Emperor Suzong, whose personal name was Da, was the fifth son of Emperor Xianzong, and his mother was Lady Jia. In the third year of the Yongping era, he was appointed as the Crown Prince. He had a kind and generous personality from a young age, loved Confucianism, and was highly regarded by Emperor Xianzong. On the day of Renzi in the eighth month of his eighteenth year, at the age of nineteen, he ascended to the throne. He posthumously honored his empress as the Empress Dowager. On the Dingwei day in the tenth month of winter, he ordered a general amnesty throughout the country and bestowed noble titles upon the common people. Those who respected their parents, siblings, and friends, and worked hard, were promoted by three ranks; those who had committed crimes and were exiled but sought redemption were promoted by one rank; those who were widowers, widows, orphans, single individuals, disabled elderly, or those in poverty beyond self-rescue, were each provided with three measures of grain. He decreed, "As a person of limited ability, I have been unexpectedly elevated above the princes, entrusted with handling state affairs. I am always worried that I cannot do well, and I am anxious every day, not knowing what I can achieve. I understand deeply that a ruler who upholds virtues must establish the role of a mentor. Doesn't the Book of Songs say, 'Without fault, without forgetting, according to the old rules'? Lord Zhang Xi of Jie Xiang served as an official for three generations, a senior statesman of the country; Sikong Rong served for six years, diligently and earnestly, never slackening. Therefore, I appoint Zhang Xi as the Grand Tutor and Rong as the Grand Commandant, both in charge of the affairs of the Shangshu. The Book of Songs criticizes, 'The three ministers, who will not work day and night,' which criticizes those ministers who are negligent and irresponsible! 'I oppose your support, you have no right to follow,' this is an explanation of the loyalty that ministers should have. All you ministers, you must work hard in your own positions, show your loyalty to assist this emperor of limited ability. I command all regions to adhere to my decree."
On the eleventh day of the eleventh month in the year of Wuxu, Fifth Lun was appointed as Minister of Works to oversee Shu County. The Emperor ordered General Geng Bing to be stationed in Jiuquan and sent the Prefect of Jiuquan, Duan Peng, to rescue Wujixi Colonel Geng Gong. On the last day of Jia Chen month, a solar eclipse occurred. Therefore, the Emperor left the main hall, suspended military operations, and did not handle government affairs for five days. He ordered the relevant departments to submit their reports individually. On the twelfth day of the twelfth month in the year of Guisi, court officials presented: "Emperor Xiaoming's holy virtue is profound, diligent in serving the country, personally washing clothes, and living a simple life. His grace extends to all corners, and people in remote areas submit and imitate. Even the far-off regions of Jiao Jiao and Dan Er actively come to pay tribute. He conquered the Guifang, opened up the road to the Western Regions, and his reputation spread far and wide, with everyone across the seas paying their respects. He always worries about the people, never finding joy in owning the world. He promotes the teachings of the Three Yongs, personally practices the rites of caring for the elderly. He composed the 'Deng Ge', established standards for music, extensively read books, studied the six arts, day and night without rest. His intelligence and wisdom were even foretold in prophecies. His supreme virtue moved the heavens, his accomplishments are known throughout the realm, his benevolence and virtue lasting for eternity. But he always remains humble, claiming his virtue is insufficient, unwilling to build his own mausoleum, only sweeping the ground for sacrifices, canceling daily sacrifices and grand funeral ceremonies, even placing his coffin in the dressing room of the Guanglie Empress. When the people learned of this, they were all filled with sorrow and grief. Your Majesty, your filial piety is sincere, inheriting and promoting his holy virtues. I believe that although the dressing room is outside the central gate, its position is still special; it should be honored with the temple title of Xianzong, and during the Spring and Autumn sacrifices, which should be held in Guangwu Hall, all other sacrifices should then be moved back to the dressing room, and the 'Wude' dance should be performed, just like the example of Emperor Xiaowen offering sacrifices at the Gao Temple." The Emperor ordered: "Approved."
This year, a plague broke out. The capital and three provinces experienced severe droughts. The emperor ordered the exemption of land taxes and fodder in Yanzhou, Yuzhou, and Xuzhou, and used existing grain supplies to help the poor.
In the first month of the Jianchu era, the emperor issued an edict to the officials of the three provinces and various counties, stating, "Now is the season for spring plowing and sowing. I worry that the people will be too exhausted from traveling back and forth after receiving relief grain, affecting agricultural production. You must thoroughly investigate and identify the most impoverished families, and distribute the grain that should be loaned to them. Those who are wandering and wish to return home should receive sufficient grain from the counties to allow them to return home smoothly, and they should be permitted to pass through the official post stations without paying accommodation fees. Local officials must personally inquire about this matter, preventing the poor from being overlooked, and preventing minor officials and the powerful from obstructing or committing fraud. After the edict is issued, there must be no delay. The provincial governor must strictly inspect and severely punish officials who fail to perform their duties."
In the year of Bingyin, the emperor issued an edict stating, "In recent years, an outbreak of cattle plague has occurred, reducing cultivated land and causing high grain prices, resulting in the common people fleeing. The season for spring sowing has arrived, and agricultural work should be urgently carried out. All officials with a rank of two thousand shi or above must actively encourage the people to cultivate mulberry trees and expand production. All ministers and local officials must do their best to prioritize urgent matters for the people. Those whose crimes are not punishable by death must wait until autumn for their trials. Relevant departments must diligently select qualified individuals, promote those who are gentle and kind, dismiss those who are greedy and deceitful, adapt to the changing seasons, and rectify wrongful cases. 'The five teachings are broad,' as praised in the 'Classic of the Emperor,' and 'a benevolent and virtuous gentleman,' as praised in the 'Book of Songs.' Proclaim my intentions to the world, so that everyone understands my meaning."
The commandant of Jiuquan, Duan Peng, defeated the Cheshi, and the title of Wujixiaowei was also revoked.
In February, the tribes in the Lishui region of Wuling rose in rebellion.
On the first day of March, there was an earthquake in Shanyang and Dongping. On the sixth day of March, the emperor issued a decree saying, "My abilities are limited, carrying the great cause day and night; I cannot afford to slack off. However, disasters and unusual events continue to occur, which reflect my governance. I lack wisdom and have little understanding of ethics; furthermore, the selection of talents is not practical, and incompetent officials cause harm. The official ranks are in disarray, and punishments are inappropriate. How can I not be worried? In the past, Zhong Gong served as a vassal in the Ji clan, and Zi You served as a minor official in Wucheng, and Confucius even taught them to select talents and asked them how to choose people. Good politics, big or small, all rely on selecting talents as the foundation. Talents recommended by the village must have merits. Now, the governors and prefects cannot see through the truth. Every year, hundreds of talented and virtuous people are recommended, who have no talent but are asked to handle government affairs, which is absurd! I frequently review past selections of talent; some of them come from humble backgrounds, not from prominent families. Through the selection of articles, the level of articles can be reflected; through the selection of political achievements, the ability can be reflected. I admire those who are both knowledgeable and virtuous. I order the Grand Tutor, the Three Excellencies, all officials above two thousand stones, and the prefects of counties and states to each recommend a virtuous and upright person who can speak frankly and offer advice."
On the eighth day of May, the virtuous and talented, who were broad-minded, knowledgeable, and strategic thinkers, were appointed to fill the positions of high officials and prefects. On the eighth day of July, the emperor ordered that the ponds and wasteland in Shanglin Garden will be rented out to the poor for farming. On the third day of August, a comet appeared in the sky. In September, the Yi tribes in the Yongchang Ailao region rebelled. In October, the army of Wuling Commandery suppressed the rebellious tribes and defeated and subdued them. In November, Prince Yan of Fuling conspired to rebel and was demoted to Marquis of Fuling.
In the spring of the second year of the emperor's reign, on the Xinchou day of the third month, the emperor issued a decree saying: "In recent years, the weather has been bad, and famines have occurred frequently. I deeply empathize with the late emperor's concern for the people. The late emperor's decree stated: 'Do not increase the burden on the people, do not harm the people,' and I sincerely hope that the people will return to their simple and true selves. However, now, high-ranking officials and royal relatives live extravagantly, squandering on weddings and funerals well beyond acceptable limits. The relevant authorities disregard the laws and refuse to investigate or punish. According to the teachings of the Spring and Autumn Annals, we should promote frugality. Beginning with the Three Dukes, we must clearly rectify illegal actions and establish authority. As I am still young and inexperienced in the hardships of farming, how can I fully grasp the complexities of the world? All laws and regulations that should be implemented must be strictly followed by relevant officials, starting from the capital and extending to all parts of the country."
Later, on the Jiachen day, the emperor ordered the withdrawal of troops stationed in Yiwu Lutun. The people of Yongchang, Yue Xi, and Yizhou prefectures and some ethnic minorities joined forces to attack the Ailao, and finally achieved victory. On the Wuzi day of the fourth month, the emperor issued a decree permitting over four hundred households exiled due to events in the Chu and Huaiyang regions to return to their homelands. On the Guisi day, the emperor issued a decree banning the use of luxurious silk fabrics like Bingwan, Fangkonghu, and Chuilunxu in the state of Qi.
In June, the Shuodang Qiang tribe rebelled, and Jincheng Prefect Hao Chong attempted to suppress it but was defeated. The Shuodang Qiang tribe then attacked Hanyang. By August, the emperor dispatched General Ma Fang of the Cavalry to quell the rebellion, ultimately restoring peace. On the Wuyin day of the twelfth month, a comet was seen in the Purple Palace.
In the third year of the reign, on the Jiyou day of the first month, the emperor conducted ancestral sacrifices at the Mingtang. After the ceremony, the emperor ascended the Ling Terrace, gazed at the clouds, and declared a general amnesty. On the Guisi day of the third month, Lady Dou was named empress. At the same time, the emperor conferred titles: officials were promoted by two ranks, the elderly, those who are filial, exemplary siblings, and hardworking individuals were promoted by three ranks, and nameless commoners, homeless individuals, and refugees were promoted by one rank each; widows, widowers, orphans, the disabled, and the impoverished who couldn't support themselves were each given five hu of grain. On the Jisi day of the fourth month, the emperor ordered the cessation of the transportation of goods along the Changshan to Shijiu River route. General Ma Fang defeated the Shuodang Qiang tribe in Lintao. In the intercalary month, the false Sima from the Western Regions, Ban Chao, attacked Gumo and secured a significant victory. On the Dingyou day of the twelfth month, the emperor appointed Ma Fang as the General of Chariots and Cavalry. The barbarians in Wuling rebelled. That year, Lingling offered Zhicao.
In the fourth year of the reign, on the Gengyin day of the second month, the Grand Commandant Mou Rong passed away.
In the year XX, on the eighth day of the fourth month, the emperor appointed the crown prince, Prince Qing. At the same time, titles were bestowed: officials were promoted by two ranks, the exemplary elderly, those who are filial and brotherly, and diligent farmers were promoted by three ranks, and those nameless commoners and exiled criminals who sought to support themselves were also promoted by one rank; widowers, widows, orphans, elderly living alone, sickly, impoverished individuals who couldn't support themselves were each given five hu of grain. On the tenth day of the same month, the emperor elevated King Gong of Julu to the title of King of Jiangling, King Chang of Runan to the title of King of Liang, and King Bing of Changshan to the title of King of Huaiyang. On the twelfth day, Prince Kang was appointed as King of Qiancheng, and Prince Quan as King of Pingchun.
On the fourteenth day of the fifth month, General Ma Fang was dismissed from office. On the twenty-first day, the Minister of the Masses, Bao Yu, was promoted to Grand Commandant, and Huan Yu, the Prefect of Nanyang, succeeded Bao Yu as Minister of the Masses.
On the first day of the sixth month, the Empress Dowager, Lady Ma, passed away. On the twenty-seventh day of the seventh month, Empress Mingde's burial took place.
In the winter, a severe epidemic struck the cattle.
On November 27th, the emperor issued a decree saying, "Since ancient times, the three dynasties of enlightened rulers have all attached importance to education and considered education as the cornerstone of statecraft and national stability. After the Han Dynasty inherited the remnants of the Qin Dynasty, it promoted Confucianism, established the 'Five Classics', and set up the position of Doctor. Scholars continued to make progress thereafter; while they all respected teachers and education, they also developed various schools of thought. Emperor Xiaoxuan felt that the age of sages was long past, and one should not be content with mere extensive reading, so he also established the 'Great and Small Xiahou Shangshu' and 'Jingshi Yi'. During the Jianwu period, the positions of doctors for the 'Yan Family and Yan Family Spring and Autumn' and 'Great and Small Dai Rites' were created. These initiatives aimed to support lesser-known schools of thought and promote diverse academic disciplines. In the first year of the Zhongyuan era, a decree was issued stating that the chapters and verses of the 'Five Classics' were too cumbersome and needed to be simplified. In the first year of Yongping, General Wei Shang of Changshui suggested that the great accomplishments of the former emperor should be adapted to the current times. He proposed that Confucian scholars jointly correct the classics, enabling scholars to pursue self-study and achieve success. Confucius once said, 'To learn without reflecting is a waste; to reflect without learning is perilous.' Ah, everyone must work hard!" Therefore, the emperor ordered the Taichang, generals, officials, doctors, imperial counselors, and all students and Confucian scholars to assemble at the White Tiger Temple to discuss the similarities and differences in the 'Five Classics'. General Wei Ying of the Five Officials would preside over the questioning, Chunyu Gong would record, and the emperor would personally make the final decision, in the tradition of Emperor Xiaoxuan's Ganlu Temple Shiqu Conference, compiling the 'White Tiger Memorial Document'. That year, sweet dew descended upon Quanling and Taoyang counties.
On the first day of the second month in a few years before Christ, there was a solar eclipse. The emperor said, "I just left the imperial mausoleum to pay my respects, and I have made many mistakes. The heavens have shown ominous signs, indicating that a great disaster is imminent. Doesn't the Book of Songs say, 'How embarrassing this is!' Recently, there has been a long drought that has harmed the wheat, and I am especially worried. All ministers present, whoever can speak frankly and point out my errors, select one person from each group to come and see me at the official carriage. I want to personally hear your opinions. Select from those who have retreated to the mountains and do not choose those who appear glamorous."
A few days later, the emperor said again, "The Annals of Spring and Autumn record 'no wheat seedlings'; this is a serious matter! Last autumn, the rain was not good, and now it is dry and hot like fire. A year of disaster is upon us, and we are unprepared. It's all my fault, affecting the very heavens. I am filled with fear and sorrow, overwhelmed with regret. Previous wise rulers listened widely to everyone's opinions, and even in times of disaster, they could find solutions and change fate. But I, as a mere ruler, can only fret. Isn't it written in the Book of Songs, 'How embarrassing this is!' I command local officials to rectify wrongful cases and release those guilty of minor offenses; dispatch envoys to the Five Sacred Mountains and other sacred sites to pray for rain, hoping that the heavens will soon send down refreshing rain! We must do this sincerely and earnestly!"
One day in March, the emperor said again, "Confucius said, 'If punishments are not just, the common people will have nowhere to turn.' Many officials today are failing in their duties, acting out of anger; some handle cases unreasonably, threatening innocent people, resulting in more suicides in a year than there are cases adjudicated. This is not the behavior expected of a ruler! The relevant departments must convene to address these corrupt officials!"
The armies of Jingzhou, Yuzhou, and other places defeated the rebellious tribes in the Wuling region.
One day in May, the emperor said, "I want to find some honest and outspoken people to get different perspectives. I have already listened to what those who came before had to say, understood their thoughts, and want to keep them by my side to seek their advice. The decree of Emperor Jianwu also states that Emperor Yao assessed his ministers based on their actual work, not just empty rhetoric. There are many vacancies for officials from other regions, and these people can be promoted." On the same day, Grand Tutor Zhao Xi died.
In winter, the ritual of welcoming the qi began according to the lunar calendar.
That year, Lingling presented Lingzhi grass. Eight yellow dragons appeared in Quanling. Ban Chao, a self-styled Sima from the Western Regions, defeated the Shule country.
On a day in February of the second year, King of Langye, Jing, died.
On a day in May, King of Zhao, Xu, died.
On a day in June, Grand Commandant Bao Yu died.
That day marked the last of the month of Xinwei, and a solar eclipse occurred in the sky.
Then, on the seventh day of the seventh month of autumn, Deng Biao was appointed as Grand Commandant in charge of military affairs.
In the first month of the following year in spring, Prince of Pei, Liu Fu, Prince of Jining, Liu Kang, Prince of Dongping, Liu Cang, Prince of Zhongshan, Liu Yan, Prince of Donghai, Liu Zheng, and King of Langye, Liu Yu, all came to pay their respects to the emperor.
On the first day of the sixth month of summer, the emperor removed Crown Prince Liu Qing from his position and made him the King of Qinghe, then appointed Prince Liu Zhao as the new Crown Prince.
On the day of Jiwei, King of Guangping, Liu Xian, was transferred to Xiping and given the title of King of Xiping.
In the eighth month of autumn, a grand libation ceremony was held at Gaomiao in honor of Emperor Guangwu and Emperor Xiaoming. On the Jia Chen day, the emperor issued an edict, which stated: "The Book of Documents says: 'The spirit of the ancestors comes to receive the sacrifice,' meaning to worship ancestors and show respect to them, which is a wise practice. As someone of limited talent and ability, I reflect on the deep affection of the late emperor. I have previously performed ancestral sacrifices to fulfill my filial obligations. Now I understand the order of honoring ancestors and express my longing for distant ancestors. This year, I will once again hold this grand sacrificial ceremony in front of the late emperor's spirit tablet, feeling sorrow and nostalgia in my heart. Using music to welcome the ancestors' souls, using mournful music to send off the ancestors' souls, although the sacrifices are made as if they were still alive, my heart feels heavy, and I am at a loss. I hope they can feel my sacrifices. Those ministers who are diligent and respectful, the honest ministers, all help me alleviate the sorrow in my heart. I will now reward each duke with 400,000 coins, and half that amount for the officials, with different rewards for other officials and staff." The Book of Documents states: 'The spirit of the ancestors comes to receive the sacrifice,' which is a wise practice.
On the ninth day of the ninth month, the emperor joyfully traveled to Yanshi, then crossed the Juanjin River, reaching Henei. The emperor issued an edict saying: "This trip is to inspect the autumn harvest and pass through some counties. Everyone should travel light and avoid bringing unnecessary baggage. Do not arbitrarily repair roads or build bridges along the way, do not approach towns, do not send people to inquire in advance, welcome and greet, or surround with people, causing unnecessary trouble. Everything should be simple and frugal; my only concern is not having enough to eat or staying warm. Wherever you go, ensure that the poor benefit from this and adhere to my edict." Afterward, the emperor visited Qi Garden.
On September 16, the emperor once again arrived in Ye City, showing appreciation to all officials of Wei County, from the county magistrate to the common people, and even rewarding money to street vendors, each in varying amounts. The emperor also showed appreciation to the officials and people of Changshan County and the State of Zhao, and exempted Yuan County from taxes for three years. On September 18, the emperor returned to the palace. The emperor issued a decree, reducing the sentence of all prisoners by one level, without punishment, sending them to serve on the border; their wives can follow them and be settled where they serve; parents, siblings, and spouses who want to go together are also allowed; those who refuse will face charges of obstructing military duties. As for those who committed capital crimes, they were all recruited to work in the palace; men go to the silkworm room, and women go to the palace. Those who committed capital crimes but had lesser offenses had their sentences reduced by one level and were assigned to serve in the Ministry of Justice. Fugitives have a chance to redeem themselves: those facing the death penalty must pay twenty pieces of silk, those sentenced to be shaved and banished must pay ten pieces of silk, and those sentenced to serve in the Ministry of Justice must pay three pieces of silk. Officials who committed crimes but have not been discovered yet, upon the issuance of the decree, those who voluntarily surrender can have their penalties halved.
On the tenth day of October, the emperor embarked on a hunting trip westward to Chang'an. On October 13, the emperor offered sacrifices at the Gao Temple, and then also offered sacrifices at eleven tombs. The emperor also sent envoys to sacrifice to the former emperors, and offered livestock sacrifices to Xiao He and Huo Guang. The emperor then arrived in Huaili. In Qishan, bronze vessels resembling wine jars were discovered and presented to the emperor. A white deer was also hunted. The emperor said, "Without a wise emperor above, and without wise officials below, the people cannot live well, and their grievances point in one direction. How did this object come to be here?" The emperor then arrived in Changping, stayed at Chiyang Palace, then went east to Gaoling, built ships on the Jing River, and then returned. Whenever the emperor arrived at a location, he would gather the county officials to show appreciation, reward them, and celebrate with music.
In November, the emperor issued an edict to reward all officials under the county magistrate of Hedong County. On the twenty-ninth of December, the emperor returned to his palace. That year, both the capital and various counties experienced locust disasters. On the eighth day of the first month of the following year, Prince Dongping of Dongping passed away. On the eighth day of the third month, Prince Dongping Xian was buried and was bestowed with the imperial chariot and the dragon flag. In June, the king of the Northern Xiongnu surrendered along with his people. On the Jiawu day in December, the emperor went on an eastern inspection tour to Chenliu, Liangguo, Huaiyang, and Yingyang. On the day of Wushen, the imperial carriage returned to the palace. The emperor issued an edict saying, "The interpretations of the Five Classics have been deviating further and further from the intentions of the sages. There are many contradictions and errors in those annotations and interpretations, and I fear that the profound ideas of the sages may be lost. This is not the way to respect ancient classics and seek the truth! Therefore, I command all the Confucian scholars in the country to select talented students to study the Zuo Zhuan, Guliang Zhuan, Guben Shangshu, and Mao Shi, to revive these nearly lost disciplines, and to widely discuss different interpretations." In the first month of the first year of Yuanhe, Prince Zhongshan Yan came to visit the emperor. The southern border tribes also presented rhinoceroses and white pheasants. On the day of Xinchou in the intercalary month, Prince Jiyin Chang passed away.
On the 20th day of the second month, the emperor issued a decree, saying, "In ancient times, emperors based the eight aspects of governance on agriculture. Therefore, they used to emphasize agricultural production, encourage everyone to work hard in farming, cut costs, and reserve food in preparation for disasters. Even in the event of a poor harvest, the common people would not go hungry. Since the outbreak of cattle plague, there have been consecutive poor harvests, mainly due to officials' mismanagement, as governors and officials with two-thousand-stone ranks have failed to fulfill their responsibilities. Therefore, I order each county to recruit those without land who want to relocate to cultivate fertile land, allowing them to move freely. Upon reaching their destination, they will receive land, farming tools, and seeds, be exempt from rent and taxes for five years, and be relieved of corvée labor for three years. If they wish to return to their hometown in the future, they shall not be prohibited."
On the 9th day of the fourth month, the emperor divided Dongping Kingdom and appointed the son of King Xian as the King of Rencheng.
On the 10th day of the sixth month, Prince Pei passed away.
On the 14th day of the seventh month, the emperor issued a decree, saying, "The 'Laws' state that 'those who are frightened can only be punished with a paddle, a cane, or made to stand for punishment.' In addition, the 'Regulations' also specify the length of cane punishment. However, in recent high-profile cases, interrogation methods have become extremely cruel, with various forms of torture inflicting unbearable pain on the detainees. This deeply troubles me. The 'Book of Documents' says that 'the whip is a tool of government punishment.' Is that how it's supposed to be used? These cruel punishments should be explicitly banned during the autumn and winter when cases are being handled."
On the first day of August, General Deng Biao was relieved of his duties, and Zheng Hong took over his role, becoming the Minister of Agriculture. A few days later, the emperor issued a decree, saying, "I am unable to govern the country, the officials are not performing their duties properly, and the common people do not understand my intentions. Therefore, I should take responsibility for my mistakes. Thieves are causing chaos everywhere, and the houses in border areas are in ruins. I worry day and night about these matters, carefully considering the reasons behind them, and I hope to work with wise scholars to improve governance and promote the right moral principles together. I feel anxious and unsure of what to do! Therefore, I have decided to change the ninth year to the first year of the Yuanhe era. The prisoners held in various places, those sentenced to death will have their sentences commuted; they will not receive corporal punishment and will instead serve on the border, with their families allowed to accompany them and settle in the local area. Men sentenced to death will be tasked with repairing the imperial silkworm chambers, while women will be sent to the palace to serve as maids. Those with lesser offenses will also receive reduced sentences and will be assigned to hard labor at the judicial offices. Fugitives can redeem themselves, with specific conditions to be determined separately." A few days later, the emperor embarked on a southern tour, ordering that no checkpoints be established along the route in the counties. He also ordered the Minister of Works to personally lead people in repairing bridges. Local officials who send representatives to greet the emperor and inquire about his well-being will face punishment! The emperor also ordered that five bushels of grain be distributed to each elderly widow and those unable to care for themselves. In September, Prince Dongping passed away. A few days later, the emperor went to Zhanling, offering sacrifices at ancestral homes and temples, meeting with old acquaintances and friends from the royal family, and distributing rewards accordingly. In October, the emperor went to Jiangling, ordering the Prefect of Lujiang to offer sacrifices at Mount Nanyue, and also ordering the Prefects of Changsha and Lingling to offer sacrifices at the tombs of Prince Ding of Changsha, Marquis Jie of Chongling, and Lady Yulin. After returning from Jiangling, the emperor went to Wancheng. In November, the emperor returned to the palace, distributing rewards to the accompanying officials accordingly.
On a day in December, the emperor issued another decree, saying, "The 'Shangshu' says: 'If a father is not loving, his son will not be filial; if an older brother is not friendly, his younger brother will not be respectful. These things influence each other.' In the past, due to slanderous accusations and mass imprisonments, too many people were implicated. If one person committed a crime, it would implicate his three relatives, and none of them could hold official positions. As a result, many talented individuals could not realize their ambitions. I sympathize with them; this is not the outcome I wish for. Therefore, all those who were imprisoned due to false accusations in the past are pardoned, to demonstrate my commitment to rectifying past mistakes, but they will no longer be able to hold positions such as guards."
In the second year of the reign, on the day of Yichou in the first month of spring, the emperor decreed: "The 'Regulations' state: 'If someone has a child, they can be exempt from taxes for three years.' Now, all pregnant women will each receive three bushels of grain as nutritional support for the fetus, and their husbands will be exempt from taxes for one year, as part of a new law to be enacted."
Next, the emperor issued a decree to the Three Excellencies (referring to the Prime Minister, Grand Commandant, and Imperial Chancellor), saying, "Now is the spring when all things are growing, everything is just beginning to sprout, and we should foster the growth of yang energy and nurture all things in the world. I command the relevant departments to temporarily refrain from investigating or trying those crimes that do not warrant the death penalty, and not to believe in the mutual accusations among officials. I hope to settle disputes and comply with the will of the heavens. After the beginning of autumn, the original practices will be restored. Those officials always like to paint a rosy picture of peace. They may look good on the surface, but upon careful examination of the actual situation, it will be found that their words may sound pleasant, but they contradict the principles of Yin and Yang. This greatly frustrates and pains me. Officials who truly care for the people, work diligently and conscientiously, do not seek fame, and build their reputation over time will eventually achieve good results. For example, the magistrate of Xiangcheng County, Liu Fang, is praised by the people for handling matters without causing trouble. Although he does not have any particularly outstanding achievements, he can be regarded as an exemplary official. I especially instruct the officials of the Second Rank to adhere to the principles of generosity and kindness. Currently, wealthy and unscrupulous merchants bribe those beneath them, while corrupt officials pervert justice from above, leading to the guilty escaping punishment while the innocent suffer. This is a serious error! If harshness is considered discernment, cruelty is seen as intelligence, recklessness is deemed a virtue, and severity is viewed as dignity, then if any of these four situations occur, there will be complaints from below. I have issued these decrees multiple times, but the officials still do not take them seriously, and some have even neglected their duties. Where does the accountability fall? I hope you will carefully consider the previous orders and align your actions with my intentions." On the day of Jia Yin in the second lunar month, the use of the "Four Divisions Calendar" began.
The emperor issued a decree saying, "The current rituals for worshipping the mountains, rivers, ghosts, and gods still need improvement. They need to be enhanced, more gods need to be worshipped, and prayers for a bountiful harvest in the coming year should be made." On the third day of the third month, the emperor went on a hunting expedition to the east. On the fifth day of the third month, a phoenix flew to Feicheng. On the seventh day of the third month, the emperor personally plowed the fields in Dingtai.
The emperor issued another decree saying, "The Three Elders, revered figures of great moral standing; filial piety is a cherished virtue, and diligence in farming is a commendable effort. The country attaches great importance to these, and every eligible individual will receive a piece of cloth as a reward to encourage everyone to work hard." Then he sent envoys to Chengyang Lingtai to worship Tang Yao. On the ninth day of the third month, the emperor went to Mount Tai to hold a ceremony worshipping the deity of Mount Tai. That day, thirty yellow herons flew from the southwest, flying over the altar and the palace, circling and dancing, creating a breathtaking spectacle. The emperor then proceeded to Fenggao. On the eleventh day of the third month, he held a ceremony to worship the Five Emperors at the Mingtang in Wenshang. On the twelfth day of the third month, he worshipped the ancestors and convened a grand assembly of civil and military officials.
On the third day of the third month in the year of the Bing Zi cycle, the emperor issued a decree saying, "I have conducted a tour of inspection to pay homage at the ancestral temple, to offer sacrifices to the mountains and rivers of our land, and to hold a sacrificial ceremony at Mingtang in order to honor the virtues of our ancestors. This sacrificial ceremony was attended by the feudal lords from the border regions, descendants of the sages, vassals from the eastern regions, my uncles, brothers, nephews, officials, and royal family members, as well as people from remote areas beyond the desert and west of the Congling Mountains. They traveled from afar, overcoming various difficulties to participate in the sacrificial activities. The merits of our ancestors have also bestowed grace upon me. I feel a profound sense of responsibility, inheriting the great achievements of our ancestors, holding the sacrificial ceremony with a heart full of reverence and humility. As the Book of Songs states, 'When the ruler is virtuous, the people are hastened to follow suit.' Now that the nation is at peace and auspicious signs abound, I wish to join the scholars and gentlemen in self-improvement. Therefore, I am declaring a general amnesty! All those who have committed crimes that were not deserving of punishment are also pardoned. In addition, this year’s land taxes and fodder in the three territories of Bo, Fenggao, and Ying are hereby exempted." On the fifth day of the third month in the year of Wu Yin, the emperor went to Jinan. On the sixth day of the third month in the year of Ji Chou, the emperor arrived in Lu to pay respects at the tomb of Gongwang of the East Sea. On the seventh day of the third month in the year of Geng Yin, sacrifices were offered to Confucius and his seventy-two disciples at the Que, and rewards of cloth and silk were given to the Marquis of Baocheng and the Kong family. On the eighth day of the third month in the year of Ren Chen, the emperor arrived in Dongping and offered sacrifices at the tomb of Xianwang. On the ninth day of the third month in the year of Jia Wu, the emperor sent envoys to Dingtao to offer sacrifices to the Empress Dowager and the tomb of Gongwang. On the tenth day of the third month in the year of Yi Wei, the emperor arrived in Dong'a, then headed north to the Taihang Mountains and arrived at Tianjing Pass. On the fourth day of the fourth month in the year of Yi Si, the guest star entered the Purple Palace (the palace of the Heavenly Emperor). On the fourth day of the fourth month in the year of Yi Mao, the emperor returned to the palace in his chariot. On the fourth day of the fourth month in the year of Geng Chen, the emperor reported to his ancestors and conducted a sacrificial ceremony at Gaomiao.
On this day in May of the year of Wu Shen, the emperor issued a decree saying: "Recently, the auspicious birds: the Phoenix, the Yellow Dragon, and the Luan have appeared at the same time in seven counties; some counties even saw them more than once, and there have been appearances of the White Crow, the Divine Sparrow, and Sweet Dew multiple times. This is a good omen left by our ancestors, so we must offer generous rewards. Therefore, all officials in the country will be promoted by three levels! The elderly, widows, widowers, orphans, and those living alone will each receive a piece of cloth. As the scriptures say: 'Do not bully widows and widowers, but care for these lonely and helpless people.' Additionally, women in Henan will receive cattle and wine for every hundred households, so that everyone in the country can enjoy a joyful five-day celebration! Officials below the rank of court ministers will receive different amounts of money and cloth; each participating family in Luoyang will receive a piece of cloth, and three families outside the city will receive one piece of cloth to share; scholars, students, and students studying in the Imperial Academy will each be rewarded with three pieces of cloth. Furthermore, each county is ordered to report five individuals proficient in Confucian classics in counties with a population of over 100,000, and three individuals in counties with less than 100,000."
Then, Lujiang County has been renamed to Liu'an Kingdom, and Jiangling County has been restored to its original name as Nan County. At the same time, the Prince of Jiangling was moved to Liu'an Kingdom and titled as the King of Liu'an.
On this day in July of the year of Geng Zi, the emperor issued another decree saying: "In the 'Spring and Autumn Annals', the character '王' (king) appears three times in the spring months, representing the importance of the three principles and the caution in handling the three minor matters. The law stipulates that trials should not be held during the beginning of spring in the twelfth month. In the 'Monthly Ordinances', it is said that after the winter solstice, the sunlight helps all things to grow, but it does not mention that this is the time for trials and executions. I have consulted numerous Confucian scholars and examined the classics, and I believe that an emperor exercising the power of life and death should align with the seasons. Therefore, it is decided that, moving forward, prisoners will not be tried during the months of November and December."
On this day in the ninth month of the year of Renchen, the emperor proclaimed: "In the locations where the phoenix and yellow dragon manifest, taxes will be exempted for two years. In addition, each man shall be promoted two ranks as a reward; the place where auspicious signs are first discovered will be rewarded with twenty bolts of cloth; places closer by will be rewarded with three bolts of cloth; the governor shall receive thirty bolts of cloth; the county magistrate and the county chief shall each receive fifteen bolts of cloth; the subordinates shall each receive half of what the county magistrate receives. As stated in the Book of Songs: 'Even if you have not contributed, you should still sing and dance to celebrate.' Other rewards will follow the previous rules."
On this day in the year of Bingshen, the emperor ordered the summoning of King Kang of Jinan and King Yan of Zhongshan to participate in the sacrificial activities.
On this day in the eleventh month of the year of Renchen, the winter solstice, the passes and bridges began to close.
In the year AD, on the first day of the first month, the emperor issued a decree saying: "An emperor should treat his people as a parent would, constantly concerned for the people's suffering, guiding them with loyalty and harmony, and seeking ways to provide assistance. Those infants without parents or relatives, as well as families with children they cannot support, shall be provided relief according to the law." A few days later, the emperor embarked on a northern tour, accompanied by King Jinan, King Zhongshan, King Xiping, King Liufa, King Lecheng, King Huaiyang, King Rencheng, and King Pei. A few days later, the emperor tended to the fields in Huai.
One day in February, the emperor told the prefects and local officials of the six counties of Changshan, Weijun, Qinghe, Julu, Pingyuan, and Dongping, "This time I am inspecting to promote moral education, investigate the situation in various places, understand the grievances of the people, and resolve conflicts. Now, 'the four regions are poorly governed, and those talented people are not being utilized,' so I am going out to inspect and witness the situation firsthand. I have previously paid my respects at the royal mausoleum, admired Huashan and Huoshan, and made sacrifices at Mount Tai for the people's well-being. Now I am going to sacrifice at Changshan, then continue north, pass through Weijun and Pingyuan, climb the embankment, and ask the local elderly. They all said, 'Before the Bian River was built, the deep parts of the river became deep abysses, and the shallow parts were all muddy.' I reflect on the late emperor's dedication to governance and his love for the people, his grand blueprint, inheriting the achievements of Great Yu in water management, and his saintly virtue flowed to the sea like a river. I have failed to fulfill his grand vision, and I feel deeply ashamed. The 'Monthly Ordinances' state that during the spring season of Meng, one should inspect the mountains, hills, and land to see what is suitable for planting. There are still many fertile lands that have not been cultivated. Therefore, these lands should be allocated to the impoverished, providing them with seeds for food crops, ensuring the land is fully utilized and preventing idleness. In the counties we pass through, this year's land rent can be reduced by half to encourage farmers to work hard."
After a few days, the emperor ordered the attendants and the Minister of Works, "It is now spring, and in the places we pass through, cutting down trees and killing animals indiscriminately is prohibited. The 'Book of Songs' states, 'We must protect the lush reeds, and cattle and sheep must not trample on them.' The 'Book of Rites' says, if the ruler fails to prune grass and trees in accordance with the seasons, it shows a lack of filial piety. The people only know how to follow orders, but they do not know how to conform to the will of heaven. You must grasp my intent."
In the year 88 AD, the emperor traveled to Zhongshan and sent envoys to make sacrifices at Beiyue. Then, the emperor left the city and crossed the Great Wall. On August 11th, the emperor returned to Yuanshi County and offered sacrifices to Emperor Guangwu and Emperor Xianzong in the county office. The next day, he offered sacrifices at the ancestral temple of Emperor Xianzong, with music performed at both ceremonies. On March 17th, the emperor ordered the magistrate of Gaoyi County to offer sacrifices at the place where Emperor Guangwu ascended to the throne. The emperor also exempted Yuanshi County from seven years of forced labor. On August 13th, the emperor went to Zhao State. On August 14th, the emperor offered sacrifices to the deities of Fangshan in Lingshou County. On August 16th, the emperor returned to the palace and rewarded the officials who accompanied him, each receiving different honors.
On the second day of the fourth month, Grand Commandant Zheng Hong was relieved of his duties, and Minister of Agriculture Song Tian took over as Grand Commandant. On the second day of the fifth month, Minister of Works Diwu Lun was removed from his position, and Minister Steward Yuan An took over as Minister of Works. On the second day of the eighth month, the emperor traveled to Anyi to inspect the salt ponds. In September, the emperor returned from Anyi. In October, Prince Liu Ji of Beihai passed away. The Qiang tribes launched a rebellion and attacked Longxi. That year, the Chief of the Western Regions, Ban Chao, defeated and killed the king of Shule.
In the first year of Zhanghe (87 AD) in the third month, Protector of the Qiang, Fu Yu, pursued the rebellious Qiang tribes and died in battle. On the second day of the fourth month, the emperor ordered officials in all counties to reduce the sentences of criminals sentenced to death by one level and then send them to Jincheng for military service. On the fifth day of the sixth month, Minister of Works Huan Yu was dismissed. On the tenth day of the sixth month, Yuan An took over as Minister of Works, and Palace Attendant Guan Wei took over as Minister of Works. On the tenth day of the seventh month, Prince of Qi Liu Huang was convicted of a crime and demoted to Marquis of Wuhu. On the ninth day of the seventh month, Prince of Huaiyang Liu Ying passed away. The Xianbei defeated the Northern Chanyu leader and killed him. The Qiang tribes attacked Jincheng, and Protector of the Qiang Liu Xu led troops to quell the uprising, killing their leader.
The emperor issued a decree in the Renxu year, saying, "I have heard of the virtues of the wise rulers, which can enlighten and educate, bringing peace to the world, bestowing blessings on all, allowing the people to live and work in peace, abide by the rules, spread the virtues overseas, and gain a reputation. Only then can we respectfully offer sacrifices to our ancestors, receive the five blessings, and be rewarded by the heavens. I lack virtue, ashamed of the great achievements of our ancestors. Recently, however, auspicious signs have manifested: phoenixes gathering, qilins appearing, nectar falling at night, abundant harvests of grains, and lingzhi and other auspicious omens appearing year after year. I revere the heavens day and night, wishing to do something to honor the merits of our ancestors. Therefore, I hereby rename the fourth year of Yuanhe as the first year of Zhanghe. The 'Autumn Orders' states, 'This month is dedicated to caring for the elderly, providing them with canes and serving them porridge.' Therefore, grant each of the two elderly individuals a piece of cloth and give them some rice wine. Those convicted of capital crimes and arrested before the amnesty of Bingzi will have their death sentences commuted and will not face flogging, and will be assigned to guard Jincheng."
On the 8th day of the 8th month, the emperor went on a southern hunting expedition. On Renwu day, envoys were sent to the Xiaohuang Garden to offer sacrifices to the late Empress Zhao Ling. On Jiashen day, King Shang of Rencheng was summoned to Suiyang. On Wuzi day, the emperor made a visit to Liangdi. On Jichou day, envoys were sent to offer sacrifices at Gaoyuan Temple in Peixian and the Feng, Fen, and Yu temples. On Yiwei day, the emperor visited Peixian, paid respects at the tomb of King Xian, and summoned Prince Zheng of Donghai. On the last day of Yiwei month, a solar eclipse occurred. On Gengzi day in the ninth month, the emperor visited Pengcheng, accompanied by Prince Zheng of Donghai, Prince Ding of Pei, and King Shang of Rencheng. On Xinhai day, the emperor visited Shouchun. On Renzi day, the emperor ordered all officials in the counties and commanderies to reduce the death sentences of prisoners by one level, exiling them to Jincheng to serve as guards; those guilty of unforgivable crimes were to be sent to work in the silkworm chambers; if female, they were to be sent to the palace; those who committed crimes such as theft and robbery were also to have their sentences reduced by one level and sent to the Justice Department to serve. Fugitives had a chance to redeem themselves: those sentenced to death had to pay twenty pieces of silk, those sentenced to have their right toes amputated and sent to the city of Chengdan to grind grain had to pay seven pieces, and those sentenced to be sent to the Justice Department had to pay three pieces; officials and commoners who had committed crimes but not been discovered, upon receiving the decree and voluntarily surrendering, could redeem themselves by half. The emperor reappointed Marquis Yan of Fuling as King of Fuling. On Jiwu day, the emperor visited Ruyin. On Bingzi day in the tenth month, the emperor returned to the palace by carriage.
Wulan and other leaders of the Northern Xiongnu surrendered along with their followers.
That year, Ban Chao, the Grand Historian of the Western Regions, attacked Shache and won a great victory. The Yuezhi sent envoys to present Fubai and lions.
In the spring of a certain year, the kings of Jinan, Fuling, and Zhongshan all came to pay their respects to the emperor.
On Renchen day in the second month, the emperor passed away in Zhande Hall at the age of only thirty-three. In his will, he requested that no mausoleum be built for him and that his father's (the late emperor's) rules be followed.
Next is the commentary: Emperor Wen of Wei once said, "Emperor Ming (Han Zhangdi) was prudent and careful, while Emperor Zhang was generous and kind." Emperor Zhang was well aware that people disliked the strictness of his father Emperor Ming, so he ruled with leniency. Touched by Chen Gong's loyalty, he abolished harsh laws; he deeply loved the people and enacted policies beneficial for their families; he was filial to Empress Dowager Mingde, fulfilling his filial duties; he granted titles to feudal lords to consolidate the royal family's influence; he reduced labor obligations and taxes, benefiting the people; he also upheld loyalty and forgiveness as guiding principles, educating the people through ritual and music. As a result, the court officials enjoyed unity and harmony, and the feudal lords were all respectful and gracious. It is truly apt to describe him as generous and kind! During his thirteen years as emperor, the auspicious signs reported from across the country matched the records in historical books, numbering in the hundreds and thousands. Ah, his achievements were truly great!
Finally, the hymn: Emperor Suzong (Han Zhangdi), oh, how wise and valiant you are, with such a gentle and kind nature! Your mother's virtue is both profound and far-reaching! The scholars and military leaders around you are all well-versed in etiquette and laws, dedicated to following the path of the sage kings, continuously strengthening and enriching the nation! Scholars chant hymns in the academy, and there is peace and tranquility on the borders. With national peace and prosperity, the people are well-off; all of this is a testament to your wise governance!
