Zheng Xing, courtesy name Shaogan, was a native of Kaifeng, Henan. When he was young, he studied the "Gongyang Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals." Later, he became proficient in the "Zuo Zhuan" and, after deep contemplation, thoroughly understood its essence. Those who studied with him considered him a teacher. During the reign of Wang Mang, he took his students to listen to Liu Xin's lectures on the classics. Liu Xin admired Zheng Xing's talent and had him write regulations, chapters, commentaries, and participate in revising the "San Tong Calendar."
After Emperor Liu Xuan of the Later Han Dynasty established his rule, he appointed the Minister of Justice Li Song as acting Prime Minister and sent him to Chang'an. Li Song appointed Zheng Xing as his Chief Historian and sent him back to welcome the Emperor's move. Most of Liu Xuan's generals were from Shandong and urged him to remain in Luoyang. Zheng Xing said to Emperor Liu Xuan, "Your Majesty rose in Jingchu, but you have not fully grasped power before hastily declaring yourself emperor. The influential local warlords in the Guanzhong region are eager to take down Wang Mang and welcome you; why is that? It is because the people of the world are tired of Wang Mang's tyranny and long for the old benevolence of Emperor Gaozu of Han! If you do not reassure them for a long time, I fear the people will lose their loyalty, and bandits will rise. The 'Spring and Autumn Annals' record 'Qi Xiaobai entered Qi' without being appointed as a marquis because the ancestral temple had not been worshipped. Some suggest that we first pacify the Chimei army before entering Guanzhong, but they do not understand the fundamental reasons and are fighting over trivial matters. I fear that the country's defenses will ultimately hinge on Hangu Pass. Even if you live in Luoyang, will you sleep soundly?" Emperor Liu Xuan said, "I have decided to move west." He then appointed Zheng Xing as his Grand Counselor and sent him to stabilize Guanzhong, as well as the provinces of Shuofang, Liangzhou, and Yizhou. Upon his return, he appointed him as the Governor of Liangzhou. Just then, a rebellion broke out in Tianshui, which led to Zheng Xing being dismissed.
When the Chimei Army entered Chang'an, the eastern route was blocked, so Liu Xiu had to head west to seek refuge with Wei Xiao. Wei Xiao graciously invited him, but Liu Xiu found it somewhat humiliating and pretended to be ill and stayed indoors. Wei Xiao was quite proud and self-important, always considering himself like Duke Chang of Western Bo, wanting to revive the world, so he discussed with his subordinates about declaring himself king. Upon hearing this, Liu Xiu quickly advised Wei Xiao, saying, "The 'Spring and Autumn Annals' states: 'If you don't speak words of loyalty and trustworthiness, you are like a mute; if you cannot hear harmonious sounds, you are like a deaf person.' Recently, your generals have been meeting; have they not spoken words of loyalty and trustworthiness? General, are you perhaps ignoring this and not considering it carefully? In the past, King Wen inherited accumulated virtues and, combined with his own wisdom, conquered a third of the world while still serving the Yin and Shang dynasties. When King Wu ascended the throne, even with eight hundred vassals declaring 'King Zhou of Shang must be overthrown,' King Wu, because he did not know the mandate of heaven, withdrew his troops to observe the situation. Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang fought for many years and humbly referred to himself as 'Duke of Pei.' Now, although your virtues are outstanding, the world lacks the foundation of the Zhou dynasty, and although your reputation is renowned, you do not have the achievements of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang. Isn't aiming for something so premature just asking for trouble? You should think carefully about it!" Wei Xiao ultimately did not dare to proclaim himself as king. Later, in order to elevate himself, Wei Xiao established many high-ranking and well-paid titles. Liu Xiu advised him again, saying, "Titles like Chief Commandant, Grand Secretary, and Plenipotentiary are positions meant for emperors, not for subjects to create. Confucius said in the 'Analects': 'Only objects and titles should not be borrowed casually by others.' Things that cannot be borrowed casually by others should not be used casually oneself. These official titles provide no real benefit, but rather harm your reputation; this is not how nobility is displayed!" Wei Xiao was convinced by Liu Xiu and ultimately abolished these titles.
Ah, General Xiao sent his son Xun to serve as an attendant. Before leaving, Zheng Xing requested the general to let him go home to bury his parents. General Xiao disagreed and instead promoted him, gave him a raise, and moved him to a better house. Zheng Xing went to see General Xiao and said, "During the rebellion of the Chimei Army, thanks to you being an old acquaintance, I managed to save my life. I am grateful for your support that helped me survive. I have heard that serving parents requires filial piety during their lifetime, a dignified burial after death, and proper rituals for sacrifices. Everything must be done meticulously, and I cannot afford to slack off at all. My parents have not yet been buried, and I would like to return home. By promoting me, giving me a raise, and moving me to a better house, you are treating my parents as a bargaining chip. This is not proper. What kind of person do you want in your service?" General Xiao asked him, "Am I not worth you staying?" Zheng Xing replied, "You control seven counties, lead the troops of the Qiang and Hu tribes, serve the court, and have the greatest contributions and the highest prestige. You are a minister directly appointed by the emperor, and entering the capital will surely make you a senior official. As for me, I am just an ordinary person who dares not hide from worldly affairs. By following you, I seek promotion and am not worried about missing opportunities, and I also seek to be close to the emperor without fearing that I won't see him. This is why I will not go against your plans. However, I must mourn for my parents, and this cannot be delayed. I hope to bring my wife home to bury my parents. Why doubt me?" General Xiao said, "Alright, that's how it will be." He quickly packed his things and allowed him to return home with his wife. That year was the sixth year of the Jianwu era.
Du Lin, the former Censor, had previously lived with Zheng Xing in Longyou and recommended Zheng Xing to the emperor, saying: "I believe that Zheng Xing from Henan is a man of integrity who adheres to principles, is well-versed in the 'Book of Songs' and the 'Book of Documents,' loves ancient classics, possesses unique insights, and is not easily misled. He has the same virtues as Gongsun Qiao and Guanshefu and should serve at the emperor's side, overseeing important matters. In the past, Zhang Zhongfu assisted King Xuan of Zhou, and Yan Ji also assisted him, which delighted the poets. I urge Your Majesty to take a moment to consider him, as this would greatly benefit the country." The emperor then summoned Zheng Xing to serve as a Grand Master of the Palace.
On the last day of the third month in the second year, there was a solar eclipse. Zheng Xing subsequently wrote to the emperor:
"The 'Spring and Autumn Annals' state that abnormal celestial phenomena indicate disasters, abnormal occurrences on earth are omens, and when people violate moral principles, chaos ensues, resulting in calamities. In recent years, disasters have been frequent, likely due to the negligence of those in power."
The "Spring and Autumn Annals" records: "In the seventeenth year of Duke Zhao, on the first day of the sixth month of summer, there was an eclipse of the sun." This indicates that a solar eclipse occurred on the first day of the sixth month that year. The book explains: "The sun strayed from its normal path and had not yet reached its proper position, and three constellations exhibited ominous signs. Therefore, all officials presented auspicious items, the ruler did not hold ceremonies, avoided inauspicious times, played music, made sacrifices with offerings, and the historian recorded the event." It is now the beginning of summer, when the yang energy is strong and the yin energy has not yet appeared, making this celestial anomaly even more alarming. Without sound policies, celestial anomalies will occur, disasters will follow, and caution is essential! The key lies in understanding the people's sentiments and appointing talented individuals to important positions. Yao recognized Gun's shortcomings yet still appointed him, demonstrating Yao's humility, wisdom, and consideration for the people's needs. Duke Huan of Qi reformed his political policies and appointed Guan Zhong; Duke Wen of Jin appointed Xi Hu when he returned to the country. These are examples of selecting capable individuals without favoritism. Currently, the court ministers all recommend Guo Ji, the Governor of Yuyang, for the position of Grand Minister of Works, but the decision has been delayed, and rumors are circulating that the court intends to reappoint meritorious officials. Reappointing meritorious officials would disrupt the proper arrangement of talent. I hope Your Majesty will take lessons from Tang Yao and Yu Shun, and look to Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin, be humble and prudent, heed the will of the people, and thereby successfully appoint the capable individuals recommended by your ministers.
The meeting of the sun and moon usually occurs on the first day of the lunar month, but in recent years, solar eclipses have often occurred on the last day of the month. The early occurrence is due to the moon's increased speed. The sun is a symbol of the ruler, and the moon is a symbol of the subject. If the ruler is impatient, the subjects will be forced to speed up. This year, there was a heavy frost in the first month, and since then, the cold weather has persisted, which is an urgent warning and punishment from heaven. The emperor is a wise ruler, like a kind father to a filial son, repeatedly admonishing him, hoping he can correct his mistakes; thus, the continuous disasters are actually a blessing for the nation! Now the emperor is wise, but the courtiers are anxious and should consider adopting gentle and effective policies, following the governance methods of the "Hong Fan," widely listening to opinions, and accepting everyone's suggestions.
The memorial was submitted, and the emperor embraced many of the suggestions.
The emperor once asked Xing about the matter of the suburban sacrifice, saying, "I want to use prophetic verses to predict fortunes and misfortunes, what do you think?" Xing replied, "I don't understand prophetic verses." The emperor got angry, saying, "You don't understand prophetic verses, do you oppose them?" Xing said fearfully, "I haven't learned some parts of the classics yet; I dare not comment." The emperor's anger subsided. Xing frequently engaged in political discussions, adhered to the classics, upheld principles, and wrote elegantly, but because he was not good at explaining prophetic verses, the emperor could not rely on him.
It is said that when Emperor Liu Xiu had been emperor for nine years, he sent him to oversee the General of Southern Conquest and stationed troops in Jinxiang. As a result, General Cen Peng was killed by assassins, and he took over Cen Peng's army. Then he and Grand Marshal Wu Han together attacked Gongsun Shu. After Gongsun Shu died, the emperor ordered him to stay in Chengdu to garrison. Not long after, an imperial censor accused him of privately buying slaves and maids, resulting in his demotion to a minor official position. At that time, the world had just experienced war, the counties were all in ruins, and he was planning to build cities, restore rituals, and govern the place well, but he was dismissed due to this incident.
This person, Liu Xiu, had a particular passion for studying ancient classics, especially skilled in "Zuo Zhuan" and "Zhou Guan," and is also very knowledgeable in calendrical calculations. Renowned scholars at the time, such as Du Lin, Huan Tan, and Wei Hong, all studied his insights closely. People say that most of those who study "Zuo Zhuan" have been influenced by him, while Jia Kui carried on his father's scholarly legacy, which eventually gave rise to the two prominent schools of Zheng Xuan and Jia Kui. After resigning from his post as Lianshao Ling, he never held an official position again, teaching in his hometown of Wenxiang, and although he was summoned multiple times by the court, he refused to take up office. In the end, he passed away peacefully at home, leaving behind many sons.
His son, named Liu Zhong, styled Zhongshi. At the age of twelve, he began studying "Zuo Zhuan" with his father, working diligently and mastering the "San Tong Li," and even writing the "Spring and Autumn Difficulties and Regulations." He was also well-versed in the "Book of Changes" and the "Book of Songs," gaining a modest reputation at the time. During the Jianwu period, the Crown Prince and Prince of Shanyang, Jing, sent the Tiger Elite General Liang Song to present silk in an attempt to win over Liu Zhong and have him enter the court as an advisor. Liu Zhong told Liang Song, "The Crown Prince is the heir; he should not engage in private dealings with outsiders. The Han Dynasty has rules, and the princes should not have private dealings with guests." So he refused. Liang Song then advised him, "You should not go against the wishes of your elders!" Liu Zhong replied, "If breaking the law leads to punishment, it's better to uphold principles and die with integrity!" The Crown Prince and Prince of Shanyang were surprised to hear this and did not press him any further. Later, Liang Song's actions were exposed, and many guests were implicated, but Liu Zhong, because he stood by his principles, was not implicated at all.
At the beginning of the Yongping period, he was summoned to the Ministry of Works as an aide, later promoted to Yuezhi Sima, and then returned to the position of aide. At that time, envoys from the Northern Xiongnu came seeking a marriage alliance.
Eight years later, Emperor Han Xianzong sent many people with official seals to visit the Xiongnu. When these people arrived at Beiting, the Xiongnu wanted them to kneel and show their respects, but they firmly refused. The Xiongnu Chanyu was very angry and ordered that they be surrounded, cutting off their water and food supply, in an attempt to force them to submit. These people drew their knives and swore an oath to die rather than yield. The Chanyu was frightened and stopped the siege, then sent messengers to escort them back to the capital.
The court reconvened to deliberate on whether to send envoys to respond to the Xiongnu. These people submitted a memorial advising: "It is said that the Northern Chanyu seeks Han envoys to divide the power of the Southern Chanyu and strengthen the alliance of the Thirty-Six Kingdoms. He also wants to boast about the Han dynasty's policy of peace, intimidate surrounding enemies, cause hesitation among the Western Regions regarding submission to the Han dynasty, and make those who were already loyal to the Han dynasty lose hope. Upon their arrival, the Han envoys display arrogance and self-righteousness. If we send envoys again, the Xiongnu will surely think their scheme has succeeded, and those who oppose peace in the court will no longer dare to speak. As a result, the Southern Chanyu’s power will be undermined, and the Wuhuan will turn disloyal. The Southern Chanyu has long lived within Han territory and has a deep understanding of the situation. If a split occurs, they could quickly become a border threat. Fortunately, the military stationed on the northern border has demonstrated the might of the Han dynasty, and even without a show of force, they wouldn't dare act recklessly." The Emperor did not listen and still sent the envoys.
These individuals wrote again, stating: "When we went on missions before, we did not kneel to the Xiongnu Chanyu. Because of this, the Chanyu bears a grudge against us and has sent troops to besiege us. Now, we are ordered to go on another mission, and we are certain to be insulted. We cannot bear to kneel before the Xiongnu in their fur coats while holding the insignia of the Great Han. If we are subdued by the Xiongnu, it will damage the dignity of the Great Han." The Emperor still did not listen, so these individuals had no choice but to set out. Along the way, they persistently petitioned against it. The Emperor issued a decree sternly rebuking them, had them arrested and confined in the Tingwei. They were later released and granted amnesty.
Later, when the Emperor received the Xiongnu envoy, he inquired about the ceremonial interactions between these individuals and the Chanyu. Everyone said that the Xiongnu were praising the courage and spirit of these individuals, even Su Wu could not compare to them. So the Emperor summoned these individuals again, appointed them as military officers, and ordered them to attack Cheshi together with the General of the Tiger Elite. Upon arriving in Dunhuang, they were appointed as Generals responsible for guarding the Western Regions. When the Xiongnu threatened Cheshi and surrounded the military officer, these individuals led troops to rescue them. They were later promoted to the position of Governor of Wuwei, diligently organizing the defense of the border, making the Xiongnu refrain from invading. They were later promoted to Left Fengyi, with remarkable achievements and a widely renowned reputation.
In the sixth year of Jianchu, he replaced Deng Biao as the Grand Minister of Agriculture. At that time, Emperor Su of Han wanted to restore the state monopoly on salt and iron, but many opposed it, believing it was unfeasible. The Emperor criticized them harshly on several occasions, and some were even impeached because of it, but these individuals still insisted on their own opinions and did not change their minds. In the end, the Emperor did not adopt their views. This Grand Minister of Agriculture was renowned for his integrity and honesty throughout his tenure. Later, he was commissioned to compile the "Spring and Autumn Annals" in nineteen volumes. He passed away eight years later.
His son An Shi also inherited the family estate and served as the stable master of Changle Palace and Weiyang Palace. During the Yanguang era, Emperor An of Han deposed the crown prince and appointed An Shi as the King of Jiyin. An Shi, along with Grand Chancellor Huan Yan, Grand Servant Lai Li, and others, submitted a memorial advising against this decision. By the time Emperor Shun of Han ascended to the throne, An Shi had already died. The court posthumously awarded him wealth and textiles, and appointed his son Liang as a court attendant. The contributions of their family are also documented.
Fan Sheng, with the courtesy name Bianqing, was a native of Daijun. His parents died when he was young, and he was taken in by relatives. At the age of nine, he had already mastered the Analects and the Classic of Filial Piety, and as he matured, he studied the I Ching and the Tao Te Ching, and later went on to teach his own students.
When Wang Mang was the Grand Minister of Works, Wang Yi recruited him to be the Historiographer. At that time, Wang Mang frequently launched wars and imposed various taxes. Fan Sheng wrote a memorial to Wang Yi, saying, "I have heard that filial piety is not causing distress to one's parents, and loyalty is not going against the ruler's orders. Everyone now praises the court for its wisdom and your fairness. A truly fair person can see everything clearly; a truly wise person can hear everything clearly. The events happening in the world today are as evident as the sun and the moon, as deafening as thunder, yet the court turns a blind eye and deaf ears. Who can the ordinary people appeal to? You are aware of these situations but do not speak up; that is neglect. Knowing the situation but obeying orders is an even greater mistake. You cannot avoid both situations, and it is only natural for people to resent you. The court sees disobedience in remote areas as the greatest threat, but I believe the dissatisfaction of the local people is a more serious concern. The court's actions go against the current situation, and what they do goes against reason, like chasing a falling cartwheel, reaching for boiling water; the further back you go, the more dangerous it becomes, and the later you act, the more frightening it is. It is the beginning of spring, yet you are launching expeditions. The people are starving, fields are barren, food prices are soaring; a bushel of rice costs thousands of pieces of silver, and officials and ordinary people are in dire straits. This is not how a country should be. If this continues, the barbarians and bandits will hold the passes, and the bandits of Qingzhou and Xuzhou will attack the court's camp. I have a solution that could resolve the current crisis and restore order, but I can’t put it in writing. I hope you can summon me to explain my thoughts in detail." Although Wang Yi agreed with his words, he ultimately did not accept them. Fan Sheng feigned illness to request a resignation, but Wang Yi refused and sent him off to Shangdang in a carriage. Fan Sheng then joined the Han army and stayed there, not returning.
In the 26th year of the Guangwu Emperor's reign, Liu Xiu summoned me to the Huai Palace and appointed me as a Yilang official, and later promoted me to a Doctor. I submitted a memorial requesting to resign from my position, saying, "I have been studying the Liangqiu Yi with Doctor Liang Gong and the Prefect of Shanyang, Lv Qiang. Both of these elderly scholars are very knowledgeable in the classics, but I have not retired according to the rules and continue to serve as a Doctor with Liang Gong. Although I understand Lv Qiang's scholarship well, I have not reached their level. I am ashamed to face these two seniors. I can only recite without practicing and understand without expressing it. I am not qualified to be a teacher, so I wish to resign from my position as a Doctor to allow Liang Gong and Lv Qiang to take on the role." The Emperor did not agree, but instead valued me even more, frequently summoning me and seeking my opinions on important matters.
At that time, the Minister of Personnel, Han Xin, submitted a memorial proposing to establish Doctorate positions for the Fei Shi Yi and the Zuo Shi Chunqiu. The Emperor ordered everyone to discuss this matter. In the first month of the 28th year, the court summoned officials, ministers, and Doctors to the Yuntai Palace for a discussion. The Emperor said, "Doctor Fan Sheng, please share your thoughts first." I stepped forward and responded, "The Zuo Shi Chunqiu was not written by Confucius, but by Qiu Ming, passed down orally between teacher and disciple. The true authorship cannot be verified, and it is not a recognized classic by the previous emperors. There is no reason to establish a Doctorate position." Then Han Xin, myself, and other officials engaged in a heated debate on this issue, which continued until noon. After I stepped back, I submitted a memorial outlining my views:
It is said that if a ruler does not study ancient classics, he cannot conform to the will of heaven; if ministers do not present old stories, they cannot serve the ruler. Your Majesty, you have shown compassion for those lacking knowledge, diligently studied the classics with the aim of being well-informed, which is why various different schools of thought have emerged one after another. Recently, someone suggested establishing a Doctor of the Jing Yi, and the officials in the court could not come up with the right opinions. As soon as the Jing Yi was accepted, complaints arose regarding the Fei Yi, and the Zuo Zhuan followed suit, hoping to be accepted. The Jing Yi and Fei Yi have been implemented, and now there are those who advocate for the Gao Yi, along with the Zou Zhuan and Jia Zhuan from the Chun Qiu school. Now that the Zuo Zhuan and Fei Yi have established Doctors, the Gao Yi, Zou Zhuan, and Jia Zhuan, these peculiar interpretations from the Five Classics, are also demanding the establishment of Doctors, each with their own assertions, arguing among themselves, leading to conflicting opinions. If their opinions are adopted, they will go astray; if not adopted, they will lose popular support. Your Majesty may also grow weary of hearing this. Confucius said, "Study widely and then summarize, and you will not deviate from the right path." Without summarizing, studying may lead you astray! Yan Yuan said, "Use various knowledge to enrich my understanding, use rituals to regulate my behavior." Confucius can be said to understand the way of education, while Yan Yuan can be said to be good at learning! Laozi said, "Learning the Dao reduces every day." Reduce, which means to summarize. It also said, "Abandon superficial learning, and you will not have worries." Let go of those unreliable teachings. Now the Fei Yi and Zuo Zhuan schools lack genuine teachers, but have many contradictions. The late Emperor and past dynasties had doubts about this, so even though the Jing Yi was accepted, it was eventually abolished. Doubts regarding the Dao should not be entertained, nor should doubts about practical matters be acted upon.
The creation of the Book of Songs and the Book of Documents has a long history. Confucius traveled to various states to observe until he felt the time was right. He returned from the state of Wei to the state of Lu and organized the "Odes" and "Eulogies" in the Book of Songs. Now, Your Majesty, you have just established the world, and various systems have not yet been fully established. Although you have set up the Imperial Academy, there are no students. The Book of Songs and the Book of Documents have not been explained, and the rites and music system have not been adjusted. I now propose the establishment of scholars for "Zuo Zhuan" and "Fei Shi Yi." This is not an urgent matter! Confucius said, "Exploring those side paths and deviations is detrimental!" The ancient book says, "Spread doubt when you hear doubtful statements, spread credibility when you hear credible statements, so the way of Yao and Shun can endure." I hope Your Majesty will question what the late emperor questioned and trust what he trusted, to demonstrate a return to the fundamentals, avoiding stubbornness. The differences in the world stem from the lack of a common standard. The Book of Changes states, "The changes of all things in the world depend on the principle of 'Zheng'." It also says, "Rectify the fundamentals, and all things will fall into place." The foundation of the Five Classics started with Confucius. I hereby present to you the fourteen errors found in "Zuo Zhuan."
At that time, some opposed it, arguing that Sima Qian relied too heavily on "Zuo Zhuan," and that he violated the principles of the Five Classics and distorted Confucius's words, listing thirty-one things that should not be accepted from "Zuo Zhuan." So the emperor ordered the dismissal of these scholars.
Later, because his former wife accused him of something, he was arrested and subsequently imprisoned. After being released, he returned to his hometown. During the Yongping era, he served as the county magistrate of Liaocheng, but was dismissed for misconduct, eventually passing away at home.
Chen Yuan, with the courtesy name Changsun, was from Guangxin County in Cangwu Commandery. His father, Chen Qin, was an expert in the "Zuo Zhuan" and had once worked for Jia Hu in Liyang. He was a contemporary of Liu Xin, but they each established their own schools of thought. Wang Mang once studied the "Zuo Zhuan" under Chen Qin and appointed him as General of Overcoming Difficulties. Chen Yuan inherited his father's career from a young age, studying phonetics diligently to the point of isolating himself from the local community. Later, due to his father's reputation, he became an official.
In the early years of the Jianwu period, Chen Yuan, along with Huan Tan, Du Lin, and Zheng Xing, were highly esteemed by the scholars of their time. It was suggested to establish a Doctorate of "Zuo Zhuan," but Fan Sheng argued that the content of "Zuo Zhuan" was superficial and not worthy of a doctorate. Upon learning of this, Chen Yuan personally wrote a letter to the emperor at the palace gate:
"Your Majesty, you have restored order and balanced civil and military virtues. The complexities of the classics and the challenges of distinguishing truth from falsehood must weigh heavily on you. Every morning at court, you convene your ministers to discuss the teachings of the sages. You know that Qiu Ming is extremely wise, a direct disciple of Confucius, and that the "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Guliang Zhuan" were passed down through the ages. Therefore, your decree to establish a Doctorate of 'Zuo Zhuan' and solicit input from all shows that you are not acting alone but seeking the views of many. Currently, critics are immersed in what they have already learned, clinging to outdated views and stubbornly upholding false beliefs, rather than pursuing firsthand, practical truths. Few study the discipline of 'Zuo Zhuan,' making it vulnerable to appropriation by other schools. The finest music often goes unappreciated by the masses, hence Boya breaking his zither strings; the most precious treasures cannot be loved by the public, hence Bian He weeping tears of blood. If even the sage Confucius was not fully embraced by society, how can mere words on bamboo slips be accepted? It is only natural for those who follow trends blindly to reject such ideas. If not for your wise and discerning leadership, who could understand these matters? I humbly submit this for your consideration."
I found that Dr. Fan Sheng and his colleagues submitted a memorial stating that *Zuo Zhuan* should not be classified as a classic, and also mentioned that there are as many as forty-five instances in which Sima Qian is said to have violated regulations. Upon careful examination of what they said, their arguments are contradictory, focusing on minor details and deliberately distorting meanings. They exaggerate minor discrepancies in time periods into major errors; a slight omission is characterized as a serious offense. They only nitpick and overlook the merits of the book, which is reminiscent of the saying, "minor arguments can undermine a point, and minor points can overturn significant principles"!
Fan Sheng and his colleagues also stated: "The former emperor did not classify *Zuo Zhuan* as a classic, so he did not appoint doctors; therefore, the current emperor should follow the former emperor's practice." In my view, if we must strictly adhere to the former emperor's practices, then King Wen of Zhou should not have moved the capital to Yin, the Duke of Zhou should not have built Luo Yi, and Your Majesty should not have relocated the capital to Shandong. Back then, Emperor Xiaowu preferred *Gongyang Zhuan*, Crown Prince Wei preferred *Guliang Zhuan*, and the emperor even ordered Crown Prince Wei to study *Gongyang Zhuan* and forbade him from studying *Guliang Zhuan*. However, when Emperor Xiaoxuan was alive, he heard that Crown Prince Wei preferred *Guliang Zhuan*, so he secretly started studying it himself. After becoming emperor, he attended the Shiqu Conference, where *Guliang Zhuan* flourished and is still mentioned alongside *Gongyang Zhuan* to this day! This illustrates that emperors throughout history have made their own choices and do not necessarily have to follow each other. Confucius once said: "I stick to simplicity and frugality like the common people, but when it comes to paying respects to those below me, I sometimes go against the norm." Truly insightful individuals can think independently and are not swayed by surface appearances; those with true listening skills can make independent judgments and are not disturbed by noisy voices. Therefore, even someone with sharp eyesight like Li Zhu wouldn't let clever illusions change their perspective; even someone with exceptional hearing like Shi Kuang wouldn't be swayed by new sounds.
Now that the war has basically subsided, we should pay attention to the teachings of the sages and cherish Confucian scholars. We should emulate Confucius' gesture of showing respect, follow the profound insights of the sages, distinguish right from wrong, formally establish the status of the "Zuo Zhuan," explain the unresolved matters of the ancient sages, dispel the doubts of scholars, and ensure this foundation is passed down through the generations, so that future generations will no longer be confused; then the world will be fortunate!
Although I am foolish and crude, I have also studied the teachings of my teachers. If I can wear coarse clothes and be summoned, I am willing to kneel in the courtyard, promote the right path of Confucius, and clear the grievances for Qiu Ming (Zuo Qiuming); if my words do not align with the classics and the events do not match historical facts, I would accept severe punishment, even death, willingly, because I would die contentedly.
After the memorial was submitted, Fan Sheng engaged in a fierce debate with Mr. Yuan, submitting more than ten times. The emperor ultimately decided to adopt the "Zuo Zhuan" as the official Confucian text, and the Ministry of Rites selected four doctors, with Mr. Yuan ranking first. However, because the emperor had previously clashed with Mr. Yuan, he still harbored some displeasure, so in the end, he appointed the second-ranked Sili Censor Li Feng. This sparked a major uproar in the court, from high-ranking officials to ordinary officers, all debating the adoption of the "Zuo Zhuan." Unfortunately, Li Feng died of illness at this time, and the "Zuo Zhuan" was once again put on hold.
Mr. Yuan is well-known for his outstanding talent and has been invited by Sikong Li Tong to serve in his household. At this time, the Grand Minister Jiang Feng submitted a memorial suggesting that the Inspector of the Justice Department should supervise the review of the Three High Officials (Prime Minister, Grand Commandant, Minister Over the Masses). This matter was submitted to the Three Offices for deliberation. Mr. Yuan wrote to the Emperor about this matter, stating: "I have heard that a ruler takes his teacher as his teacher, and a vassal takes his guest as his teacher. Therefore, King Wu took Taigong as his teacher, and Duke Huan of Qi took Guan Zhong as his fatherly mentor. Confucius said, 'All officials ought to heed the Chief Minister's commands.' In recent examples, Emperor Gaozu respected the rituals of the Duke of Zhou, and Emperor Taizong granted power to his ministers."
During the Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang, at a time when the Han Dynasty was in decline, he seized power, deceived the people, and was self-righteous, not trusting his ministers. He took away the power of assisting the ruler, weakened the prestige of the prime minister, and viewed informing and criticizing as displays of cleverness and integrity. Even to the point where slaves reported on their masters, and brothers reported on their siblings, the laws were severe, leaving the ministers powerless. However, he ultimately failed to prevent Dong Zhong's rebellion and met with disgrace. Therefore, a ruler should beware of their own arrogance and conceit, rather than the arrogance of their ministers; a ruler should be wary of their own autocracy, rather than of appointing others. Therefore, although King Wen toiled diligently and Duke of Zhou was humble and cautious, there are no accounts of them being eager to inform or supervise.
Nowadays, the four directions are still in turmoil, the world has not yet been unified, and the people are closely watching the movements of the court. Your Majesty should learn from the wisdom and regulations of the two emperors Wen and Wu, inherit the virtues of your ancestors, humbly treat scholars and respect the talented. It is indeed inappropriate to allow officials to oversee those who assist the ruler.
The emperor heeded his advice and issued a decree. Li Tong was dismissed from his position, and later Mr. Yuan was appointed by Situ Ouyang She to work in his household, repeatedly advising the emperor on the contemporary pros and cons as well as the rituals of sacrificial ceremonies, but the emperor did not heed his counsel. Later, Mr. Yuan resigned due to illness and died at home in old age. His son Yuan Jianqing is very talented.
Jia Kui, styled Jingbo, hails from Pingling in Fufeng. Nine generations back, his ancestor Jia Yi was the Grand Tutor to the Prince of Liang during Emperor Wen of Han's reign. His great-grandfather Jia Guang was the Administrator of Changshan, and during Emperor Xuan of Han's reign, he relocated from Luoyang to that region. His father Jia Hui studied the "Zuo Zhuan" under Liu Xin, the "Guoyu" and "Zhou Officials," and learned the "Ancient Documents of the Shangshu" from Tu Yun, and studied the "Mao Poetry" under Xie Manqing, writing twenty-one "Regulations of the Left."
Jia Kui completely inherited his father's studies, and at a young age, he could recite the entire texts of the "Zuo Zhuan" and the "Five Classics," utilizing the "Grand Xia Hou Shangshu" as a teaching resource for his students. Although he studied ancient learning, he was also well-versed in the interpretations of the five versions of the "Guliang Zhuan." Having studied at the Imperial Academy since childhood, he was somewhat naive about worldly affairs. Standing at eight feet two inches tall, the scholars would joke, "The one who never stops asking questions is Jia Changtou (Jia Kui)." He was gentle and kind, wise and thoughtful, upright, and possessed a strong sense of integrity. He was particularly proficient in the "Zuo Zhuan" and the "Guoyu," and authored fifty-one "Explanations." During the Yongping era, he submitted these works to the emperor. Emperor Ming of Han highly valued his works and stored them in the imperial archives.
At that time, a mythical sparrow landed in the palace, with feathers of five colors. The emperor was very curious and asked Lord Liu Fu of Linyi, but was unable to provide an explanation. Lord Liu Fu then recommended Jia Kui for his broad knowledge and talents. The emperor summoned Jia Kui and asked him about this omen. Jia Kui replied, "In the past, King Wu inherited his father's achievements and the mythical yuè zhòu bird appeared on Mount Qi; Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty conquered the barbarians, and now a divine sparrow has flown here. This is an omen that the barbarians are about to submit!" The emperor ordered the Lantai office to supply him with writing materials and asked him to write a "Divine Sparrow Ode." He then appointed him as a court official, where he worked alongside Ban Gu, proofreading imperial documents and attending to the emperor.
During the reign of Emperor Suzong of the Han Dynasty, he placed great emphasis on Confucianism, particularly appreciating the "Classic of History" and the "Zuo Zhuan." In the first year of Jianchu, the emperor decreed that Jia Kui should give lectures at the Beigong White Tiger Temple and the Nangong Yuntai Palace. The emperor greatly appreciated Jia Kui's explanations, believing that his interpretation of the "Zuo Zhuan" was deeper than that of the other two schools of thought. Jia Kui then wrote a detailed memorial, analyzing the thirty-seven events in the "Zuo Zhuan," which illustrate the principles of justice between rulers and ministers, and the principles between fathers and sons. He pointed out that about seventy to eighty percent of the content was similar to the "Gongyang Zhuan," with only minor differences in wording that did not alter the overall meaning. Regarding figures such as Jie Zhong, Ji Ji, Wu Zixu, and Shuxiang, the moral principles in the "Zuo Zhuan" were more profound and placed a greater emphasis on the relationship between rulers and their fathers compared to the "Gongyang Zhuan," which focused more on political strategies. The differences between the two had accumulated over time without a clear distinction.
Back in the Yongping period, I once memorialized that the statements in the "Zuo Zhuan" and the Tu Fu aligned. The late emperor was wise and perceptive, and he did not ignore my suggestions. He personally annotated the interpretations of the "Zuo Zhuan" and stored it in the royal library. During the Jianping period, the attendant Liu Xin rashly changed the position of the Taichang without properly discussing its essence. Confident in his deep understanding of the "Zuo Zhuan," he criticized and belittled other Confucian scholars. Those scholars were dissatisfied and opposed Liu Xin together. Emperor Xiaohuai, mindful of public opinion, demoted Liu Xin to the prefect of Hebei. From then on, there was significant backlash against the "Zuo Zhuan," leading to a major feud. During the reign of Emperor Guangwu, he demonstrated remarkable insight and sought to reintroduce the "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guliang Zhuan," but discovered that the founders of both schools lacked an understanding of the Tu Fu, causing the effort to be abandoned.
In short, the key to preserving the ancient kings' ways is to pacify the elite and govern the populace. This "Zuo Zhuan" extols the monarch and father while belittling the ministers and sons, emphasizes the prosperity of the country, weakens the collateral branches, encourages people to do good, warns people to avoid evil, and speaks very clearly, directly, and in accordance with the will of heaven. Moreover, the systems and regulations of past dynasties have always evolved, so the late emperor studied various schools of thought extensively, drawing from their essences. For example, the "Book of Changes" has the Shi and Meng schools of thought, and later established the Liangqiu school; the "Book of Documents" has the Ouyang school, as well as the Xiahou school, and the differences among these three schools arise from the same principle. Furthermore, the various schools of thought in the "Five Classics" cannot prove that Liu Bang is a descendant of Yao; only the "Zuo Zhuan" provides a clear account of this. All the various schools of thought in the "Five Classics" say that Zhuan Xu replaced the Yellow Emperor, and Yao isn't the Fire Deity. The "Zuo Zhuan" believes that Shao Hao replaced the Yellow Emperor, which is consistent with the Tu Fu's mention of "Emperor Xuan." If Yao isn't the Fire Deity, then the Han Dynasty can't claim to be the Red Deity. Thus, the findings in the "Zuo Zhuan" offer numerous insights and benefits.
Your Majesty, you possess extraordinary wisdom, have established a great sacred undertaking, reformed the era and calendar, and set a precedent for generations to come; thus, auspicious signs and good omens abound. You are diligent day and night, studying the six classical arts, carefully examining various disciplines, leaving no detail unchecked. If you were to once again focus on the neglected disciplines to showcase your wisdom, it would help prevent any oversights.
After submitting my memorial, His Majesty was very pleased, rewarding me with five hundred pieces of cloth, a set of clothes, and allowing me to select twenty students with profound knowledge from the "Gongyang Commentary" to study the "Zuo Commentary," and provided me with a collection of simplified texts and classics.
My mother has been ill for years, and His Majesty wanted to give additional rewards, but due to the excessive rewards given to the Imperial Secretary, he specially granted me two hundred thousand coins to be handed over to me by the Marquis of Yingyang, Ma Fang. His Majesty said to Ma Fang, "Jia Kui's mother is ill; this child has no other matters outside. If there is no more income, he may have to retreat to Shouyang Mountain like the son of Gu Zhu."
Jia Kui informed the Emperor that the interpretations of the "Classic of History," the classics, and the "Erya" are consistent with each other, and the Emperor ordered him to write a book on the similarities and differences between Ouyang's "Classic of History," the "Daxiao Xiahou Classic of History," and the "Classic of History." Jia Kui completed three volumes, which greatly pleased the Emperor. He then asked him to write a book on the similarities and differences between the "Qi Poetry," "Lu Poetry," "Han Poetry," and "Mao Poetry," and also requested that he write "Zhou Officials Explained." Jia Kui was later promoted to Guard Commander. After eight years, the Emperor ordered numerous Confucian scholars to select outstanding students to study the "Zuo Commentary," "Guliang Chunqiu," "Classic of History," and "Mao Poetry." From then on, these four classics began to circulate widely. The Emperor also appointed the students chosen by Jia Kui and his disciples as officials in the Kingdom of Qiancheng, enabling them to study at the Imperial Academy and attend classes daily. At that time, all the students were thrilled and looked up to them!
After Emperor He ascended the throne, in the third year of the Yongyuan era, Jia Kui was appointed as the Left Central General. Eight years later, he became a Court Attendant and also served as the Commander of the Cavalry. He often participated in confidential affairs by the emperor's side and was responsible for overseeing the secretariat, earning the emperor's trust. Jia Kui also recommended Sima Jun from Donglai and Ru Yu from Chenguo to the emperor, who summoned them and honored them with high regard. Sima Jun, styled Shaobin, was a humble and virtuous individual with a passion for learning, lived in seclusion teaching, and never accepted official summons. He was known for his honesty and integrity in his hometown, where people would seek his arbitration in disputes, and no one dared to question his decisions. Later, he became a Palace Attendant and retired due to old age and frailty, receiving an official salary from the emperor and returning to his hometown to live out his days. Ru Yu, styled Shuyi, was a man of benevolence, righteousness, and filial piety who secluded himself in the mountains after his parents passed away. He later rose to become the Prime Minister of Lu State, teaching the people through his virtuous conduct, earning their praises and attracting back many exiled residents, totaling around eight to nine thousand households.
Jia Kui wrote over one million words of commentaries, exegesis, and debates, as well as nine pieces of poetry, eulogies, elegies, letters, riddles, and drinking songs. Many scholars viewed him as a paragon of learning, and later generations referred to him as a learned scholar. However, he was often criticized for his lack of attention to detail, which contributed to his relatively low official rank. Jia Kui passed away in the thirteenth year of Yongyuan at the age of seventy-two, and the court appointed his two sons to serve as attendants to the Crown Prince.
A commentary on the text remarked that the teachings of Zheng Xuan and Jia Kui were revered for centuries as the gold standard of Confucian scholarship, but in truth, they were not without their flaws. Huan Tan was exiled for his inadequacies in the field of divination, Zheng Xing escaped punishment due to his humility, and Jia Kui's success was attributed to his skill in flattery. It's truly sad that rulers evaluate knowledge by such standards!
Zhang Ba, courtesy name Bo Rao, was from Chengdu, Sichuan. He was thoughtful and dutiful from a young age, and his manners were very proper. The people in his hometown referred to him as "Zhang Zengzi." At the age of seven, he was already able to read the "Spring and Autumn Annals" and wanted to continue studying other classics. His parents replied, "You're still too young for that." Zhang Ba said, "I can do it." This is why he was given the courtesy name "Rao."
Later, he studied the "Yan Shi Gongyang Spring and Autumn" with the Changshui Colonel Fan Shi, and then extensively studied the "Five Classics." Many students, such as Sun Lin, Liu Gu, and Duan Zhu, admired him and bought houses near Zhang Ba's home to study with him.
He was recommended as a filial and upright official, served as the Chief of Sacrifices, and gradually rose through the ranks of government. During the Yongyuan era, he became the governor of Kuaiji. He recommended recluses Gu Feng and Gong Sunsong from the county to serve as officials. Gu Feng later became the governor of Yingchuan, and Gong Sunsong became the Colonel of the Imperial Guards, both of whom were well-known. Other talented individuals were also recognized and given opportunities. The entire county was inspired to learn, with thousands of people studying the classics, and the sound of reading could be heard everywhere.
Initially, Zhang Ba felt that the "Yan Shi Spring and Autumn" edited by Fan Shi had too much text, so he further edited it down to 200,000 characters and renamed it "Zhang's Learning."
When Zhang Ba first arrived in Kuaiji, the bandits had not yet been subdued, and the county was in turmoil. He wrote letters offering rewards, clearly stating that he would fulfill his promises. As a result, the bandits surrendered without much resistance. At that time, there was a nursery rhyme that said, "Put down my halberd, toss aside my spear; the bandits have vanished, and the officials can now take a break." After serving as the governor of Kuaiji for three years, he said to his subordinates, "From being a lonely and helpless person, I have reached the position of county governor. It's like the sun setting in the west at midday and the moon waning after it's full. As Laozi said, 'Knowing contentment brings honor.'" He then submitted his resignation and retired to his home.
It is said that Zhang Ba was later summoned to the court and promoted four times, eventually becoming an attendant to the emperor. At that time, the brother of the empress, General Deng Zhi, held immense power, and upon hearing of Zhang Ba's reputation, wanted to befriend him. However, Zhang Ba hesitated and did not agree, and others mocked him for missing the opportunity. Later, Zhang Ba suddenly passed away in the early hours of the morning at the age of seventy. Before he died, he instructed his sons, saying, "When I served as the Inspector of Yanzhou, my sons died in Yingshi County and Boxian County, and they were buried by the roadside. Now that the Shu Road is so far away, it wouldn’t be practical to transport the bodies back to our hometown for burial. Just bury me here, as long as my hair and teeth can be laid to rest. You must follow my wishes and bury me as soon as possible; this aligns with my true wishes. In life, one should have respect for others, and if one fails to do well, they should accept the consequences with grace." His sons honored his wishes and buried him in Liang County, Henan, where they later settled. Later, the Master Craftsman Zhai Pu and others, along with Zhang Ba's Confucian disciples, compiled his life story and posthumously conferred upon him the title "Xianwen."
His second son, Zhang Kai, whose courtesy name is Gongchao, is knowledgeable in the "Yan Shi Chunqiu" and "Gu Wen Shang Shu," with around a hundred disciples year-round. Guests come in droves seeking his reputation, from old friends of his father's generation to newly arrived scholars, all coming to pay their respects. The streets are crowded with carriages and horses, and the throngs of people following him are relentless. Even palace eunuchs and the families of high-ranking officials gather in the alleys, hoping to gain some advantage from seeing the guests. Zhang Kai despises the noise and commotion, often relocating to escape it. His family is impoverished and has no other means of support, so he frequently rides his donkey to the county to sell herbal medicine, earning enough to cover his living expenses before returning to the countryside. Later, the county commander recommended him for his talent and appointed him as the magistrate of Changling, but he did not accept the position. He withdrew to the Hongnong Mountains, where many scholars flocked to study under him, and his residence gradually turned into a bustling market, which eventually led to the establishment of "Gongchao Market" in southern Huayin Mountain. The court summoned him five times to take up an official position and even recommended him for his virtue and integrity, all of which he declined.
In the first year of the Han'an era, Emperor Shun issued a special edict to the Prefect of Henan stating, "The former magistrate of Changling, Zhang Kai, emulates ancient virtues in his conduct; his integrity is comparable to that of Yi and Qi. He looks down on the wealthy and favors the poor, secluded in the mountains, with noble aspirations that transcend worldly matters. He has been summoned many times before; is it possible that local officials are adhering too rigidly to the rules and failing to recognize talent, which makes it difficult for him to serve?" County officials sent representatives to persuade him in accordance with proper etiquette, but Zhang Kai declined, citing illness as his reason.
This person was particularly passionate about studying Daoism, so much so that he could conjure up fog that was five li thick. At that time, there was a man named Pei You in the Guanxi region who could also conjure up fog three li thick, but he felt he couldn't match this person and wanted to become his apprentice. However, this fellow avoided him. Later, when Emperor Huan ascended to the throne, Pei You turned his fog-conjuring skills to a life of banditry, but he was exposed and arrested. He even implicated his teacher, claiming that he had learned this skill from him. As a result, the teacher was imprisoned in the Court of Justice for two years. While in prison, he didn't waste his time, but continued to study and write a commentary on the "Book of Documents." Eventually, due to a lack of solid evidence, he was released and went back home. In the third year of Jianhe, the court sent a grand procession to formally invite him to serve as an official, but he refused, citing poor health. When he was seventy years old, he passed away peacefully at home, leaving behind a son named Ling.
His son Ling, whose courtesy name was Chuchong, later became a high-ranking official. During the Yuanjia period, when court officials went to pay New Year's respects to the emperor, the Grand General Liang Ji unexpectedly strode into the palace with a sword! Ling rebuked him and ordered him to lower his sword, commanding the Imperial Guards and Tiger Guards to disarm Liang Ji. Liang Ji was frightened and quickly knelt down to apologize, but Ling brushed him off and directly accused him, demanding a trial by the Tingwei. In the end, the emperor ordered Liang Ji to atone for his actions by forfeiting a year's salary. After this incident, the officials in court were much more cautious, and no one dared to act recklessly again.
Earlier, Liang Ji's brother Liang Buyi became the Intendant of Henan and even recommended Ling as a Filial and Incorrupt candidate. When Liang Buyi found out about Ling's accusation against his brother, he said, "When I recommended you back then, I was basically asking for trouble!" Ling replied, "You believed in my abilities and promoted me, and now that I am doing my job fairly, I see it as a way to repay your kindness." Upon hearing this, Liang Buyi's face showed a look of embarrassment. Ling had a younger brother too, named Xuan.
It is said that this man named Chuxu was a very talented and knowledgeable person. Because of the chaos in the world at that time, he was reluctant to take an official post. Sikong Zhang Wen politely invited him several times to take an official post, but was unsuccessful.
In the second year of Zhongping, Zhang Wen was appointed as the General of Chariots and Cavalry to suppress the rebels in Liangzhou, including Bian Zhang. Before he left, Chuxu, dressed in coarse clothes and a hemp belt, went to Zhang Wen in person and said, "Nowadays, there are rebellions everywhere in the world. Isn't this due to the eunuchs and ministers around the emperor ignoring the rules and causing chaos? I've heard that the eunuchs and ministers in the palace are all going to Pingleguan to see you off. General, you hold a high position commanding the national army. If you could suddenly beat the drums and rally the troops at the banquet, capture the guilty eunuchs and execute them, and then bring the troops back to Duting, eliminate the eunuchs in the palace one by one, alleviate the people's grievances, and then use loyal and righteous people who are in seclusion, wouldn't dealing with Bian Zhang and the others be as easy as child's play?"
Upon hearing this, Zhang Wen was taken aback and at a loss for words. After a long time, he said to Chuxu, "Chuxu, it's not that I don't like your suggestion, but I can't do it. What am I supposed to do?" Chuxu sighed and said, "If you act, you're a hero; if you don't, you're a criminal. I'm saying goodbye now!" With that, he picked up the medicine to take it. Zhang Wen hurriedly grabbed his hand and said, "You're loyal to me, but I can't make good use of you. This is my fault! Why do you have to do this? Besides, who's going to remember what you just said?" In the end, Chuxu left and went into seclusion in the Luyang Mountains.
Later, Dong Zhuo came to power and heard of Chuxu's reputation. He summoned him to be his advisor and suggested he become a court historian, but Chuxu declined. Dong Zhuo eventually sent troops to compel him, and Chuxu had no choice but to set out. He ultimately succumbed to illness in Luoshi County.
Praise: In medieval Confucianism, Jia and Zheng were prominent figures. Everyone hurried to learn, vying for etiquette and prestige. Sheng and Yuan upheld the classics, prioritizing righteousness over sentiment. The powerful valued restraint and avoided unnecessary conflicts. Gong Chao was skilled in many arts, and everything he touched turned to success.
