'Song of Emperor Guangwu's Ascension' to present to the emperor. The emperor was very pleased, finding the poem elegant, and specifically had the court scholar Jia Kui annotate it.
After Emperor Suzong ascended the throne, his respect and grace towards Cang were greater than ever before, surpassing all other lords. In the first year of Jianchu, an earthquake occurred, and Cang submitted a proposal, which the Emperor chose to suppress. In his reply, the Emperor said: "On the day of Bingyin, I personally read the three matters you presented, repeatedly going over them several times. I suddenly felt enlightened, as if a weight had been lifted off my shoulders. Other officials have submitted similar proposals, but their knowledge is shallow, sometimes believing it to be right, only to doubt it later. What is the reason for this? The occurrence of disasters is related to politics. Since the era change, there have been famines and population migrations, which are due to my own shortcomings. Furthermore, severe droughts have occurred in winter and spring, with a wide range of disasters. Although I have tried to cut expenses, I still do not know what to do. Now that I have received your wise counsel, I feel a sense of relief. Isn't it said in the Book of Songs: 'When I do not see the noble one, my heart is restless; when I see the noble one, my heart finds peace.' I will seriously consider your suggestions, gradually put them into practice, and hope to receive the blessings of heaven. In recognition of your loyalty, I hereby grant you a reward of five million coins." The Emperor wanted to build cities near the original mausoleum and the Xianjie mausoleum. Upon hearing this, Cang quickly submitted a memorial urging caution against it.
"I heard that the emperor intended to construct cities around these two tombs. Previously, I had only heard rumors and could not ascertain their truth. Recently, officials were dispatched to Guba to inquire about the health of the Niyang governor. After their return, I learned that the imperial edict had been issued. I believe Emperor Guangwu has always led a simple life, fully aware of what is important, diligently handling government affairs, and has been particularly cautious regarding the construction of tombs. Thus, in constructing tombs, he adheres to ancient rituals, even issuing a decree stating, 'Do not construct tall tombs; ponds should only have flowing water.' Emperor Xiaoming is also filial, always following the wishes of the late emperor. As for the tomb he built himself, it was extremely frugal, reflecting his humility and virtue. I believe that the trend of building cities started from the Qin Dynasty. Even in ancient times, people did not want their tombs to be too conspicuous, let alone constructing cities and establishing capital cities! This not only contradicts the late emperor's wishes but also involves pointless projects, squandering the treasury's funds and disturbing the lives of the people. Such actions do not bring peace or good omens for a fruitful harvest. From a fortune-telling perspective, there is no reason to renovate tombs or construct anything. From ancient rules and regulations, this is also inconsistent; considering the current situation, it contradicts the will of the people; from a fortune-telling perspective, there are no benefits to be seen. Your Majesty, you have inherited the deep sincerity and filial piety of Emperor Shun, with profound thoughts for your ancestors, but I fear that the ministers' advice may have led you astray. It pains me deeply that the virtues of the two emperors may not endure, and I earnestly beseech Your Majesty to thoughtfully consider my counsel."
Upon hearing this, the emperor abandoned the plan to construct cities. Since then, whenever the court faced indecisive matters, they would urgently send someone to consult Cang. Cang would respond earnestly, and the emperor consistently took his advice.
Three years later, the Emperor hosted a banquet for the guards at the South Palace. He also took a stroll with the Empress Dowager in the pool pavilion of the Imperial Garden. Upon seeing the old clothes of the late Empress Yin, he was filled with sorrow. So he ordered that one outfit for each season be kept, along with fifty boxes of the late Empress's everyday clothing. The remainder was distributed to the princes, princesses, and descendants in the capital, with differing amounts of rewards. The Emperor also specifically rewarded the Kings of Cang and Langye with a letter that reads:
Ah, the envoy has returned and seen the situation for himself. I am genuinely pleased! Time flies, and the distance only seems to increase. I feel so lonely and sad, unsure of what to do!
While rewarding the guards at the South Palace, I glanced at the clothes I used to wear. I said to my teacher, "The things are still here, but the person is gone. Without saying anything, sadness naturally wells up." How true that is! Isn't that how it is with friends as devoted as Wang Xiaoyou?
Now, I am giving you one wig and one silk scarf used by Empress Guanglie, as well as a box of clothes. You can take them out often to comfort your sorrow for the late Emperor, and I hope future generations will see the style of the late Emperor's clothing. I understand the sentiments expressed in "Kaifeng." Take a look—the Kong family of Lu State still preserves Confucius' chariot, hat, and shoes to this day. The legacy and impact of those with noble character can last for ages! Regarding Emperor Guangwu's clothing, they were already distributed to the vassal states in the second year of Zhongyuan, so I did not send them again.
I am also giving you a horse from Wan, which has blood flowing from a small puncture on its front leg. I’ve often heard that Emperor Wu’s song speaks of a celestial horse sweating and staining its sweat red. Now I've seen it with my own eyes!
Recently, the rebellious Xiongnu are still gathering at the border, and the generals are all out fighting. I have been very worried all along, never at peace. I hope you take good care of yourself. You must take these words to heart. I look forward to your reply, like waiting for the first rain!
In the winter of a few years ago, Prince Liang Liu Cang wrote a letter requesting to return to his country to see the emperor. In the first month of the following year, the emperor approved his request and granted him a special reward of fifteen million coins, while other princes were each rewarded with ten million coins. Because Liu Cang braved the cold and the dew, the emperor also sent an envoy to deliver sable coats and delicacies from the imperial kitchen, and ordered the Grand Herald Dou Gu to go to the outskirts to welcome him. The emperor personally went to the mansion where Liu Cang stayed to inspect and prepared beds, curtains, and various money and goods, which was quite a grand affair. The emperor also issued a decree stating, "The 'Book of Rites' states that it is proper for uncles to return to their country to visit relatives; the 'Book of Songs' says that uncles should establish achievements for their sons, which is the respect that should be shown to elders. When Xiao He assisted Emperor Gaozu of Han and was appointed as the Prime Minister, he was not named, in order to commend his loyalty and virtue. Let alone one's own kin! Therefore, Prince Pei, Prince Jinan, Prince Dongping, and Prince Zhongshan, do not include their names in your memorials."
After Liu Cang arrived, he bowed to the emperor in the palace, and the emperor personally returned the bow. Afterwards, when other princes entered the palace, the emperor sent people with carriages to welcome them, only allowing them to alight at the palace gates. Liu Cang felt that the emperor's favor was too excessive, making him uncomfortable, so he wrote a letter of thanks, saying, "I have heard that those of high status have fixed honors, and those of low status have corresponding dignity, with a proper order of respect. Your Majesty has shown great kindness, bestowing upon me the opportunity to meet you and serve you up close. Your gracious treatment of me, rising to greet me and changing your seating position each time we meet, with the empress even bowing to me personally, all exceed the norms of etiquette. I am filled with fear and unease, finding it difficult to calm my mind. This may actually diminish your dignity and fail to appease the hearts of your subjects." After reading the memorial, the emperor sighed and praised him even more. Previously, the daughters of princes were only granted the title of lady of the village, but the emperor made an exception and bestowed the title of county princess upon all five of Liu Cang's daughters.
In March, the Grand Herald requested the emperor's permission for the princes to return to their countries, but the emperor specifically kept Liu Cang behind, giving him books, depictions of immortals, and secret Daoist formulas. It was only after the August feast ended that the relevant authorities again requested the emperor's permission for Liu Cang to return to his country, which the emperor finally agreed to. The emperor personally wrote a decree for Liu Cang, stating, "Family ties should not be distinguished by distance, but after multiple meetings, my feelings for you have deepened. Considering your long journey and hard work, it is time for you to rest. I wanted to respond to the Grand Herald's memorial, but could not bring myself to do so, leaving it to the palace officials. My heart is filled with reluctance and sorrow, too deep for words." Therefore, the emperor personally led the procession to bid farewell to Liu Cang, shedding tears as he said goodbye. The emperor also bestowed upon him the carriages, clothing, ornaments, treasures, vehicles, horses, and countless riches and fabrics worth billions.
Ah, Cang Gong fell ill after returning home. The Emperor was particularly worried, so he quickly sent a famous doctor over and also sent a eunuch to take care of him. Visitors kept coming in droves, and the roads were filled with carriages, horses, and banners filling the streets. The Emperor even made special arrangements for fast horses and continuously sent people to inquire about Cang Gong's condition.
In the second year, in the first month, Cang Gong passed on. The Emperor issued an edict, instructing the Minister of Ceremonies to collect all the memorials submitted by Cang Gong since the Jianwu era, as well as his writings, notes, poems, and songs, to review his works. He then sent the Grand Herald with a ceremonial staff, the Vice Commander of the Five Officials to oversee the funeral arrangements, and a total of six officials to command the marquises from the four noble families and the kings of various vassal states to come to Dongping to mourn. He also bestowed a total of one hundred million coins and ninety thousand bolts of cloth.
At Cang Gong's burial, the Emperor also wrote a eulogy: "In the eighth year of Jianchu, in the month of Jimao, the Emperor said: Ah, Wang Pixian, you diligently served the royal family, personally accepting my appointment, and your achievements were celebrated throughout history. You served as a ministerial aide, carefully cultivating virtue and never overstepping the rituals; your virtuous reputation spread far and wide. Unfortunately, heaven did not favor you; your kindness and virtue did not receive their due reward, causing me to lose such a virtuous minister. I worry day and night, but I cannot change this fate. Now, I command relevant departments to bestow upon you a luxurious carriage, horses, dragon flags, and a hundred tiger warriors to see you off. You were not just a virtuous king to me; who else can compare to you! If your soul is aware, may it enjoy this honor! Ah, how sorrowful!"
Cang Gong served as king for forty-five years, and his son Huai Wangzhong succeeded to the throne. The following year, the Emperor divided a portion of Dongping Country and granted it to Huai Wangzhong's brother, Shang, as Rencheng Wang, while the remaining five sons were all made marquises.
King Zhongli died after reigning for just one year, and his son, King Xiao, inherited the throne. In the third year of Yuanhe, King Xiao went on an eastern inspection tour. When the emperor arrived at Dongping Palace, he remembered King Zhongli and said to his sons, "I miss him and want to visit his hometown, the place where he once lived, which he can no longer return to." As he spoke, the emperor started to cry, his tears soaking through his robes. The emperor then went to Cangling, accompanied by a grand procession of guards, carriages, and dragon flags, to pay ceremonial tribute to King Zhongli. The emperor personally conducted the sacrificial ceremony, weeping bitterly, and even bestowed a precious sword at the tomb.
Earlier, when King Zhongli returned to his country, the subordinates of the General of Chariots and Cavalry, Ding Mu and Zhou Xu, found him respectful, virtuous, and humble, and could not bear to see him leave. They made him a household servant of the royal family, serving King Zhongli and his grandson for decades. When the emperor heard about this, he summoned them to the palace, sympathizing with their years of silent service, and wanting to commend King Zhongli's excellent character, so he promoted them to be officials. Ding Mu later became the Prime Minister of Qi, and Zhou Xu became the Magistrate of Shangcai County. In the tenth year of Yongyuan, King Zhongli's grandson, Liang, was granted the title of Marquis of Jingyangting, while six younger brothers of King Xiao were all appointed as marquises. King Xiao was exceptionally filial towards his mother, and the Prime Minister, Chen Zhen, specifically praised his filial piety in a memorial. In the first year of Yongning, Empress Dowager Deng granted an additional five thousand households of land to him and appointed two more of King Zhongli's grandsons as marquises.
King Xiao reigned for forty-eight years before passing away, and his son, King Qing, succeeded to the throne. King Qing reigned for forty-seven years before passing away, and his son, King Kai, succeeded to the throne. King Kai reigned for forty-one years until the Wei Kingdom usurped the Han Dynasty and declared itself emperor, being granted the title of Marquis of Chongde.
The book comments: Confucius said, "It is better to be poor and not fawning, rich and not arrogant, than to be poor and happy, rich and courteous." Dongping Xianwang can be said to be a courteous person. He resigned from his position as a royal relative and left his mother's side; was he really willing to sacrifice family ties and righteousness for the sake of his own reputation? Perhaps because doubt about status creates barriers, close relationships lose their righteousness; this is probably what wise men lament! Alas! Staying away from disputes to maintain loyalty and letting go of burdens to fulfill filial piety—this is the aspiration of Xianwang! Donghai Gongwang humbly and wisely abdicated the throne, "Isn't it also good to emulate Taibo of Wu?"
Rencheng Xiaowang Shang was enfeoffed as king in the first year of Yuanhe, governing the counties of Rencheng, Kangfu, and Fan.
It is said that King Rencheng died after reigning for eighteen years, and his son, King Zhen'an, succeeded to the throne. In the fourteenth year of Yongyuan, King An enfeoffed his brother Fu as the Marquis of Taoxiang. In the fourth year of Yongchu, King An enfeoffed Fu's brother Kang as the Marquis of Dangtu. This King An, impulsive and particularly stingy, often disguised himself and wandered throughout the country, even taking pleasure in petty theft, from officials' vehicles, horses, and weapons to guards' provisions; he did not let anything go, not even a single coin. In the sixth year of Yuanchu, the Prime Minister Xing Hong submitted a memorial requesting the removal of King An. Although Emperor An was hesitant, he had no choice but to require King An to pay one-fifth of the annual taxes as penance.
After reigning as King of Rencheng for nineteen years, King An passed away, and his son, King Chong, succeeded to the throne. During the reign of Emperor Shun, the Qiang and Xiongnu tribes often rebelled, and King Chong donated money and goods to support border military expenses each time. When Emperor Shun passed away, King Chong donated over three million coins for the construction of the royal tomb; though the court recognized his filial piety, they ultimately refused his donation. King Chong passed away after reigning as King of Rencheng for thirty-one years, leaving no heirs, marking the end of the Rencheng kingdom.
In the fourth year of Yongxi, Emperor Huan of Han established the descendants of the Hejian Xiaowang, appointing Bo as King of Rencheng to continue the sacrificial rites. Bo was known for his filial piety, and after his mother passed away, he strictly observed the mourning rituals according to tradition. Consequently, the court granted him the stewardship of an additional three thousand households. Bo passed away after serving as King of Rencheng for thirteen years, leaving no sons behind, thus ending the lineage of the Rencheng Kingdom.
In the fourth year of Xiping, Emperor Ling of Han established the descendants of King Zhen of Hejian, appointing Tuo as King of Rencheng to continue the sacrificial rites honoring King Xiaowang of Hejian. Tuo served as King of Rencheng for forty-six years, but after Wei usurped the Han, he was granted the title of Marquis of Chongde.
Now let's talk about King Yan of Fuling, who was appointed as Duke of Huaiyang in the fifteenth year of Jianwu, promoted to King of Huaiyang in the seventeenth year, and finally went to govern the kingdom of Huaiyang in the twenty-eighth year. In the thirtieth year, the court allocated the counties of Changping, Xihua, Xinyang, and Fule to the kingdom of Huaiyang.
King Yan of Fuling was known for his extravagance and tyrannical behavior towards his subordinates. During the Yongping period, someone accused him of conspiring with his cousin Xie Yan, his sister Princess Guantao's son-in-law Han Guang, and others to create superstitions and engage in superstitious practices and sacrificial curses. After the accusations were proven true, Han Guang and Xie Yan were executed, and many others involved in the matter were either killed or exiled. The authorities recommended the execution of King Yan of Fuling, but Emperor Ming of Han decided to show mercy by demoting him to King of Fuling, restricting him to govern only two counties.
Ah, after Prince Yan was demoted, he has been feeling resentful, unhappy all the time. In the Jianchu years, someone reported that Prince Yan and his son Bo were plotting a rebellion. The court officials reported this and requested to escort Prince Yan to the capital and imprison him in the Minister of Justice's prison. Emperor Suzong issued a decree saying, "Prince Yan, the serious crimes you've committed are as severe as those of Guan Shu and Cai Shu from the Zhou Dynasty and the Prince of Huainan from the Han Dynasty! The laws and regulations are there, and the punishments are clearly defined. The late Emperor, considering your father-son relationship, didn't strictly enforce the law and took the blame for you, leaving the court officials puzzled. Yet you still haven't repented, remaining stubborn and even conspiring with your son Bo to rebel. This is not what our court wants to see! I feel really troubled; I can't bring myself to enforce the law against you, so I will demote you to the Marquis of Fuling and limit you to the income of just one county. The situation you're in now is entirely your own doing! Ah, what a lesson this is!" Then, the charges against Bo and the others were dropped, and a supervisor was sent to monitor Prince Yan to prevent him from interacting with the officials.
In the first year of the Zhanghe era, the emperor visited Jiujiang and specifically sent a messenger to deliver a letter to Prince Yan, inviting him to celebrate his birthday together in Shouchun. The emperor felt sympathetic towards Prince Yan and his family, and proclaimed, "In the Zhou Dynasty, there are over 1800 noble titles and fiefs, half of which are held by the Ji clan to solidify the royal authority. During my southern tour, as I traveled through the Huai River and the sea, I came to see you, Marquis of Fuling. Alas, you appear weary and your health seems to have declined. Seeing you, I am filled with both joy and sorrow! Now, I restore your title as Marquis of Fuling, and add four more counties to your fief, making it five in total." Because of Fuling's low-lying and humid environment, he was moved to Shouchun and rewarded with ten million coins, ten thousand pieces of cloth, a comfortable carriage, and his wife and children were also rewarded. The next year, Prince Yan traveled to the capital to pay his respects.
After a fifty-year reign, Prince Yan passed away, and his son, Prince Chang, succeeded the throne. In the second year of Yongyuan, the emperor decreed to completely erase all previous records about Prince Yan.
After ruling for two years, Prince Chang also passed away without leaving a son to inherit the throne. Emperor He then appointed Chang's brother, Fa, as the king, who would later be known as King Qing. In the eighth year of Yongyuan, Fa's twelve younger brothers were granted titles as marquises.
After a thirty-year reign, Fa passed away, and his son, King Huai Hui, succeeded the throne. In the third year of the Yangguang era, Huai Hui's five brothers were appointed as marquises.
After ruling for ten years, King Huai Hui passed away, and his son, King Jie, succeeded the throne. In the second year of Yangjia, Jie's brother, Bian Qin, was granted the title of Marquis of Boqiang.
After ruling for fourteen years, King Jie passed away without an heir, marking the end of the Fuling Kingdom.
In the year 147 AD, Emperor Huan of Han appointed Liu Bian, the Marquis of Boqiongting, as the heir to the King of Guangling, who later became known as King Guangling. He reigned as king for thirteen years before his death, after which his son, King Xiaowang, ascended the throne. King Xiaowang ruled for eight years before his death, and his son Liu She succeeded him; during the Jian'an period (around 178 AD), Liu She also died without an heir, resulting in the abolition of the Kingdom of Guangling.
Liu Jing, the King of Guangling, was granted the title of Duke of Shanyang in 39 AD and was enfeoffed as King of Guangling in 41 AD.
Liu Jing was known for his harsh and impulsive nature, as well as his love for scheming and plotting. However, he also had some talent and took an interest in literary studies. When Emperor Guangwu of Han passed away, and the coffin was placed in front of the palace, while others wept inconsolably, he didn't show any sorrow; instead, he secretly wrote a letter. He sealed it in a square-shaped envelope and had his servant impersonate Liu Qiang, the uncle of the Prince of Donghai, Guo Kuang, and wrote to Liu Qiang:
"Hey, Your Highness, you did nothing wrong but were deposed, and even your brothers were thrown into prison. The Empress Dowager was negligent and banished to the Northern Palace. She is old and has been exiled to a remote area, leading to nationwide mourning. Everyone is heartbroken and can't help but shed tears upon hearing this. Even more tragically, after the Empress Dowager's death, officials in Luoyang began to arrest and kill guests who came to pay their respects, with even a family of three dying in the mourning hall. The atmosphere is tense as the entire nation is in mourning, with strict precautions everywhere. Liang Song quietly advised the Tiger Guards, 'If officials arrest people for trivial reasons, don't interfere. Opportunities to be ennobled and appointed as generals are hard to come by!' The palace guards all wept in silence, worrying about the king and feeling extremely distressed."
Nowadays, everyone wants to seize the chance to attack the king for personal gain and accolades. Who even thinks about fairness and justice anymore? If you can merge the forces of the two countries, a million-strong army will definitely not be a problem. As the commander leading the charge, victory will be as easy as taking candy from a baby—easier than climbing a mountain! It will be as easy as the military campaigns of King Tang and King Wu in the past! This year, white vapor has appeared in the Xuan Yuan Star; fortune tellers and those who like to predict good and bad luck say that white vapor represents funerals, and the Xuan Yuan Star determines the fate of the lady. Also, with Jupiter rising in the west, a mutiny is expected by noon. Jupiter appears black now, but by the hour of Chen, it will turn red. Black represents illness, red represents military disasters—King, you must work hard! The founding emperor started as a village chief; Your Majesty started from Baishui, not to mention you are the emperor's eldest son, the crown prince! You should work hard for the great cause of the world and also to clear injustices and repay your deceased mother! As long as you are firm enough, you can overcome all difficulties. You should be as resolute as autumn frost, not be a lamb to be slaughtered! Even if you want to be a lamb, can you do it? I heard that many ministers say you will become emperor in the future—that's just how it is! When the emperor dies, even the common people dare to rebel; what else do you expect? A monarch chosen by heaven is not something humans can control. The new emperor now is chosen by everyone, and whoever is stronger will have the final say. I hope you, Your Majesty, can follow in the footsteps of the founding emperor and not end up like Fu Su and Jiang Lu, bemoaning their fate. That guy made me write a letter, and I was terrified; I quickly grabbed his messenger, sealed the letter, and rushed it to the palace.
Emperor Xuan's brother, Prince Jing, had a very good relationship with his mother, which Emperor Xuan kept secret. Later, Emperor Xuan sent Prince Jing to live in the palace in Henan. At that time, the Western Qiang rebellion was occurring, and Prince Jing felt discontented, seeing an opportunity amid the chaos, so he secretly sought the counsel of a fortune teller for guidance. When Emperor Xuan found out about this, he demoted Prince Jing to the status of King of Guangling.
After some time, Prince Jing consulted the fortune teller again and said, "I resemble the late Emperor, who unified the world at the age of thirty. I am now thirty; can I start a rebellion?" Upon hearing this, the fortune teller quickly reported it. Prince Jing was scared and locked himself in prison. Emperor Xuan, feeling sympathetic, did not investigate further but ordered that no one should serve him, only allowing him to receive his salary, with the Prime Minister and Captain of the Guards keeping an eye on him. However, Prince Jing continued his deceitful ways, and later he sought a sorcerer to curse the Emperor. When the officials found out about this, they wanted to kill him, so Prince Jing ultimately took his own life. He passed away after serving as King of Guangling for twenty-nine years. Emperor Xuan regretted this and posthumously bestowed upon him the title "the Thoughtful King."
Fourteen years later, Emperor Xuan appointed Prince Jing's son, Liu Yuanshou, as the Marquis of Guangling, allowing him to wear the clothes and seal of a marquis and continue to manage the six counties that Prince Jing previously managed. He also appointed Yuanshou's three younger brothers as marquises of the countryside. The following year, Emperor Xuan went on an Eastern tour and summoned the Yuanshou brothers to the Dongping Palace, rewarding them with many clothes and gifts, and even giving them the chariots and horses of the princes. In the seventh year of Jianchu, Emperor Zhang of Han ordered the Yuanshou brothers and other kings to come to the capital to pay their respects.
After Yuanshou's death, his son Liu Shang inherited the title. After Liu Shang's death, his son Liu Tiao inherited the title, which continued through generations.
Next, let’s discuss Liu Heng, the Marquis Huai of Linhuai. In the fifteenth year of Jianwu, he was granted the title of Marquis Huai, but before he could be elevated to the rank of king, he died without leaving a son; thus, his title became extinct.
Liu Yan, the Jian Wang of Zhongshan, was appointed as Left Yigu Duke in the fifteenth year of Jianwu and was promoted to king in the seventeenth year. Because he was a relative of Empress Dowager Guo, he remained in the capital. In the thirtieth year, he was re-titled King of Zhongshan. In the second year of Yongping, when various feudal lords and kings came to Biyong to attend the court meeting, after the meeting, they returned to their respective fiefdoms. The emperor ordered Liu Yan to return to his country with an escort. Liu Yan submitted a letter of refusal, and the emperor replied, "Whenever a feudal lord leaves the country, there must be guards, just like during the Jia Gu meeting, the Sima must also be present. Currently, each of the five kingdoms is provided with a hundred soldiers as guards, leading the way; all of them are the Huqi of the Northern Army, all elite soldiers, skilled in archery, their arrows never miss their target, and will pierce the eye sockets when hit. Where there is civil governance, there must be military readiness; this emphasizes the responsibilities of the vassal kings. Your Majesty, please do not decline." Because Liu Yan was a relative favored by Empress Dowager Guo, the emperor showed him special favor, allowing him to freely come and go in the capital city. In the fifteenth year, Liu Yan's concubine, Han Xu, committed an offense, leading Liu Yan to strangle her to death. The prime minister reported this to the court, and Liu Yan was consequently stripped of his title to Anxian County. During the Yuanhe era, Emperor Suzong restored Anxian County to the Kingdom of Zhongshan.
Liu Yan reigned for fifty-two years and passed away in the second year of the Yongyuan era. During the period from the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the reign of Emperor He, when a prince was posthumously named a king, the court bestowed thirty million coins and thirty thousand pieces of cloth; while when a prince who succeeded to the throne passed away, the court bestowed ten million coins and ten thousand pieces of cloth. At that time, Empress Dowager Dou was in control of the court, and the Dou clan held power. Both Empress Dowager Dou and Dou Xian were from Donghai, therefore, they maintained a strong rapport with Liu Yan, treating him with great honor, which resulted in an additional gift of one hundred million coins. The court decreed that the King of Jinan and the King of Donghai should both attend the funeral. Liu Yan's tomb was grand in scale, with a spirit path constructed and thousands of officials' and commoners' tombs leveled. Over ten thousand people were involved in the construction. Cypress wood and various types of timber were requisitioned from Changshan, Julu, and Zhuo commanderies, but the timber from these three commanderies proved inadequate, so craftsmen and transporters from other provinces were mobilized, totaling several thousand people. In total, manpower and resources from six provinces and eighteen commanderies were mobilized, a scale unmatched by other vassal states.
His son, Liu Xian, inherited the throne as the King of Zhongshan. In the fourth year of Yongyuan, Liu Xian's eleven younger brothers were enfeoffed as marquises.
Liu Xian reigned for twenty-two years and passed away. His son, Liu Hong, inherited the throne as the King of Zhongshan. In the first year of Yongning, Liu Hong's two younger brothers were enfeoffed as viscounts.
Liu Hong reigned for twenty-eight years and passed away. His son, Liu Chang, inherited the throne as the King of Zhongshan. In the sixth year of Yonghe, Liu Chang's brother, Liu Jing, was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Nanxiang.
Liu Chang reigned for thirty-four years and passed away. His son, Liu Zhi, inherited the throne as the King of Zhongshan. Liu Zhi had no sons, so the state of Zhongshan was abolished.
Liu Jing, the Filial King of Langye, was granted the title of Duke of Langye in the fifteenth year of Jianwu, and in the seventeenth year, he was elevated to the title of king.
Prince Liu Jing of Langya, known for his filial piety and love for studying the classics, was held in high regard by Emperor Ming of Han. In the second year of the Yongping era, Emperor Ming assigned six counties, including Gai County, Nan Wuyang County, and Hua County from Taishan Commandery, along with Changyang County, Luxiang County, and Dongmou County from Donglai Commandery, to the Kingdom of Langya. In the fifth year of Yongping, Liu Jing officially took up his position as ruler. After the death of Empress Guanglie, the emperor granted all the gold and silver treasures of the empress to Liu Jing. Liu Jing built his capital in Juxian County, where he constructed palaces adorned with gold and silver, featuring exquisite craftsmanship. He frequently presented poems and essays praising the emperor's virtues, which delighted the emperor and were documented by the court historians. Within the Kingdom of Langya, there was a shrine dedicated to King Jing of Chengyang, where officials and commoners made offerings. Legend has it that the deities appeared in dreams multiple times, pointing out issues in the palace. Liu Jing then requested to relocate the palace to Kaiyang, offering five counties in return for Kaiyang County and Linyi County in Donghai Commandery. Emperor Ming agreed. Liu Jing ruled for thirty-one years before passing away, and he was buried in Guangping Pavilion in Qiu County, Donghai Commandery, according to the imperial decree transferring Guangping Pavilion to Kaiyang County.
His son Liu Yu inherited the throne and became the King of Langye. In the seventh year of Jianchu, Emperor Ming of Han enfeoffed Liu Yu's thirteen younger brothers as marquises. In the first year of Yuanhe, he enfeoffed Liu Yu's two nephews as marquises. Liu Yu died after a twenty-year reign, and his son Liu Shou succeeded to the throne, becoming the King of Langye Gong. In the first year of Yongchu, Emperor Ming of Han enfeoffed Liu Shou's eight younger brothers as marquises. Liu Shou died after a seventeen-year reign, and his son Liu Zun succeeded to the throne, becoming the King of Langye Zhen. In the second year of Yangguang, Emperor Ming of Han enfeoffed Liu Zun's four younger brothers as county marquises. Liu Zun died after an eighteen-year reign, and his son Liu Ju ascended to the throne as the King of Langye Zi. In the fifth year of Yonghe, Emperor Ming of Han enfeoffed Liu Ju's three younger brothers as county marquises. Liu Ju died after a forty-seven-year reign, and his son Liu Rong succeeded to the throne, becoming the King of Langye Shun. In the first year of Chuping, Liu Rong sent his brother Liu Mai to Chang'an to pay respects to the emperor and offer tribute. The emperor appointed Liu Mai as the Administrator of Jiujiang and granted him the title of Marquis of Yangdu. Liu Rong died after an eight-year reign, leading to the collapse of the state of Langye.
Upon his arrival in Chang'an, Liu Mai praised the loyalty of Cao Cao, the Administrator of Dong commandery, to the emperor, which garnered Cao Cao's gratitude. In the eleventh year of Jian'an, Cao Cao reinstated Liu Rong's son Liu Xi as the King of Langye. Liu Xi reigned for eleven years but was executed for plotting to cross the river in rebellion, leading to the abolition of the state of Langye.
Praise: Emperor Guangwu's ten sons were granted land to establish marquisates. Prince Xian of Pei upheld rituals and laws, while Prince Ying of Chu was exiled. Prince Yan harbored resentment and curses, and Prince Jing also held discontent. The Prince of Jinan plotted rebellion, while the King of Langye was known for his arrogance and licentiousness. The Kings of Zhongshan and Linhuai died young and unknown. The King of Dongping was benevolent and charitable, retiring to a secluded life. The humble King of Langye Gong, in truth, he declined the throne three times.
