That being said, during the time of the Yellow Emperor, the water clock was invented to measure time, which was used to distinguish between day and night. Later on, this role in timekeeping became an official position; as noted in the "Rites of Zhou," there was an official responsible for this, called the "Keeper of the Water Clock." Their method divided the day into one hundred parts, with varying lengths of day and night. On the winter solstice, the day was divided into forty parts, while the night had sixty; in contrast, on the summer solstice, the day had sixty parts and the night had forty; during the spring and autumn equinoxes, both day and night had fifty parts each. The sky brightened two and a half parts before sunrise and darkened two and a half parts after sunset, totaling five parts, which were subtracted from the night and added to the day, referred to as "dusk and dawn." The markings on the water clock were adjusted according to seasonal changes. From the winter solstice to the summer solstice, the difference between the longest and shortest days totaled twenty parts. For each part of difference, it was counted as one arrow. Starting from the winter solstice, there were forty-one arrows in total. The daytime was split into five segments: morning, noon, afternoon, evening, and dusk; the nighttime was also split into five segments: first, second, third, fourth, and fifth. The points of dusk and dawn also had corresponding celestial events. Each arrow corresponded to a specific number of parts, all intended for organizing shifts and work rotations.
During the Han Dynasty, Zhang Cang retained the previous system, but there were still many loopholes. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, he carefully studied the astronomical calendar and improved the clepsydra, making it more accurately reflect the movement of celestial bodies, but it was still not entirely accurate. According to the "Hongfan Zhuan," the method used by Emperor Wu at that time was: between the winter and summer solstices, more than 180 days, with a twenty ke difference between day and night; roughly after the solstices, one ke would be added or subtracted every nine days. During the reign of Emperor Ai of Han, this method was changed to one hundred and twenty ke per day, but this method was soon abandoned. Wang Mang adopted this method after seizing power. In the early period of Emperor Guangwu, the method of one hundred ke, adjusting by one ke every nine days, was included in the "Jia Ling" and referred to as "Chang Fu Lou Pin." In the fourteenth year of Emperor He of Han, Huo Rong submitted a memorial stating: "The current official calendar, with one ke added or subtracted every nine days, does not align with the actual celestial conditions; sometimes it even differs by two and a half ke, which is inferior to the Xia calendar's clepsydra, as it can adjust the length of day and night based on the position of the sun in the north-south direction." So the emperor ordered the use of the clepsydra of the Xia calendar for timekeeping. This method is based on the position of the sun's movement on the ecliptic, with one ke added or subtracted for every deviation of two degrees and four minutes. A total of forty-eight markers were used, and it remained in use until the Wei and Jin periods without any modifications.
During the Song Dynasty, He Chengtian observed the position of lunar eclipses, as well as the length of the sun's shadow, and analyzed the variations in shadow length. He found that the shadow on the winter solstice was six degrees shorter than before. He also measured the length of the shadow on the winter solstice and found that the winter solstice was four days earlier than before. The timing tools of the past had errors that exceeded half a ke, with longer days in spring and shorter days in autumn, all stemming from an inaccurate understanding of the sun's movements at that time. Therefore, He Chengtian sought to enhance the timing method, stipulating that during the spring and autumn equinoxes, fifty-five ke should be allocated for day and night timing. This method was used during the Qi and early Liang Dynasties, and it remained unchanged.
In the sixth year of the Tianjian era of Emperor Wu of Liang, he decided to divide a day into one hundred increments, dividing them into twelve time periods, with each period having eight increments, leaving some extra. Thus, he changed the division of a day to ninety-six increments, with each period being exactly eight increments. By the tenth year of the Datong era, Emperor Wu of Liang changed the division of a day again to one hundred and eight increments, based on the reference in the "Shangshu Kaoling Yao" that there are "thirty-six qing in a day and night," which was then multiplied by three. Specifically, during the winter solstice, there are forty-eight increments of daylight and sixty increments of night; during the summer solstice, there are seventy increments of daylight and thirty-eight increments of night; during the spring and autumn equinoxes, there are sixty increments of both daylight and night; and there are three increments each for dawn and dusk. He had previously commissioned Zucen to write a book titled "Loukeng," which calculated the daily movement speed based on the celestial sphere's zodiac, the sun's speed, and the distance to the poles. During the Tianjia era of Emperor Wen of Chen, he had the official Zhu Shi create a timekeeping device that still used the traditional method of dividing a day into one hundred increments. The Zhou and Qi dynasties continued to use the timekeeping methods of the Wei dynasty, and the Jin, Song, and Liang dynasties during the same period also used the method of dividing a day into one hundred increments for timekeeping.
In the early Sui dynasty, the timekeeping method employed was the "Loukeng" created by Yin Gongzheng and Ma Xian of the Zhou dynasty. By the fourteenth year of the Kaihuang era, Sima Yuan Chong of Fuzhou submitted a new timekeeping device—the gnomon and water clock system. This timekeeping tool used short shadows and a horizontal instrument to evenly distribute the twelve time periods, calibrating the water clock by observing the hour marks cast by the sun's shadow. However, the lengths of the hour marks for the twelve periods varied, meaning that the marks for the same period could change over time. He developed a new timekeeping method based on the shadow lengths observed during the two solstices and equinoxes, as follows:
- **Winter Solstice**: sunrise at Chen Zheng (7 o'clock), sunset at Shen Zheng (15 o'clock), with forty increments of daylight and sixty increments of night; Zi, Chou, and Hai each have two increments, Yin and Xu each have six increments, Mao and You each have thirteen increments, Chen and Shen each have fourteen increments, Si and Wei each have ten increments, and Wu has eight increments. This method is intended to adjust the shadow timekeeping after fourteen days.
- **Spring and Autumn Equinox**: sunrise at Mao Zheng (5 o'clock), sunset at You Zheng (17 o'clock), with fifty increments of daylight and fifty increments of night.
At one o'clock in the morning, the hours of Chou and Hai are seven o'clock, the hours of Yin and Xu are nine o'clock, the hours of Mao and You are fourteen o'clock, the hours of Chen and Shen are nine o'clock, the hours of Si and Wei are seven o'clock, and the hour of Wu is one o'clock.
The above shows the adjustments to the sundial to be made five days later.
On the day of the summer solstice: the sun rises at the hour of Yin (three in the morning) and sets at the hour of Xu (nine in the evening), with sixty marks during the day (twelve hours) and forty marks at night (eight hours).
After nineteen days, the sundial marks should be adjusted again, adding or subtracting one mark each time.
Yuan Chong, who had no understanding of astronomical concepts such as the celestial sphere, the ecliptic, and the North Star, blindly modified the previous regulations based on his own cleverness. In practice, it was not accurate at all.
In the seventeenth year of the Kaihuang era, Zhang Zhaoyuan used the celestial globe from the Northern Wei period to calculate that on the day of the spring equinox, the sun does not rise directly in the east and set directly in the west, but slightly to the north. This result was similar to that calculated by He Chengtian, with the sun rising at the hour of Mao at three marks and fifty-five minutes, and setting at the hour of You at four marks and twenty-five minutes. The day had fifty marks and eleven minutes, and the night had forty-nine marks and forty minutes, with a difference of one sixtieth of forty marks between day and night. In the fourth year of Renshou, Liu Chao submitted the "Huangji Calendar," which calculated the speed of the sun's movement and accurately determined the dates of the twenty-four solar terms. On the day of the spring equinox, it was approximately eighty-eight days after the winter solstice and approximately ninety-three days before the summer solstice. On the day of the spring equinox, there were fifty marks during the day and fifty marks at night. He also verified that on the night of the winter solstice there were fifty-nine marks and eighty-six minutes, while during the day there were forty marks and fourteen minutes; on the day of the summer solstice, there were fifty-nine marks and eighty-six minutes during the day and forty marks and fourteen minutes at night. Between the winter solstice and the summer solstice, there was a difference of nineteen marks and seventy-two minutes (one hundred seventy-second). The missing marks calculated by Zhaoyuan and Chao were not ultimately adopted. However, their methods and systems were documented in the calendar texts and have proven to be highly detailed and accurate over time.
At the beginning of the Daye era, Geng Xun made an ancient type of clepsydra, using a leaky method to fill it with water, which he presented to Emperor Yang of Sui. The emperor was very pleased and ordered Geng Xun and Yu Wenkai to create a more precise timekeeping device using the Taoist methods passed down by the Northern Wei Daoist Li Lan, to be used during travels. He also made a "water clock that measures time based on the change of the sun's shadow," placing it under the drum tower at Qianyang Palace in the Eastern Capital, specifically for managing time. Additionally, he created a portable water clock that could be placed on a horse, enabling travelers to check the time whenever needed. The sundial measures the sun's shadow, while the clepsydra measures the flow of water; both of these devices are fundamental tools for measuring the time and astronomical phenomena in the cosmos.
The methods for making sundials and clepsydras have changed significantly from ancient times to modern times, so I will list their differences to supplement previous shortcomings.
The North Star, also known as Polaris, and the Seven Stars of the Big Dipper are all located in the Purple Palace. That brightest star serves as the pivot of the heavens. The river of stars in the sky rotates eternally, with the sun, moon, and stars alternating in their brilliance, while only the North Star remains still. Thus, it is said: "It remains in its position, and all other stars revolve around it." Figures like Jia Kui, Zhang Heng, Cai Yong, Wang Fan, and Lu Ji all regarded the North Star as the pivot of the heavens, the unmoving center. Zu Cheng used instruments to observe and found that besides the unmoving point, there is more than one degree of difference next to the North Star. The North Star is the throne of the Supreme One. The first star governs the moon, symbolizing the crown prince; the second star governs the sun, symbolizing the emperor; the third star governs the other five stars, representing the common people. This second star is the reddest and brightest one. The North Star is of the highest status. If the middle star dims, it suggests that the emperor is inattentive; if the star on the right dims, it indicates that the crown prince is in trouble.
Gou Chen is the residence of the empress, the principal wife of the Heavenly Emperor, and also the seat of the Heavenly Emperor. The four stars to the north are called the Female Imperial Palace, representing the eighty-one concubines. The central star in the Gou Chen star cluster is known as the Heavenly Sovereign. The deity associated with it is known as the Radiant Soul Treasure, who governs all immortals and holds the map of ten thousand gods. The four stars surrounding the pivot of the North Star are called the Four Assists, which aid the North Star in issuing decrees. The nine stars above the Heavenly Emperor are referred to as the Hua Gai, which serve to shield His seat. There are also nine stars arranged in a straight line called the Gang. The five stars beneath the Hua Gai are called the Five Emperors' Inner Seats, where the emperor resides in an orderly arrangement. If a guest star encroaches upon the seat in the Purple Micro Palace, it could spell trouble for the ministers. The six stars adjacent to the Hua Gai and Gang are known as the Six Jia, used for distinguishing between yin and yang and calculating the solar terms, so they are next to the emperor to issue decrees and let people know the seasons.
The star east of the North Star is known as the Underpillar Historian, responsible for recording mistakes. In ancient times, there existed left and right historians, symbolized by this star. The star to the north of the Underpillar Historian is called the Female Historian, with a lower status, responsible for passing on messages. The Han Dynasty had the position of an attendant historian. The nine stars of the Transmission House are positioned above the Hua Gai, near the Milky Way, serving as the residence for guests and symbolizing the arrival of the Hu people into the Central Plains. When a guest star approaches, it signifies a treacherous messenger and foretells an uprising by the Hu people. The five stars in the Milky Way south of the Transmission House are referred to as Zao Fu, the charioteer officials, also known as Sima or Bole. When this star dims, horses become costly. The nine stars in the Western River, resembling hooks, are known as the Hook Stars; if they align, an earthquake is likely to occur. The Tianyi Star, located south of the right star at the gate of the Purple Micro Palace, is the deity of the Heavenly Emperor, governing warfare and discerning the fates of individuals. The Taiyi Star, situated just south of the Tianyi Star, is also a deity of the Heavenly Emperor, overseeing sixteen gods and knowing the locations of wind, rain, droughts, floods, wars, famines, and plagues in various countries.
The Ziwei Constellation has fifteen stars, seven on the west side and eight on the east side, all located to the north of the Big Dipper. The largest star in the middle is called Ziwei Star, which is the throne of the Heavenly Emperor and the dwelling of the Son of Heaven, overseeing commands and measurements. The other stars are called Chang Yuan, Tian Ying, and Qi Xing; they are the guardians of Ziwei Star, akin to the ministers of the Son of Heaven. If there is a rebellion in the palace, Qi Xing will stand upright, signifying that the Son of Heaven will personally lead his troops.
The five stars below Dong Yuan are called Tian Zhu Star, responsible for the governance and religious affairs of the state, and the place where laws are promulgated. On the first and fifteenth of each month, proclamations must be displayed at Tian Zhu Star to inform the officials. The "Zhou Li" records that the patterns of laws must also be displayed every January, which is the same as the prohibitions at Tian Zhu Star. The five stars in the southeast direction inside the palace gate are called Shang Shu Star, tasked with gathering opinions and advising the Son of Heaven around the clock, like a dragon, ever ready to offer counsel. The two stars on the west side of Shang Shu Star are called Yin De Star and Yang De Star, dedicated to assisting the impoverished and aiding those in distress. The two stars on the inner side of the left side of the palace gate are called Da Li Star, responsible for adjudicating cases. The six stars outside the palace gate are called Tian Chuang Star, symbolizing the Son of Heaven's sleeping quarters, a place for rest. The two stars outside the southwest corner are called Nei Chu Star, overseeing the harem's dining, responsible for the banquets of the Empress and the Crown Prince. The six stars outside the northeast corner are called Tian Chu Star, tasked with preparing lavish meals.
The Big Dipper, with a companion star to the north of the Northern Dipper, is the pivot of the Seven Luminaries, the essence of yin and yang. It moves in the sky, commanding the four directions, ruling over the operation of the four seasons and the balance of the five elements. The first four stars of the Big Dipper are known as Xuánjī, and the last three stars are referred to as Yùhéng. The Big Dipper also symbolizes the command center, embodying the concepts of movement and transformation. The first star is Tiānshū, the second is Xuán, the third is Jī, the fourth is Quán, the fifth is Yùhéng, the sixth is Kāiyáng, and the seventh is Yáoguāng. The first four are known as Kuí, and the last three are referred to as Biāo. Shū represents heaven, Xuán represents earth, Jī represents humanity, Quán represents time, Yùhéng represents music, Kāiyáng represents law, and Yáoguāng represents stars.
Shí Shì said: The first star is the principal star, symbolizing the virtues of yang, representing the Son of Heaven; the second star is the star of law, representing yin penalties, symbolizing the female ruler; the third star is the star of command, associated with calamity; the fourth star is the punishment star, representing heavenly justice, punishing the unjust; the fifth star is the star of execution, representing the central authority, assisting the four directions, executing criminals; the sixth star is the star of danger, overseeing the heavenly granary, in charge of the five grains; the seventh star is the star of military affairs, also referred to as the response star, in charge of military affairs. He also said: the first star symbolizes Qin, the second star symbolizes Chu, the third star symbolizes Liang, the fourth star symbolizes Wu, the fifth star symbolizes Zhao, the sixth star symbolizes Yan, and the seventh star symbolizes Qi.
On this day in the sky, the Star of Kuei in the Big Dipper is indeed the prison of the nobility, and this is known as the heavenly principle! You see, the Assistant Star is always found beside the Opening Sun Star, like a helper, assisting the Big Dipper in fulfilling its mission. Some say that this Assistant Star governs emergencies and integrity, able to correct corruption and symbolizes the chancellor. When the Seven Governance Stars (Sun, Moon, Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, Earth) shine brightly, the nation thrives; when they are dim and lackluster, the nation will suffer. The more stars beside the Big Dipper, the more peaceful the nation; the fewer stars within the Big Dipper, the more the common people fear those in power, resulting in numerous lawsuits. If there are no stars for twenty days, it would spell disaster. If the Assistant Star is bright while the Big Dipper is dim, it indicates a strong minister and a weak ruler; if the Assistant Star is dim while the Big Dipper is bright, that indicates a strong ruler and a weak minister. The three stars south of the Big Dipper's ladle, plus the first star of Kuei, are collectively known as the Three Dukes, responsible for promoting virtue, coordinating the Seven Governance Stars, and harmonizing yin and yang, governing the realm as high officials.
The Six Stars of Wenchang, located in front of the Kuei Star of the Big Dipper, oversee the operation and planning of celestial principles. These six stars represent: the first is the General, leading the army with great prestige; the second is the Deputy General, akin to the Minister of Personnel, overseeing the left and right; the third is the Noble Minister, equivalent to the Minister of Rites, overseeing rituals and education; the fourth is the Minister of Revenue and Minister of Internal Affairs, responsible for rewards and promotions; the fifth is the Minister of Fate and Minister of Oddities, equivalent to the Grand Historian, overseeing fortune and misfortune; the sixth is the Minister of Justice, equivalent to the Chief Justice, assisting in handling cases. This first star, located in front of the Kuei Star of the Big Dipper, close to the inner steps, if it shines brightly and evenly, it is surely an auspicious sign!
The six stars north of the Wenchang star are called the Inner Court, which is the palace of the Heavenly Emperor. There is also a star called "Xiang," south of the Northern Dipper, which governs officials, educates the people, assists the emperor, stabilizes the country, and manages various affairs. A bright appearance of this star is considered a good omen. The Sun Guardian star is to the west of the "Xiang" star, symbolizing generals and ministers responsible for vigilance and military defense. An unusual appearance of this star signals an impending war. The four stars in the northwest are known as "Shi," representing ancient forms of corporal punishment. The Tianlao six stars lie beneath the Beidou Kuixing, serving as the noble's prison, overseeing faults and sins, used to curb violent and licentious behavior.
Taiwei is the palace of the Heavenly Emperor, the seat of the Five Emperors, and also the residence of the Twelve Dukes. The stars outside represent the Nine Ministers. Some say Taiwei resembles a scale, primarily symbolizing balance. It also serves as the Heavenly Court, overseeing various affairs, where the stars carry out the commands of the Heavenly Emperor, while the gods inspect the execution of these commands and address various issues. The two stars in the southern region's center are called Duanmen. The eastern star is called Left Law Enforcement, equivalent to the ancient Court of Judicial Review; the star to the west is called Right Law Enforcement, equivalent to the Grand Minister of Justice. Law enforcement refers to exposing wrongdoers and their misdeeds. East of Left Law Enforcement is the Left Side Gate, and west of Right Law Enforcement is the Right Side Gate. In the eastern region, there are four stars; the southernmost star is called Shangxiang, the one to the north and east is called the Sun Gate; the second star is called Cixiang, the one to the north and east is called the Zhonghua East Gate; the third star is called Cijiang, the one to the north and east is called the East Taiyin Gate; the fourth star is called Shangjiang. These four stars are collectively referred to as the Four Assistants. In the western region, there are also four stars; the southernmost star is called Shangjiang, the one to the north and west is called the West Sun Gate; the second star is called Cijiang, the one to the north and west is called the Zhonghua West Gate; the third star is called Cixiang, the one to the north and west is called the West Taiyin Gate; the fourth star is called Shangxiang. They are similarly known as the Four Assistants. If the stars in the eastern and western regions twinkle or tremble, it indicates that the dukes are plotting rebellion against the emperor. If the positions of the law enforcement stars shift, the penalties will intensify. If the Moon and the Five Stars infringe upon the Central Palace, punishment will ensue. If the Moon and the Five Stars enter Taiwei's orbit, it signifies good fortune.
The three stars in the southwest corner are called Ming Tang, which is the palace where the emperor handles state affairs. The three stars west of Ming Tang are known as Ling Tai, a high platform used for observation, mainly to observe celestial phenomena, inspect auspicious signs, and predict disasters. The star to the northeast of the left enforcement star is called Ye Zhe, which is responsible for receiving guests. The three stars northeast of Ye Zhe are known as San Gong Nei Zuo, the venue for court meetings. The three stars north of San Gong are called Jiu Qing Nei Zuo, responsible for handling various matters. The five stars west of Jiu Qing are called Nei Wu Zhu Hou, that serve the emperor in the palace and do not return to their fiefdoms. If the rituals of Bi Yong can be successfully carried out, then the lords' stars in Tai Wei Palace will shine brightly.
In Tai Wei Palace, there is a star called Huang Di Zuo, which carries the connotation of a hub. If the emperor's actions align with the will of heaven, stop in accordance with the will of the people, and remain impartial, then the seats of the five emperors in Tai Wei Palace will shine brightly, and the seats will emit light. If Huang Di Zuo does not shine brightly, then the ruler must seek out virtuous talents to assist in governance; otherwise, he will lose power. There's a saying that if the five emperors' seats in Tai Wei Palace are dim and dark blue-black, then the emperor will lose his country. The Four Emperors' seat consists of four stars, which flank Huang Di Zuo. The star in the east is the deity of the Cang Emperor, known for its spiritual power; the star in the south is the deity of the Chi Emperor, known for its fiery anger; the star in the west is the deity of the Bai Emperor, known for its inviting distance; the star in the north is the deity of the Hei Emperor, known for its luminous record.
It is said that there is a star cluster in the sky called Tai Wei Yuan, which represents the court. The northernmost star is called "Tai Zi," which is the position of the crown prince, symbolizing the heir. The star north of the crown prince is called "Cong Guan," which is the position of the attendants. The star to the northeast is called "Xing Chen," the emperor's favored minister.
The four stars called "Ping" are located inside the Duan Men, close to the right enforcement. This "Ping" acts as a barrier between the palace and the outside. The right enforcement oversees impeachment; if the ministers respect the emperor, then these stars will shine brightly and flourish.
Looking northeast, there are fifteen stars called "Langwei," representing the positions of the officials of the Lang. The original officials of the Zhou Dynasty, the Guanglu, Zhongsan, Jianyi, Yilang, and the three Shulangzhong of the Han Dynasty all belong to the category of lang officials. Some say this is akin to the present-day position of Shangshu. Lang officials are mainly responsible for defense and guarding. If the Langwei star shines brightly, it indicates that ministers could pose a threat to the emperor; others suggest that it may indicate that guests will cause trouble. If the Langwei star is incomplete, it signifies that someone will die in the future, and favored officials will be executed. If a guest star invades Langwei, it foretells that ministers will revolt.
To the north of the Langwei star, there is another star called "Langjiang," which is responsible for reviewing the army and managing military affairs. There is also a star called "Wuben," located northwest of Taiwei and south of Tainan, responsible for the officials in charge of the quiet chamber and the cavalry. Additionally, there are seven stars called "Changchen," arranged like a broom, north of the Taizi star, symbolizing the emperor's elite guard and representing strong military power. If these stars shake, the emperor must take personal action; bright starlight indicates a strong army, while dim starlight indicates a weak army.
Next are the "Three Platforms," consisting of six stars connected in pairs, starting from the Wenchang star and arranged all the way to Zhaoyao and Taiwei. Some say these represent the positions of the three dukes, referred to in the heavens as the "Three Platforms," overseeing the advocacy of virtuous governance and issuing orders. The two stars close to Wenchang on the west are called "Shangtai," responsible for longevity; the two stars in the middle are called "Zhongtai," responsible for ancestral temples; the two stars on the east are called "Xiatai," responsible for the army, symbolizing the promotion of virtuous governance and the blocking of evil. Another interpretation is that the Three Platforms form a staircase in the sky, which the deity Taiyi ascends and descends. Others say this is the Taijie, where the upper star represents the emperor, and the lower star represents the empress; the middle level, where the upper star represents the feudal lords and three dukes, and the lower star represents the ministers; the lower level, where the upper star represents scholars, and the lower star represents commoners. It harmonizes yin and yang and governs all things. If there are changes in these stars, divination should be conducted based on what they govern to assess their auspiciousness or inauspiciousness. As long as there is harmony between the monarch and ministers, these stars will remain in a normal state.
Finally, the four stars in the south are known as "Neiping," which are responsible for law enforcement and adjudication. The star north of Zhongtai is called "Dazun," representing the imperial family and aristocracy. The star south of Xiantai is called "Wuben," which is a garrison official.
Legend has it that the stars in the sky are remarkable, as they symbolize earthly affairs. Look at the "Sheti Six Stars," which are located south of the Dipper's handle, governing the nation's rise and fall, as well as its fortunes, like guardians surrounding the emperor's throne and overseeing the positions of the nine ministers. If the "Sheti" star shines brightly, the three grand ministers may become overconfident; if a guest star appears, the emperor may find himself at the mercy of others. Looking further west, there are three stars called "Zhou Ding," which pertain to the changing of dynasties. In the middle, there is a prominent star known as "Dajiao," which is considered the seat of the Heavenly Emperor, also referred to as Tiandong, governing the nation's economic affairs.
Looking north, there are three stars called "Dixi," which pertain to royal banquets and rituals. A little further north, there are three stars called "Genghe," which symbolize the heavenly spear; some refer to it as Tianfeng, representing the armies of the Hu people. If this star is unsettled, the nation may face war or funerals. If this star disappears, there may be conspiracies of war brewing within the nation. North of the "Genghe" star, there is another star called "Zhaoyao," which some believe symbolizes both spear and shield, similarly representing Hu troops, with meanings akin to the "Genghe" star. Between the "Zhaoyao" star and the Dipper's handle, there is a place called "Tianku." If this star shifts from its original position, it signals a promising sign for the national treasury. If the "Zhaoyao" star shines brightly but is not upright, the Hu people will refrain from coming to pay tribute.
To the north of the Zhaoyao Star, there are two stars called Xuange, which have a similar meaning to Zhaoyao and are said to represent the northern tribes. If a comet comes here, the Hu people will face a great defeat. To the east of the Big Dipper's handle, there are three stars called Tianqiang, also known as Tianyue, which are weapons bestowed by heaven, guarding the left side of the Palace of Purple Micro and used to repel foreign enemies. To the north of the Tianqiang star, there are three stars called Nuchuang, representing the harem and women. Further north, there are five stars called Tianban, which serve as the vanguard when the emperor goes to war, symbolizing conflict, punishment, and concealed armies, also used to repel foreign enemies. Both Tianqiang and Tianban are intended for handling emergencies. If any of these stars disappear, the country will be plunged into war.
Speaking of the stars in the sky, they are not just beautiful; they also symbolize affairs of the human realm! Look at the seven stars in the east, called Fukuang, shaped like a basket for carrying mulberry leaves, symbolizing the encouragement of silkworms. Then there are the Seven Lords and the Seven Stars, located to the east of the Zhaoyao star, which represent the heavenly positions, closely resembling the ceremonial procession of the three lords, overseeing the seven political affairs (the seven types of governance in ancient times). In front of them, there are nine stars aligned in a row, called Guansuo, said to be the prison for the lowly, also referred to as Liansuo, Yunying, or Tianlao; in short, they oversee the law and control violent offenders. This prison has a star at the entrance, which appears as if it is about to open. If these nine stars shine brightly, then there will be chaos in the world, as the prison will be overcrowded! The Seven Stars indicate a minor amnesty, while the Five Stars signify a major amnesty; if these stars begin to move, then legal punishment must be invoked, and if there is a gap in between, then a change of dynasty may be imminent. The Book of Han states that there are a total of fifteen stars in this region.
Continuing on, to the east of Guansuo is the Nine Stars of Tianji, representing the nine officials. These nine stars govern all matters of discipline and are responsible for handling all kinds of disputes. If they are bright, lawsuits will abound across the land; if they are dim, political affairs will descend into chaos, and the nation's conditions will deteriorate; and if they scatter, earthquakes and landslides will occur! Looking further east, there are the Zhinü Three Stars, celestial maidens who oversee silk, jewels, and treasures. If the emperor is filial and the gods are pleased, these Zhinü stars will shine brightly, bringing peace to the world; if the star "Nu Jiao" shines brightly, cloth prices will rise.
These four stars to the east are called "Jian Tai," which resemble a platform by the water, and are in charge of time and music. The five stars to the west are called "Jian Dao," the route for the emperor's recreational pursuits, which connected the Northern and Southern Palaces during the Han Dynasty! Between the two stars on the left and right corners are the "officials of Ping Dao," with one star to the west called "Jin Xian," responsible for recommending talents. Two stars to the north of Jiao Xiu are called "Tian Tian," and six stars to the north of Kang Xiu are called "Kang Chi," responsible for sending and receiving. One star to the north of Di Xiu is called "Tian Niu," representing sweet dew. The star in the middle of Fang Xiu is called "Sui," protecting it to maintain the balance of yin and yang. Two stars to the west of Fang Xiu are arranged north to south, called "Tian Fu," responsible for overseeing transportation, like the ceremonial vehicles in the "Book of Rites." They also oversee sacrificial rites. Four stars each in Dong Xian and Xi Xian, to the north of Fang Xiu and Xin Xiu, are the pathways of the sun and the five stars of the moon. The gate of Fang Xiu serves to guard against licentiousness. Bright stars are auspicious, dim stars are ominous; if the moon and the five stars provoke it, conspiracies will arise. Three stars each in Dong Xian and Xi Xian, arranged north to south, are called "penalty stars," responsible for atonement. There is also a star called "Jian Bi," in the northeast of Fang Xiu, near Gou Qian, responsible for overseeing passes and gates.
The Heavenly Market Enclosure in the sky is composed of twenty-two stars, located to the northeast of the Fang and Heart constellations. It governs matters of balance and gathering crowds, and some refer to it as the Heavenly Flag Court, primarily responsible for matters of execution. The stars of the Heavenly Market Enclosure are bright and lustrous, indicating a year of plentiful harvest; if the stars are few and dim, it signifies a year of poor harvest. If Mars lingers in the Heavenly Market Enclosure, it will punish disloyal ministers. There is also a saying that if Mars and the Horn constellation both linger in the Heavenly Market Enclosure, it means ministers will kill their ruler. If a comet sweeps across the Heavenly Market Enclosure, it indicates the need to migrate markets or change the capital. If a guest star departs from the Heavenly Market Enclosure, a noble will pass away. The six stars at the center of the Heavenly Market Enclosure, near the Grain constellation, are referred to as "Market Tower and Market Office," overseeing market prices and regulations. Among these six stars, the positive represents currency, while the negative signifies jewels and precious stones. If any of these stars show abnormalities, divination will be performed based on their respective domains to assess fortune or misfortune. The four stars in the northern part of the Heavenly Market Enclosure are called "Heavenly Measuring Vessels," governing measurements; the two stars to the northwest of the Heavenly Measuring Vessels are referred to as "Market Stalls," overseeing the trade of treasures and gemstones; the two stars on the inner left side of the market gate are called "Carriage Stalls," regulating the area where many merchants gather.
In the Tianji Yuán, there is a star called "Dizuo," representing the emperor's position, located to the west of the Tianji Yuán, where the heavenly court is situated. If the Dizuo star shines brightly and radiantly, it indicates good fortune for the emperor, with smooth governance; if the Dizuo star is dim and small, it foretells danger, suggesting that high officials may face calamities. The "Hou" star is located to the northeast of the Dizuo star, overseeing the observation of the changes between yin and yang. If the Hou star is bright and large, it means the ministers are powerful, and foreign tribes will yield; if the Hou star is faint and dim, it suggests stability within the nation; if the Hou star disappears, it means the monarch's position is in jeopardy; if the Hou star moves, it means the monarch is unsettled. The "Huanzhe" four stars are located to the southwest of the Dizuo star, representing eunuchs serving the monarch and those who are imprisoned. If the Huanzhe star is dim, it bodes well; if the Huanzhe star is bright, it indicates danger, which is not their usual state, foretelling troubles for the eunuchs. The "Dou" five stars are located to the south of the Huanzhe star, responsible for measurements. If the Dou star moves up, it means the measurements of the realm are unjust; if the Dou star moves down, it signals a plentiful harvest. The "Zongzheng" two stars are located to the southeast of the Dizuo star, representing the royal family’s ministers. If a comet stays near the Zongzheng star, or if the Zongzheng star loses color, it foretells impending events for the royal ministers; if a comet stays near and moves around the Zongzheng star, it indicates troubles for the emperor's kin; if a comet remains near the Zongzheng star, it suggests the death of a noble person. The "Zongxing" two stars are located to the east of the Hou star, symbolizing the emblem of the royal family, serving as the bloodline ministers who assist the emperor. If a comet stays near the Zongxing star, it forecasts discord among the royal family. The two stars in the northeast are named "Boduo" and "Tusi," responsible for textiles and butchery. The Tianjiang four stars are located to the north of the Weisu constellation, overseeing the moon. If the Tianjiang star appears incomplete, it signifies that the rivers and passes across the realm are blocked; if the Tianjiang star is bright and shaking, it signals floods and the outbreak of war; if the Tianjiang star is irregular, it forecasts a rise in horse prices; if Mars stays near the Tianjiang star, it suggests a new king is set to ascend the throne; if a comet enters the Tianjiang star, it signals a blockage in the waterways.
It is said that in the sky, there are eight stars called Tianlao, to the west of the Southern Dipper's ladle, which acts as a closure, much like a latch on a door. There are also six stars called Jianxing, located to the north of the Southern Dipper, also known as Tianqi, serving as the gate to the celestial capital. Jianxing is connected to planning, drumming, and celestial warhorses. The two stars in the south represent a celestial warehouse; the two stars in the middle represent the market and the arsenal; the two stars above are decorations on the flagpole. Between Jianxing and Dou Su, there is the Three Lights Avenue. If these stars are in turmoil, people on Earth will be restless and troubled. If the moon's halo covers them, mythical dragons will appear, and cattle and horses will get sick. If the moon and the other five stars invade them, ministers will scheme against one another, and subordinates will plot treachery; it will also lead to the disruption of traffic at the passes and cause floods. The four stars in the southeast are known as Dog Country, representing the Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Wujun tribes. If Mars lingers there, disturbances will arise among outsiders; if Venus retrogrades and stays there, Dog Country will have internal turmoil; if a guest star intrudes and remains, great thieves will emerge, and even the king of that realm may be in peril. The two stars north of Dog Country are known as Tianji, which govern the passage of time.
Tianbian Jiuxing lies to the north of Jianxing and is the chief of market officials. It is responsible for the stalls and shops in the market, similar to a market registry, knowing what precious goods are available. If these stars shine brightly, it is a good omen; if a comet encroaches and lingers here, food prices will rise, and prisoners will rebel. Hegu Sanxing and Qijiu Xing, located north of Qiuniu Xing, are the celestial war drums, in charge of the military drums and arsenal. It is also said that these three stars symbolize the emperor's three generals: the largest star in the middle is the general, the left star, also known as the southern star, is the left general, and the star on the right is the right general. The left star is responsible for guarding the passes and defending against external enemies, gathering intelligence on enemies and protecting strategic locations. The flag is the banner of the celestial drum, used as a symbol of banners. Zuoqi Jiuxing is to the left of the war drum. If the war drum stands upright, shining bright yellow, it is a good omen; if it is crooked, there will be a disaster. If this star radiates brightly, horses will fetch a high price; if it is restless, there will be war; if it is curved, the generals will make mistakes and lose their advantage. If the flag star is dangerous, a rebellion will occur. The four stars at the flag's end, arranged north to south, are called Tianfu, and Fu is the drumstick. If these stars do not shine, it can result in timing errors. They are close to Hegu; if the drumstick and drum are perfectly aligned, they are both used for drumming.
Lizhu Wuxing, located north of Xunü, is the inner palace of the Xunü star and also represents feminine celestial bodies. If the stars are misaligned, the harem will descend into chaos. If a guest star intrudes, the harem will face peril. When these stars are in their rightful positions, the harem will enjoy peace; if issues arise, the harem will spiral into chaos, and if a guest star intrudes, there will be big trouble in the harem.
The two stars north of the Xu constellation are called Siming, the next two stars north are called Silu, the next two stars north are called Siwei, and the northernmost two stars are called Sifei. Siming governs rewards and punishments and can eliminate disasters; Silu increases lifespan and blessings, which is why it is situated to the north of the six ancestral stars; violating Siwei will lead to arrogance, indulgence, and eventual downfall; Sifei tends to favor individuals when enforcing the law.
To the north of the Hugu constellation, there are five stars called Hugua, which govern conspiracies, the harem, and the harvest of fruits and vegetables. When they shine brightly, it signifies a bountiful harvest; when they are dim, it indicates a poor harvest and the harem's loss of influence. If they behave erratically, mountains will tremble and rivers will surge. There are also five stars called Baigua to the side, which govern agriculture.
The Tianjin Nine Stars act as a bridge, linking all directions. If one star is missing, the Tianjin passage will be obstructed. If the stars shine brightly and move chaotically, wars will erupt, leading to heavy casualties; if they are dim and irregular, horses will die in large numbers. If the Tianjin Nine Stars vanish, floods will ensue, or water bandits may seize power.
On the eastern bank of the river, there are seven stars called the Chariot Mansion, which governs the officials responsible for carriages and horses. To the southeast of the Chariot Mansion, there are five stars called the Human Star, which brings stability to the people and draws in those from distant lands; some also call it the Resting Star, which guards against promiscuity. Further south, there are three stars called the Internal Division Stars, and to the southeast, there are four stars called the Mortar and Pestle, which oversee the supply of military provisions. If a guest star enters these constellations, it foretells war, and all the grain in the country will be requisitioned.
North of the Tianjin star, there are four stars arranged like a balance, called Xizhong, which were ancient officials responsible for carriages and horses.
It is said that there are twenty-two stars in the sky called the Flying Serpent, located to the north of the Camp Star. The Flying Serpent governs the creatures of the water. If this star shines especially brightly, it signals unrest, and if a guest star guards it, there will be a flood, and the harvest will be poor.
Now, let's discuss the Wang Liang Five Stars, located to the north of the Kui Constellation, in the midst of the Milky Way. These are the imperial officials who accompany the emperor during his travels by carriage! Four of these stars are called Tianji, and one star beside them is called Wang Liang, also known as the Heavenly Horse. If the Wang Liang star shifts, it signifies galloping horses everywhere, bustling with activity. There is also a saying that the Wang Liang star is also called Wang Liang Bridge, which governs the wind, rain, and waterways. People also use it to divine the fortunes of bridges. If the Wang Liang star moves, it predicts war and sickness among horses. If a guest star guards it, the bridge will be blocked.
In front of Wang Liangxing, there is another star called "Ce", which is the whip that Wang Liang uses to drive the carriage, representing the emperor's charioteer, located next to Wang Liangxing. If this "Ce" star moves behind the horse, it signifies "driving the horse", suggesting that carriages and horses are abundant.
Next are the six stars known as Ge Dao, in front of Wang Liangxing, like a flying road, serving as a passage for the immortals from the Purple Palace all the way to the Milky Way. Some say that the Ge Dao star is in charge of the road; it is the route the emperor travels to visit other palaces. Some say that the Ge Dao star can resist disasters and absolve guilt; others say that it is Wang Liang's flag, or the flag of the Purple Palace, used to display authority and should remain unshaken. This flag star is used by the military.
Finally, there is the Fu Lu star, a star located south of the Ge Dao star, which is a fork in the road, a backup route for the Ge Dao star, in case there is an issue with the Ge Dao star, allowing for an alternative path. Some say it is the Grand Steward, responsible for wind and rain, also symbolizing attendants.
To the north of the Dongbi star, there are ten stars called Tianjiu, which is the official bureau responsible for managing horses, similar to modern-day post stations, tasked with delivering orders, setting up post stations, traveling day and night at high speed, racing against the clock.
The twelve constellations in the sky are called the Heavenly Generals, to the north of the Lou constellation, responsible for military affairs. The largest star at the center is the Grand Marshal of the heavens; the smaller stars surrounding him represent his soldiers and officials. If the star of the Grand Marshal shakes, it signifies war, indicating that the Grand Marshal is preparing for battle; if the small stars are not in order, it also means war. To the south, there is a star known as the Southern Gate of the Army, in charge of the entry and exit of the army.
The Tai Ling constellation has eight stars, located north of the Wei constellation. "Ling" means tomb. The star in Tai Ling resembling a curled tongue is called Ji Jing, which is responsible for major funerals. If the star in the middle of Ji Jing disappears, then the vassal states will experience funerals, common people will fall ill, wars will break out, and grain will be hoarded; if the Ji Jing star shrinks, grain will be lost. If this star is in its usual state, there will be construction in civil engineering. The star in the middle of Tai Ling is called Ji Shi; if it is very bright, it means that the number of deaths will be as numerous as mountains.
The Tian Chuan constellation has nine stars, located north of Tai Ling, within the Yellow River. One of them is called Zhou Xing, which governs ferry crossings and transportation issues, as well as managing water and drought disasters. If Zhou Xing is absent from Han Zhong, ferry crossings on the Yellow River will be disrupted. If the four central stars of Tian Chuan shine evenly and brightly, there will be peace in the world; if uneven, there will be wars or funerals. If comets appear within Tian Chuan, there will be great floods and wars. The star in the middle of Tian Chuan is called Ji Shui, which predicts water disasters.
The two stars to the west of the Miao constellation are called Tian Jie, which is the pathway of the sun, moon, and stars, governing the conditions of passes and bridges inside and outside. The star to the west of Tian Jie is called Yue. The Curling Tongue Star has six stars, located to the north, governing people's speech and assessing the presence of rumors or slander. If the Curling Tongue Star is bent, it signifies good fortune; if straight and turbulent, there will be disputes in the world. The star in the middle of the Curling Tongue Star is called Tian Chan, responsible for sorcerers and doctors.
The Five Chariots Star consists of five stars, and the Three Pillars Star consists of nine stars, all located to the north of the Big Dipper. The Five Chariots Star represents the chariots of the five emperors, overseeing the emperor's five types of military weapons, as well as the abundant or poor harvest of the five grains. The largest star in the northwest is called Heaven's Storehouse, overseeing Venus, representing the Qin state; the northeast star is called "Prison," overseeing the Morning Star, representing the Yan and Zhao states; the star in the east is called Heaven's Granary, overseeing the Year Star, representing the Lu and Wei states; the star in the southeast is called "Minister of Works," overseeing the Filling Star, representing the Chu state; the star in the southwest is called "Noble Star," overseeing Mars, representing the Wei state. If any changes occur among these five stars, divinations about good or bad fortune will be based on the countries they represent. The Three Pillars Star consists of three stars: one named 'Sanquan,' one named 'Xiu,' and one named 'Qi.' If the Five Chariots Star shines evenly and brightly, and the emperor holds a grand sacrifice ceremony, then they will shine brightly together. In the middle of the Five Chariots Star are five stars called Tianhuang. South of the Tianhuang Star are three stars called 'Xianchi,' which means 'salty pond.' If the sun, moon, and five stars enter the Tianhuang Star, there will be war, blocked roads, chaos, and political upheaval. If the Xianchi Star shines brightly, dragons will fall from the sky and die, fierce beasts and wolves will harm people, as if preparing for war. In the sky, there are many stars, each representing earthly matters. Look, to the south of the Five Chariots Star, there are six stars known as "Kings," indicating the rise and fall of vassal states. Look at the five stars in the west, known as "Dangerous Stones"; if Venus or other wandering stars appear there, war is imminent. The eight stars in the north are called "Eight Grains," overseeing the abundance of the five grains. If one star is missing from the "Eight Grains," it indicates a shortage of one grain type.
There is also a star called "Tianguan" to the south of the Five Chariots, also known as "Tianmen." The sun and moon pass through here, and it oversees matters of borders and regulates openings and closures. If the "Mangjiao" star shows any unusual activity, it would spell disaster, leading to the deaths of many important figures.
The four stars in front of the Eastern Well constellation are called "Sigui," responsible for observing the changes of the heavens, earth, sun, moon, and stars, as well as the abnormal situations of birds, beasts, plants, and trees. If the enlightened ruler sees these abnormalities, he must swiftly cultivate virtue and accumulate blessings to avert calamities. The nine stars northwest of "Sigui" are called "Zuoqi," representing the positions and arrangements of the monarch and his subjects. The four stars to the west of "Zuoqi" are called "Tiangao," symbolizing high terraces from which distant vistas can be seen. The star to the west of "Tiangao," which is called "Tianhe," is tasked with monitoring the monsters and spirits lurking in the mountains and forests.
The three stars of Nanhe and the three stars of Beihe are located adjacent to Dongjing Xing. "Tiangao" also serves as the heavenly gate, overseeing the affairs of passes and bridges. The Nanhe star, known by several names including Nanshu, Nangong, Yangmen, Yuemen, and Quanxing, is in charge of fire; the Beihe star, also known as Beishu, Beigong, Yinmen, Humen, and Hengxing, is in charge of water. The sun, moon, and five stars usually pass through between these two rivers. If unusual activity occurs in these two rivers, it could signal that China is heading for war. The three stars of Nanhe are also called "Queqiu," representing the view beyond the palace gates.
To the north of the Eastern Well star, there are five stars called the "Five Lords," responsible for supervision, vigilance, and preventing accidents. They are also responsible for regulating yin and yang, observing gains and losses, and even understanding the emperor's thoughts. These five stars represent the Imperial Tutor, Imperial Friend, Three Dukes, Scholars, and Grand Historian, who often help the emperor make decisions. If these five stars are bright and flourishing, the realm will enjoy peace; if they are dim and dull, disaster is imminent. To the south of the "Five Lords," three stars are known as the "Heavenly Goblet," responsible for the preparation of food and drink; the star known as "Accumulated Firewood" is to the east of the "Accumulated Water" star, overseeing kitchen affairs; the four "Water Level" stars, located east of the Eastern Well star, oversee water management. If a guest star were to disrupt the Water star or Fire star, rivers everywhere would flood.
In the sky, there is a Xuan Yuan Seventeen Star, located to the north of the Big Dipper's seven stars. This Xuan Yuan represents the spirit of the Yellow Emperor, believed to have transformed from a Yellow Dragon. It represents the supervisor of the harem, the rank of the imperial concubines. One star is called the Eastern Tomb, also known as the Power Star, in charge of thunderstorms; the largest star to the south symbolizes the Empress; the first star counted from the north symbolizes concubines; the next star to the north symbolizes generals; the remaining stars represent concubines and the like. The smaller star to the south represents female officials; the smaller star on the left represents the clans of lesser officials and junior concubines; the larger star on the right represents the clans of senior subjects and senior concubines. These stars are best in yellow, small and bright.
To the right of the Xuan Yuan star, there are three stars to the south called the Wine Banners, the flags of the wine officials, responsible for palace banquets. If all five stars run to the Wine Banners, there will be a grand banquet across the realm, with plenty of food, wine, and wealth, and even the imperial relatives and nobles will benefit. To the south of the Wine Banners are two stars called the Heavenly Ministers, representatives of the Prime Minister. To the west of the Xuan Yuan star are four stars called the Beacon Fires, serving as signals for border alerts.
To the north of Zhaoxing, there are four stars called Neiping. Looking further west, in the Taiwei constellation, there are four stars called Shaowei, which are associated with the ranks of scholars and officials; some say it is the deputy of the emperor, while others say it represents the position of a doctor, and some say it is in charge of the palace gate guards. The southernmost star symbolizes recluses, the second symbolizes advisors, the third symbolizes doctors, and the fourth symbolizes nobles. If these four stars appear large and yellow, it indicates that virtuous scholars have been recommended. If the moon and the five stars come here, the queen and the recluses will be in trouble, and the prime minister will also be changed. To the south, there are four stars called Changyuan, which oversee the borders and the nomadic tribes. If Mars appears here, the nomadic tribes will invade the Central Plains; if Venus appears here, the nine ministers will scheme.
