Shen Gong from the State of Lu learned the Book of Songs from Fu Qiu Bo, and then wrote his own annotations and explanations, resulting in the "Lu Shi"; Yuan Gu Sheng from the State of Qi taught the Book of Songs, which became the "Qi Shi"; Han Ying from the State of Yan also taught the Book of Songs, resulting in the "Han Shi"; all three established the position of 'Doctor' to teach. Mao Chang from the State of Zhao taught the Book of Songs, resulting in the "Mao Shi," but it was not officially recognized by the court as a doctorate position.
Gao Xu, whose courtesy name was Ji Hui, hailed from Pingyuan Ban County. His great-grandfather, Gao Jia, taught the 'Lu Shi' to the Han Yuan Emperor and became the Tai Shou of Shanggu; his father, Gao Rong, inherited Gao Jia's scholarship at a young age and served as the Grand Master of the Palace during the reigns of Emperor Ai and Emperor Ping. Gao Xu became a Lang Zhong thanks to his father's connections, and his family passed down the "Lu Shi" for generations. He was honest, with a noble character, and very famous. After Wang Mang usurped the throne, he and his father feigned blindness to escape, not serving as officials during Wang Mang's reign. After Emperor Guangwu ascended the throne, the Grand Minister of Public Works, Song Hong, recommended him, and the court summoned him to serve as a Lang official, later promoting him to be the magistrate of Fuli County. After resigning from office, he was again summoned to serve as a doctor. In the eleventh year of Jianwu, he was appointed as the Grand Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. He was renowned for his integrity at court. In the thirteenth year of Jianwu, he passed away while in office, and the court bestowed upon him financial compensation and a burial site.
Bao Xian, with the courtesy name Ziliang, was from Qu'e County in Kuaiji Commandery. When he was young, he was a scholar in Chang'an, studying the Book of Songs and the Analects of Confucius under the guidance of Master Xijun, the Right Teacher. In the later years of Wang Mang's reign, he returned to his hometown and was captured by the Red Eyebrow Army in Donghai Commandery and imprisoned. For more than ten days, Bao Xian recited scriptures calmly every morning and evening, which perplexed the Red Eyebrow Army, resulting in his release. He settled in Donghai and founded a school. After Emperor Guangwu ascended the throne, he returned to his hometown. The Prefect Huang Dan appointed him as a clerk to instruct his son. Bao Xian said, "According to etiquette, one may seek to learn from others, but there is no rule allowing one to actively go and teach others." Huang Dan had no choice but to send his son to study under Bao Xian.
He was recognized for his filial piety and integrity and became a Langzhong official. During the Jianwu period, he was summoned to the palace to teach the Crown Prince the Analects of Confucius and also wrote annotations for the Analects. Later, he was appointed Grand Counselor, Palace Attendant, and General of the Right. In the fifth year of the Yongping era, he was promoted to the position of Dahonglu. Every time he entered the palace to meet the Emperor, the Emperor would provide him with a seat and a cane, allowing him to enter the palace without needing to bow and participate in discussions without reporting his name. If there were any questions from the classics or biographies, the Emperor would send a eunuch to his residence to inquire.
Emperor Ming of Han knew Bao Xian to be virtuous, honest, and simple, and often rewarded him with treasures and silk. His salary was also higher than other ministers, but he generously shared it with impoverished scholars. When he fell seriously ill, the Emperor personally visited him in a carriage. In the eighth year of Yongping, he passed away at the age of seventy-two while still in office. His son Bao Fu later became a Langzhong and taught the Analects to Emperor Han He as well.
Wei Ying, courtesy name Junbo, was from Rencheng. He loved studying from a young age. At the beginning of the Jianwu period, he went to study with a scholar to learn the Book of Songs. He studied hard in seclusion, did not socialize with his colleagues, and was praised by the people in the capital at that time. Later, he returned to his hometown and became a county official, passed the imperial examination in the classics, and was appointed as a literary scholar of Prince Jiying of Jiyin. After resigning from his position due to illness, he taught students in the countryside, often attracting hundreds of students. At the beginning of the Yongping period, he became a scholar, and later was promoted to a palace attendant. In the thirteenth year of Yongping, he was promoted to Grand Herald. In the eighteenth year of Yongping, he was appointed as a Grand Master of Ceremonies. In the fourth year of Jianchu, he was appointed as General of the Household and was ordered to give lectures to King Kang of Qiancheng.
Wei Ying was upright and knowledgeable, and students came from far away to seek learning. The number of recorded students reached into the thousands. Emperor Ming of Han highly esteemed him, summoned him multiple times, invited him to debate in front of the emperor, and specially rewarded him. At that time, Emperor Ming summoned all the Confucian scholars in the capital to discuss the similarities and differences of the Five Classics at Baihu Guan, and appointed Wei Ying to answer difficult questions. This was suggested by the palace attendant Chunyu Gong, and the emperor personally presided over the event, making it as grand as the lectures held at Shiqu Pavilion. The following year, Wei Ying was sent to serve as the Administrator of Shangdang, and later was summoned to serve as the Commandant of Cavalry, and eventually passed away while still in office.
Fu Gong, courtesy name Shuqi, was from Dongwu in Langye, and was the nephew of the Minister of Works Zhan. Zhan's brother, Ai, courtesy name Zhiwen, was an expert in the Book of Qi, edited the chapters and verses, and wrote nine commentaries. He reached the rank of Grand Herald, but as he had no sons, he appointed Fu Gong as his heir.
Fu Gong was filial and served his stepmother very carefully. He followed Fu An to study when he was young, and because of his outstanding talent, he was appointed as a Langguan. In the fourth year of Jianwu, he was appointed as the magistrate of Juxian. He served there for thirteen years and was renowned for his effective governance, integrity, and incorruptibility. He was recommended as an outstanding talent in Qingzhou, ranked first in the Confucian examination, appointed as a Doctor of Classical Studies, and later promoted to the position of the Administrator of Changshan. He established schools and was dedicated to teaching, and as a result, many places in the north learned the teachings of the Fu family. In the second year of Yongping, he succeeded Liang Song as the Grand Herald. In the fourth year of Yongping, during a ceremony in Biyong, the emperor appointed Fu Gong as the Minister of Works, which the Confucian scholars considered a great honor.
Initially, there were many comments and annotations by Fu An, and Fu Gong deleted redundant text, organizing it into two hundred thousand characters. Fu Gong served as the Minister of Works for nine years, and due to illness, he requested retirement. The emperor granted him a stipend of one thousand shi to live out his later years. In the fifteenth year of Yongping, the emperor visited Langye, and the reception of Fu Gong was as grand as that of a minister. In the winter of the second year of Jianchu, Emperor Ming of Han held a sacrificial ceremony and appointed Fu Gong as one of the Three Ancients. Fu Gong lived to be ninety years old and passed away in the first year of Yuanhe. The emperor ordered his burial at the Xianjie Tomb. His son, Fu Shou, rose to the position of Administrator of Dong Commandery.
Ren Mo, also known as Zi Shuben, was from Fanyang County, Sichuan Province. He studied the "Songs of Qi" when he was young and later went to the capital to study, teaching for over a decade. When his friend Dong Fengde passed away in Luoyang, Ren Mo personally pushed the deer cart and escorted Dong Fengde's coffin to the burial site, gaining widespread recognition. He later became a county officer but resigned due to illness. Afterwards, he rushed to attend another funeral and passed away on the way. Before his death, he instructed his nephew Ren Zao, saying: "You must see to it that I am buried at my teacher's tomb. If there is consciousness after death, my soul will not feel ashamed; if there is no consciousness after death, then just bury me anywhere." Ren Zao followed his instructions.
Jing Luan, also known as Hanbo, was a native of Zitong County, Guanghan. When he was young, he studied classics with his teacher and traveled across seven provinces. He was skilled in "Qi Poetry" and "Shi Shi Yi," and delved into divination techniques like "He Tu" and "Luo Shu." He authored "Yi Shuo" and "Shi Jie," incorporating quotes from "He Tu" and "Luo Shu" and categorizing the content, which he titled "Jiao Ji." He also authored "Li Nei Wai Ji," commonly referred to as "Li Lue." In addition, he transcribed various texts on feng shui divination, compiled examples of divination, and composed an article titled "Xing Dao." He also wrote "Yue Ling Zhang Ju." Throughout his life, he authored over 500,000 words. He frequently presented proposals to the court, outlining strategies for disaster relief. He was called upon by local authorities multiple times to assume office, but he declined each time, and ultimately passed away peacefully.
Xue Han, also known as Gongzi, was from Huaiyang. His family had a long-standing tradition of studying "Han Poetry," and both father and son gained fame for their mastery of "Han Poetry's" verses. Xue Han carried on his father's legacy, particularly skilled in interpreting omens and divination, drawing hundreds of students eager to learn from him. During the Jianwu era, he attained the title of Doctor and was commissioned to compile divination texts. It was commonly said that Xue Han was unmatched in his knowledge of the "Book of Songs." During the Yongping period, he became the magistrate of Qiancheng County, achieving notable success. Later, due to his involvement in a case concerning the King of Chu, he was imprisoned and ultimately perished behind bars. Among his disciples, the most renowned were Du Fu from Jianwei, Dantai Jingbo from Kuaiji, and Han Bogao from Julu.
Du Fu, courtesy name Shuhe, was a native of Wuyang County, Jianwei Commandery. He was highly talented from a young age. He studied under Xue Han and compiled the "Han Shi Zhang Ju." Later, he returned to his hometown to teach. He was calm, enjoyed a quiet life, and conducted himself in a very courteous manner. He had over a thousand students. Later, General Bei Qi, Dongping Wang, summoned him to serve as an official. After Dongping Wang returned to his fiefdom, Du Fu's subordinates all went to work in the palace, but within a year, they all resigned and returned home. At that time, Du Fu was a doctor and did not want to leave. When Dongping Wang heard about this, he rewarded him with carriages and horses, along with wealth, and asked him to leave. Later, he was summoned to the Ministry of War to serve as an official. During the Jianchu period, he was appointed as a public carriage officer and passed away just a few months later. The poem he authored, titled "Shi Ti Yue Yi Tong," was later passed down by scholars and is referred to as "Du Jun Fa."
Zha Xun, courtesy name Bochun, was a native of Shou County, Anhui. His great-grandfather, Zha Xin, served as the Minister of Finance during the reign of Emperor Yuan of Han. His father served as the Magistrate of Juan County during the reign of Emperor Jianwu of Han, known for his generosity and disregard for trivial matters. Zha Xun began studying "Han Shi" at a young age, read extensively from the classics, histories, and literary texts, and was renowned in his hometown for his noble character. His fellow villagers called him "the virtuous Zha Bochun." He held various positions as a local official before being summoned to serve in the Ministry of Works. In the first year of Jianchu, he gradually rose to the rank of Cavalry Commandant and lectured the Han Emperor Su. He was later appointed as the General of the Left, responsible for teaching the imperial princes. The Emperor greatly admired his knowledge and character, bestowing great favor upon him. He was later appointed as the Prefect of Chenliu and rewarded with weapons and money. In the second year of Yuanhe, he returned to court as the Intendant of Henan. In the second year of Zhanghe, he succeeded Ren Wei in the role of Palace Attendant, and ultimately passed away while serving in office. The court granted him a burial site close to the imperial mausoleum. His grandson, Zha Xiu, rose to the rank of Inspector of Qingzhou.
Yang Ren, courtesy name Wenyi, was a native of Langzhong, Sichuan. During the reign of Emperor Jianwu of the Han Dynasty, he went to study the "Han Poems" under a master, and after completing his studies, he returned to his hometown, living a peaceful life and teaching students. Later, he became a county official, was recommended for his filial piety and integrity, and was appointed as a court official. The Minister of Ceremonies wanted him to serve as a Doctor of the Imperial Library, but Yang Ren believed he was not yet fifty years old and did not meet the old standards for such a position, so he reported to the court requesting someone else be chosen.
Emperor Xianzong of the Han Dynasty specially appointed him as the commander of the Beigong Guards and summoned him to inquire about current political affairs. Yang Ren replied that a lenient policy should be implemented, talented individuals should be appointed, and it was crucial to curb the arrogance of the imperial relatives. He also submitted twelve suggestions beneficial to the country, all of which were highly relevant to the issues of the time. The Emperor admired him greatly and rewarded him with silk and money.
When Emperor Xianzong of the Han Dynasty passed away, some nobles vied for power and profit, all wanting to enter the imperial palace. Yang Ren, wearing armor and wielding a spear, guarded the palace gate diligently, preventing anyone from entering easily. After Emperor Suzong of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, those nobles jointly accused Yang Ren of being harsh and severe, but the Emperor understood his loyalty and valued him even more, appointing him as the magistrate of Shifang County. During his time as magistrate of Shifang County, he implemented lenient policies, encouraged local officials and students to pursue their studies, and recommended anyone knowledgeable in classics and history to the county office or to the court. As a result, the local academic atmosphere flourished, and he also opened up over a thousand acres of land. He later resigned from his post to attend a funeral.
Subsequently, he was summoned to serve in the household of the Minister of Works, Huan Yu. There was an official named Song Zhang in the household, known for his greed, extravagance, and misconduct. Yang Ren refused to engage with him and even refused to sit near him, earning the admiration of the people for his integrity. Eventually, he became the magistrate of Langzhong County, where he ultimately passed away while in office.
Zhao Ye, styled Changjun, was from Shaoxing, Zhejiang. When he was young, he held a minor official position in the county. Upon receiving orders to welcome the circuit inspector, Zhao Ye found the task too humiliating, so he left the carriage behind and ran away. He ran to Zizhong, Sichuan, to visit Du Fu and study 'Han Poetry' under his guidance, gaining a deep understanding of its principles. He devoted twenty years to his studies, never leaving his home. His family even held a funeral for him, donning mourning attire, but he only returned after Du Fu passed away. The local authorities wanted him to take on a minor official position, but he refused. Later, he was recommended for an official position due to his high moral character. He eventually passed away at home. Zhao Ye wrote the books *Wu Yue Chunqiu* and *Shi Xi Li Shen Yuan*. During his visit to Shaoxing, Cai Yong read *Shi Xi Li Shen Yuan* and exclaimed that it surpassed *Lunheng*. After returning to the capital, Cai Yong promoted the book, leading many scholars to study it.
Shanyang native Zhang Kuang, styled Wentong, also studied 'Han Poetry' and wrote annotations. Due to his high moral character, he was recommended for official positions by the court. Although they wanted him to become a doctor, he declined and eventually passed away at home.
Wei Hong, styled Jingzhong, was from Shandong. When he was young, he enjoyed studying ancient knowledge with Zheng Xing from Henan.
Jiujiang native Xie Manqing was skilled in *Mao Shi* and wrote annotations for it. Wei Hong learned from Xie Manqing and then wrote *Mao Shi Xu*, which eloquently explained the essence of the elegance and praise in the *Book of Songs*, a work that has been passed down to this day. He also studied *Ancient Texts of the Shang Dynasty* with Dulin, the Grand Minister of Works, and wrote annotations for it. At that time, Xu Xun from Jinan learned from Wei Hong and later from Dulin, becoming renowned for his Confucian studies, which contributed to the revival of ancient Confucianism. Emperor Guangwu appointed him as a counselor. Wei Hong also wrote four pieces on the *Old Customs of the Han Dynasty*, recording various matters from the Western Capital. He also wrote seven fu, songs, and elegies, all of which have been passed down.
After the Eastern Han revival, Zheng Zhong and Jia Kui passed down the *Mao Shi*, and later Ma Rong wrote the *Mao Shi Zhuan*, while Zheng Xuan wrote the *Mao Shi Jian*.
"The Records of the Grand Historian" records that Gaotangsheng of the State of Lu taught the "Book of Rites," consisting of seventeen chapters, during the rise of the Han Dynasty. Later, Xiaofen of Xiqiu passed it down to Houcang, who then passed it down to Dai De of the State of Liang, Dai De's nephew Dai Sheng, as well as Qingpu of the State of Pei. Dai De wrote the "Great Dai Li Ji," Dai Sheng wrote the "Small Dai Li Ji," and Qingpu wrote the "Qing Family Li Ji," each establishing their own school of scholarship. Kong Anguo presented the ancient classics of the "Book of Rites," consisting of fifty-six chapters, and the "Zhou Guan Jing," which has six chapters. While these texts had been copied by others in the past, none of the scholars gained notable recognition. After the revival of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were scholars of the "Great Dai Li Ji" and "Small Dai Li Ji," but they were not particularly famous in the Confucian world. During the Jianwu era, Cao Chong delved into the teachings of the Qing Family school and passed them on to his son Cao Bao, who then wrote the "Han Li," as noted in the "Biography of Cao Bao."
Dong Jun, styled Wenbo, was from Zizhong, Sichuan. He studied the "Qing Family Li" and once worked under the Grandee Wang Lin in the court. During the Yuanshi period, he was recognized as a Mingjing, later promoted to Bingxi Ling, but resigned due to illness. During the Jianwu period, he was recommended as a Filial and served in the Ministry of the Minister of Works.
Dong Jun was well-educated and talented, with a deep understanding of both ancient and contemporary matters, often expressing his opinions on political issues. In the early years of Yongping, he was appointed as a scholar. At that time, the court was establishing the rituals for the Five Suburbs sacrifices, as well as the rites, music, processions, and clothing for ancestral temples, and he actively participated in discussions, with many of his suggestions being adopted, earning him a reputation as a respected scholar. He later rose to the position of Wuguan Zhonglangjiang (Commander of the Five Offices), teaching over a hundred students. However, after a minor incident, he was demoted to Qidu Wei. He passed away at home in his seventies.
Let's talk about the inheritance of "The Book of Zhou." During the Zheng period, Zheng Zhong taught "The Classic of Zhou" to Ma Rong, who later wrote "Commentary on the Classic of Zhou" and passed it on to Zheng Xuan. Zheng Xuan then wrote "Annotations on the Classic of Zhou." Originally studying "The Rites of Xiao Dai," Zheng Xuan later used ancient scriptures for reference, extracting the profound meanings, leading to the formation of the Zheng school. Zheng Xuan also annotated the 49 sections of the "Book of Rites" passed down by Xiao Dai, and these three books are collectively known as the "Three Rites."
The transmission of the "Spring and Autumn Annals" is also interesting. According to the "Records of the Former Books," the Qi state's Hu mother and son taught "Gongyang Chunqiu" to Dongping Ying Gong, who then passed it on to Donghai Meng Qing, who passed it on to Sui Meng of Lu, who then passed it on to Donghai Yan Pengzu and Lu's Yan Anle. Yan Pengzu established the Yan school, while Yan Anle founded the Yan school. In addition, Xiaqiu Jiang Gong taught "Guliang Chunqiu," and these three schools each established their own scholars. Grand Tutor Jia Yi of the Liang dynasty wrote "Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan Xun Gu," which was passed on to Zhao Guan Gong of the Zhao state.
Ding Gong, styled Ziran, was from Dongmeng in Shandong and studied "Gongyang Yan Shi Chunqiu." Ding Gong was knowledgeable and had hundreds of students attending his lectures. Despite multiple invitations from various jurisdictions, he never accepted. In the early years of Jianwu, he was appointed as an advisor and scholar and was granted the title of Marquis of Guannei. In the eleventh year of Jianwu, he was promoted to Minister of the Treasury. There were thousands of students who traveled from far and wide to study under him, and at that time, he was renowned as a great scholar. Officials such as Lou Wang, Cheng Gong, and Changshui Xiaowei Fan Shu were all his students. In the twentieth year of Jianwu, he was appointed as the attendant scholar and cavalry commander, and along with attendant Liu Kun, he often consulted with Emperor Guangwu on state matters. Finally, he died in office.
Zhou Ze, courtesy name Jidu, was from Anqiu, Shandong. When he was young, he studied "Gongyang Chunqiu" and "Yanshi Chunqiu," and lived in seclusion while teaching, often having hundreds of students. Towards the end of the Jianwu period, he was summoned to the Grand Marshal's residence to serve as a ritual wine official. A few months later, he took the imperial examination and passed. In the first year of the Zhongyuan era, he was promoted to the position of Magistrate of Michi County. He was known for his integrity, selfless dedication, and special care for the poor and weak, so both officials and the people loved and respected him. In the fifth year of Yongping, he was promoted to the position of Right Zhonglang General. In the tenth year of Yongping, he was appointed as the Minister of Ceremonies.
Zhou Ze was bold, outspoken, and often argued based on reason. Later, the Northern Governor Liao Xin was imprisoned for corruption and bribery, and his property was confiscated. The Emperor rewarded these confiscated items to upright officials, with only Zhou Ze, Sun Kan of Guanglu Xun, and Chang Chong, the Grand Minister of Agriculture, receiving the rewards. At that time, people in the capital were discussing this matter, and officials took it as a warning to work harder.
Sun Kan, courtesy name Zijian, was from Goushi, Henan. He was well-versed in the Confucian classics, had lofty aspirations and strong principles, was honest and upright, liked to associate with scholars, but never accepted any favors from others, relying on his integrity and courage to accomplish tasks. During the chaos at the end of Wang Mang's reign, with the whole country in turmoil, his elderly and infirm family members were hiding near military camps. Sun Kan always led from the front, never shying away, and sustained multiple injuries while protecting his family, earning the respect and admiration of the entire county for his loyalty and bravery.
During the Jianwu era, he served in several county official positions. He was fair and honest, and his salary was insufficient to support his family since he spent it all on entertaining guests. As a senior official, he achieved notable political accomplishments wherever he served and was deeply respected by officials and the people. He was straightforward, had a strong sense of right and wrong, and was unafraid to resign. Once, when he was a county magistrate and walked slowly when visiting his superior, the gatekeeper criticized him. He then directly removed his official seal and resigned. Later, he was appointed as Left Fengyi, but was impeached and dismissed from office by the Imperial Censor for his impulsive decision-making. Several months later, he was summoned to be an Imperial Censor and later promoted to Prefect. In the eleventh year of Yongping, he was appointed as Guanglu Xun.
Sun Kan was known for his integrity and decisiveness, frequently offering candid advice that was often adopted. In the eighteenth year of Yongping, he retired due to illness and was appointed as a Cavalier Attendant in the Imperial Court. He ultimately passed away while still in office. Sun Kan and Zhou Ze were very similar in their conduct and behavior, so people in the capital referred to them as the "Two Zhi."
In the twelfth year, he served as Minister of Works and performed reasonably well. However, he was somewhat laid-back and did not pay much attention to his appearance, which did not quite align with the expected image of a prime minister. After a few months, he was reassigned to the position of Minister of Ceremonies. In this role, he was efficient and respectful towards ancestral temples. Once, when he was bedridden in the fasting palace, his wife, concerned about his health, secretly visited him and asked where he felt unwell. He flew into a rage, accusing his wife of breaking the fasting rules, and had her sent to prison to confess her wrongdoing. Many people at the time considered him overly sensitive and felt his reactions were excessive. A popular saying circulated mocking him: "In this life, with bad luck, being the wife of the Minister of Ceremonies, out of 365 days in a year, 354 days are spent fasting!" In the eighteenth year, he was appointed as a Cavalier Attendant in the Palace. He later held various official positions, including those of the Three Elders and the Five More. He retired during the Jianchu era and passed away at his home.
Zhong Xing, courtesy name Ciweng, was from Runan Ruyang. When he was young, he studied "Yan Shi Chunqiu" with the Minister of the Interior, Ding Gong. Ding Gong admired Zhong Xing's knowledge and character, and recommended him to Emperor Guangwu. Emperor Guangwu summoned him, questioned him on the classics, and Zhong Xing answered excellently. The Emperor was pleased and appointed him as a Junior Official, later gradually promoting him to Left General. The Emperor also ordered him to organize the passages of the "Spring and Autumn Annals," remove the duplicate parts, and then teach them to the Crown Prince. He also had the royal family and feudal lords instructed by Zhong Xing. The Emperor wanted to appoint him as Marquis of Guannei. Zhong Xing felt he had not done much and was reluctant to accept the title. The Emperor said, "Teaching the Crown Prince and the princes, isn't that a great accomplishment?" Zhong Xing replied, "I am just a student of Ding Gong." So the Emperor once again honored Ding Gong, while Zhong Xing still firmly declined the title, and eventually died while serving in his official position.
Zhen Yu, courtesy name Changwen, was from Anqiu, Beihai. He was upright and unambitious. He studied "Yan Shi Chunqiu" and often taught hundreds of students. During the Jianwu period, he served as a state official, later was summoned as a scholar, and gradually promoted to be the tutor of the Crown Prince, eventually passing away while serving as a minister.
His son Zhen Pu inherited his mantle, and Zhen Pu's son Zhen Cheng also inherited Zhen Pu's mantle. Zhen Cheng was especially studious, rarely involved in household matters, and often taught hundreds of students. The scholars at the time greatly admired the three generations of the Zhen family for their commitment to scholarship. During the Jianchu period, Zhen Cheng was recommended as a Filial and Incorrupt, and later passed away while serving as a minister. His descendants continued his scholarly legacy uninterrupted.
Lou Wang, courtesy name Zizi, was a native of Yongqiu County in Chenliu Commandery. When he was young, he studied the *Yan Shi Chunqiu*. He was known for his honesty and integrity in the village. During the Jianwu period, Zhao Jiewang Xu heard of his high reputation and sent someone to invite him to be a teacher, but Lou Wang did not agree. Later, he served as an official in the commandery. In the first year of the Yongping era, he became a Palace Attendant and the Cavalry Commander, lecturing in the palace. In the sixteenth year of Yongping, he was promoted to the Grand Minister of Agriculture. In the eighteenth year of Yongping, he succeeded Zhou Ze as the Minister of Ceremonies. In the fifth year of Jianchu, he was demoted to Grand Master of the Palace due to certain circumstances, but later became the Left General of the Household. He was very diligent in teaching, and people called him the Master of Confucianism. He had over nine thousand students. At the age of eighty, in the twelfth year of Yongyuan, he passed away while still in office. Thousands of students attended his funeral, and Confucian scholars regarded it as an honor.
Cheng Zeng, courtesy name Xiusheng, was a native of Nanchang County in Yuzhang Commandery. He studied in Chang'an for over a decade, delving into the *Yan Shi Chunqiu* before returning to his hometown to teach. Gu Feng and several others from Kuaiji frequently studied under him. He wrote over a hundred articles on the challenging interpretations of the *Five Classics* and also wrote the *Mencius Commentary*. In the third year of Jianchu, he was recommended as a Filial and Incorrupt and promoted to the position of magistrate of Haixi County, where he passed away while serving in office.
Zhang Xuan, courtesy name Junxia, was a native of Heyang County in Henan Commandery. When he was young, he studied the *Yan Shi Chunqiu* and was well-versed in several schools of thought. In the early years of Jianwu, he was recommended as a Mingjing and appointed as a literary officer in Hongnong Commandery, later becoming the magistrate of Chencang County. He was honest, without personal desires, devoted to studying the classics, and he would sometimes lecture all day without eating. If someone encountered a difficult question, he would explain the perspectives of various schools and let the other person choose the appropriate answer. Many Confucian scholars admired his extensive knowledge, and he had over a thousand students.
When Zhang Xuan first took office as the county magistrate, he once went to the county office for official business. Not knowing the location of the office, the officials reported him to the higher-ups. At that time, Xu Ye, a scholar from Langye in the Right Fufeng, heard that Zhang Xuan had many students. He introduced him and had a conversation with him, exclaiming in amazement, "Meeting you today really broadens my horizons!" He then invited him to the lecture hall and debated with him all day.
Later, Zhang Xuan resigned from his official position, was recommended as a filial piety candidate, and appointed as a Lang official. The position of the Doctor of Yan's Spring and Autumn was vacant, and Zhang Xuan ranked first in the examination, so he was appointed as the Doctor. A few months later, students wrote a petition stating that Zhang Xuan was proficient in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan and Ming, and that he was not suited to hold only the position of the Doctor of Yan's Spring and Autumn. Emperor Guangwu was considering transferring him to another position, but before he could do so, Zhang Xuan passed away.
Li Yu, styled Yuanchun, hailed from Qixian in Fufeng. He studied the Gongyang Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals when he was young. He studied diligently, read extensively, and became famous in the Imperial Academy, where Ban Gu held him in great esteem. Ban Gu recommended Li Yu to General of Chariots and Cavalry, Wang Cang of Dongping. From then on, the officials and nobles in the capital all sought to associate with him. Various prefectures and counties invited him to assume official positions, but he would always resign due to illness once he arrived.
He often retreated to secluded places to teach, with hundreds of students. He had a wide range of knowledge and studied numerous ancient texts. He once read the Zuo Zhuan, appreciating its literary style but believing that it did not convey the deeper insights of the sages. He also criticized Chen Yuan, Fan Sheng, and others of earlier generations for attacking each other and relying heavily on divination without logical basis. Therefore, he wrote forty-one essays entitled "Challenging the Interpretation of Zuo."
In the first year of Jianchu, the Chief of Guards, Ma Liao, recommended Li Yu as a righteous man and appointed him as a Yilang. He was later appointed as a Doctor. In the fourth year of Jianchu, the court issued a decree for him and other scholars to discuss the "Five Classics" at the White Tiger Pavilion. Li Yu applied the principles of the Gongyang Commentary to refute Jia Kui, presenting valid arguments. He was considered the foremost authority among Confucian scholars on classical texts.
He was promoted to the position of Minister of Personnel. When the Ma family was overthrown, Li Yu was implicated because he had been recommended by Ma Liao and was dismissed from office to return home. Over a year later, he was summoned again and promoted to the position of Attendant, ultimately dying in office.
He Xiu, styled Shaogong, was a native of Fan County in Rencheng. His father He Bao served as the Minister of Works. He Xiu was simple and unassuming, not eloquent in speech, but harbored profound ideas and was well-versed in the Six Classics, surpassing all scholars of his time. As the son of a minister, he was appointed as a Palace Gentleman by imperial decree, but he disliked it and claimed to be ill to resign from office, refusing to serve in local government as well. His decisions to advance or withdraw were always in line with proper etiquette.
The Grand Tutor Chen Fan summoned him to participate in political affairs. After Chen Fan was dismissed, He Xiu was also removed from office, which prompted him to write the "Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals of Gongyang," devoting himself to study for over a decade without leaving his home. He also commented on the "Classic of Filial Piety," "Analects of Confucius," and seven chapters of the "Book of Songs," all of which were in line with the original meaning of the texts, in contrast to scholars who clung to outdated interpretations. He skillfully refuted more than six hundred historical events from the Han Dynasty with the principles of the "Spring and Autumn Annals" and grasped the true intention of the Gongyang commentary. He excelled in calendar calculations and, along with his teacher, Yang Bi, inherited the thoughts of Li Yu to refute the "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guliang Commentary," composing the "Gongyang Mo'shou," "Zuo Shi Gaohuang," and "Guliang Feiji."
After the political ban was lifted, he was once again summoned to serve as Minister of Personnel. Many ministers praised He Xiu for his extensive knowledge and recommended him to assist the emperor in court, but one minister was displeased, resulting in his appointment as a Court Gentleman, where he frequently offered counsel. He was later promoted to Grand Counselor and died at fifty-four during the fifth year of Guanghe.
Fu Qian, courtesy name Zishen, originally named Fu Zhong, later referred to as Fu Qi, and finally changed his name to Fu Qian, was a native of Yingyang, Henan. He was determined to live a simple life from a young age and later entered the Imperial Academy to study. He was talented in writing articles and commentaries and wrote "Explanations of the Zuo Zhuan of the Spring and Autumn Annals," which has been passed down through the ages. He also used the "Zuo Zhuan" to refute sixty erroneous claims made by He Xiu regarding Han Dynasty history. He was recognized for his filial piety and integrity, gradually rose through the ranks, and eventually became the Governor of Jiujiang towards the end of the Zhongping period. After stepping down from his position, he roamed during the chaos of war and eventually fell ill and passed away. He wrote poems, inscriptions, elegies, letters, and works like "Lianzhu" and "Jiufen," totaling more than ten pieces.
Ying Rong, courtesy name Ziyan, was a native of Changping, Chen State. He was well-educated and deeply knowledgeable in the "Zuo Zhuan of the Spring and Autumn Annals," and studied under the Grand Commandant Yang Ci. He was recommended as a filial and incorruptible official by the county, summoned by the province, and even called upon by the court, but he turned down all these positions. During the Chuping period, to avoid the chaos of war, he went to Jingzhou and gathered over a thousand students. Liu Biao offered him the position of Governor of Wuling, but he refused. He wrote the "Regulations of the Zuo Zhuan of the Spring and Autumn Annals," which totaled over fifty thousand characters, and passed away during the Jian'an period.
Xie Gai, courtesy name Wenyi, was a native of Zhangling, Nanyang. He was highly knowledgeable about the "Zuo Zhuan of the Spring and Autumn Annals" and was a renowned Confucian scholar at the time, with hundreds, if not thousands, of students. During the Jian'an period, Le Xiang from Hedong compiled several difficult questions from the "Zuo Zhuan" and sought his insights. Xie Gai provided detailed answers to each question, which later came to be known as the "Xie Clan's Explanations."
He served as a magistrate of the Imperial Carriage and Cavalry, but falsely claimed to be ill in order to resign due to his elderly parents. He wanted to return to his hometown but found the road to Jingzhou blocked, preventing his return. The Minister of Works, Kong Rong, wrote him a letter of recommendation that said:
When I heard that Emperor Gaozu was unifying the realm, Han Xin, Peng Yue, and other generals were responsible for quelling the rebellions, while Lu Jia and Shusun Tong were in charge of promoting the Confucian classics "Book of Songs" and "Book of Documents." During the reign of Emperor Guangwu, Wu Han, Geng Yan, and other generals assisted him, while Fan Sheng and Wei Hong devoted themselves to the revival and advancement of Confucian scholarship. Therefore, they were able to integrate civil governance with military prowess and formulate strategies for long-term stability. Your Majesty, like Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Guangwu, is both wise and martial. Though you have faced hardships and it took three years to quell the rebellion, the situation is now secured. Your army is as fierce as an eagle, as orderly as a flock of geese, and as swift as lightning. The enemy will soon be eliminated. Now that the battle has reached a turning point, it is time for Confucian scholars to restore the system of rites.
I personally think that Sima Ling Xie, the former public transport driver, deserves recognition. He possesses noble virtues akin to those of Zeng and Shi Yu, as well as literary talent like Zi Gong and Zi Yan. He is knowledgeable and well-versed in both ancient and modern times, able to respond swiftly to any situation, always clear-headed in his dealings, honest and upright, and advocates Confucian teachings. Few in the world can match him. Just as giant bones emerged from Wu, the falcon landing in the courtyard of Chen State, the ministers of the Yellow Emperor entering the palace, and two suns appearing in the Hai region, only those with extensive knowledge can grasp the significance of these unusual events. Jun Buyi made great contributions before the North Gate, Xiahou Sheng could explain the signs of Chang Yin, and afterwards the court paid more attention to Confucianism. Mr. Xie's talent is truly outstanding, comparable to the sages of the past, but it is truly unfortunate that such a talented individual cannot return home due to the treacherous journey. Forced to flee and wander in the land of Jingchu, this truly reflects the saying, "once gone, never to return"! In the future, we might have to rely on music to attract Yu Yu and offer high positions and generous rewards to seek out Fu Shuo. I think we should send someone to bring him back. The State of Chu retained Sun Qing, and the Han Dynasty retrieved Kuang Heng; these are all manifestations of valuing Confucianism and cherishing talent!
After the memorial was presented, the emperor promptly ordered his return and appointed him as a councilor. Later, Xie passed away peacefully in old age.
During the Jianwu era, Zheng Xing and Chen Yuan promoted the teachings of the 'Zuoshi Zhuan'. At that time, the Imperial Secretary Han Xin submitted a memorial, wanting to establish a doctorate for the 'Zuoshi Zhuan'. Fan Sheng and Han Xin engaged in endless debates over this, and Chen Yuan also submitted a memorial in defense of the 'Zuoshi Zhuan'. Eventually, Li Feng from Wei County was appointed as the doctorate of the 'Zuoshi Zhuan'. Later, many Confucian scholars engaged in heated debates about this, arguing multiple times in the court. After Li Feng passed away, Emperor Guangwu, despite opposing popular opinion, ultimately chose not to fill the position again.
Xu Shen, courtesy name Shuzhong, was a native of Shaoling in Runan. He was known for his honesty and uprightness, and from a young age, he was well-read in a wide range of texts. Even the famous Ma Rong highly respected him, with people saying, "When it comes to the Five Classics, no one can compare to Xu Shuzhong." He served as a county magistrate, was recommended as a virtuous and filial official, and later became the magistrate of Mao County before he passed away at home.
At first, Xu Shen noticed that there were various interpretations of the Five Classics, so he wrote the book "Variations in the Meanings of the Five Classics" and also wrote fourteen essays on "Explaining the Characters and Analyzing the Words." Both of these books have been passed down to this day, having a profound influence.
Cai Xuan, courtesy name Shuling, was a native of Nandun in Runan. He was well-versed in the Five Classics, with over a thousand students under his tutelage, and more than sixteen thousand recorded students. The court repeatedly summoned him to serve as an official, but he declined. Later, Emperor Shun of Han specially summoned him as a consultant, allowing him to explain the various interpretations of the Five Classics, which greatly pleased the emperor. He was later promoted to the position of Imperial Attendant, then was sent as the Governor of Hongnong, where he passed away during his tenure.
From the mid-reign of Emperor Guangwu onwards, as wars gradually decreased, there was a growing emphasis on Confucian studies, and the trend of studying Confucianism gained popularity. People wore Confucian scholars' attire, revered the ancient kings, studied in schools, and gathered in private academies to read. This scene was common throughout the country. Scholars studying Confucianism traveled great distances, endured hardships, and built temporary dwellings to study, bringing only basic provisions. They traveled in groups, with hundreds or even thousands of people seeking knowledge. Renowned and virtuous scholars opened their doors to students, with countless disciples, sometimes exceeding tens of thousands. They passed down their knowledge in a continuous lineage, with very few errors or inconsistencies.
However, there are also some people who, in order to compete for fame and gain, form cliques and deliberately obfuscate the interpretations of the classics, fixating on trivial details to support their own agendas. As Yang Xiong remarked: "Nowadays scholars not only strive for elegant language but also embroider patterns on it, dressing it up." In fact, the principles of the classics are fundamentally straightforward, and their interpretations have fundamental meanings. However, those renowned scholars insist on their own views and refuse to change, so those who truly grasp the concepts disdain their inflexible attitudes, which is what Yang Xiong referred to as "noisy disputes in learning, each with their own teacher." Moreover, while discussing benevolence, righteousness, and morality, very few of those who gained fame early and held high positions actually achieved great accomplishments, with most remaining stagnant and becoming increasingly outdated. However, they teach the rules of sages, so people understand the moral principles between rulers and subjects, parents and children, and every household knows how to correct their wrongdoings.
Starting from the reign of Emperor Huan of Han and Emperor Ling of Han, the emperor's rule became decadent, court politics deteriorated progressively, and the country faced multiple crises. Even those of average intelligence could sense the impending collapse of the country. The powerful ministers were plotting to usurp power, while talented individuals were relegated to lower positions because of the opinions of the unrefined. The reasons were that everyone was talking about the teachings left by the previous kings, and the subordinates were afraid to oppose the powerful ministers. Take Zhang Wen and Huangfu Song for example; they pacified most of the country, their reputation spread far and wide, and with just a little effort, they could have changed the dynasty. However, they continued to serve the incompetent emperor humbly, obediently following the emperor's orders, disbanding the army, obeying the laws, without uttering a word of complaint. It was only when the country was in complete decline, and the mandate of heaven had run its course, that the heroes rose and ultimately brought this dynasty to an end.
Think about it, those countries that have declined to the brink and still lasted many years before falling, isn't that due to the rulers learning from the experiences of their predecessors? Therefore, teachers have left behind classic texts, strongly commend and reward knowledgeable individuals; it is truly a labor of love! Those who disregard the teachings of the "Spring and Autumn Annals," and even equate killing rebels with committing heinous crimes, what are they really trying to say?
Praise: The elegance of culture shouldn't be overlooked; each has its own legacy. While the paths of Tu and Fang may diverge, they both thrive. Though their essences differ, they intersect; both understanding and disagreement are apparent. It hasn't been done for a thousand years; who can shed light on these deep origins?
