The Book of Changes says: "Observe the celestial phenomena to understand the changes of the times; observe human affairs to educate the world." The annotations of the Book of Changes also state: "Speech is a person's literary talent. If speech is not elegant, behavior will not last." Therefore, Emperor Yao was known as "Ze Tian," highlighting the title of civilization; the Zhou Dynasty praised "Sheng De," showcasing splendid virtues. It can be seen that the role of words is truly profound! The upper class uses it to promote education among the lower class, while the lower class uses it to express emotions to the upper class. On a grander scale, it can shape the world, establish teachings, and set examples for posterity; on a smaller scale, it can create folk songs, praise, correct rulers, and comfort the people.
Some officials who were slandered and exiled, or those who repeatedly encountered obstacles in their careers and were not recognized for their talents, had unfulfilled aspirations. In their frustration and resentment, they wrote passionately, submitted memorials to the court, and endeavored to break free from adversity. Eventually, they achieved fame and left a lasting legacy, with many such examples. Therefore, all gentlemen place great importance on writing.
From the Han and Wei dynasties to the Jin and Song dynasties, literary styles underwent several transformations, which previous scholars have extensively discussed. During the Yongming, Tianjian, Taihe, and Tianbao periods, the literary scene particularly thrived in Luoyang and the Jiangnan region. Writers of that time, such as Jiang Yan from Jiyang, Shen Yue from Wu County, Ren Fang from Yue'an, Wen Zisheng from Jiyin, Xing Zicai from Hejian, and Wei Boqi from Julu, were well-versed and profound thinkers. Their writing was magnificent and resplendent, akin to vibrant clouds, and their reputations rang out like the sound of gold and stone. Their writing talent was abundant, their momentum was grand, their penmanship was vigorous, and their thoughts flowed. Figures such as Zhang Heng, Cai Yong, Cao Zhi, and Wang Can were also luminaries of their times.
Hearing of their reputation, people all admire and learn from them, but their respective preferences and styles are different. The writing style in the Jiangzuo region is elegant and delicate, emphasizing the beauty of language; whereas the writing style in the Heshuo region is strong and unadorned, emphasizing momentum and connotation. Articles that emphasize momentum often exceed the embellishment of words in content; articles that emphasize ornate language often have words surpassing the content. Profound articles are more suitable for practical application, while articles with ornate language are more suitable for recitation and singing. This is the general situation of the strengths and weaknesses of poets in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. If one can draw on the elegant style of the South, simplify lengthy sentences, highlight strengths and avoid weaknesses, and integrate the advantages of both the South and the North, then the article can achieve a harmonious balance between form and content.
After the reign of the Liang Dynasty, the refined literary style began to decline, gradually straying from established conventions, and people competed to pursue new and clever styles. Emperor Jianwen and the Prince of Xiangdong pioneered this free-spirited literary style, while Xu Ling and Yu Xin further developed it. Their writing was gorgeous but lacked depth; it was obscure and lacked charm, as they sought out the unusual and extravagant in their language and were sentimental in emotions. By the standards of Yanling Jizi (a recluse in the Spring and Autumn period), this is nothing short of the sound of a nation in decline! After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Liang Dynasty and Jingzhou, this literary style made its way to the Guanzhong region, and the trend of this freewheeling and succinct style gained popularity. People indulged in it, unable to pull themselves away, unsure of how to navigate their choices.
After the unification of the country by Emperor Wen of Sui, he believed that writing should be simple and unadorned. Therefore, the orders he issued aimed to be concise and clear, avoiding extravagance. However, the literary style of the time remained quite ornate, so the court officials issued several documents to reform the literary style. Emperor Yang of Sui studied articles when he was young and had insights that were more profound than frivolous and superficial ones. Upon ascending the throne, he transformed this literary style. His works such as "Letter to Duke Yue," "Decree to Establish Eastern Capital," "Poem for Receiving Court on Winter Solstice," and "Poem Draft for Drinking at the Great Wall" all maintained an elegant style and conformed to established standards. Although his intentions might have been indulgent, his articles were not flamboyant, so writers of the time used this as a benchmark. People who are eloquent may not necessarily act consistently with their words, which is probably why gentlemen do not deny their statements based on personal behavior.
From the fall of the Sui Dynasty to the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, from the Eastern Capital to the Western Capital, members of the Yu family were all involved. Talented individuals from the Jianghan region and notable figures from the Yan and Zhao regions all gathered under the rule of the Tang Dynasty, becoming precious assets of the Great Tang. Selecting talents should not overlook any flaws, much like refining wood or jade. Those who meet the standards are few and far between. Isn't true talent rare?
At that time, the literati who were praised as contemporary masters, such as Lu Sidao from Fanyang, Li Delin from Anping, Xue Daoheng from Hedong, Li Yuancao from Zhaojun, Wei Dan from Julu, Yu Shiji from Kuaiji, Liu Bian from Hedong, and Xu Shanxin from Gaoyang, some made significant contributions in the northern frontier, while others excelled in the southern Han region. They all soared high like eagles and moved forward like clouds. Their life stories are documented, though I won't elaborate on them here. People like Pan Hui and Wan Shou, some were knowledgeable yet impractical, and some were talented but did not obtain noble positions. Their status may not be high, but their reputation cannot be buried. I will include them here as part of the "Literary Biography."
Liu Zhen, courtesy name Xuanzhi, was from the state of Pei. His father Liu Xian served as the Intendant of Xunyang in the Liang Dynasty. At the age of eighteen, Liu Zhen passed the imperial examination and became the Eastern Pavilion Academician of the Prince of Shaoling. During the reign of Emperor Yuan, Liu Zhen was promoted to be an official in the Imperial Secretariat. Later, when the city of Jiangling was captured, he sought refuge with Xiao Cha and became the Deputy Minister of the Imperial Secretariat.
The Prime Minister of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yuwen Hu, valued his talents and appointed him as the Secretary of the Central and Outer Offices, where he drafted many important military intelligence and orders. He later became a Court Academician, granted the title of Count, the Viscount of Raoyang County, and also served as the Magistrate of Lantian County and the Lower Official of the Capital. After the founding of the Sui Dynasty by Emperor Yang Jian, Liu Zhen was promoted to the position of General of the Right.
When the Left Deputy Director Gao Feng led troops to attack the Chen Dynasty, Liu Zhen accompanied him and was responsible for administrative duties, and was also granted the title of Count. Crown Prince Yang Yong invited him to be his Academician, and they had a close relationship. However, Liu Zhen lacked political acumen and was a bit absent-minded, especially fond of studying classics and histories, often burying himself in books and forgetting many practical matters. He had a friend named Liu Ne, also a General of the Right, and both served as Academicians to the Crown Prince, forming a close bond.
Liu Zhen lived in the south of the city, while Liu Ne lived in the east. Once, when Liu Zhen wanted to visit Liu Ne, he asked his servant, "Do you know where General Liu's house is?" The servant, unaware that Liu Zhen was looking for Liu Ne, thought he was asking for directions home and replied, "I know." So he led Liu Zhen to his own house, and when they reached the door, Liu Zhen still hadn't realized it was his own house, thinking they had arrived at Liu Ne's residence. He shouted loudly while on horseback, "General Liu, come out!" His son came out to open the door, startling Liu Zhen, who asked, "Why are you here?" His son replied, "This is your home!" Only after a moment did Liu Zhen realize his mistake and scolded his servant, "You are really foolish, I was going to visit Liu Ne!"
He is a rather interesting person, especially enjoys eating clams, but because the word for clams sounds the same as his father's name, he refers to them as "flat snail." He has a relatively carefree personality, and there are many similar things. Liu Zhen is proficient in "The Book of Han," and people at that time called him "Han Sheng." In the eighteenth year of the Kaihuang era, he died at the age of seventy-two. He left behind ten volumes of collected works, which have been handed down through the ages.
Wang Kui, courtesy name Jingwen, is the younger brother of Wang Ban, the governor of Qizhou. As a young man, he enjoyed making friends but hadn't read much by the time he turned twenty. His brother Wang Yong was quite upset about this and gave him a stern reprimand. Motivated by this, Wang Kui began to study seriously, reading the "Classic of Filial Piety" and "Analects of Confucius," often pulling all-nighters. Later, he also read "Zuo Zhuan," "Book of Rites," "I Ching," "Book of Songs," and "Book of Documents," and he finally exclaimed, "There’s no book that can’t be read!" He studied hard for several years, mastered all Five Classics, and understood their essence. Many Confucian scholars held him in high regard. He was also good at writing and debating.
At twenty-two, Emperor Wu of Zhou appointed him as an imperial scholar. The emperor often turned to Wang Kui for advice on tough decisions. Wang Kui was sharp-minded and full of energy, and he enjoyed reading the works of various philosophers, especially good at recalling strange and unusual stories. People back then said he was quite knowledgeable. He also understood military affairs, harbored great ambitions, and often lamented that he was born out of time, always seeing himself as a future talent. In the fifth year of the Kaihuang era, he was appointed as an assistant at the Imperial Academy. Shortly thereafter, he was assigned to teach at the National University.
Once, Emperor Gaozu personally attended a sacrifice ceremony. The Grand Scholar Yuan Shan was explaining the "Classic of Filial Piety." Wang Kui and Yuan Shan engaged in a heated debate, each holding opposing views. Yuan Shan often found himself outmatched by Wang Kui. Emperor Gaozu greatly admired Wang Kui's talent and promoted him to the position of National Doctor. Later, he was dismissed due to a mistake and exiled to Lingnan. Several years later, he was appointed as a military advisor in the court of Prince Liang of Han, and Prince Liang respected him greatly. At that time, Prince Liang of Han saw Prince Fangling, Prince Qin, and Prince Shu being successively deposed, and he began to harbor rebellious intentions. Wang Kui secretly persuaded Prince Liang of Han to quickly prepare for rebellion.
After Emperor Gaozu's death, Prince Liang of Han indeed rebelled, drawing on many of Wang Kui's strategies. Later, Wang Kui offered many clever strategies, but Prince Liang of Han did not adopt them. Yang Su led his army to Haoze, preparing for a decisive battle against Prince Liang of Han. Wang Kui said to his son, "The weather is terrible; we are bound to lose this battle. Come with me." Sure enough, Prince Liang of Han was defeated. Wang Kui intended to flee to the Turks. Halfway there, the mountain pass was blocked. Knowing he couldn't escape, he said to his son, "My strategies are not inferior to Yang Su's, but because my advice was not taken, I have ended up in this situation. I cannot be captured and let a coward's name live on. After I die, do not rely too much on old friends." After speaking, he committed suicide and was buried in a cave.
His son went several days without food, then went in search of an acquaintance only to be captured. Yang Su found Wang Kui's body, severed his head, and displayed it in Taiyuan. Wang Kui was fifty-four years old when he died. He had written thirty volumes of "The Great Meaning of the Five Classics" and ten volumes of collected works, but sadly, due to the chaos of war, these works were lost.
Cui Ran, courtesy name Qishu (岐叔), was from Wucheng in Qinghe. His grandfather, Cui Xiu, served as the Governor of Gaoyang in Qi, and his father, Cui Zhongwen, served as the Qingzhou Inspector of Wei. Their family has been prestigious for generations. When Cui Ran was sixteen, the Governor wanted him to take up the position of county magistrate, but he declined. When he was young, he had a particularly good relationship with Lu Sidao from Fanyang and Xin Deyuan from Longxi, who shared similar ambitions. He regarded studying as the most important pursuit every day, and because of his talent, he tended to look down on others. His family's door had a large sign that read, "No one who hasn't read five thousand volumes may enter this house!" Over the years, he read extensively and gained a bit of knowledge about everything. He was skilled in writing and passed the imperial examination in Qi, and became an Assistant Cavalry Attendant at the Palace, later promoted to Palace Assistant Imperial Censor. Afterwards, he engaged in discussions about the "Five Rites" with Xiong Ansheng, Ma Jingde, and others, and took part in revising the laws. Shortly after, he later served again as an Assistant Cavalry Attendant and was sent as an envoy to Chen. Upon his return, he worked as an Attendant at the Imperial Academy. He later served as an Imperial Kitchen Gentleman and an Assistant Imperial Clerk. Cui Ran and Li Ruo from Dunqiu were both well-known, and people at the time said, "The most prominent figures in the capital were Cui Ran and Li Ruo."
After the fall of the Qi state, Cui Lan returned to his hometown and became an official in the county, then was appointed as a chief clerk in the prefecture. In the fourth year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, he was summoned to serve as a court official, and shortly after was also appointed as a secretary in the Ministry of Personnel. Several years later, he was also appointed as an official in the Ministry of Rites and was once again sent as an envoy to the state of Chen. Upon his return, he was appointed as a secretary in the Ministry of Personnel. At that time, Duke Yang Su held great power and appreciated Cui Lan's family background, wanting to marry his daughter to Cui Lan's son, Cui Xuanzong. The betrothal gifts were lavish. On the day of the wedding, the room was packed with dignitaries and nobles. Yang Su sent someone to welcome Cui Lan, but Cui Lan deliberately dressed shabbily and showed up riding a donkey. Yang Su wanted him to sit in a prominent position, but Cui Lan acted disdainfully and spoke rudely. Yang Su was very angry and stormed out. After a few days, Cui Lan went to apologize, and Yang Su treated him the same as before. In the reign of Emperor Ren Shou, Cui Lan passed away in the capital city at the age of seventy-two. His son, Cui Shiji, survived him.
Zhuge Ying, courtesy name Han, was a native of Jiankang in Danyang. His grandfather, Zhuge Quan, was the Prefect of Lingling during the Liang Dynasty, and his father, Zhuge Gui, was the Prefect of Yiyang. Zhuge Ying was able to compose essays at the age of eight. He initially served as a military advisor under Prince Shaoling of the Liang Dynasty, and was later promoted to a secretary. During the rebellion of Hou Jing, he fled to Northern Qi and served as an attendant in the Wenlin Pavilion. He later held positions as a Doctor of the Grand School and a Crown Prince's Gentleman. After Emperor Wu of Zhou conquered Northern Qi, Zhuge Ying did not find a suitable official position, so he secluded himself for more than ten years, focusing on studying the Book of Changes, astronomy, the Book of Songs, the Book of Documents, Zhuangzi, and Laozi, achieving a deep understanding of these classics. He was known for his integrity and eloquence, earning high regard from Prince Yang Guang, who appointed him as a military advisor and later as a secretary. After Yang Guang became the Crown Prince, Zhuge Ying was appointed as the Director of the Imperial Pharmacy. When Emperor Yang of Sui ascended to the throne, Zhuge Ying was promoted to the rank of Compiler. He was favored by the emperor and often frequented the inner chambers of the palace, where the emperor hosted banquets for him, allowing him to dine and drink with the empress and concubines, and even share a bed at times. Zhuge Ying took advantage of this opportunity to spread rumors about others, earning him the nickname "Yege" (meaning "licentious" or "debauched"). Later, out of nostalgia, the emperor appointed him to the position of Palace Attendant. The emperor often bestowed poems upon him, with the concluding lines stating: "Participating in discussions in Changzhou Garden, lecturing at the solemn Chengmen Gate. Exhaustively studying principles and theories, freely engaging in discussions. Recording the truth with fairness, transmitting virtue to future generations." This clearly demonstrates the emperor's favor towards him. Later, Zhuge Ying was summoned to command an expedition against the Tuyuhun and was promoted to the rank of Senior Consultant. He accompanied the emperor on a northern tour and passed away during the journey at the age of seventy-seven.
Zhuge Ying was known for his bad temper and often quarreled with Liu Bian. The emperor reprimanded them many times, but they continued to bicker. Eventually, the emperor grew indifferent towards Zhuge Ying. Zhuge Ying authored a collection of twenty volumes, three volumes of "Chronicles of the Emperor's Northern Tour," one volume of "Record of Jiangdu Road," one volume of "Luoyang Past and Present," and two volumes of "Catalog of Horses," which have been preserved through the ages. He had a son named Zhuge Jiahui.
Sun Wanshou, whose courtesy name was Xianqi, was from Wuzhang, a town in Xindu. His grandfather, Sun Bao, was a cavalier attendant of the Wei Dynasty, and his father, Sun Linghui, was a scholar in the Imperial Academy of the Qi Dynasty. At the age of fourteen, Sun Wanshou studied the Five Classics with Xiong Ansheng from Fucheng, mastering the core teachings of the Five Classics and extensively studying various philosophical schools and historical texts. He excelled in writing and was known for his eloquent speech, earning great admiration from Li Delin of Boling. He became an official at seventeen during the Northern Qi Dynasty. After Emperor Yang Jian of the Sui Dynasty declared himself emperor, Teng Muwang summoned him to serve as a literary official, but he was demoted due to a wardrobe mishap and was assigned to guard the border in Jiangnan. Later, the military commander Yu Wenshu summoned him to manage the military documents. Originally a scholar known for his grace and elegance, Sun Wanshou suddenly found himself in the military. Feeling discontented, he composed a five-character poem for his close friend in the capital.
Jia Yi is in Changsha, Qu Yuan is by the Xiang River. The Jiangnan region is known for its heavy miasma and has always been a place for exiled officials. I am not a smart and capable official; I have never had any skills since I was young, and I do not know how to manage my own life. I long to soar but have no wings, I yearn to sing but can't keep up with the dawn. How did someone who only knows how to write become a soldier who bears arms? I drift like a discarded puppet, no different from a feral dog. After being disappointed, I drifted to the west, not that I was intentionally heading east. It was only later in life that I passed through the Hangu Pass and arrived in Jingkou in spring. Jingkou City is near the lair of fierce beasts, and at the Tianjin Ferry, you can see the Cowherd Star and the Weaver Girl Star. Near the Cowherd Star and the Weaver Girl Star, there is a heavy aura of malevolence, and fierce and brutal people have gathered in groups. Xi Chao has just entered the court as an official, and Wang Can has just started his military career. I carry dry rations on the outskirts of Chu Mountain and wear armor by the Wujiang River. The waves of the Wujiang River are vast, while Chu Mountain appears chaotic. The sun glimmers on the tumultuous waves, and under the tall trees, mist swirls. In debates with the Yue people, I often come out on top, and my writing often blossoms in Shu. Lu Zhonglian was only trying to save the country, but I did not receive any credit. After wandering outside for a long time, I often find myself longing for home, feeling restless. It is not because I have no iris flowers, nor because I have no wine to drink! It's been years since I left my hometown, and three autumns have passed since I left my relatives and friends. My aspirations have not been fulfilled, but I've already felt the passage of time, my hair turning gray ahead of my dreams. My mood is chaotic, like a tangled mess, reminiscing about the past. I used to roam the capital, meeting kindred spirits in my youth. I ate at the Southern Pavilion, rode in the Western Garden. Hejian County folks love to read, while those from Dongping value talent. My words can stir hearts and minds; my speech is clear and insightful, able to see through matters. While on duty at Fengchi, I often visited Lingge. Beautiful spots draw in many visitors, their scenery enhancing one another. Boating on Kunming Lake, riding a horse to the Wei River Bridge. Performing purification rituals on the banks of the Ba River, setting up banquets in the eastern suburbs. The fine wine in Yicheng has matured, and the new songs of Yangzhai have also been released. Crows cry in the trees at night, and pheasants fly in the morning. Fine dust falls from the beams; I wear long sleeves, holding a wine glass, gentle and charming. Joyful moments come one after another, and all sorrows disappear. The good times seem like yesterday, but now they seem distant. One day I was caught in the worldly net, drifting thousands of miles like waves. The wheels of life keep spinning, and the high flags cannot withstand the wind and rain. From a high vantage point, all I see are fluttering ribbons, my hometown beyond the white clouds. Looking back, all I see is the lonely city, adding to the sense of despair. Cranes call in Huating at night, and warblers sing in the secluded valley in the morning. I've lost touch with old friends, and my soul is often frightened and restless. Our family is friendly with the Qunji family, and my hometown is in the Zoulu area. If you happen upon any southbound geese, please send them to check on my family and see if they're doing well.
Second paragraph:
My emotions are like a tangled mess, lost in daydreams about my time in the capital, meeting those close friends in my youth. Having meals in the humble dwelling of Nan Guan, riding in the splendid carriages of Xi Yuan. The people of Hejian County have a deep love for reading, and officials in Dongping County cherish talents. My eloquence is sharp, reaching the heavens and the earth; my speech is clear, allowing me to grasp the true essence of things. While on duty at Fengchi, I often visited Lingge. The scenery there is beautiful, guests are abundant, and the views complement one another, providing a refreshing experience. I once rowed on Kunming Lake and rode a horse across the Wei River Bridge. I held purification rituals along the banks of the Ba River and attended grand banquets in the eastern suburbs. Fine wine was successfully brewed in Yicheng, and new music was heard from the Yangdi region. At night, crows caw from the trees, and in the morning, magpies take flight. Fine dust falls on the beams; dressed in a long robe, with a wine glass in hand, I enjoy a moment of peace. Joyful moments come one after another, while worries fade away like smoke. Beautiful memories reappear as if from yesterday, yet now I feel incredibly lonely. Yet, I find myself swept into the vortex of the world, drifting thousands of miles like in stormy seas. The gears of life keep turning; the high-flying flag cannot withstand the storms of life. I climb high and look into the distance, with fluttering clothes; my hometown lies beyond the white clouds. Looking back at the lonely city, where my sorrows only deepen. At night in Huating, the calls of cranes echo in the night; in the secluded valley in the morning, the songs of orioles ring out. My connections with old friends have long been severed, and my soul is often disturbed. My family and the Qunji family have been friendly for generations; my hometown is in the Zoulu region. If you happen upon southbound geese, please ask them to visit my relatives and friends to see if they are well.
This poem became quite popular upon reaching the capital, and people across the country who appreciated it copied it onto walls to admire. Later, he returned to his hometown and for more than ten years, he was unable to get promoted. It wasn't until the Ren Shou period that he was summoned to serve as the Chief Historian of Prince Yu of Yuzhang, but it wasn’t what he desired. Prince Yu was later appointed to the land of Qi, and he became the literary figure for King Qi. Many royal officials were killed at that time, which made him even more uneasy, leading him to resign under the pretext of illness. After some time, he was appointed County Lieutenant after passing an examination, and eventually died in office at the age of fifty-two. He left behind ten volumes of literary works.
Wang Zhen, styled Xiaoyi, was from Dongliu, Liangzhou. He was exceptionally intelligent from a young age, starting to study at the age of seven, mastering the Book of Songs, the Book of Rites, the Zuo Commentary, the Book of Changes, and various other books of the Hundred Schools of Thought; he read them all. He was good at writing, unconcerned about family property, and often enjoyed reading and reciting. During the Kaihuang period, the Governor of Bianzhou, Fan Shulue, recommended him as the Chief Clerk, and later he was appointed County Lieutenant after passing an examination, but this was also not to his liking. So he resigned and returned home, citing illness. After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, Prince Qi Yang Jian guarded Jiangdu. Hearing about his reputation, he wrote to summon me, saying:
It is said that there is a precious jade hidden in the mountains, shining brightly between the corridors; a divine sword buried in the ground, with a force soaring into the sky, surpassing the stars. Therefore, Mozi was able to stand out and be appreciated by Lord Pingyuan; Sun Shu'ao was able to be appointed as the Governor of Donghai with his literary talent. As for me, with mediocre talent, I have long admired someone of your talent, hoping to have the opportunity to meet you for a long time, and I have been eagerly anticipating this meeting. Now that the weather is hot and autumn is approaching, just as the celestial palm in the sky is about to receive the cool dew, I believe this is the perfect time for us to meet and take a rest.
I usually spend my time leisurely enjoying the natural beauty in my front and back gardens, playing the qin (Chinese zither), reading books, and living a life away from the hustle and bustle. Like Sima Xiangru, who retired to Maoling and still wrote the "Fengshan Wen," and Tao Yuanming, who retired to Pengze and left behind the "Returning Home Ci." To live as leisurely and freely as they did, to be a refined gentleman—what could be happier than this! However, I am now in charge of governing Yangzhou and Yuezhou in a remote administrative position, sitting in court every day to handle cases, with no time to compose poetry or prose. I originally longed for retirement, but now I have to travel to Beizhu and Xiyuan, visit the two gentlemen Ying and Liu, and then visit the two gentlemen Shen and Mu. I have only heard about the guests from Huainan and rarely have the chance to meet them in person. You are talented, renowned, knowledgeable, and eloquent, living between Hengshan and Mishi, truly admirable for your commitment to solitude. Therefore, I have sent someone to convey my intentions, hoping that you can come with a greater urgency than hunger or thirst, and I hope you will readily accept and respond to my sincere invitation. I hope my letter conveys my thoughts adequately. When Zhenzhi arrives, the nobles will welcome him with the proper guest etiquette, sending inquiries about his well-being daily. They also ask Zhenzhi for his writings, to which he politely replies:
Mr. He Deren asked me to bring out some of my earlier writings, which weren't very good. In ancient times, the Duke of Zhou's talents and skills were almost divine; Confucius' writings resonated with his thoughts and the way of heaven. From Youxia to Qu Yuan and Song Yu, their noble aspirations and literary style have been passed down; their writings are like intricately carved dragons, all preserved in the "Book of Songs" and "Chu Ci." Throughout history, wise men and saints have looked to them as teachers and ancestors. But times change, and so do people. From the Zhengshi period to the Yuankang period, literary styles have changed as well. Everyone claims to possess precious treasures, but no one is willing to admit they are unique talents. I was born into a time of war and grew up in a tumultuous society, with limited knowledge and average abilities. By the time peace returned to the world, much time had already passed. Even though I lived in a comfortable home, I always felt impoverished and ashamed of my inadequacies. I once lost my way in Yan and Ying, took a wrong turn in Handan, and returned feeling disheartened. I never imagined the Emperor would notice my writings; it was truly a surprise! The Emperor even sent a noble carriage to transport someone as insignificant as me, used precious pearls to amuse sparrows, and even allowed me to take three months' worth of provisions, granting me the chance to catch up with those predecessors ahead of me.
I set up a stall in the market alongside the common folk, galloped alongside spirited horses on the same land, sang while tapping on pottery all day, but I could never achieve a harmonious melody. How could I ever catch up with my predecessors when I returned home at dusk? Looking back on my life, I have experienced many things and have profound reflections. Yet, due to my old age and frailty, I've forgotten much. The writings I painstakingly crafted amounted to just thirty-three volumes. Looking up to those lofty figures, I realize how far the path to immortality lies; when I explore the realm of the sages, I understand how difficult it is to pursue them. I still fall short of the realm of the sages, time is running out, I fear descending suddenly like a true dragon, and I worry about returning clumsily like a white pig. So, I timidly present my writings, feeling both fearful and excited.
King Qi was pleased with the collection of writings I presented and rewarded me with four fine horses. Later, I submitted the "Jiangdu Fu," and King Qi rewarded me with one hundred thousand coins and two additional horses. Not long after, I returned to my hometown due to illness and ultimately passed away at home.
Yu Chuo, also known by his style name Shi Yu, hailed from Yuyao, Zhejiang. His father, Yu Xiao Zeng, served as a counselor under the first Xing Wang of the Chen Dynasty. Yu Chuo was exceptionally tall, measuring a full eight feet, and was both handsome and talented, particularly skilled in both cursive and clerical scripts. Fu Zi, the Left Guard General of the Chen Dynasty, was quite renowned at the time. After reading Yu Chuo's writings, he exclaimed to those around him, "Yu Lang's literary talent is unmatched!"
Yu Chuo initially served as a Doctor of Letters in the Chen Dynasty and was later promoted to the position of secretary for Prince Yongyang. After the downfall of the Chen Dynasty, Prince Jing of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Guang, recruited him to be a scholar. During the Daye era of the Sui Dynasty, he was promoted to be a secretary scholar, and the Emperor ordered him, together with Secretary Yu Shinan and Assistant Yu Zizhi, to compile over ten works, including "Changzhou Yujing." Every time the Emperor saw the drafts written by Yu Chuo, he praised him for his good writing, but his official rank did not increase significantly. He began as a proofreader and was later promoted to Xuanhui Captain due to his work with the Crown Prince. Later, he was promoted to be an assistant to the secretary, and he, along with Yu Shinan, Yu Zizhi, and Cai Yungong, often stayed in the palace, specifically responsible for writing articles for the Emperor. The Emperor treated the four of them exceptionally well, and their relationship was particularly harmonious.
Once, when the Emperor led troops to fight in Liaodong, while stationed in Linhai, he saw a very large bird and was intrigued by it. He ordered Yu Chuo to write an inscription to commemorate the event. The inscription written by Yu Chuo was as follows:
(Original poem preserved here)
In the eighth year of Daye, on the Bing Zi day of April in the summer of the Ren Shen year, the Emperor pacified Liaodong and Jieshi, returning triumphantly. The Emperor's chariot headed south, the banners flew westward, and stopped in Lincheng County in Linhai. The landscape there was stunningly beautiful, truly a place fit for immortals!
The royal procession lined up outside the city gate, the chariot slowly made its way through the mountains, tents and palaces surrounded on all sides, overlooking the vast valley. The Emperor ordered the din of the chariots and horses to cease, put down the light sedan chair, comforted the people, prayed for peace in the world, and walked over the white sand, taking a leisurely stroll on the lush green grass. This scene, like King Wen of Zhou's tour of Mount Qi and the gaze of Emperor Gaozu of Han longingly at Penglai Fairy Island, evokes memories of King Wen hunting to broaden his horizons and Emperor Gaozu gazing longingly at the island of immortals.
The atmosphere on site was solemn and dignified, with various ceremonial teams in orderly formation. The emperor's revered virtue resonated throughout the land, calming the border storms and subtly influencing the seas, making the sea calm and peaceful. The sun shone brightly, with auspicious clouds swirling; the sky and earth were vast, and the sea was clear.
In that brief moment, a miracle unfolded: two divine birds, as pure as snow, descended from the sky. They were over ten feet tall and longer than ten feet, their feathers glistening with a frost-like brilliance, their mouths and claws as red as cinnabar. They flew like phoenixes and stood like phoenixes, sometimes leaping, sometimes pecking the ground, sometimes flying, sometimes hovering around the emperor's chariot, looking gentle and docile. This was not due to the playing of the zither or the striking of stones, but because the emperor's sacred virtue moved them; they descended to pay their respects to the emperor.
These were truly celestial steeds, the kings of all birds! How could they be compared to the azure birds of the Queen Mother of the West or the crimson geese of the Eastern Sea? Although engraving merits upon the stones of Mount Hua or recording achievements on Mount Zou cannot fully capture the grandeur of this occasion, history will surely record it, and these words shall be passed down through the ages. Moreover, with the emperor's immense merits and radiant virtue, and such auspicious signs, why must we insist on carving stones on renowned peaks?
I humbly bow and take the liberty to record this event here:
(The original poem couplets are omitted here)
Speaking of Yu Chuo, when he followed the emperor on the eastern expedition back then, the battles were intense! "The six divisions launched their attacks, the Three Hans were subdued, Gong Xing faced divine punishment, and everything was clear and bright." When the emperor returned victorious, the atmosphere was electric with the sound of drums and firecrackers, red flags waving, and a sea of people! "With victory songs ringing out along the road, success shone brightly, the flags returned to the palace, following the forests and valleys." The emperor was in a good mood, traveling and enjoying the scenery everywhere, especially stopping by the seaside to admire the view! "The carriage stops by the water, the inn nestled among the rocky outcrops, contemplating the distant, overlooking a thousand miles." The scenery was breathtaking, even the cranes flew over to pay their respects! "Flying over the clear Han River, gathering at the Hua Spring, with pleasant sounds and clear water." The emperor was delighted and even praised his efforts! "Friendly and virtuous, graceful and elegant, leaving a lasting legacy for thousands of years." The emperor greatly appreciated Yu Chuo's contributions and even granted him an official title! However, Yu Chuo was a bit arrogant and looked down on everyone. He had a bad relationship with Zhu Geling, who reported to the emperor that he was disrespectful, and the emperor agreed! He was very close to Yang Xuange, a powerful figure, and treated him like a brother, just as he did with his ordinary friends! His cousin Yu Shinan advised him not to get too close to Yang Xuange, saying that the emperor was suspicious, but he didn't listen. Later, someone reported that Yu Chuo had lent military books from the palace to Yang Xuange, which infuriated the emperor! After Yang Xuange's rebellion failed, the emperor confiscated his family's assets, even bringing his concubines into the palace. The emperor asked the concubines about Yang Xuange's close associates, and they mentioned Yu Chuo. The emperor ordered Zheng Shanguo to investigate Yu Chuo, who insisted he only shared drinks and conversations with Yang Xuange, nothing more. The emperor dismissed his claims outright and exiled him to Qumul.
Yu Chuo arrived in Chang'an, realizing he was doomed, so he secretly crossed the river to escape, changing his name to Wu Zhuo. He ran to Dongyang, then to Xin'an, where he was taken in by a kind-hearted man named Xin Dade. More than a year later, Yu Chuo got involved in a land dispute, and he was recognized, captured by the authorities, and was ultimately beheaded in Jiangdu. He was fifty-four years old that year. His poems and writings still circulate today!
As for Dade, he had made significant contributions to fighting bandits, and the people all supported him. However, he was also captured by the authorities along with Chuo. His wife wept and said, "I had advised him before not to hide those literati. Look at this situation now, isn't this a tragedy?" Dade smiled and said, "I wanted to save that old scholar, but I ended up getting reported. It's my fault. I must die to atone for Chuo."
At that time, coincidentally, an imperial decree was issued stating that those who committed capital crimes could redeem themselves by fighting bandits. The people of Xin'an County went to the authorities, pleading with the envoys, "Xin Dade is our backbone! If Dade is gone, Xin'an County will be finished!" Touched by their pleas, the envoys allowed Dade to go fight the bandits. When the emperor found out about this, he was furious and had the envoy executed, which ultimately saved Dade's life.
Wang Zhou, styled Chengji, was from Langya Linyi. His grandfather, Wang Jun, was the Prince of Liang's Minister of Ceremonies during the Liang Dynasty; his father, Wang Xiang, was the Yellow Gate Attendant of the Chen Dynasty. Wang Zhou showed talent from a young age, serving as a legal officer for Prince Poyang in the Chen Dynasty, and later becoming the literary official for the Prince of Dongyang. After the fall of the Chen Dynasty, Prince Jing Yang Guang recruited him as a scholar. During the reign of Emperor Ren Shou of the Sui Dynasty, he followed Liu Fang to fight in Linyi, earning merit and being appointed as a military commander. In the early years of the Sui Dynasty, he became a junior official in the Imperial Secretariat, gaining recognition from Emperor Yang of Sui for his exceptional literary talent.
Emperor Yang of Sui often returned to the capital Chang'an from the eastern capital Luoyang and ordered a nationwide grand banquet to celebrate. He even wrote a five-character poem himself and asked Wang Zhou to compose a poem as well. Wang Zhou's poem was: "The He and Luo rivers are celebrated as morning markets, the Xia and Han mountains are indeed profound territories. The Zhou camp is located in Qufu, the Han dynasty established Fengchun. The great ruler is surrounded by two generations, the imperial residence thrives in two capitals. He beckons grandly to the east, the heavenly steeds gallop westward. The wheels are displayed in harmony with the jade axles, the path shines bright with golden guardians. Thousands of gates are guarded by rare beasts, the four roads are lined with carriages. This spring festival is coming to an end, the divine pavilion blooms with splendid flowers. The imperial emotions resonate with the times, the sagacious thoughts belong to the phoenix trees. The edict inquires about the centenarians, the grace lasts through the fifth day of the festivities. The common folk toil in smelting and casting, how can they answer the great furnace?" Emperor Yang of Sui was very pleased after reading it and said to his ministers, "The boldness and grandeur, the profound artistic conception, these are Wang Zhou's characteristics; the elegant language, the graceful style, these are Wang Chengji's style; the ingenious conception, the richness of new ideas, can be compared to Yu Xin. Anything surpassing this cannot be considered good poetry." Many of the poems written by Emperor Yang of Sui himself were continued by Wang Zhou. Wang Zhou and Yu Chuo were equally famous, and their relationship was very good. Many later generations took them as examples for learning. Later, Wang Zhou participated in the campaign against Liaodong and was promoted to an imperial attendant. Wang Zhou's character was quite straightforward, unconcerned with minor details, and he considered himself very talented. He felt frustrated with his career and often behaved arrogantly and rudely, offending many people. Zhuge Ying envied his talent and spoke ill of him in front of the emperor several times, but the emperor, recognizing his talent, chose not to punish him. The Minister of Rites, Yang Xuangan, was relatively humble, shared a close friendship with Wang Zhou, and often visited his home. After Yang Xuangan's rebellion failed, Wang Zhou and Yu Chuo were both exiled to the border regions. Wang Zhou escaped and secretly returned to the Jiangnan region, but was caught by the authorities and executed at fifty-six. Many of his poems and essays have endured through the ages.
Wang Shou's older brother, Wang Shan, who was styled Yuangong, was knowledgeable and well-versed in various subjects. He was well-known in the Jiangzuo region from a young age. He served as the Prince's Groom and the Middle Chamberlain at the court during the Chen Dynasty. Following the fall of the Chen Dynasty, he and his brother Wang Shou were appointed as scholars at the court. Upon Emperor Yang of Sui's ascension, he was appointed as a Gentleman of the Secretariat, and he passed away in that role.
Yu Zizhi was from Yingchuan, Henan. His father, Yu Chi, served as the Commander of the Feathered Forest in the Chen Dynasty (equivalent to the Emperor's Chief Guard). Yu Zizhi had a love for learning from a young age, with a calm temperament and no desire for fame or wealth. He held minor positions in the Chen Dynasty, such as the External Military Officer of the Prince of Yuzhang's Mansion and the Record Keeper for Xuanhui (both low-ranking officials). After the fall of the Chen Dynasty, he went to the Sui Dynasty but was not entrusted with significant responsibilities.
Prince Jin of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Guang, had heard of his reputation and invited him to serve as a scholar in his court. After Emperor Yang of Sui became the emperor, he appointed Yu Zizhi as an Assistant to the Imperial Secretariat (responsible for drafting official documents). Yu Zizhi was particularly skilled in writing, especially five-character poems. He was humble and cautious, not mingling casually with others, which earned him the Emperor's favor.
Whenever the Emperor wrote articles or poems, he would first show them to Yu Zizhi for critique and correction. If Yu Zizhi pointed out any issues, the Emperor would revise them, sometimes two or three times, until Yu Zizhi approved; only then would the writings be published. The Emperor's trust and respect for him were clear. Later, Yu Zizhi also served as a Chamberlain for Ceremonial Affairs (responsible for recording the Emperor's words and actions).
Later, Emperor Yang of Sui launched a war, and Yu Zizhi followed him north, enduring hardships along the way in a simple horse-drawn carriage. Due to overwhelming fatigue and emotional strain, he fell ill and passed away. He left behind ten volumes of writings which have been passed down through the ages.
Pan Hui, courtesy name Boyan, was from Wujun. He was intelligent and studied the "Book of Rites" with Zheng Zhuo, the "Book of Songs" with Shi Gong, the "Book of Documents" with Zhang Chong, and the "Zhuangzi" and "Laozi" with Zhang Ji. He grasped the profound meanings of these classics. He was particularly skilled in the "Records of the Grand Historian," the "Book of Han," and the "Book of Later Han." He had excellent writing skills and was skilled in debate. The Minister of State of the Chen Dynasty, Jiang Zong, sought out scholars, and Pan Hui visited him, earning great respect from Jiang Zong. When Pan Hui first entered officialdom, he was appointed as the Attendant to the Prince of Xincai, and later he was selected as the Prefect of the Guesthouse.
During the Sui Dynasty, Wei Dan was sent to the Chen Dynasty for diplomatic relations, and Pan Hui was tasked with receiving him. Wei Dan was going back to report to Emperor Wen of Sui and wrote a memorial, in which he stated, "I respectfully acknowledge your kindness, and you even specially hosted a farewell banquet." Pan Hui believed that "respectfully acknowledge" was more formal and solemn than "respectfully," which sounded too casual, so he did not submit the memorial. Wei Dan immediately retorted, "The 'Rituals' commentary states: 'The core of etiquette is respect.' The 'Book of Songs' says: 'When it comes to mulberry and catalpa trees, one must show respect.' The 'Classic of Filial Piety' says: 'Sacrifices to ancestors must be solemn.' It also says: 'Not respecting parents is considered a violation of etiquette.' Confucius was in awe of heaven's wrath, and King Cheng became increasingly respected because of his sagacity. Ancestral temples are the most solemn, heaven is the highest, fathers are the most respected, and rulers are the most respected. All four of these embody the principle of respect, and there is no difference in the Five Classics. Why do you think the word 'respect' is too light? What grounds do you have for this claim?"
Pan Hui retorted, "When I mentioned the character '敬' earlier, I did not completely consider it as insignificant, but rather its usage is different, hence the meaning differs as well. The 'Book of Rites' emphasizes respect, which is a common saying, just like the practice of men 'wearing a cap and using a name,' explained in the annotations as 'after reaching adulthood, treat your own name with respect.' The 'Spring and Autumn Annals' records Ji Que's deeds and also mentions the saying 'mutual respect between husband and wife.' Since there is a meaning of respecting the name for sons, there is also a saying of respecting the wife for husbands, how can all of this be considered overly formal? For example, '敬谢诸公' (respectful thanks to all), is clearly not a formal occasion; '公子敬爱' (the young master shows respect and affection) is only used for guests and friends; '敬问' (respectful inquiry), '敬报' (respectful reply) are more common; '敬听' (respectful listening), '敬酬' (respectful return), what does this have to do with hierarchy? Therefore, although the meaning of the character '敬' is not insignificant, its usage in language is sometimes more casual. Now saying '敬奉' (respectful service), that's why it raises questions. I'm just giving an example, not a deep argument." Wei Dan could not refute it, so he had to revise his memorial.
After the fall of the Chen Dynasty, Pan Hui became a provincial scholar, and Prince Xiao of Qin, Yang Jun, heard of his reputation and summoned him as a scholar. One time, Pan Hui traveled to the capital with Yang Jun, and on the way, Yang Jun asked Pan Hui to compose poems while riding on horseback, completing one poem for each stop, titled "Ode to Grace." Yang Jun was very pleased with it. He then asked Pan Hui to write another piece called "Ten Thousand Words," and also to compile a dictionary called "Compilation of Rhymes."
Later, totems like the dragon appeared along the Yellow River, and the turtle appeared along the Luo River, with various totems and written records documenting the achievements and history of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. From oracle bone script to seal script, and then to various later scripts, they recorded the rise and fall of history and reflected social changes. These written records, encompassing everything from gods to human affairs, are truly remarkable! They serve as the eyes and ears of people, setting an example for future emperors, and their contributions cannot be underestimated.
During the Sui Dynasty, inheriting the cultural and military legacies of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, both literary and military achievements flourished. They engraved their accomplishments on mountains and stones and cast them on bells and cauldrons. At that time, rituals and music flourished, and folk songs were collected. Our King of Qin, who was gifted, intelligent, and eloquent, had been learning poetry and the Book of Changes since childhood and was particularly interested in ancient classics. He advocated Confucianism, was knowledgeable and versatile, loved reading, and recruited talents widely. He spared no effort in rewarding talented individuals, so everyone actively offered advice and strategies.
That year, when the Quail Fire Star appeared, the King of Qin was in high spirits and came to the stream by the bamboo forest. The surrounding scenery was beautiful, guests gathered, and everyone discussed various academic subjects together. At that time, elementary school textbooks were chaotic; although there were Zhou rituals and Han laws, the interpretations varied, and there were numerous issues with vocabulary and pronunciation. Texts such as "San Cang" and "Ji Jiu Pian," although retaining some content, found "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" and "Zi Lin" only explained the form of characters, while the explanations of pronunciation and rhythm were very confusing.
Later, Li Deng's "Sheng Lei" and Lv Jing's "Yun Ji" appeared, while they distinguished between flat and oblique tones, they lacked a solid foundation and were not comprehensive enough to guide poetic creation. So the King of Qin personally ordered the organization of these phonetic rhythms, referenced a large number of classics, and finally completed the book "Yun Zuan," totaling thirty volumes. This was indeed a remarkable accomplishment!
Now let me, a person with limited knowledge, write a preface, which I find quite embarrassing. I can only do my best to express my respect. I hope the esteemed Confucian scholars from the Qilu region, the talented individuals from Chuzheng, and the virtuous people from Xihai can help me refine it. Shortly after, Jun passed away. Prince Jin then appointed Hui as the Yangzhou Scholar and tasked him with compiling a book titled "Jiangdu Collection of Rites" alongside other Confucian scholars. Prince Jin also asked Hui to write a preface, which reads:
... (There should be a continuation here, please provide the continuation for further translation)
The significance of etiquette is truly profound! It is as rhythmic as the movements of heaven and earth, as bright as the light of the sun and moon. Its origins can be traced back to the times of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, and its fundamental principles conform to four moral standards. Even when people lived in tree caves, the seeds of etiquette had already begun to take root, and the specific elements of etiquette gradually emerged from divinations conducted on tortoise shells and animal bones. While the original purpose of etiquette is quite simple, extending beyond mere material items like jade and silk, from the Xia Dynasty to the Yin Dynasty, the system of etiquette has always existed.
Officials overseeing sacrificial ceremonies and those managing etiquette are essential for the country's stability and harmony, and why people and spirits can mutually respect each other. The admirable qualities of morality and righteousness cannot be realized without etiquette, and people's behavior and conduct are inseparable from the norms of etiquette. If we liken the jade seal to mud that prevents leaks, then the role of etiquette goes far beyond the simplicity of plowing, sowing, fertilizing, and weeding!
From the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars in the Qin Dynasty to the changes in ritual systems in the Han and Wei Dynasties, there were significant changes. The expertise in rituals by Shusun Tong and the extensive knowledge of Gaotang Long attracted many experts and scholars to participate in the formulation of ritual systems. At that time, a wealth of literature on rituals emerged, and the ritual system became more refined. The emperor sat on the throne, handled government affairs, established calendars, and improved the legal system. All regions complied with the imperial orders and policies, just as rain nourishes all things; no place was left unaffected.
In order to improve the ritual system, people collected ancient texts, consulted historical documents, held sacrificial activities on Mount Taishan and Mount Lingtai, and the music system was enhanced. The ritual system also integrated the essence of past dynasties. High-ranking officials, such as Zhuguo, Taifu, the Governor of Yangzhou, and Prince Jin, were both virtuous and talented, who made significant contributions to the country. They resided in the hometowns of the Zhou Dynasty and Shao Yong, whose achievements spanned the Henei and Chu regions, excelling in both civil and military matters, showcasing their versatility. Some of them wore armor, guarded the borders, while others wore court attire and inspected various regions, recruiting talents and establishing schools.
In addition, they advanced the education of the Six Arts, attracting a diverse range of talents, inheriting the traditions of Jixia Academy, and restoring the academic atmosphere in the Sishui area. Every field was explored, and every challenge was solved. They conducted in-depth research on various ritual systems, analyzed the thoughts of Confucianism and Mohism, organized and collated various literary materials, and clarified and differentiated various interpretations.
As the ritual system continued to evolve with the times, the records of "Mingtang" and "Qutai," the discussions of "Nangong" and "Dongguan," the explanations by Zheng Xuan, Wang Su, Xu Guang, and He Xun, and the comments by Cui Yuan, Qiao Zhou, He Yan, and Yu Chan, although the literature is vast, the truly valuable content remains scarce.
Therefore, I utilized my spare time to organize these materials, distilling the essence, outlining the main points, and finally completing this "Jiangdu Collection of Rites." The entire book consists of twelve volumes, totaling one hundred and twenty volumes. The number of volumes is derived from the twelve months in a year and the twelve time periods in a day, reflecting the movements of celestial bodies and embodying the principles of state governance and human ethics.
In the past, officials in places like Guimeng and Suihan also imitated the emperor's rituals, but their records did not survive. However, my "Jiangdu Collection of Rites" can be compared to those rudimentary inscriptions on stone, and it is far superior to those hanging golden signboards. Therefore, although "Pei Wang's Comprehensive Discussion" surpasses the works of my predecessors, and "Ningshuo's New Book" is better than previous books, I believe my "Jiangdu Collection of Rites" excels them all.
Thanks to the favor of the emperor, I had the opportunity to travel to famous mountains and rivers and received the emperor's appreciation. Therefore, I humbly present this work as a token of my gratitude.
After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, he ordered Hui He, an assistant writer, Lu Congdian, a Tai Chang scholar, Chu Liang, and Ouyang Xun, among others, to help Duke Yueguo, Yang Su, compile the "Book of Wei." As a result, when Yang Su died, the project was abandoned. Later, Hui was appointed as a scholar in Jingzhao County. The Yang Xuan brothers valued him greatly and often interacted with him. After Yang Xuan failed in his rebellion, anyone associated with him was implicated. Because Hui and Yang Xuan were friends, the emperor was displeased with him, and the authorities acted on the emperor's orders, sending Hui to be the registrar in Weiding County, Xihai County. Hui felt deep resentment and died of illness in Longxi.
Du Zhengxuan, courtesy name Shenhui, ancestral home in Jingzhao. His eighth generation ancestor, Du Man, worked as a mid-ranking official in Shizhao and later settled in Ye City. From Du Man to Du Zhengxuan, their family has passed down literary traditions for several generations. Du Zhengxuan was especially intelligent and knowledgeable. All of his brothers, still in their teens, gained fame in the Sanhe region for their exceptional writing. During the Kaihuang period, he passed the imperial examination and performed excellently in the essay portion at the Ministry of Personnel. When debating with the talented but arrogant Yang Su, Du Zhengxuan did not back down, much to Yang Su's displeasure. Eventually, Lin Yi presented a white parrot as tribute, and Yang Su urgently sought out Du Zhengxuan, sending people repeatedly to invite him. When Du Zhengxuan arrived, Yang Su immediately asked him to write poetry. Though pressed for time, Du Zhengxuan wrote with ease. Yang Su was astonished after reading it and made no edits. He then asked Du Zhengxuan to write over a dozen different types of articles, all of which he wrote immediately, with magnificent language and clear structure. Yang Su exclaimed, "This is a true scholar; I am no match for him!" He appointed Du Zhengxuan as a military officer under Prince Jin, later promoting him to the position of Yuzhang Wang's secretary, where he eventually died in office. His younger brother was named Du Zhengzang.
Du Zhengzang, courtesy name Weishan, was particularly studious and proficient in writing. He passed the imperial examination before the age of twenty and was appointed as a military officer in Chuanzhou, later becoming a county magistrate in Xiayi. By the Daye period, his knowledge had become extensive, and he passed the imperial examination again. All three of his brothers traveled to the capital to meet the emperor, recognized for their outstanding writing, bringing honor to their family. He wrote over a hundred works, including epitaphs, elegies, eulogies, poems, and essays. He also wrote a book called "Styles of Writing," highly regarded by later generations of scholars and considered a writing standard. Even foreign nations such as Goryeo and Baekje studied this book, referring to it as the "New Book of the Du Family."
Du Jingzhao, courtesy name Chang Dezhi, was well-educated and talented, excelling in writing. He rose to the position of the record keeper for the Qin King. After the Qin King passed away, he visited the former palace and wrote a five-character regulated verse that was highly praised for its elegant yet poignant language. He also wrote the *Discourse on Brotherhood*, which was highly commendable for its wisdom.
In Hejian, there was a man named Yin Shi, who was knowledgeable and skilled in writing, gaining fame at a young age. During the Ren Shou era, he became the record keeper for the Han Wang, who greatly valued him. However, following the Han Wang's defeat, Yin Shi committed suicide. His relatives Zheng Qing and Yan Qing were also talented and renowned.
Another person from Hejian was Liu Shanjing, who had extensive knowledge and was particularly skilled in writing. He served as an assistant in the Imperial Archives and a secretary to the Crown Prince, writing works such as *Chou De Chuan* in thirty volumes, *Zhu Liu Pu* in thirty volumes, and *Si Sheng Zhi Gui* in one volume, which gained considerable circulation.
Zu Junyan from Fanyang was the son of the Minister of Works and Supervisor of the Imperial Secretariat, Xiao Zheng, during the Qi dynasty. Despite being short and awkward in speech, he was highly learned. Towards the end of the Sui dynasty, he became an assistant librarian in Dongping County. When the county was attacked by Zhai Rang and later fell into the hands of Li Mi, Zu Junyan was treated with respect by Li Mi, who appointed him as a record keeper. However, after Li Mi's downfall, Zu Junyan was killed by Wang Shichong.
Kong Deshao from Kuaiji was talented and rose to the position of county magistrate in Jingcheng. After Dou Jiande declared himself king, he appointed Kong Deshao as the Director of the Palace Library, tasked with drafting official documents. Following Dou Jiande's defeat, Kong Deshao was killed.
Liu Bin from Nanyang was also literarily talented, serving as an assistant in the Records Office of Xindu County. Dou Jiande appointed him as a secretary in the Imperial Library. After Dou Jiande's defeat, he became the Chief Secretary to Liu Ta and fled with him to the Turks, after which he disappeared without a trace.
The historical records state, "Emperor Wen of Wei remarked, 'Most literati of the past and present do not pay attention to the smallest of actions; very few can establish themselves based on reputation and integrity.' This statement is indeed accurate!" People like Wang Zhou, Yu Chuo, as well as Cui Nao and Xiao Yi, some are overconfident and disregard worldly matters; some, although knowledgeable, have unfortunate destinies, unable to achieve high status or accept a lower one, feeling frustrated and unable to express their grievances, with fluctuating ambitions, behaving arrogantly and unrestrained in society, looking down on officials and nobles. Therefore, they are often cast aside because of their recklessness and excesses, offending others due to their jealousy and animosity. This isn't just the case for Zhao Yi from Hanyang and Ni Heng from Pingyuan! Therefore, they are left with regrets and remorse, seldom able to find a good ending. However, they possess profound knowledge and magnificent writings, like a branch in Denglin or a beautiful jade from Mount Kun. During the unification of the Sui Dynasty, there were numerous talented individuals, but only about a dozen stood out. The three Zheng brothers were among them, shining together as truly rare brothers!
