Speaking of the filial piety of the emperor, his name was Liu Bao, the son of Emperor An of Han. His mother was Lady Li, but unfortunately, she was killed by Empress Yan. In the first year of Yongning, Liu Bao was appointed as the Crown Prince. By the third year of Yanguang, the nursemaid Wang Sheng, Grand Chamberlain Jiang Jing, and Palace Attendant Fan Feng of Emperor An falsely accused the Crown Prince's wet nurse Wang Nan and the imperial chef Bing Ji, and even had them executed! The Crown Prince lamented for a long time over this. Wang Sheng and the others were afraid of future retaliation, so they conspired together to frame the Crown Prince, resulting in his removal from the position and demotion to the Prince of Jiyin.
In the second year of March, Emperor An passed away. At this time, Marquis of Beixiang, Liu Yi, ascended to the throne. The Prince of Jiyin, having been previously deposed, did not even have the chance to pay respects at the ancestral temple; he was so overcome with grief that he neither ate nor drank, weeping day and night. The court ministers all felt deep sympathy for him. After the Marquis of Beixiang passed away, General Yan Xian, Jiang Jing, Palace Attendant Liu An, and Chen Da secretly planned to not hold a funeral, but instead sought to elevate other princes to the throne. They closed the palace gates, mobilized troops, and prepared for unrest without informing the Empress Dowager.
On the day of Ding Si in November, earthquakes occurred in the capital and sixteen counties and states across the country. That night, Sun Cheng of the Zhonghuangmen and eighteen others killed Jiang Jing, Liu An, Chen Da, and several others, and enthroned King Ji Yin beneath the bell in the west of Deyang Palace, who was just eleven years old at the time. The emperor's close ministers, including officials below the Shangshu, followed the emperor's procession to the South Palace, ascended the Cloud Platform, and summoned all the court officials. Shangshu Liu Guang and others presented a memorial, stating that "Emperor Xiao'an's virtuous reign was remarkable, but he passed away at a young age, which is regrettable. Your Majesty is the rightful heir to the throne and should ascend to the imperial position and honor the ancestral temple. However, treacherous courtiers conspired among themselves, forcing Your Majesty to take refuge in the vassal state. Officials in the court, near and far, are disheartened by this. The mandate of heaven has its laws, and the rule of the northern region will not last forever. The benevolent governance of the Han Dynasty prevails, and the country prospers. Now, the close ministers offer strategies to assist, and both internal and external are united, with divine favor upon Your Majesty. Your Majesty's accession, inheriting the great legacy of the ancestors, becoming the guardian of the state, inheriting the endless achievements of the ancestors, is in line with the will of heaven and the people's wishes. However, due to the rushed accession, many regulations and systems are still incomplete. We respectfully request permission to establish relevant ceremonial regulations and present them individually." The emperor said, "You may." Therefore, the emperor summoned the officials and ordered the Tiger and Feathered Guards to guard the various gates of the South and North Palaces.
Yan Xian's brothers heard that the emperor had ascended the throne, so they led their troops into the Northern Palace. They clashed with Minister Guo Zhen and ended up killing Yan Xian's brother, the Weiwei, Jing. On the Wuwu day, the emperor sent envoys into the provincial palace to retrieve the emperor's jade seal and imperial seal, then went to the Jiade Hall, where he sent the imperial censor to arrest Yan Xian and his brothers, the City Gate Captain Yao and the Imperial Guard Yan, and they were all imprisoned and executed. On the Jiwu day, the city gates were opened and the stationed troops withdrew. On the Renxu day, the emperor issued an edict to the Chief Justice saying, "Only Yan Xian, Jiang Jing, and their relatives should be put to death; the rest should be treated leniently." On the Renshen day, the emperor went to the Gaomiao to offer sacrifices. On the Guiyou day, the emperor went to the Guangwu Temple to offer sacrifices. On the Yihai day, the emperor issued an edict ordering the governor of Yizhou to abolish the Ziwu Road and open the Baoxie Road. On the Jimao day, the burial of the young emperor was conducted with the rites of the princes. Liu Shou, the Sikong, was dismissed from office. The emperor rewarded officials below the rank of public ministers with money and grain, each in varying amounts.
On the Jiasen day in the twelfth month, Tao Dun, the Minister of Works, was appointed as the Sikong. The prefects and county magistrates of each county were ordered to recommend virtuous and upright scholars if they had not served for a full year. On the Dengmao day, the Shangshu submitted a memorial requesting that orders be issued to relevant departments to retract the edict of the Dingyou day in the third year of Yanguang, appointing the Crown Prince as the Prince of Jiyin. The emperor approved the memorial.
A major epidemic broke out in the capital.
In 14 BC, the emperor ordered all court officials, prefects, and country officials to each recommend a virtuous and upright person who dared to speak frankly and offer advice. Those who accompanied the emperor to the Southern Palace, from the Minister down to lower officials, were promoted and rewarded with cloth and silk, each in varying amounts.
In 14 BC, the emperor issued a decree: "The late emperor was wise and virtuous, but his reign was brief, leaving behind unfinished accomplishments. Corrupt officials took advantage of the situation, leading to public discontent and undermining the stability of the nation, which resulted in the spread of epidemics. I have inherited the great responsibility, but have failed to bring stability and prosperity to the nation. The key to governing the country lies in promoting benevolence, addressing deep-seated issues, and starting anew with the people. Therefore, I am declaring a general amnesty! Adult men will be granted noble titles, each promoted by two ranks; fathers, elders, filial and dutiful sons, and hardworking farmers will each be promoted by three ranks; refugees who wish to cultivate their own land will each be promoted by one rank; widows, orphans, the disabled, and impoverished individuals unable to sustain themselves will each receive five measures of grain; chaste women will each receive three pieces of cloth. Those originally sentenced to exile will no longer be exiled; those whose family members should be held accountable will no longer be pursued. Members of the imperial family stripped of their status due to crimes will have their household registration reinstated. Those who had interactions with Yan Xian, Jiang Jing, and others will not face investigation. I hope everyone will work hard to ensure the well-being of the people."
In 14 BC, Empress Dowager Yan passed away. In the same year, Grand Tutor Feng Shi, Grand Commandant Liu Xi, and Minister of Works Li He were all dismissed from their positions. On the seventh day of the second month, Empress Ansi's funeral took place. On the ninth day of the second month, Grand Minister Huan Yan was appointed Grand Tutor; Grand Herald Zhu Chong was appointed Grand Commandant and also took charge of the Imperial Secretariat's affairs; Prefect of Changle Zhu Jiang was appointed Minister of Works. Those who accompanied the emperor on his travels and newly appointed officials received varying amounts of silk and cloth. The Zhongqiang tribe in Longxi revolted, and Colonel Ma Xian led troops to quell the uprising.
On a summer day in May, the emperor ordered the governors of Youzhou, Bingzhou, and Liangzhou to submit lists of officials in their jurisdictions below the rank of 2,000 Shi and Huangshou who were old and weak and unable to serve. The emperor also ordered the strengthening of border defenses, the repair of fortresses, preparation for war, and stipulated that military exercises should be conducted after the beginning of autumn.
On a certain day in June, the emperor conferred the title of King of Jinan to the son of King Cuo.
On a certain day in July, Wei Wei, a member of the Wei family, was appointed as the General of Chariots and Cavalry.
In August, the Xianbei people invaded Daijun, and Li Chao, the Prefect of Daijun, was killed in battle.
On a certain day in September, the emperor ordered for the first time that the Three Dukes and the Shangshu could enter the palace to present reports.
On a winter day in October, the emperor ordered to lighten the punishments for those sentenced to death, changing it to exile to the border; those who escaped could redeem themselves, and the terms of redemption varied. On a certain day in October, the Minister of Works, Tao Dun, was dismissed from office.
The Xianbei people invaded the border again! In the year of Gengyin (121 AD), the court sent troops from Liyang Camp to the northern border of Zhongshan to station. At the same time, the governor of Youzhou was notified to order each county on the border to increase infantry and guard the border. The court also mobilized five battalions of crossbowmen, selecting five people from each county to receive training in archery and crossbow skills. In the year of Renyin (121 AD), Zhang Hao, the Imperial Prisoner, was promoted to Minister of Works. In the year of Jiachen (121 AD), due to a plague and flooding, the court ordered that the people were allowed to pay a reduced amount of land rent for this year; if the disaster exceeded four-tenths, the land rent would be waived; if the disaster was less than four-tenths, it would be reduced according to the actual situation.
On the day of Xinsi in December (121 AD), the court rewarded the nobles and officials with silk, with varying amounts of rewards.
In the spring of the second year, on the Wushen day in the first month (122 AD), Prince Hong of Le'an came to pay his respects. On the Dingmao day (122 AD), Prince Zhang of Changshan passed away. In the second month, the Xianbei invaded Liaodong and Xuanmu. On the Jiachen day (122 AD), the court ordered the immediate resettlement of impoverished refugees from the four provinces of Jingzhou, Yuzhou, Yanzhou, and Jizhou, and provided medical assistance. The Protector of the Wuhuan Colonel Geng Ye led the Southern Chanyu's army to attack the Xianbei and defeated them. In the third month, a severe drought struck the nation, and the court sent envoys to inspect the prisoners. The Shule Kingdom sent envoys to offer tribute.
In the summer, on the Yixu day in the sixth month (122 AD), the court posthumously honored Empress Li with the title of Empress Gongmin and laid her to rest in the Gongbei Tomb. The Chief Historian of the Western Regions Ban Yong and the Prefect of Dunhuang Zhang Lang attacked the states of Yanqi, Weili, and Weixu, defeated them, and had them send tribute.
In the autumn, on the Jiaxu day in the seventh month (122 AD), a solar eclipse took place on the first day of the month. On the Renwu day (122 AD), Grand Commandant Zhu Chong and Minister of Works Zhu Jiang were both dismissed. On the Gengzi day (122 AD), Liu Guang, Minister of Ceremonies, was appointed Grand Commandant while also overseeing the affairs of the Shangshu; Xu Jing, Palace Attendant, was appointed Minister of Works. On the Xinchou day (122 AD), Prince Cheng of Xiapi died.
In the spring of the third year, on the bingzi day of the first month (123 AD), an earthquake occurred in the capital, with the ground splitting in Hanyang. On the jiawu day (123 AD), the court ordered a detailed investigation of the disaster situation, providing 2,000 coins to every person aged seven and older; if an entire family was killed, the county would be responsible for the burial. On the yiwu day (123 AD), the court ordered the exemption of field rent and land tax for this year in Hanyang. In the summer, on the guimao day of the fourth month (123 AD), the court sent a high-ranking official to Hanyang, as well as Henan, Weijun, Chenliu, Dongjun, and other places, to provide relief to the poor. In June, a severe drought struck the entire country, and the court sent envoys to inspect the prisoners in the prisons and address minor offenses. On the jiayin day (123 AD), King Xian of Jinan passed away. In the autumn, on the dingyou day of the seventh month (123 AD), a fire broke out in the mausoleum of Maoling, and the emperor donned plain clothes and retreated from the main hall. On the xinhai day (123 AD), the court sent the Grand Minister Wang Gong to Maoling to offer sacrifices. In September, the Xianbei invaded Yuyang, which was quite alarming. In December, on the jihai day, Grand Tutor Huan Yan was dismissed from office. That year was tumultuous in the political arena, with even the General of Chariots and Cavalry losing his position.
In the first month of the fourth year, on the day of Bingyin, the emperor issued a decree saying, "As your emperor, I have not ruled well. Mistakes in governance have led to frequent calamities, rampant banditry, and endless lawsuits. I am deeply troubled, feeling as if I am gravely ill. The Book of Songs says, 'If a gentleman practices benevolence, the world will soon be at peace.' It is now a new year, spring has arrived, and I hope that everyone in the country can make a fresh start. Therefore, I have decided to grant a general amnesty! All official positions and household registrations since the Jiayin decree will be restored. Properties confiscated since the third month of the fourth year will also be returned to you. Those who have been imprisoned due to their status as intellectuals, marriage, or other reasons will also be released! I hope everyone will be tolerant and live in harmony, follow the seasons, abide by the laws, and eliminate harsh regulations, in order to fulfill my wishes."
On the day of Bingzi, the emperor held a coming-of-age ceremony. Then, the emperor rewarded the nobles and ministers with gold and silver treasures, in varying amounts. He also granted titles to ordinary men, and each migrant wanting land was elevated by one rank; those who were filial to their parents, elderly, respectful, hardworking individuals were elevated by two ranks; and those who were widowed, orphaned, disabled, or impoverished were each given a piece of cloth.
On this day, the emperor came of age, and a grand ceremony was held to mark the occasion, demonstrating care for the common people.
On the day of Wuxu in the second month, the emperor ordered the people to go into the mountains to dig rocks, clear the land, and instructed relevant departments to inspect matters that should be prohibited, similar to the times of Jianwu and Yongping.
Then, in the second month, the emperor again ordered the people to go into the mountains to dig rocks, claiming it was to clear the land, and instructed the authorities to inspect matters that should be prohibited, similar to the times of Jianwu and Yongping.
On the day of Renchen in the fifth month, the emperor issued a decree saying, "Various disasters have occurred across the country, and the court is working hard to manage them. The palace has cut back on meals and ceased using treasures. However, the Governor of Guiyang, Wenlong, presented me with a large pearl as a gesture of flattery, and I am now returning it to him."
In May, incidents broke out across the country, and the court was working hard to resolve them. The palace was cutting back on expenses, but Wen Long, the Governor of Guiyang, sent a large pearl to flatter the emperor, who promptly returned it.
It rained in all five provinces. On August 22, the emperor sent people to investigate the disaster, collect bodies, and provide relief. On August 30, Grand Marshal Liu Guang and Minister of Works Zhang Hao were dismissed.
That year, several provinces experienced heavy rainfall, and the emperor sent people to the disaster areas for relief. Grand Marshal Liu Guang and Minister of Works Zhang Hao were also dismissed.
In September, Anding, Beidi, and Shangjun counties returned to their original locations, with Pang Can becoming Grand Marshal and Wang Gong appointed Minister of Works.
On November 26, Minister of Works Xu Jing was dismissed. The Xianbei invaded Shuofang. On December 1, Liu Qi of the Imperial Clan was appointed Minister of Works.
In November, Minister of Works Xu Jing was also dismissed, and the Xianbei invaded Shuofang again. By December, Liu Qi of the Imperial Clan became Minister of Works.
That year, Kuaiji County was divided into Wu County. The Jumi Kingdom sent envoys with tribute.
In the fifth year of January, the King of Shule sent his son to offer tribute, and the Kings of Dawan and Shache also sent envoys to present tribute.
In April, there was a serious drought in the capital. The emperor issued a decree exempting poor disaster victims from this year's taxes and labor duties. The capital and several counties also faced severe locust plagues, affecting twelve counties.
On the tenth day of the tenth month in the year of Bingchen, the emperor proclaimed another decree, commuting the sentences by one level for officials in various counties and states who had committed capital crimes or were imprisoned, and sending them to guard the borders in the Beidi, Shangjun, and Anding regions. On the day of Yihai, Marquis Dingyuan Ban was executed by being cut in half for killing his wife, Princess Yincheng. His relatives were also all executed.
On the twentieth day of the second month of the year Gengwu, the Prince of Hejian passed away. On the twenty-fourth day of the third month of the year Xinhai, the court restored the farming at Yiwu and reinstated the office of Yiwu Sima. On the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month of the year Xinsi, the court ordered the restoration of the Imperial Academy. The Protectorate General to the Wuhuan, Geng Ye, led troops to defeat the Xianbei army. On the day of Dingyou, the King of Yutian sent a prince to pay tribute.
On the twentieth day of the eleventh month of the year Xinhai, the emperor proclaimed, "For several years of continuous droughts and floods, the situation in Jizhou is particularly dire. Although the court has already reduced taxes and provided relief to the poor people, many have still abandoned their land and become displaced. I suspect that the officials in the counties and prefectures have been negligent in their duties and have not properly implemented the court's grace. The Book of Changes extols the principle of 'diminishing the upper and benefiting the lower', and the Book of Documents also says 'to pacify the people is to be kind'. Therefore, I command that all land rent and fodder in Jizhou this year be waived."
In the twelfth month, envoys from the countries of Yediao and Shanguo in Jiaowai came to offer tribute. On the day of Renshen, a guest star appeared in the sky near the constellation of the Cowherd. The King of Yutian once again sent a prince to pay tribute.
On the first day of the first month of the year Yangjiayuan, Lady Liang was made empress. The court ordered titles to be granted, with each person being promoted by two levels; the elderly, those who are filial, fraternal, and diligent farmers were promoted by three levels; those with titles above Gongcheng could pass their titles to their sons or relatives; homeless migrants wishing to own land could be promoted by one level; each widow, widower, orphan, and disabled person unable to support themselves was granted five hu of grain.
In February, pirates led by Zeng Jing attacked Kuaiji Commandery, killing the county magistrates of Juzhang, Yin, and Mao, and besieging the eastern commandery of Kuaiji. The court ordered coastal counties to station troops for defense. On the day of Dingsi, the empress offered sacrifices at Gaomiao and Guangwu Temple, while the emperor ordered relief for the poor in Ganling, providing different levels of assistance based on population.
The capital continued to suffer from drought. On the day of Gengshen, the emperor commanded officials of two thousand stone rank from various commanderies to pray at famous mountains and rivers, sending officials and envoys to Mount Song and Shouyang Mountain, and offering sacrifices to the Yellow River and Luo River to pray for rain. On the day of Wuchen, a ritual for rain was held.
In recent years, there have been continuous floods in Jizhou, with the people unable to eat their fill. The court ordered an investigation and sought ways to borrow grain, encourage agricultural production, and provide relief for those on the brink of starvation. In the year of Ji Xu (13 AD), the emperor issued a decree stating: "The governance of the country is unbalanced, the yin and yang are out of harmony, with little snow in winter and scarce rain in spring. We have prayed everywhere, to every god, fearing negligence towards the heavens. Therefore, now we send Wang Fu, the attendant, bearing the emperor's tokens, to pray devoutly at Mount Tai, East Sea, Xingyang, Yellow River, and Luo River." This implies that if heaven does not assist us, we must urgently seek the favor of the gods and Buddhas.
In March, bandits led by Zhanghe from six commanderies in Yangzhou attacked forty-nine counties, killing many officials. On the day of Gengyin (April 1, 13 AD), the emperor conducted sacrifices and archery rituals at Biyong, then issued a general amnesty and changed the era name to Yangjia. He also ordered the restoration of status for those in the imperial family who had been dismissed; the impoverished citizens of Jizhou were exempt from taxes this year. The emperor was pleased, granting amnesty to all and exempting taxes for the poor of Jizhou, truly a benevolent emperor.
On the day of Wuyin in May (June 11, 13 AD), Prince Fuling Hui died.
In July, the court historians began making copper instruments for observing wind and earthquakes. On the day of Bingchen (July 23, 13 AD), the Imperial Academy was newly established; those who did not pass the Mingjing exam were allowed to enroll as students at the Imperial Academy, and ten more positions were added for the Jia and Yi categories. Ninety respected scholars from various counties were promoted to official positions and appointed as attendants. This demonstrates the court's commitment to valuing talent and education.
In September, the court ordered that prisoners across the country would have their sentences reduced by one tier, and those who had escaped could pay a fine to redeem themselves, depending on the circumstances. The Xianbei once again invaded the Liaodong region.
On Jiashen Day in November (December 10, 13 AD), there were wolf attacks in the Wangdu and Puyin regions, resulting in the deaths of ninety-seven women. The emperor ordered that the families of the women killed by wolves be given three thousand coins each. On Xinmao Day (December 16, 13 AD), the court began instructing each county to recommend candidates who were both filial and incorrupt and were over forty years old, scholars who were knowledgeable in classics, and officials who could write good memorials in order to be selected; those with talent and virtue, like the renowned figures Yanyuan and Ziqi, could be selected regardless of age. This indicates that the selection of talent considers not only age but also ability and character.
On Dingwei Day in December (December 28, 13 AD), Prince Dongping died. On Gengxu Day (January 1, 14 AD), the court reinstated the six agricultural departments in Xuanju County.
In a certain year of his reign, the emperor ordered that officials over the age of forty could participate in the selection of honorable officials as long as their exam results met the standard of filial piety, with one person selected each year. That year, a comet appeared in the sky near the Tianyuan constellation. Later, the emperor issued a decree stating that officials had been negligent in their duties recently, leading to a series of disasters and rampant theft. Upon careful reflection, it became clear that the root cause was the laxity in selecting officials, with many officials being incompetent, leading to divine displeasure and widespread grievances among the populace. The "Book of Documents" praises loyal ministers, and the "Book of Songs" also criticizes the court's faults. Now, the selection of provincial governors and officials of the second highest rank is entrusted to the Three Departments. Their talents and virtues must be thoroughly assessed, with selection based on qualifications, abilities, and both civil and military skills to ensure careful choices. That year, a fire broke out at the Baizhang Pavilion in Gongling. That year, the emperor also initiated the construction of the West Garden and renovation of the palace.
In the second year, during the spring month of February, the emperor ordered to lend grain to the people of Wu County and Kuaiji to assist with farming due to a famine. In the third month, the emperor sent Xiongnu General Wang Chou to lead an attack against the Xianbei, achieving a decisive victory. On the day of Xinyou, the emperor appointed forty-eight esteemed Confucian scholars over sixty years old in the capital as officials and attendants, as well as officials of various kingdoms. In the fourth month, the court restored the position of the Southern Inspector for Longxi. On the day of Jihai, a major earthquake struck the capital. In the fifth month, the emperor issued a decree saying, "Although I am insufficient in ability, I have inherited the foundation of my ancestors, unable to comply with the will of heaven and harmonize yin and yang; hence disasters continue and ominous signs frequently appear. This earthquake happened in the capital; I am deeply frightened and uncertain about what to do. How should the ministers assist me and deal with these disasters? Disasters do not arise without cause; there must be a reason. I hope everyone can honestly point out my faults, without concealing anything." Sikong Wang Gong was relieved of his duties. In the sixth month, Taichang Lu Guo Kong Fu was appointed as Sikong. The state of Shule presented a lion and an animal known as Fengniu. On the day of Dingchou, Luoyang experienced a ground subsidence. This month saw dry weather. In the seventh month, Taiwei Pang Can was relieved of his post. In the eighth month, Dahonglu Peiguo Shi Yan was appointed as Taiwei. The Xianbei launched an invasion of Dai County. In October, the emperor held a sacrificial ceremony at Biyong, where bell music was played, the Huangzhong scale was restored, and the musical tones were adjusted accordingly. In the third year of the second month, due to prolonged drought, the emperor ordered that all prisoners in the capital's prisons, regardless of the severity of their crimes, should not be judged until it rains. In the third month, bandits in Yizhou kidnapped local officials and murdered marquises. On the day of Bingyin in a certain year, the Sima of the rear of Cheshi, along with King Jiatenu and others, fought fiercely, inflicting severe defeat on the Xiongnu and capturing one of their "little sisters" (Jimu).
On the fifth day of the fifth month of the Wuxu year, the emperor issued a decree, saying, "In the past, our Emperor Taizong was highly respected and blessed by the heavens. He was diligent, frugal, and loved the people, leading the country to prosperity. But as for me, my abilities are lacking, and I have made mistakes in governing the country. The heavens are displeased, and various disasters have struck one after another. This spring and summer have seen persistent drought, and bandits are increasing. The common people are enduring great suffering, and I feel deeply troubled! In order for the people of the whole country to start anew, I hereby declare a general amnesty! Except for crimes punishable by death or treason, all others are pardoned. Those over eighty years old will receive a reward of one hu of rice, twenty jin of meat, and five dou of wine; those over ninety years old will also receive two pieces of cloth and three jin of cotton."
On the seventh day of the seventh month, the group of Zhong Qiang once again caused trouble in Longxi and Hanyang. In the tenth month, the Protector General Ma Xu led troops to defeat them.
On the eleventh day of the eleventh month, the Minister of Works Liu Qi and the Minister of War Kong Fu were dismissed from their positions. On the day of Yisi, Huang Shang became the Minister of Works, and Wang Zhuo became the Minister of War. On the day of Bingwu, the Tuntian Qiang and Wai Qiang at the Wudu Pass broke through the military camp, looting people and livestock.
On the second day of the second month of the following year, the court allowed eunuchs to adopt sons and inherit noble titles.
Since the drought last winter, it has continued until this month. The envoy Ma Xian led troops to defeat the Zhong Qiang.
On the fourth day of the fourth month, Grand Commandant Shi Yan was dismissed. On the day of Wuyin, Liang Shang became the Grand General, and Pang Can became the Grand Commandant.
On the sixth day of the sixth month, Prince Liang Kuang passed away. On the seventh day of the seventh month, Prince Jibei Deng passed away.
On the day of Dinghai in the intercalary month, there was a solar eclipse.
In the tenth month, the Wuhuan launched an attack on Yunzhong. In the eleventh month, the Wuhuan besieged the General of Douliao, Geng Ye, at Lanchi. The court summoned forces from various counties to his aid, and the Wuhuan withdrew their troops.
On the day of Jiayin in the twelfth month, an earthquake struck the capital.
In the first month of the first year of Yonghe, the King of Fuyu came to pay his respects to the emperor.
On the Yi Mao day, the emperor issued a decree saying, "I am failing to govern the country, and disasters keep occurring. The texts say that earthquakes and solar eclipses are ominous signs. Today there was an earthquake in the capital city; this is no laughing matter; there must be a reason for it. All ministers, quickly write memorials detailing the nation's gains and losses, and do not hold anything back!" On the Ji Si day, the emperor made sacrifices at the Mingtang, ascended the Lingtai, changed the era to Yonghe, and declared a general amnesty. In the autumn of a certain year, in the seventh month, there was a locust plague in the Yanshi area. Oh no, what are we going to do about these crops! On the Ding Hai day in the winter of the tenth month, the Chengfu Hall caught fire; the emperor was terrified and quickly took refuge in the Yuntai Palace. What a string of misfortunes this is! On the Bing Zi day in the eleventh month, the Grand Commandant Pang Can was dismissed. In the twelfth month, the barbarians in the Xianglin area revolted again. On the Yi Si day, Wang Gong, who had previously served as the Minister of Works (equivalent to the Prime Minister), was appointed as the Grand Commandant. Ah, the court's affairs are truly unpredictable! In the second year, in the spring of the first month, the barbarians in the Wuling area also rebelled; they surrounded Chong County and even launched an attack on Yidao. In the second month, the Commandant of Guanghan defeated the White Horse Qiang. Li Jin, the Governor of Wuling, also dispatched troops to quell the rebellion. On the Xin Hai day in the third month, King Yi of Beihai passed away. On the Yi Mao day, Prime Minister Wang Zhuo also passed away. On the Ding Chou day, Guanglu Xun Guo Qian took over as the Prime Minister. In this month, several high-ranking officials died one after another!
On the Bing Shen day in April, an earthquake occurred in the capital city. In May, the southern tribes attacked the county government again. In the autumn of July, the armies of Jiu Zhen and Jiao Zhi Counties also rebelled. It was truly a turbulent autumn! On the Geng Zi day in August, Mars aligned with the Southern Dipper (an astronomical omen), leading to widespread panic among the populace. In the Jiangxia region, bandits killed the county magistrate. On the Jia Shen day in October, the emperor inspected Chang'an and distributed five bushels of grain to each widow, orphan, and impoverished person. On the Geng Zi day, the emperor went to the Weiyang Palace, summoned the county magistrates, commanders, and officials from the three border areas, comforted them and hosted a banquet. On the Bing Wu day in November, the emperor made sacrifices at the Gao Temple. On the Ding Wei day, he made sacrifices at eleven tombs. On the Ding Mao day, another earthquake occurred in the capital! On the Yi Hai day in December, the emperor finally returned from Chang'an.
In the third year, on the Yi Hai day in spring, earthquakes struck the capital, Jincheng, and Longxi, causing landslides and sinkholes in the two counties. On the Wu Zi day, Jupiter aligned with Mars (another astronomical omen). It was truly a series of disasters! In the summer of April, the bandit Cai Bo from Jiujang led his men on the run to various locations. When they reached Guangling, they even killed the magistrate of Jiangdu. On the Wu Xu day, the court sent a Grand Master of Splendor to investigate the disaster in Jincheng and Longxi, providing two thousand coins to the families of victims aged seven and older, and responsible for collecting and burying the bodies of families who perished. Land taxes were waived this year, and areas severely affected were exempted from paying the poll tax. In the intercalary month, Cai Bo and his men surrendered to Ying Zhi, the governor of Xuzhou. On the Ji You day, the capital city experienced another earthquake! In May, the magistrate of Wu County, Yang Zhen, rebelled and attacked the county government, but was defeated and executed by Prefect Wang Heng. On the Xin Chou day in June, Prince Langye Zun passed away. The prefect of Jiu Zhen, Zhu Liang, and the governor of Jiao Zhi, Zhang Qiao, pacified and persuaded the southern tribes who had rebelled to surrender, finally restoring peace to the Lingnan region. On the Bing Xu day in July, King Jibei Duo passed away. On the Ji Wei day in August, Huang Shang, the Minister of Works, was dismissed.
On the eighth day of September, in Changsha, Liu Shousheng was appointed as the Minister of Personnel, in charge of the affairs of the various officials. After a few days, the Emperor ordered the Grand General and the Three Excellencies (equivalent to prime ministers) to recommend two former governors, two officials of the rank of two thousand stones, as well as those currently serving as prefects, chiefs, attendants, and clerks of the Four Offices, who were resolute, resourceful, and capable of taking on significant military responsibilities; one candidate each for the ranks of Special Attendant, Minister, and Colonel.
In the tenth month of winter, the Qiang tribe attacked Jincheng Commandery, but the Protector of the Qiang, Ma Xian, led his troops to defeat them, which led to other Qiang tribes responding and rebelling together. On the first day of the twelfth month, there was a solar eclipse.
On the seventh day of the first month of the fourth year, the Palace Attendants Zhang Kui, Qu Zheng, Yang Ding, and others were executed for their crimes, implicating the Prefect of Hongnong, Zhang Feng, and the Minister of Anping, Yang Hao, who were also imprisoned and died there. On the eighth day of the third month, an earthquake struck the capital.
On the ninth day of the fourth month, the Protector of the Qiang, Ma Xian, once again defeated the Qiang tribe, winning a decisive victory. On the fourteenth day of the fourth month, the court issued a general amnesty, and the people were granted titles, food, and cloth, with amounts varying for each. On the fifth day of the fifth month, the late Prince Huai of Jibei was posthumously titled King of Jibei.
In the eighth month of autumn, Taiyuan Commandery suffered from a drought, causing the people to be displaced and suffer hardship. On the twenty-second day of the eighth month, the court dispatched the Minister of Rites to assess the disaster and organize relief efforts, reducing taxes. On the fourteenth day of the tenth month of winter, the Emperor hosted a hunting event at Shanglin Park, then returned to the palace through Hangu Pass. On the eleventh day of the eleventh month, the Emperor went to Guangcheng Park for recreation.
On the sixth day of the second month of the fifth year, another earthquake struck the capital. On the seventh day of the fourth month, Prince Hong of Zhongshan passed away. Wusi, Cheniou, and other leaders of the Southern Xiongnu rebelled, surrounding Meiji. In the fifth month, General of the Northern Campaigns, Ma Xu, led troops to attack Wusi and Cheniou, defeating them, and sent the Commandant of the Xiongnu, Chen Gui, to chase and kill the Chanyu of the Southern Xiongnu, leading to his death. On the last day of the fifth month, there was another solar eclipse.
The Mu Dong Qiang tribe attacked the Sanfu region, killing local officials. On April 14th, the court decreed that criminals sentenced to less than death and those who had fled could seek clemency based on their circumstances. In September, the court ordered Fufeng County and Hanyang County to build three hundred forts along the Longdao and station troops. On September 26th, General Wang Gong was removed from his position. The Mu Dong Qiang tribe attacked Wudu County and burned down Longguan. On September 27th, Huan Yan was appointed as the general. On September 30th, Xihexian was relocated to Lishi, Shangxian was relocated to Xiayang, and Shuofang County was relocated to Wuyuan.
During the Han Dynasty, the faction led by Ju Longwusi provoked the Wuhuan to the east and harassed the Qiang and Hu to the west, attacked Shangxian, and even proclaimed himself as Chanyu, acting with great arrogance! However, not long after, on the day of the Xinsi in the eleventh month, the court dispatched General Zhang Dan of the Xiongnu to engage them, and Ju Longwusi was thoroughly defeated and subsequently surrendered.
In the spring of the sixth year, during the first month of the Bingzi year, General Ma Xian fought against the Qiang people at Shegu Mountain, resulting in a crushing defeat. As a result, the Governor of Anding, Guo Huang, was imprisoned and subsequently died. The court ordered a reduction of one year's tax for the princes and marquises. In the intercalary month, the court feared that the Tang Qiang might attack Longxi and potentially reach the Sanfu region. In the second month, a comet appeared in the sky, signaling unrest. In the third month, Zhao Chong, the Prefect of Wuwei, successfully campaigned against the Gontang Qiang. In this month, Guo Qian, the Minister of Works, was dismissed; Prince Zheng of Hejian died on Yisi; and Zhao Jie succeeded Guo Qian as Minister of Works on Bingwu. In the fifth month, Prince Wuji of Qi also died. The court dispatched Chanyu Zhang Dan to the Tianshan Mountains to launch a severe attack on the Wuhuan and Qiang tribes. The court also feared that the Tang Qiang might assault Beidi. In the seventh month, the court ordered loans of one thousand coins to be extended to wealthy households. In the eighth month, Grand General Liang Shang died; on Renxu, Liang Ji was appointed as his successor. In the ninth month, many Qiang tribesmen launched another attack on Wuwei. On Xinhai, the last day of the month, a solar eclipse occurred. In the tenth month, Anding Commandery was relocated to Fufeng, and Beidi Commandery was moved to Fengxiang. In the eleventh month, the court appointed Zhang Qiao as the acting General of Chariots and Cavalry, stationed in the Sanfu region as a precautionary measure.
In the first month of the first year of Han'an, on the day of Guisi, the court conducted ancestral sacrifices at the Mingtang, then granted a general amnesty to the world and changed the era name to Han'an. In the second month, on the day of Bingchen, the court ordered the Grand General and the high-ranking officials to each recommend a talented and virtuous person. In the seventh month, the court began the establishment of the Chenghua Stable. In the eighth month, the Southern Xiongnu chieftain Julongwusi and his followers rebelled again! On the day of Dingmao, the court sent Du Qiao, Zhou Ju, Guo Zun, Feng Xian, Luan Ba, Zhang Gang, Zhou Xu, Liu Ban, and others to various states and counties to promote education and assess the performance and integrity of officials. In the ninth month, on the day of Gengyin, bandits from Guangling, led by Zhang Ying, began raiding the counties. On the day of Xinwei in the tenth month, Grand Commandant Huan Yan and Minister of Works Liu Shou were relieved of their duties; on the day of Jiaxu, the acting General of Chariots and Cavalry Zhang Qiao was also dismissed.
In a certain year, on the day of Renwu in November, Zhao Jun was promoted to Colonel of the Retainers, and Hu Guang was appointed as Grand Minister of Agriculture. The next day, on the day of Guimao, the court ordered the Grand General and the Three Excellencies to each recommend a skilled and experienced military officer. That year, the bandits from Guangling, led by Zhang Ying, surrendered to Prefect Zhang Gang. In the spring of the second year, on the day of Bingchen in the second month, envoys from the Shanshan Kingdom presented tribute. In the summer, on the day of Gengxu in the fourth month, Zhao Chong, the Protector-General of the Qiang, together with the Administrator of Hanyang, Zhang Gong, attacked the Shaohe Qiang at Can, winning a decisive victory. On the day of Yichou in the sixth month, a celestial phenomenon occurred. On the day of Bingyin, Dou Louchu, the rightful king of the Southern Xiongnu, was appointed as the new Southern Chanyu. In the winter, on the day of Xinchou in the tenth month, the court permitted criminals in counties and commanderies to buy their way out of punishment as long as their crimes did not warrant the death penalty, at varying costs; those who could not afford to pay were to be sent to Linqiang County for two years of hard labor. On the day of Jiachen, the court cut the salaries of officials. On the day of Bingwu, the court banned the private brewing of alcohol and waived the rent and taxes for royal fiefs for one year.
In the leap month, Zhao Chong once again attacked Shaodang Qiang in Ayang and secured another victory. In November, the court dispatched Xiongnu General Ma Shi to assassinate Ju Longwusi. In December, bandits from Yangzhou and Xuzhou ransacked and burned down temples in the city, killing officials and civilians. That year, the Liangzhou region was struck by 180 earthquakes!
On the Xinchou day of the first month in the first year of Jiankang, the emperor decreed: "Since September of last year, there have been 180 earthquakes in Longxi, Hanyang, Zhangye, Beidi, Wuwei, Wudu, and other places, causing mountains and valleys to collapse, cities and temples to fall, and countless deaths and injuries among the people. Coupled with minority uprisings, heavy taxes, and internal and external complaints, I am deeply pained. I have specially appointed the Grand Minister to investigate, proclaim grace, and pacify the people, but avoid disturbing them."
On the Gengzi day in March, Prince Pei Guang passed away. Wei Ju, the Chief Protector of the Qiang, pursued and defeated the rebellious Qiang people. Bandits from Nanguo and Jiangxia looted towns and were eventually quelled by the local officials and soldiers. In April, the court sent Xiongnu General Ma Shi to attack the southern Xiongnu left wing, achieving victory, which led to the surrender of the Hu, Qiang, and Wuhuan to Ma Shi. On the Xinsi day, the crown prince Bing was named, the era name was changed to Jiankang, a general amnesty was granted to the world, and titles were bestowed upon the people of various ranks. On the Bingwu day in the seventh month of autumn, Prince Yanping of Qinghe passed away.
In August, bandits Fan Rong and Zhou Sheng from Yangzhou and Xuzhou were burning, killing, and looting everywhere, so the court sent the Chief Censor Feng She to lead the troops from various prefectures against them.
On the Gengwu day in August of that year, the emperor died in front of the Yu Tang Hall at the age of thirty. The will made no mention of establishing a temple, and the funeral was kept simple, with old clothes used for burial, without any treasures or jade objects being used.
In ancient times, some emperors who were deposed managed to regain the throne, but without exception, they all learned from past lessons, carefully distinguishing right from wrong, true from false, and never forgetting the threat of external enemies, which is why they were able to restore the nation to prosperity once again. Just look at Emperor Shun's reign; it's a completely different story! How could there be so many absurd actions?
Emperor Xiaochong, whose name was Liu Bing, was the son of Emperor Shun and his mother was Lady Yu. In the first year of Jiankang, he was named Crown Prince, and in August of the same year, he ascended the throne on the day of Gengwu, when he was only two years old. The Empress Dowager served as regent, managing state affairs. On the day of Dingchou, Zhao Jun was appointed as the Grand Tutor, Li Gu was appointed as the Grand Commandant, and they participated in handling the affairs of the Imperial Secretariat.
On the day of Bingwu in September, Emperor Xiaochong was buried at Xianling and posthumously honored with the temple name Jingzong. On the same day, there were earthquakes in the capital city, Taiyuan, and Yanmen, and there were reports of water gushing and the ground cracking in three counties. On the day of Gengxu, the court ordered the Three Excellencies, special officials, marquises, ministers, and colonels to recommend a virtuous and upright person each, and all officials submitted petitions. On the day of Jiwu, Qiu Teng, the Prefect of Jiuhu, was imprisoned for a crime and died in custody.
The Inspector of Yangzhou, Yin Yao, and the Prefect of Jiuhu, Deng Xian, led a campaign against bandits like Fan Rong in Liyang, but the army was defeated, and Yin Yao and Deng Xian were both killed by the bandits.
In October, the Jinan tribes attacked and burned cities, and Xia Fang, the Inspector of Jiaozhi, negotiated their surrender and pacified them. On the day of Renshen, Prince Changshan, Liu Yi, passed away. On the day of Jimao, the Prefect of Lingling, Liu Kang, was imprisoned and died for committing indiscriminate killings.
In November, bandits in Jiuhu, including Xu Feng and Ma Mian, declared themselves "Supreme Generals" and attacked and burned cities. On the day of Jiyu, the court ordered a one-level reduction in sentences for prisoners across various counties and then sent them to the border; however, those who committed treason and heinous crimes were not included.
In December, bandits in Jiuhu, including Huang Hu, attacked Hefei.
This year, bandits also attacked Xianling. Zhao Chong, the Protector of the Qiang, pursued the rebellious Qiang tribes in the Zhan Yin River, and a battle occurred. In the first month of the first year of Yongxi, the emperor passed away at just three years old in front of the Jade Hall. Prince Liu Suan of Qinghe was summoned to Luoyang. Oh, how unpredictable fate can be! The emperor passed away at such a young age, only three years old! At this time, Prince Liu Suan of Qinghe was called to Luoyang.
The late Emperor Xiaozhuang, named Liu Zuan, is the great-grandson of Emperor Suzong. His great-grandfather was Prince Zheng of Qiancheng, his grandfather was Prince Yi of Le'an, his father was Prince Xiao of Bohai, and his mother was Lady Chen. Previously, Emperor Chong was in poor health, and the Grand General Liang Ji brought the emperor to Luoyang Duting. After Emperor Chong passed away, the Empress Dowager and Liang Ji discussed countermeasures in the palace. On the day of Bingchen, Liang Ji held the symbol and used a royal blue carriage to welcome the emperor into the palace. On the day of Dingsi, he was granted the title of Marquis of Jianping, and he ascended to the throne that day, at only eight years old.
Alas, fate is truly unpredictable! Emperor Chong died of illness, and then this young emperor, at only eight years old, was brought into the palace and became emperor on the same day. On the day of Jiwei, the late Emperor Xiaochong was buried in Huailing. In Guangling, Zhang Ying and his forces rebelled again, killing the county magistrates of Tangyi and Jiangdu. In Jiujing, Xu Feng and his followers also rebelled, killing the county magistrates of Quyang and Dongcheng.
In this year, there was unrest everywhere, with rebellions and killings of officials in various places. On the day of Jiashen, sacrifices were made at the Gaomiao. On the day of Yixu, sacrifices were made at the Guangwu Temple. In the second month, the Prefect of Yuzhang, Yu Xu, was imprisoned for corruption and bribery, and eventually died. On the day of Yixu, there was a general amnesty, with varying rewards of titles, food, and cloth distributed. The previously reduced lands and population were also returned to the vassal kings.
This month saw numerous significant events; corrupt officials were executed, a general amnesty was declared, and the vassal kings were restored to their previous status.
King Liu Dao of Pengcheng has died. Some rebellious Qiang tribesmen surrendered to Zuo Fengyi Liang.
In March, the bandit Ma Mian from Jiujiang proclaimed himself the "Yellow Emperor." Jiujiang Commandant Teng Fu led troops to suppress Ma Mian, Fan Rong, and Zhou Sheng, achieving a decisive victory and eliminating them all.
In this chaotic world, it's one piece of bad news after another; rebellion here, someone claiming to be emperor there.
In early April, the country faced a severe drought, and a rain prayer ceremony was held. On the day of Gengchen, King Jibei Liu An died.
The bandits from Danyang, led by Lu Gong, surrounded the city, even burning pavilions and temples. Danyang Prefect Jiang Han defeated them decisively.
More rebellion, more drought; this year has been truly turbulent!
On the 15th of May, the emperor issued a decree saying: "My abilities are insufficient, so I have entrusted the country to my mother. My governance has been unclear, and I often make mistakes. From spring to summer, there has been severe drought and intense heat, and it has left me very anxious, so I prayed to the heavens, hoping for rain. Although it rained before, the crops suffered severe damage; although there have been dark clouds recently, it quickly cleared up. I can't sleep at night, and during the day, I've been worried, feeling very uncomfortable. Those local officials are not lenient or gentle at all; are they being too strict? I order the release of all prisoners in the capital's prison who have committed crimes but have not yet been fully tried and are not sentenced to death, with their cases reviewed after the beginning of autumn. If there are famous mountains, rivers, and lakes in each county that can bring clouds and rain, local officials must sincerely conduct sacrifices and prayers, and carry out the ceremony with sincerity. In addition, several years of continuous war have resulted in many casualties and displaced people, with some bodies left unattended and some coffins unburied; I feel deep sympathy for them. In the past, King Wen of Zhou ordered the burial of dry bones, and the people were grateful for his grace. Now, I will order an investigation, and if the deceased has no relatives or is too poor to afford a burial, they will receive compensation to help console their spirits."
This month, Xie An of Xiapi responded to the call to attack Xu Feng and his associates, resulting in their deaths. On the Bingchen day, the Emperor issued a decree saying: "Although Emperor Xiaoshang's reign was short, after ascending the throne for over a year, the rituals between the monarch and his ministers have been properly observed. Emperor Xiaoan succeeded to the throne, but the previous regulations placed Gongling above Kangling, reversing the order of precedence, which violates the hierarchy of ancestral sacrifices and contradicts long-standing traditions. Previously, Duke Ding of Lu readjusted the order of sacrifices, which was recognized in the Spring and Autumn Annals. Now the order is to position Gongling below Kangling, and Xianling below Gongling, arranged according to the order of proximity and seniority, to serve as a law for future generations." In June, the Xianbei launched an invasion of Dai Commandery. On the Gengyin day in July, Prince of Fuling passed away. Bandits from Lujiang launched attacks on Xunyang and Xutai, and Sima Wang Zhang was dispatched to defeat them, and he succeeded. On the Gengxu day in September, Grand Tutor Zhao Jun passed away. On the Jichou day in November, Han Zhao, the Prefect of Nanyang, was imprisoned for corruption and eventually died in custody. On the Bingwu day, Colonel Teng Fu launched an attack against the bandit Zhang Ying in Guangling and defeated him. On the Dingwei day, Colonel Zhao Xu was executed for his crimes. The bandit Hua Meng of Liyang proclaimed himself the "Black Emperor" and murdered Yang Cen, the Prefect of Jiujiang. Teng Fu led his troops to attack Hua Meng and others, achieving a decisive victory and eliminating them.
On the day of Bing Shen in the first month of the first year of the reign, the emperor issued a decree saying: "In ancient times, Emperor Yao assigned different tasks to his four sons to show respect for the mandate of Heaven. The 'Hong Fan' Nine Categories also talk about the signs of good and bad fortune. The emergence of auspicious signs stems from peace in the realm, while disasters occur because rulers are immoral. Minor transgressions can lead to major calamities, which have always been taken seriously by sages of all generations. Recently, local governors have been negligent in upholding the law, competing in brutality, arbitrarily making laws, and harming innocent people. Some officials dismiss superiors based on personal whims, act unfairly, and retaliate, resulting in a constant stream of petitions and grievances from the populace. With changes in officials, the people suffer, grievances mount, and disasters become frequent. The 'Shang Shu' says: 'Examine the truth and be cautious in punishment.' Now is the time for spring plowing, with everything growing, so tolerance should come first. I command officials at all levels that for crimes not deserving of death, they should not be pursued for the time being, to demonstrate the court's mercy."
On the day of Ren Zi, Wang Xi, the Prefect of Guangling, was imprisoned and eventually died in prison for delaying in fighting bandits.
On the day of Geng Chen in the second month, the emperor issued a decree saying: "The two counties of Jiujiang and Guangling have suffered repeated attacks by bandits, causing heavy losses to the people, with the living losing their livelihoods and the dead bodies scattered everywhere. In the past, governing the country, nothing can be achieved perfectly, let alone the people suffering such hardships, which fills me with deep sorrow! Now is spring, we must renounce extravagance and indulgence, assist the impoverished, and ensure the dead are buried. Command the allocation of food from neighboring counties, distribute it to the poor people, collect and bury the dead, and ensure proper arrangements to demonstrate my compassion."
On the day of Gengchen in April, an order was issued for each county and state to recommend officials proficient in Confucian studies. Officials aged fifty and above, as well as those aged seventy and above, were required to study at the Imperial Academy. From the Grand General to officials with a salary of six hundred shi, they were all required to send their sons to study at the Imperial Academy. After the study period, there would be assessments, and the top five performers would be appointed as Langzhong, while the next five would be appointed as Taizi Sheren. In addition, officials with a salary of one thousand shi, those with six hundred shi, officials from the Four Offices, the Three Bureaus, and the Four Clans who were proficient in Confucian studies were required to report outstanding individuals to the court based on their family circumstances, and rewards and promotions would be given in order.
On the day of Gengyin in May, King Le'an was promoted to King of Bohai.
Flooding caused widespread disaster. On the day of Wushen, inspectors were sent to the disaster area to retrieve the bodies of those who drowned in Le'an and Beihai counties, and to provide relief to the poor. On the day of Gengxu, the planet Jupiter was in conjunction with Mars.
On the day of Dingsi in June, a general amnesty was issued throughout the country, rewarding the populace with titles, food, and cloth in varying amounts.
In the intercalary month of the Jia Shen year in the lunar calendar (150 AD), the Grand General Liang Ji secretly poisoned Emperor Huan of Han with toxic wine. The Emperor was only nine years old when he died, in front of the main hall of the palace.
Two years later, in the year of Dinghai (157 AD), the Grand Commandant Li Gu was dismissed from office. Soon after, in the year of Wuzi (158 AD), Hu Guang was appointed Grand Commandant, Zhao Jie became the Minister of Works, and both worked alongside Liang Ji in managing the affairs of the Imperial Secretariat. Yuan Tang was appointed as Minister of Works.
The evaluation of this period of history is: when Emperor Huan of Han just ascended to the throne, there were many talented people in the court, and the atmosphere was vibrant. However, he neither applied himself to governance nor carried out reforms, and ultimately became enmeshed in the power and favoritism of Liang Ji. Although he was able to inherit the throne and the royal lineage continued, he died at a young age without ever truly understanding the complexities of society, falling victim to betrayal, which is truly regrettable. His death also signaled a turning point for the Han Dynasty, ultimately leading to its decline.
"Commentary: Filial piety had just taken root, fashionable trends were prevalent. Lacking both rectification and reform, he ultimately succumbed to favoritism. Preserving the legacy and passing down the land to future generations of the royal family. Young and naive, he was assassinated for his insight. Overthrown by fate, marking the end of the celestial lineage."
