Lang Yi, courtesy name Yaguang, hailed from Anqiu in Shandong Province. His father was Lang Zong, courtesy name Zhongsui, who studied the Book of Changes and was skilled in observing winds, angles, stars, and calculations. He could also predict good and bad luck based on the Six-Day Seven-Part method, observe celestial phenomena to predict fortunes and misfortunes, and often offered fortune-telling services to help support his family. Emperor An of Han once summoned him, and Lang Zong answered questions in the court, writing better articles than other scholars, and was later appointed as the magistrate of Wuxian County. Suddenly, a violent storm arose, and Lang Zong predicted based on celestial phenomena that a great fire would occur in the capital city, noting the specific date. He sent people to the capital to investigate, and the result was exactly as he had predicted. When the court ministers heard about this, they recommended him, wanting him to become a doctor. However, Lang Zong felt it was shameful to gain the court's appreciation through fortune-telling. Upon receiving the summons, he threw his magistrate seal and official robes in the county office that night and ran away, never to serve as an official again.
Lang Yi inherited his father's teachings from a young age and was well-versed in the classics. He lived by the seaside, where hundreds of students came to study under him. He studied the classics by day and astronomy by night, working diligently every day. The local authorities repeatedly summoned him to serve as an official, recommending him as a person of virtue and integrity, but he always declined.
During the reign of Emperor Shun of Han, disasters and anomalies frequently occurred. In the second month of the second year of Yangjia, the court summoned Lang Yi once more. He personally went to the imperial palace and wrote a memorial to the emperor, in which he stated:
"I have heard that when strange signs appear in the sky and disasters strike the earth, they are warnings from heaven to the ruler, urging the ruler to reflect on his virtues, stabilize the country's political power, promote education, and ensure smooth governance. The Book of Changes states: 'All kinds of disasters are related to the politics of the time. Changing politics can eliminate disasters, and improving politics can also eliminate disasters.' I hope Your Majesty will be as diligent in state affairs as the wise rulers of old, earnestly reflect on yourself, contemplate your faults, and strive to correct your mistakes and overcome your regrets."
Nowadays, everyone emphasizes enjoyment, and human connections have become quite superficial. If you want to change this extravagant trend, you have to start with frugality; to improve human indifference, you have to treat people kindly. To govern the country well and stabilize the people, nothing is better than adhering to proper etiquette. Promoting etiquette and practicing frugality must begin with the upper class. If it starts from the lower class, it will be difficult. The teachings of "The Book of Songs" and the governance principles outlined in "Guoju" all follow this principle. Only when the foundation is solid can true principles emerge; when the atmosphere is good, everyone will follow suit; when the water source is clear, the water flow will be clear; when the water source is muddy, the water flow will ultimately be muddy. The natural order of heaven and earth, like drum music, is based on emptiness and influences all things from near to far.
I have found that in recent years, the imperial tombs have experienced numerous disasters, and the unusually hot weather has alarmed the gods. "The Book of Changes" says, "A nobleman who does not consider conforming to public opinion will not receive blessings, and disasters will burn down his palace like fire." It also says, "When a monarch builds a tall palace, it violates the yin energy and fires will occur." It also says, "When the upper class is not frugal and the lower class is not restrained, a great fire will burn down the monarch's palace." Recently, the repair of the West Cang Palace, the reconstruction of the Imperial Academy, and the palaces and government offices have all undergone a lot of decorative construction. In the past, when Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin, he emphasized frugality; the monarchs of the Xia Dynasty lived in humble abodes yet dedicated themselves to governance. When the state of Lu wanted to build a large mansion, Min Ziqian said, "Why not use the original one? Why rebuild?" I believe we can simplify these construction projects, and the money saved can be used to help the poor and support the elderly, which is the will of heaven, the well-being of the people, the essence of benevolence, and the cornerstone of frugality. Following the will of heaven, caring for the people, practicing benevolent governance, and observing frugality, how could there not be blessings?
Land is a symbol of the Deity of the Land, feminine, peaceful, and quiet. It should be treated with respect in governance and not disturbed. I have noticed uninterrupted rain since the start of the year. The Inner Texts of the Book of Changes say: "Continuous rain for a long time without clearing is disorderly qi, a symbol of the Gua of Meng and the Gua of Bi. The Gua of Meng symbolizes deception and confusion between superiors and subordinates." It also states: "Wanting to do good but not doing so wholeheartedly will result in abnormal rainy weather." The virtuous are the cornerstone of moral education, and clouds are the tools for rain. Without virtuous leaders, it’s akin to endless rain with no signs of clearing. A few days ago, the weather was colder than usual for the season, with snow melting and refreezing. After cold comes heat, and after heat comes cold; this is the alternation of the sun and moon, the avoidance of cold and heat, thus forming the laws governing changes in all things. Now that the Beginning of Spring has passed, the Gua of Fire should be prevailing; it ought to be warm, yet it remains so cold, contradicting the seasonal patterns, because rewards are insufficient, while punishments are increasing. Punishment should be carried out in accordance with the season when Autumn begins.
I have been immersed in studying The Book of Fei Hou, carefully researching various political matters, and I believe that after the Beginning of Summer, there is a high likelihood of disasters like earthquakes and floods. I have also observed the planet Venus exhibiting erratic movements, sometimes far away, sometimes near, shuttling between the constellation of the Chariot and the star of Xuanyuan. The South is associated with fire, symbolizing political matters in summer. If political affairs are mishandled and do not follow the laws of summer, Venus will move abnormally. From the third to the ninth day of the first lunar month, it is the Gua of the Three Officials. The Three Officials correspond to steps in the sky and to the sovereign on earth. Mishandling political affairs will lead to unusual occurrences in midwinter. The line "Celebration at the Southern Mountain" comes from the Book of Songs; the phrase "the limbs are vital" is recorded in the Yu Dian. However, those in power now are busy climbing the ranks, accepting bribes, forgetting the suffering of the people, idling away the days in indulgence, quickly recovering from illness. They receive rewards, take money, and immediately become lively again. How can such an illness be resolved so easily? How can it be cured so quickly? How is it possible to eliminate disasters and prosper in peace in this way?
Now the selection of local officials is now entirely the responsibility of the Three Offices. If the lower-level officials are inadequate, the blame falls on the prefectures and counties. If there are problems with the prefectures and counties, shouldn't the responsibility of promoting them be investigated? But Your Majesty, you are increasingly favoring them, resulting in increasingly unruly behavior among the officials below; this is what they call "letting the big fish go while netting the small." The Three Dukes are not my enemies; I am not a lunatic. The reason I forgo sleep and meals to offer earnest advice is because I sincerely hope that the court can prosper and be peaceful; this is not flattery!
I grew up in the countryside and didn't understand any taboos. I speak straightforwardly and honestly; even if I have to be executed, I will never regret it! I took the risk of submitting this memorial, anticipating Your Majesty's harsh judgment.
The memorial was submitted, and the Emperor asked me to answer the minister in person. I replied:
I've heard that wise kings and virtuous rulers are open to criticism; loyal ministers and filial sons never hide the truth. I am just an ordinary person, naturally simple and honest, not understanding taboos, so I risk my life to repeatedly state my opinions. I sincerely hope that Your Majesty can nurture the virtues of heaven and earth and illuminate the realm like the sun and moon, read extensively from historical texts and classics, study the governance methods of past emperors, and understand the successes and failures of past dynasties. If there are any shortcomings, address them promptly. Emulate the achievements of King Wen and King Wu, learn the governing ways of Yao and Shun, eliminate disasters, extend longevity, and command the world. This is truly the wish of a humble servant; I ponder it day and night, striving to devise a plan. I will organize the earlier memorial, clarify its points, and outline seven specific suggestions, all detailed in my response.
Firstly, the construction of imperial tombs and palaces is of utmost importance, as it relates directly to the rise and fall of the nation. Unfortunately, there have been frequent fires lately, even threatening the imperial sleeping quarters. Even if the imperial tombs are believed to have spirits, they must surely be disturbed! Consider the construction of palaces and mansions: Yongping Palace was only recently completed and has hardly been inhabited, yet now extensive construction is underway. Then there’s the Western Park, which was originally just a site for raising livestock, situated far from the palace and seldom inhabited, yet extensive construction continues there as well, consuming an enormous amount of manpower and resources—almost beyond measure! The "Yi Nei Zhuan" states: "If a ruler indulges in extravagance and excessively decorates the palace, droughts and fires will ensue." Take Duke Xi of Lu, who faced a drought during his reign; he promptly reorganized the government, ordered the cessation of all singing and dancing, and halted all construction projects. Although the country was still not peaceful, the rain arrived just in time. This shows that the heavens respond to human actions as swiftly as a reflection in a mirror. The seventeenth day of this month is a Wuyu day, a day of signs, with the sun in the Shen position, the wind blowing from the Yin position, and ceasing at the Chou hour. Chou, Yin, and Shen are all sign positions; if there are no fires, a drought is certain. I hope Your Majesty will reconsider the costs of these construction projects and take the people's hardships into account, halting unnecessary construction projects, cutting back on decorations, conserving food and drink, and reducing banquets and entertainment! The "Yi Zhong Fu Zhuan" states: "When positive energy stirs the heavens, a swift response will follow." In doing so, auspicious signs will appear, and disasters will be averted.
The second matter is that the "Dui Gua" has been the main focus since last year, but most of its predictions have not come to pass. The "Yi Zhuan" says: "Having an outward appearance without inner substance is hypocrisy; having inner substance without outward appearance is a truly virtuous person." Cold and warmth represent internal states, while clarity and turbidity represent external conditions. The three senior ministers of the court appear respectful on the surface but are weak beneath the surface, only doing superficial work without truly assisting the country's achievements. Therefore, the phenomenon of clarity and turbidity is evident, while the phenomenon of cold and warmth is not effective. As a result, cold and chill have invaded, leading to abnormal weather. The divination texts state: "If the sun moves to a high place, there will be demon winds; if the sun is blocked, there will be earth cracks." If this continues for three years, a solar eclipse will occur, as yin energy erodes yang energy, gradually accumulating. After the beginning of spring, the weather warms up due to the court's lenient policies; but it later turned cold again because the lenient policies were not truly implemented. Even in a small village with just ten households, there must be loyal and upright individuals; are there truly no upright and capable individuals in the entire country? However, the court has never shown an interest in recognizing and promoting talent; how can we expect to find capable individuals to assist and uplift the populace? It is essential to select virtuous and capable ministers to support the rule of a wise and enlightened leadership.
I heard that the way of heaven operates according to laws that are not far from us, just like the mathematical principles of three and five, cycling back and forth. This year is the Lesser Yang year, which is the time to seize the opportunity and take action. I worry that if we wait until next year, it will be too late, and a great disaster may occur, like a collision with the heavenly gates; disasters are expected in the Wu Ji year. I predict that there will be drought in spring this year, and there will definitely be floods in summer, based on my calculations using the Six-Day Seven-Point method. Before disasters strike, there are often signs that emerge, which are all interconnected. Shortcomings in the court can disrupt the harmony of heaven and earth, leading to disasters and warning the king. The emperor must lessen his own indulgences and show greater compassion to the people during poor harvests. In recent years, the harvest has not been good; many families are in poverty, and life has become more difficult. The common people cannot eat their fill; as a king, how will you ensure they have enough to eat? Although water and drought disasters have not yet occurred, we must act with the foresight of a wise ruler and prevent them in advance. As Laozi said, "The common people are starving because of excessive taxation." So Emperor Xiaowen wore coarse clothes, leather shoes, and used simple wooden tools, starting from himself to reduce taxes, thereby ensuring peace in the realm. Now, Your Majesty is wise and benevolent, during this prosperous era, you should follow the example of the previous emperor, be diligent and thrifty, so that the people of the world can be fortunate. The Book of Changes says: "Heaven does not show favoritism; it always helps those who do good deeds." Thus, Emperor Gaozong was blessed, and Duke Jing of Song enjoyed a long life.
I heard that the way of heaven is cyclical, much like the numbers "three" and "five," repeating in a cycle. This year is the Year of Shaoyang; we must seize the opportunity, otherwise it will be too late next year, and a great disaster may occur, just like striking Tianmen, with troubles in the Wuxu years. I predict that there will be drought in spring and floods in summer this year, based on the calculation of the Six-Day, Seven-Point method, which has proven to be quite accurate. There are always signs before disasters occur, and these signs are interrelated. If the court errs, it will disrupt the balance of heaven and earth, leading to disasters that serve as warnings to the emperor. The emperor should care for the people. If the harvest is poor, he should cut back on his own indulgences. In recent years, the harvest has been poor, and many people are struggling to get enough to eat. As the emperor, how can you ensure they are fed? Although the water and drought disasters have not yet arrived, we must be prudent and prepare in advance. Laozi once said: "The people are starving because of excessive taxation." So Emperor Xiaowen wore coarse clothes, leather shoes, used simple wooden utensils, practiced frugality and reduced taxes, which brought peace to the realm. Now Your Majesty is wise; this is an opportune moment for rejuvenation. You should learn from the previous emperor, embrace diligence and thriftiness, to ensure the people can live in peace and contentment. The Book of Changes says: "Heaven's way is impartial, always favoring those who act virtuously." Thus, Emperor Gaozong reaped great blessings, and Duke Jing of Song enjoyed a long life.
Your Majesty, the crown prince has not yet been appointed, and the heir to the throne has not been determined. This is a major issue. I have observed the celestial phenomena and found the situation to be unfavorable. Look, Mars, 16 days after last year's vernal equinox, was at the 5th degree of the Lou asterism. According to the Three Dynasties calendar, it should currently be at the 9th degree of the Yi asterism, yet it is actually at the 3rd degree of the Liu asterism, a difference of more than fifty degrees! On the day of August 24th last year, Mars entered the Xuan Yuan constellation from the east of the Yu Gui asterism, then exited from the north of the Hou Xing constellation, moving four degrees to the east, then turning back to the north. The Xuan Yuan constellation represents the harem; Mars, the essence of the sun, the messenger sent by heaven, entering and exiting the Xuan Yuan, circling around... The Book of Changes says: "Heaven reveals omens, indicating good or bad fortune." This message couldn't be clearer. According to the rites, the emperor takes nine wives, with the main wife and concubines all having status. However, there are thousands of palace maids serving in the palace now, some of whom have been imprisoned in the palace since childhood, unable to establish normal human relationships. This oppressive atmosphere has moved the heavens; this has caused Mars to enter and exit the Xuan Yuan, as a reminder to Your Majesty of improper human relationships through celestial phenomena. Back when King Wu defeated King Zhou, he released the women from the palace, allowing them to marry freely, promoting talents like Shang Rong to rectify human relationships, demonstrating virtue, and thus was granted a son by the heavens. Your Majesty, with so many palace maids accumulated in your palace, going against the will of heaven, that is why so many princes have died young and the heir has not been determined. The Classic of Poetry says: "Honor the anger of heaven; do not act recklessly." The most important thing now is to have more sons, to increase the number of heirs. You must give this matter serious thought! Palace maids should be permitted to leave, to marry freely, so that heaven will naturally bestow its blessings, and future generations can prosper. I hope Your Majesty will seriously consider this matter. All ministers and close advisors should also understand my intentions and advise Your Majesty accordingly.
In speaking of the past and present, it all boils down to the same principle; talking about celestial phenomena is essentially talking about human affairs. I hope you can ask the officials; I’m ready to take responsibility if anyone disagrees with me. Last year, on the evening of the seventeenth day of the leap month, I saw white vapor coming from the vicinity of the Tianyuan star in the west, moving toward the Zuofoot star, then entering the Yujing star, and it disappeared after a few days. The "Spring and Autumn Annals" says: "There is a star in the Big Chariot." What is the Big Chariot? It is Bright Mars. Bright Mars is the Big Chariot, and the Fasting Star is another name for the Big Chariot, and the North Star is also the Big Chariot. When this star moves to one constellation and then influences three others, it indicates that this is the North Star, which is the emperor's palace. If there are no rules in the imperial palace, political order is chaotic, and the military strength is weakened, these three stars will have omens in response. The White Tiger star presides over military disasters; its mansion hosts the states of Zhao and Wei, and the omens seen in the west relate to the Three Adjuncts region. Changes in metal energy typically happen in the autumn. I am worried that after the beginning of autumn, there will be a danger of Qiang tribe rebellion in the states of Zhao, Wei, and the Guanzhong region. It should be notified to the counties in advance, so the people can farm on schedule, reduce corvée and taxes, avoid unnecessary construction, strengthen prison defenses, make defensive preparations, and select capable officials to pacify the people. High court officials are responsible for the changes in metal energy, who should, on the day of Bingwu in May, send the Grand Marshal in sacrificial attire, hoist a flag shaped like a well, write the strategies on the jade tablet, hold a ceremony in the western suburbs, reflect on their mistakes, offer an apology to the heavens, and dispel evil spirits. Because fire overcomes metal, this could turn disaster into good fortune.
I have discovered that on the fourteenth day of this month, a phenomenon of a white rainbow piercing through the sun appeared at the hour of 巳. Next to the sun, there was a pure white light known as a rainbow. This is an ominous sign, as it symbolizes an invasion of the sun. This phenomenon occurring in spring signals imminent political changes. Currently, both inside and outside the court, officials are being investigated, and many of the matters being examined are not urgent. Furthermore, a fire broke out at Gongling, and the person in charge has not yet been identified. Many officials have been arrested and subjected to harsh interrogations. The fire is a warning from heaven, reminding the king to heed the will of heaven, avoid defiance, and show reverence rather than carelessness. Your Majesty should reflect on your actions to prevent future disasters. All official investigations should be postponed until after autumn begins. The Book of Changes states: "If the king manages his affairs well and promotes talented officials in order, good fortune will surely follow." If not, the phenomenon of a white rainbow piercing through the sun will reappear. If it appears on the days of 甲 and 乙, it indicates that the responsibility lies with the central government. Since the appointment of the Minister of Works, there has been a disruption of yin and yang, and the plan to recommend talented individuals has long been neglected. There is widespread concern across the country, and everyone is worried. Moreover, since the beginning of spring, metal energy has resurfaced. Metal restrains wood, which means military disasters are likely to occur. The Minister of Works should be dismissed in accordance with the will of heaven. If Your Majesty does not address this matter promptly, it will undermine my warnings, leading to suffering among the people.
The Han Dynasty has been established for three hundred and thirty-nine years. According to the Book of Songs, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang rebelled in the second year of the Hai Zhong cycle, and now it is the tenth year of the Xu Zhong cycle. The Book of Songs, Si Li Shu, says, "The year of Mao and You is the time for political reform, and the year of Wu and Hai is the time for revolutionary change. The gods are in the heavenly gate, coming and going to inspect and listen to the voices of the people." This means that the gods govern the rise and fall of emperors during the Xu and Hai years. If the emperor does good deeds, the country will prosper; if the emperor does evil deeds, the country will perish. According to the Yi Jing, it is currently a period of difficulty and weakness. The interpretation of the Kun Gua in the second line is that many petty individuals seek to conspire against the noble. The classics say, "In times of difficulty, only a gentleman can maintain his integrity!" Only a wise ruler can stay true to his ideals and not waver from his path in times of adversity. Your Majesty, you have previously focused on self-cultivation, endured humiliation, and when you ascended the throne, the Purple Palace trembled. Now is the time for a change of dynasty, as the timing, location, and people are all ready. However, I am still worried that bad omens have not completely disappeared. A gentleman should be prepared for danger in times of peace and make preparations in advance. I believe that the year of Xu Zhong has passed, and next year will enter a new year. Emperor Wen Liu Heng reformed three hundred years ago, abolishing corporal punishment. It is time to simplify laws on a large scale, reform official titles, simplify clothing and equipment, change everything from large to small, from luxury to frugality, streamline government affairs, eliminate complexity, establish a new era, recruit talented individuals, select honest officials, and call upon wise advisors, widely accepting different opinions and creating a pathway for open dialogue. I have just discussed these matters, mindful that they may tread on sensitive topics, so I have chosen my words carefully and refrained from being too explicit.
The interrogator asked Yi, "You just said 'a white rainbow spans the sun; political changes are common.' The court has consistently adhered to the old regulations. What changes can truly be called 'common changes'? You also said 'laws should be simplified and official titles reformed.' Some say that changing the established system will bring disaster, while others say that changing the old system can eliminate heresy. What is the truth in this matter? Also, the Yang Jiannian era has only just begun, and now there is talk of changing the reign title. What texts is this based on? Please answer with facts." Yi replied:
Spring has arrived, all things are recovering, and the yang energy is flourishing, nourishing all things in the world. The emperor should emulate nature, follow the seasons, govern the world with mild and compassionate policies, and abide by the laws. However, after the beginning of spring, various government affairs are still busy, and the regulations of autumn and winter are still continuing into spring and summer, hence the appearance of abnormal phenomena like a white rainbow spanning the sun. Whenever evil energy invades yang energy, the phenomenon of a rainbow obscuring the sun will occur, all as a result of the officials' hasty actions, which is not reflective of the court's lenient and compassionate governance. This is a clear violation of common sense!
Now the selection of officials is entirely overseen by the Three Departments. They are not as talented as the Duke of Zhou and Duke of Shao of the Zhou Dynasty, but they carry such significant responsibilities. Every time talent is selected, it must go through the scrutiny of many officials. The gates of the government office are bustling with visitors, and those who bring gifts are endless, with gifts piling up like mountains. Those who are about to be promoted compete to bribe and recommend, sending their children to run around everywhere, filling the roads. This is essentially opening the floodgates to corruption, fostering a culture of hypocrisy and extravagance. Is this really in line with the old system? The Grand Secretary's position oversees the nation's affairs, with strict palace protocols; private requests are impossible, and favors to cronies are unnecessary. It is preferable for the power to select officials to rest with the emperor. I am unknowledgeable and unsure how to weigh this; this is, of course, my personal viewpoint and the measures that ought to be taken at this time. Confucius said: "In the Han Dynasty of more than 300 years, the calendar has also changed." Three hundred and forty years is a cycle, with the Five Virtues cycling every one thousand five hundred and twenty years, and the Five Elements being used in rotation. The emperor should align with the times, just like changing from spring to summer, changing from green clothes to red clothes. Since Emperor Wen reduced penalties, it has been more than three hundred years, and minor prohibitions have gradually accumulated. The emperor's laws should flow like rivers—easy to navigate but hard to breach. The Book of Changes says: "Easy to understand, simple to implement, easy to understand and simple to implement, the world will be peaceful." Now we should cut down on extravagance, promote thrift, set an example, and reform certain titles and names. The Book of Changes says: "The behavior of a gentleman, whether in the court or in the fields, different paths lead to the same goal, and consensus can be reached." Therefore, adapting to change and doing good can avert disasters; following changes and doing evil will surely lead to calamity. At the end of this year, the beginning of next year, at the turn of the year, the fate of the calendar shifts, making it possible to change the era, in order to conform to the will of heaven. I am uninformed and unable to respond to the emperor's questions. I once again recommend Huang Qiong and Li Gu in a memorial, and present methods to eliminate disasters.
The seven urgent matters I reported earlier are all related to national affairs and should be implemented immediately. I realize I am foolish and ignorant; my words may not align with Your Majesty's intentions, my status is lowly, and my opinions are not accepted. I should be punished. Now I am fearful and uneasy, not knowing how to handle myself.
I heard that hollowing out trees to make boats and sharpening oars are means to cross rivers and seas; selecting talented people as assistants is to stabilize the world. When Tang Yao was emperor in the past, many outstanding talents served him, like Yi Yin and Gao Tao who established moral governance, and Zhou Gong and Zhaogong supported him, which allowed him to achieve great feats and leave a lasting legacy. The Book of Songs says, "The king's command, Zhongshan Fu will carry it out. If the state is in trouble, Zhongshan Fu will enlighten it." It was with the help of Zhongshan Fu that Xuan Wang was able to make the country stable and prosperous.
Your Majesty, since you ascended the throne, you have been diligent in political affairs, but suitable candidates for those important positions have not been found, so disasters persist and the country remains unsettled. I have reviewed historical records alongside my own observations, and no country has thrived without talented individuals, nor has any avoided decline through their absence. Furthermore, talented individuals are like birds; they will fly around looking for a place to settle. Only by using virtue to elevate their status will they work wholeheartedly, so that gentlemen will be ashamed of poverty and find joy in wealth. If their merits are not rewarded and their words are not accepted, they will not be happy in court and will have no direction for promotion; they will inevitably return to the mountains and fields, resuming their former lives.
Finding talented individuals is a responsibility bestowed upon rulers by heaven, and it is also for the benefit of the people. Going against heaven’s will invites disaster, and failing to meet the people's expectations results in poor governance. When disasters occur, the people will voice their grievances; when governance falters, the king’s authority is undermined. When the balance of the four seasons is disturbed and the fortunes of the five directions are unfavorable, the root of these calamities lies here. How can you not be strong, decisive, cautious, and careful in safeguarding the achievements, virtues, and great endeavors bestowed by heaven?
I discovered that Huang Qiong, the Gentleman of the Palace from Jiangxia, has a particular fondness for studying Daoist teachings. He is honest and unpretentious; despite wearing coarse clothing, he possesses extraordinary talent and knowledge, is well-versed in the classics, and is highly capable in official matters, able to discern right from wrong and adapt to changes. The court used to hold him in high regard, often involving him in major political matters. Unfortunately, Huang Qiong did not have the chance to fulfill his ambitions after attending court for a short time, as he passed away due to illness, thus fulfilling his life goal. As Laozi said: "Great sounds are rare, great talents mature late." Truly talented individuals often need a long time to achieve success, and it takes three years to establish themselves firmly. The people across the country praise the court for having such outstanding talent, but some wonder why he had to leave us so soon. Your Majesty should bestow upon him double favor, grant him the highest honors, and welcome him back to the capital to comfort the hearts of the people.
Let's talk about Li Gu, a man from Hanzhong. He is forty years old, proficient in various skills, benevolent and just, with a noble character like Yan Hui and Min Ziqian. He is honest and upright, radiant as the sun, loyal and upright, with a noble character surpassing that of ancient people, unmatched in the present day. He was born with extraordinary talent, a pillar of the nation. It seems that Heaven has sent him to support the enlightened Han dynasty. He should be summoned to serve in the court to demonstrate the court's wisdom to all. Extraordinary talents should not be constrained by their official ranks. Yan Hui became famous at the age of eighteen, and Ziqi had a great influence at a young age. If Huang Qiong and Li Gu can be summoned to participate in court affairs, their achievements will surpass those of Yi Yin and Fu Shuo, creating a glorious legacy and ushering in good fortune. My understanding of talent is limited, so I must rely on the opinions of others. The individuals whom the people support are indicative of true talent. Everyone's evaluation of them varies. I request Your Majesty to extensively inquire with the officials, thoroughly assess their reputations and character. Should any discrepancies be found, it would mean I have misled the state. I hope Your Majesty is wise and does not let personal preferences affect the selection of talents. Furthermore, I wish to present four additional matters for Your Majesty's consideration.
The first thing Confucius recorded in the "Spring and Autumn Annals" was "January," to express respect for the beginning of the year. The emperor should imitate celestial phenomena, follow the order of the seasons, be generous with kindness, reward the talented, bestow grace, demonstrate benevolence, comply with the natural aura, and nurture all things. In this way, the astronomical phenomena will be bright, the stars clear and visible, the five planets orderly in motion, and the four seasons harmonious. On the contrary, the sun will lose its brilliance, the sky and earth will be murky, the seasons will be disorderly, and the sunlight will be obscured by clouds. It has been quite a while since the beginning of spring, but there have been no actions of benevolence and governance, only the sounds of punishment and torture echo. The response of the heavens to humans is as quick as a shadow following a person, but since the new year, it has been cloudy, the moon does not shine, and the sun is not bright. The sun represents the ruler, and changes in political matters below will provoke a response in the sun above. The changes in the sky reflect the rise and fall of political affairs. The unusual signs in the sky are not groundless. Could it be that Your Majesty is too busy and negligent in political affairs? Why do warnings from celestial phenomena keep appearing? I hope Your Majesty can uphold a strong spirit, employ talented individuals, and be diligent in political matters to achieve results as solid as gold. I bring up the sun first because the sun cannot remain dark for long and needs to be addressed quickly. While these unusual signs might seem small, they carry great importance. My words may be brief, but their meaning is profound. I hope Your Majesty will take my memorial seriously and contemplate it.
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Confucius said: "When the thunder first starts to sound, the hexagram of Great Strength (Da Zhuang) begins to manifest; when the ruler is weak and the ministers are strong, it originates from the hexagram of Dispersion (Xie)." From September 9th to 14th, the hexagram of Great Strength is in effect, which signifies the transmission of messages. During these six days, the thunder should sound, and when the thunder sounds, it signifies the harmony of seasonal energies and the flourishing of the Way of the King. The Book of Changes says: "Thunder rising from the depths of the earth heralds auspicious signs. The ancient kings created music, advocated virtue, and offered abundant sacrifices to the heavens." Thunder is used to stimulate all things, expel evil, and eliminate pests. All things require thunder to spark growth and rain to nurture, so the classics say: "Thunder moves all things, rain nourishes all things." The ruler should embody generosity and follow the seasonal changes of spring, so that the thunder will sound timely. If not in accordance with the seasons, it may sound in winter, bringing hidden dangers. The Commentary on the Book of Changes says: "When thunder should strike but does not, it is because the energy of the sun is too weak." Currently, the Yin energy has not dissipated, and the colors of the sun and moon are out of balance, which is the consequence. The heavenly net is vast and intricate, following the changes of time to determine the success or failure of political affairs. A wise ruler can harmonize with the virtues of heaven and earth, with the brightness of the sun and moon, like the rotation of the stars, in harmony with the heavens. Thunder is a command; its virtue is to nurture all things. If the command is lax, nurturing is turned into slaughter, then thunder will act unpredictably, and there will be no good year ahead. If Your Majesty seeks to avert disasters and bring blessings, follow the will of heaven, and bring peace to the world, you should investigate those treacherous officials who harm the people, swiftly dismiss them to soothe the populace, so that heaven will be pleased, and thunder will naturally sound.
On the twenty-second day of the tenth month last year, the planets Venus and Jupiter converged in the Fang and Xin constellations. Venus was in the north, Jupiter was in the south, just a few inches apart, their radiance intertwined. Fang and Xin are the bright halls of the Heavenly Emperor, where the Emperor conducts political affairs. The "Xiaojing Hook Command Decision" says: "When Jupiter is in the Xin constellation, that year will be a bountiful harvest." The "Shangshu Hongfanji" says: "When the moon moves along the right path, changing with the seasons, one can receive blessings with deep virtue, and a great reputation will be left behind." "Great reputation" refers to Jupiter in the Xin constellation. Now, Venus and Jupiter are converging, harmonizing in the bright hall, the conflict of metal and wood, yet they come together, a sign of yin overpowering yang and the ministerial usurpation of power. Fang and Xin are in the east, corresponding to the Song state. The "Shishi Jing" says: "When Jupiter appears on the left, that year will have a bountiful harvest; appearing on the right, that year will have a poor harvest." Now both Venus and Mars are in the east, Jupiter is in the south, appearing on the right; it is feared that this year's harvest may face famine, and the people of the Song state may face famine. Your Majesty should carefully scrutinize the management of affairs in the bright hall, so that these ominous signs can be dispelled, and the five planets can return to their rightful order. The "Book of Changes" says: "If the yang energy is insufficient, there will be drought; if the yin energy invades the yang energy, there will also be drought." Insufficient yang energy means that those in power do not bestow blessings upon the people; yin energy invading yang energy means power leaving the court, and the dominance of ministers. From winter to spring, there are no signs of good fortune, and there are frequent west winds, very unusual. The court has spared no effort, praying everywhere, sacrificing to the mountains and rivers, even moving dragon sculptures to the marketplaces to pray for rain. I have heard that heaven responds to all things and will not change because of false actions; the root of disasters lies within one's own faults. If rain could be prayed for and fall, if water could be driven away and stopped, then there would be no disasters every year, and an era of peace and prosperity would be just around the corner. However, disasters continue to occur; the problem does not lie there.
Since the beginning of spring, the court has failed to provide rewards for those who have merit, recognition for those who have virtue, comfort for the elderly, or relief for the poor and weak. Instead, officials from Luoyang are seen everywhere, hunting down minor faults while the prisons are overflowing. I heard that there was a shining light at the site of the fire at Gongling, indicating that natural disasters are not man-made. On the day of Ding Chou, a strong wind covered the sky; the wind serves as a command, a sign of the anger of the heavens, all to warn the monarch to be loyal and kind. There has been no rain for several months, and it is about to harm the crops. If there is no harvest, the hungry will account for about seventy to eighty percent. Your Majesty should extend mercy and assist the people. In the past, when Emperor Yao encountered nine years of flooding, the people stored ten years of food in advance, reduced taxes, and prevented disasters; this is the proper response. I hope Your Majesty will bestow grace soon to respond to the will of heaven. If my words go unheeded and the court remains unchanged, it will not rain until after Lixia; there is no hope now. If the court does not change and it still does not rain, then I would have falsely accused the emperor, shown my ignorance, and deserve the death penalty.
After the memorial was presented, the emperor specifically appointed him as a Langzhong, but he declined due to illness and returned to his home. In April, there was an earthquake in the capital, and the city walls collapsed. That summer experienced severe drought. In autumn, the Xianbei forces breached Mayi City and vanquished the Daijun army. The following year, the Western Qiang invaded Longyou. All of this unfolded as Yì had described. Later, the court used a public carriage to summon him, but he still did not go.
There was a man named Sun Li in the same county, who was cruel and brutal, liked to associate with knights, and he and his fellow villagers admired Yì's reputation and character and wanted to befriend him. However, Yì ignored them, causing resentment, and was eventually killed by Sun Li.
Xiang Kai, style name Gongju, was from Xiying in Pingyuan. He was an eager learner, well-versed in both ancient and contemporary knowledge, and proficient in astronomy and calendar.
During the reign of Emperor Huan of Han, the eunuchs in the palace wielded excessive power and caused chaos in governance, leading to widespread suffering among the people. Additionally, the emperor suffered the loss of his sons one after another, and various disasters struck frequently. In the ninth year of the Yanxi reign, in 166 AD, a man named Li Kai went straight to the gates of the imperial palace and presented a memorial to the emperor, stating:
I heard that although the heavens do not speak, they warn us through various natural phenomena. Look at the two sage emperors Yao and Shun; they both carefully observed the changes of the sun, moon, and stars, understood the positions of the five stars, in order to enjoy a long life and leave behind eternal teachings. I have noticed that in May last year, Mars collided with the Emperor's seat at the Taiwei Palace, even bursting through the main gate, completely going against common sense. On an auspicious day in the leap month, Venus ran into the Fang Xiu, clashed with the small star of the Heart Xiu, shining brilliantly and shaking the heavens. "Zhongyao" represents the emperor, and "beside the small star" represents the crown prince. The Taiwei Palace is the palace of the Heavenly Emperor, the seat of the Five Emperors, and now the lights of Venus and Mars are shining there. According to divination, this is a sign that trouble awaits the emperor; and they have both run into Fang Xiu and Heart Xiu, suggesting there may be no heir. This year, Jupiter has been lingering in the Taiwei Palace for an extended period, retrograding to the Yamen Gate, and approaching the "Han Holding" star. Jupiter represents wood virtue, likes growth, and dislikes slaughter. Its prolonged presence suggests the emperor lacks sufficient benevolence and that the punishments are too severe. Seven years ago in December, Mars and Jupiter entered Xuan Yuan together, retrograding for over forty days, and as a result, Empress Deng was killed. That winter was particularly cold, and many birds, animals, fish, and turtles froze to death, and the leaves of the bamboo and cypress trees around Luoyang City have withered. I once heard a teacher say, "If cypress trees are injured and bamboo withers, within three years, the emperor will suffer calamity." Now in Luoyang City, at night, the common people inexplicably shout that they see fire and hear voices, which, from a divination standpoint, mirrors the plight of the withered bamboo and cypress trees! From spring to summer, there has been frost, hail, and heavy rain, all due to the officials abusing their power and imposing harsh punishments!
The Governor of Taiyuan, Liu Zhi, and the Governor of Nanyang, Cheng Ji, were both determined to eradicate evil. Those they executed were all applauded by the common folk, but Your Majesty has listened to the slanderous words of the eunuchs and had them arrested for questioning. The three senior ministers of the court petitioned for the pardon of Liu Zhi and others, but Your Majesty completely ignored them and instead fiercely reprimanded them. In this way, how can those ministers who care for the country and its people dare to speak up in the future?
I have heard that killing the innocent and executing talented individuals will bring calamity that will last for three generations. Since Your Majesty ascended to the throne, there have been frequent executions, with the Liang, Kou, Sun, and Deng families all facing extermination, and countless others implicated and killed. Li Yun submitted a memorial, which no wise ruler should ignore; Du Zhong requested death in hopes of awakening the court, yet neither received pardon and were instead executed mercilessly, and the entire world knows of their injustice! Since the founding of the Han Dynasty, there has never been such a refusal to listen to advice and execution of the talented as there is now.
According to the old laws of Yongping, serious cases must be sent to the winter quarters for further deliberation before punishment, in order to value human life. In recent decades, local officials have become corrupt, avoiding the hassle of trial by feigning illness, resulting in numerous unjust deaths in prison. Officials take lives indiscriminately, with many of those who died being innocent, their spirits wronged and with no one to appeal to, leading to moral decay and the rise of epidemics. In the past, King Wen had one wife who bore him ten sons, yet now there are thousands of palace maids, with no signs of joy for new offspring. It is essential to cultivate virtue, lessen punishments, and embrace the blessings of the "Chong Si" hymn.
In the past, according to the old practices during the Yongping era, all cases that needed to be retried had to wait until the winter prison, where the prisoners were detained, to investigate thoroughly before executing the punishment, as this was to treat human life with caution. However, over the past few decades, local officials have been derelict in their duties. In order to avoid cumbersome trial procedures, they carelessly claimed that the prisoners were ill, leading to the deaths of many individuals in custody. The local officials arbitrarily executed innocents, most of whom were not guilty. Their souls had no recourse for justice, so licentiousness, demonic forces, and plagues began to flourish from that time. In the past, one of King Wen's wives gave birth to ten sons, but now there have been no reports of any joyous births among the thousands of palace maids in the palace. We should cultivate virtue and reduce punishment in order to prosper like the "Book of Changes" (Zhou Yi).
On the thirteenth day of the sixth month of the seventh year, a dragon was found dead on Yewang Mountain in Hanoi, measuring several tens of meters long. In Fufeng, a star fell as a stone, and the sound echoed across three counties. Dragons come in various shapes and sizes, and their forms are unpredictable. Therefore, in the "Book of Changes," they are compared to great men, and emperors consider them as omens. When people hear that a dragon has died in Hanoi, they refer to it as a snake. Dragons can transform, and snakes are also divine, so they should not be subject to death. In the past, when the Qin Dynasty was declining, the god of Mount Hua handed a jade to a guest from Zheng, saying, "This year, the ancestral dragon dies." The First Emperor fled and died in a sand dune. In the second year of Wang Mang's Tianfeng reign, rumors circulated about a dead dragon at the Yellow Mountain Palace. Later, the Han Dynasty executed Wang Mang, and Emperor Guangwu restored the dynasty. False rumors still exist; how much truer is this in reality? Stars are beautiful in the sky, just like the kings of ten thousand countries. When those below rebel against those above, the stars also rebel against the sky. Stones belong to a certain category, and falling signifies losing power. In the Spring and Autumn period, five stones fell in Song, and later Duke Xiang was captured by Chu. When Qin fell, stones fell in the eastern county. Now, Fufeng is close to the mausoleum of the former emperor; if there is no significant mourning, rebellion is likely to follow.
Furthermore, on June 13th, seven years ago, a dragon died on Yewang Mountain in Hanoi, measuring dozens of zhang in length. In Fufeng County, stars fell from the sky and transformed into stones, with the sound spreading across three counties. The dragon's shapes and sizes varied. In the Book of Changes, the dragon is likened to a great person, and emperors all regarded the dragon as a symbol of auspiciousness. When some people heard that the dragon in Hanoi had died, they referred to it as a snake out of deference. Dragons can transform, and snakes also have spirits, so they should not die. When the Qin Dynasty was on the brink of collapse, the Huashan Mountain God presented a jade bi to a man from the State of Zheng, saying, "The ancestral dragon will die this year." Qin Shi Huang was afraid, fled, and ultimately died in the desert. In the second year of Wang Mang's Tianfeng reign, there were rumors of a dragon dying in Huangshan Palace. Later, the Han Dynasty executed Wang Mang, and Emperor Guangwu rose to power again. If false rumors can wield such influence, what might the truth bring? Stars shine in the sky, just as all nations rely on the emperor. When ministers turn against their sovereign, stars are bound to fall. Stones exist steadily, and falling stones indicate a loss of power. During the Spring and Autumn Period, five stones fell in the State of Song, and later Duke Xiang of Song was captured by the State of Chu. When the Qin Dynasty fell, stones fell in the Eastern County. Now, stones have fallen in Fufeng County, near the tomb of the former emperor. If there is no major funeral, there will definitely be a rebellion!
Since ancient times, from the Spring and Autumn Period to the successive emperors, there has never been any unusual occurrence of the Yellow River being clear and the gate of the Imperial Academy collapsing inexplicably. I believe that the Yellow River symbolizes the status of the feudal lords; "clear" represents yang, while "muddy" represents yin. The Yellow River should be muddy, but abnormally clear, suggesting that yin energy seeks to transform into yang, and the feudal lords desire to become emperors. The Imperial Academy is the place of education for the Son of Heaven; the gate collapsing inexplicably indicates that governance is on the verge of decline, and education is set to be neglected. Jing Fang's "Commentary on the Book of Changes" states: "When the river water is clear, the world is peaceful." Now, with abnormal celestial phenomena, frequent earthquakes, and epidemics, these three disasters occurring simultaneously, yet the Yellow River is clear, it resembles the appearance of the qilin in the Spring and Autumn Period, which was recorded by Confucius as a miraculous event.
I previously presented the sacred texts to the Langya Palace, but you did not take my advice. I heard that the cuckoo sings in early summer, and the cricket sings in early autumn; though all things may be small, their resolve is strong; although people are humble, they can speak words of loyalty. Although I am humble, I sincerely hope you will give me a chance to express all I wish to say.
You have not approved my memorial.
More than ten days later, I submitted another memorial saying: I observed that after Jupiter moved north for several days, it appeared in the east again, suggesting that there will be a large-scale war, while our country is weak and the barbarians are strong. I also calculated the stars, and Mars is about to appear and then disappear, suggesting that a conspiracy is afoot. All of this is because there are too many wrongful cases in the prisons, and loyal officials are being persecuted. The star of virtue has long upheld the law, also for this reason. Your Majesty should heed the will of heaven, thoroughly examine the wrongful cases, exonerate Liu Zi and Cheng Jin, and bestow posthumous honors on the descendants of Li Yun, Du Zhong, and others.
If the emperor is unfilial to the heavens, it will result in solar eclipses and abnormal celestial phenomena. In recent years, solar eclipses have occurred on the correct calendar days, the sun, moon, and stars are dimmed, and the movements of the five planets are disordered. The sacred books presented by the palace previously mainly worship the heavens and earth, follow the principles of the five elements, and also contain ways to strengthen the nation and ensure the royal line continues. The text is straightforward and accessible, in line with the classics, but you did not adopt it, so the country lacks successors, and both Emperor Xiaochong and Emperor Xiaozhi met untimely deaths.
I have also heard that if a monarch engages in immoral conduct, it will invite heavenly condemnation. During the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, the vassals fought each other, and individuals such as Xia Yu, Shen Xiu, Song Wan, Peng Sheng, and Ren Bi emerged during that time. King Zhou of Shang was licentious, resulting in the appearance of Daji. Lord Ye was obsessed with dragons, and a real dragon appeared in the court. Now the eunuchs of the Yellow Gate who are under heavenly condemnation, yet Your Majesty favors them, lavishing them with even greater favor. With no successors, is this not the reason? The heavenly official is not in the Purple Palace but in the Heavenly Market, indicating that they are meant to serve as attendants to the emperor, responsible for the market. Yet now they hold the position of a minister, which contradicts the will of the heavens.
I have heard that temples for Huang-Lao and Buddhism have been built in the palace. These teachings emphasize tranquility, compassion, and moderation, advocating restraint and frugality. But Your Majesty, you indulge in pleasure, engage in wanton slaughter, all of which go against the fundamental principles of these teachings. How can you expect to obtain lasting blessings? It is said that Laozi became a Buddhist upon reaching the Western Regions. Buddhists do not dwell under mulberry trees, refusing to succumb to romantic attachments. This exemplifies true diligence! When heavenly beings sent beautiful women to him, Buddhists said, "These are just skin bags filled with blood," and did not even spare a glance. Only by being so focused can one achieve the Dao. Your Majesty, you are consumed by beauty, indulging in the finest pleasures the world has to offer, consuming the most delicious food. How can you follow the teachings of Huang-Lao in this manner?
After the memorial, the emperor immediately summoned the Minister to inquire about the situation. Cai Yong said, "I have heard that eunuchs did not exist in ancient times. It was not until the later years of Emperor Wu, as he grew older and often visited the harem, that eunuchs were established. Later, the influence of the eunuchs grew even stronger, and during the reign of Emperor Shun, it became even more pronounced. Your Majesty, you have promoted eunuchs more than tenfold compared to before. Up to now, there is no heir. Is it merely your favoritism that has led to their promotion?" The Minister presented Cai Yong's memorial to the emperor, who ordered the appropriate authorities to conduct an investigation. The Minister reported, "The position of eunuchs was not established in recent times. In the early Han Dynasty, Zhang Ze served as the Grand Ceremonial Officer and assisted the Marquis of Zhang in exterminating the Lü clan; Emperor Xiaowen appointed Zhao Tan as a consultant, and their descendants prospered. Cai Yong's memorial is harshly worded, yet it distorts the facts, misrepresents the truth, misuses astrology and falsely invokes divine intervention, fabricating facts and deceiving the emperor. I request that the Colonel Director punish Cai Yong's crimes according to law and send him to the Luoyang prison." The emperor considered Cai Yong's words to be sharp but only speculative about astronomical phenomena, so he did not kill him, but instead punished him as a judge would.
Previously, during Emperor Shun's reign, Langya's Gong Chong submitted 170 volumes of the "Book of Supreme Peace and Clarity" he obtained on the Quyang Spring Water. These volumes were written on white silk and marked in cinnabar; the scrolls were bound with blue silk threads at the beginning, and the ends were annotated with cinnabar. The book was based on the theory of Yin and Yang and the Five Elements, but it was interspersed with various witchcraft and superstitions. The relevant departments reported that the book submitted by Gong Chong was misleading and inconsistent with orthodox teachings, so the book was confiscated and stored away. Later, Zhang Jiao came into possession of some fragments of this book.
When Emperor Ling ascended the throne, he believed Cai Yong's memorial was reasonable. Grand Tutor Chen Fan recommended Cai Yong as a man of integrity, but Cai Yong did not accept. The people in his hometown held him in high regard, and whenever the governor came for an inspection, they would bow and pay their respects. During the Zhongping era, the court summoned Xun Shuang, Zheng Xuan, and Cai Yong to take up scholarly positions, but they all declined the offers, and Cai Yong ultimately passed away at home.
As the ancients have said, "Those who are good at observing celestial phenomena must also have some insights into human affairs." Zhang Heng also said, "Astronomy, calendars, yin and yang divination, these are matters that deserve serious attention today." Lang Yi and Xiang Kai, who were adept at observing celestial phenomena and understanding human affairs, combined the study of celestial phenomena with human affairs for analysis, enabling them to predict both good and bad fortunes, and even derive some principles from them. This shows that fields such as astronomy and calendars did indeed benefit society at that time, and future generations should learn from them. However, these subjects can easily lead to superstition and the practice of witchcraft; therefore, a gentleman should not place complete faith in them.
Now, let's examine this evaluation: "Zhong Huan's art is profound, Pu Che repeatedly searches. Su Jing sent a letter, clearing my old gloom. Xiang and Lang warned of disaster, actually caused by political corruption." This poem likely refers to how Lang Yi and Xiang Kai, despite their knowledge of astronomy, ultimately faced disasters due to political corruption.
