The carriages used by the emperor during outings were specifically regulated by previous monarchs to display social hierarchy. However, this practice evolved over time. At the beginning of the Liang Dynasty, the Qi Dynasty's system was still in place, but later, Emperor Wu redefined the rituals, leading to gradual changes. In the early years of Yongming, the infantry commander Fu Manrong proposed, and later, during the Ming period of the Song Dynasty, the Minister of the Left Xun Wanqiu also proposed that both the golden and jade carriages should use blue flags, while other carriages should use corresponding colors, since the colors were deemed incorrect and did not correspond to the five elements. Therefore, it was suggested that all carriages use the blue flags customary in the Qi Dynasty. After much discussion, this proposal was ultimately rejected. By the third year of Tianjian, all carriages were changed to use red flags, but the tassels on the flags remained the same, as the emperor had a preference for red. In the seventh year, the emperor remarked, "According to the Book of Rites, the jade carriage is designated for sacrifices, while the golden carriage is for receiving guests. Now, during the grand sacrifices, we should use the golden carriage." Thus, a detailed discussion was ordered. Zhou She said, "The golden carriage was originally intended for ceremonial fasting and is unrelated to sacrifices." Consequently, it was decided that for ancestral temple sacrifices, the jade carriage would be used, and the emperor's grand processions would be overseen by the Minister of the Imperial Chariot, while the emperor's legal outings would be managed by the Chariot Attendant. The other four carriages would be pulled by attendants using red silk ropes. The charioteers donned military crowns and red attire. As for the system during the Yongming years of the Qi Dynasty, the jade carriage featured a heavy eave, decorated with golden phoenixes, hanging golden bells, and adorned with pearls and jade. Golden dragons adorned the four corners, each spitting out colorful auspicious clouds. The horse's head was further adorned with a qilin motif. By the twelfth year of the Liang Dynasty, the emperor abolished these decorations.
Initially, Emperor Qi Wu constructed two types of vehicles, both resembling chariots but lacking wheels and axles, featuring crossbars and yokes underneath. In the early Liang Dynasty, lacquer painting was used to replace these. Later, the emperor ordered the addition of a cumbersome carriage resembling a calf cart, and it has been like that since then. The carriage measures eight feet in width at its center, with four windows on each side. The front sports a golden dragon. The ends of the yoke, axle, and balance are adorned with gold decorations. A golden phoenix perches atop the yoke. The underside of the carriage is multi-layered, intricately carved with dragon and phoenix designs in blue material. A lacquered wooden board, referred to as a "wangban," is positioned at the front. Below the "wangban," thirty-six horizontal wooden bars intersect. The smaller carriage resembles a chariot, adorned with gold decorations and lacquer painting, but features only eight horizontal bars. During the New Year’s Day grand assembly, the emperor rides this carriage to court. It is also utilized during memorial ceremonies in the West Hall. When traveling, this carriage follows behind the larger carriage. It also has another name, known as a "yu che."
The sheep carriage, also known as a "nian" (辇), is similar to a chariot, with children wearing blue pleated trousers and five braids sitting on it while being pulled by several people. At that time, it was referred to as "sheep carriage historian." In the Han Dynasty, some were pulled by people, while others were drawn by horses fed on fruit. During the Liang Dynasty, both nobles and commoners could ride in this carriage, known as a "qianzi."
It is said that there were many types of ancient carriages. The most common type was the painted-wheel carriage, pulled by oxen. The construction of this carriage is thoroughly detailed in ancient historical texts, so I will not elaborate further.
Then there were the twelve "yi shu" carriages, also pulled by oxen. In the Han Dynasty, these carriages featured black covers with red interiors, and when crossing rivers, green oil flags were added. The ropes on these carriages were crafted from red silk thread, the yokes were blue, and the edges of the wheels were coated with gold. The "yi shu" carriages were also referred to as auxiliary carriages, and during the Liang Dynasty, they came to be known as "yi shu" carriages.
The Crown Prince's luxurious carriage, known as the Luanlu, is pulled by three horses, with two smaller carriages following behind. The wheels are red, the carriage shaft features carvings of animal heads, the yoke is adorned with carvings of deer, there are nine hanging decorative ribbons on the carriage cover, the body is painted with dragon patterns, the cover and flags are azure, the yoke is also ornate, and the edges of the wheels are painted with gold. Today, this type of carriage is still referred to as the Luanlu, which is a kind of ceremonial carriage. During the Liang Dynasty, the newly built Eastern Palace of the Crown Prince would only use the Luanlu for ceremonies such as sacrifices or New Year's meetings. For everyday use, they would use painted-wheel carriages and cloth book carriages.
Officials with a rank of two thousand shi (equivalent to a fourth-rank official or higher) and marquises were permitted to use ox-drawn carriages known as yaoche. These carriages have carvings of rabbits on the carriage box, blue oil umbrellas, red silk threads, and black painted wheels and spokes. In the second year of Tianjian (Emperor Wu of Liang's reign title during the Southern Dynasties), it was stipulated that only the Three Excellencies, the Chancellor, and the Director of the Secretariat could use the Lufan yaoche, which features ear-shaped decorations on the sides of the carriage, a rear door, and black wheels. The Prefect of the Masters of Writing, the Grand Masters of the Palace Attendants, the Palace Attendants, the Director of the Palace Library, and the Secretariat Director used the Fengxia yaoche, which also features a rear door and black wheels. Other officials such as Leading Military General, Guard Military General, National Teacher, Crown Prince's Advisor, Masters of Writing, Palace Attendants, Court Officials, and Cavalry Attendants used the Liaoni yaoche, which lacks a rear door and has black wheels. The General of Chariots and Cavalry, the General of Agile Cavalry, and all princes (except for provincial governors and generals) used the Longque yaoche, adorned with gold and silver embellishments. The Chief Censor used the Fanggai yaoche, which is shaped like a small umbrella.
It is said that in ancient times, the princes and high-ranking officials who had made contributions were specially provided with ox carriages, similar in style to calf carts, but with black-painted wheels and axles, decorated with gold and topped with blue oil umbrellas and red ribbons. The carriage canopy was large enough to cover all four sides. When officials went to court, the wives of the officials could also ride in these carriages, although their canopies were slightly smaller. Those high-ranking officials who received special privileges had ox carriages featuring red wheels, ornate axles, and oil umbrellas with ribbons. In the second year of Tianjian, the court decreed that during court visits, concubines, princesses, princes' consorts, and princesses could ride in carriages with blue oil umbrellas and canopies, which could be smaller. Female attendants, imperial princesses, princes, and wives of marquises could ride in carriages with red oil umbrellas, with smaller canopies also allowed. Palace maids and guards could only ride in the simplest carriages. The carriages used by princes and high-ranking officials had large canopies and bodies made of bamboo and wood, resembling modern calf carts, but with canopies that completely covered the bodies. Provincial governors also rode in sedan chairs with canopies, which were elaborately decorated, including gold accents. From the emperor to the common people, everyone could ride in these square sedan chairs, which were about four feet square, with handrails and railings for convenience, without restrictions. The sedan chair bearers had no foot pedals, making it easier for passengers to sit. If officials received special treatment, they could even ride in sedan chairs directly to the court. For example, Minister Xie Piao, due to his mobility issues, enjoyed this privilege.
The Five Cattle Flag has blue and red on the left, white and black on the right, and yellow in the middle. It is said to represent the five periods of the day in ancient times. In the past, there were also five types of standing and resting carriages, totaling ten, called the Five Periods Vehicle. Each carriage had twelve flags that matched the color of the carriage body. The standing carriage had flags inserted upright, while the resting carriage had flags inserted at an angle. The color of the horses pulling the carriages was also determined by the five periods; for example, the mane and tail of a white horse would be dyed red. The driving horses were splendidly adorned, with a yellow canopy and flags at the front of the carriage, similar to the royal carriages of ancient times, except that the flag was displayed at the back during the convoy's movement. This is what is known as the Five Periods Auxiliary Vehicle. After the Jin Dynasty crossed the river, this type of carriage was rarely used and were replaced by ordinary horse-drawn carriages, with flags inserted on the carriages. Later, five types of wooden cattle were used instead of carriages, with flags placed on the cattle’s backs and carried by people. The flags were usually kept rolled up and only unfurled when the emperor personally led his troops into battle. Zhou Qian believed that the Five Cattle Flag appeared only after the Jin Emperor Wu subdued the Wu Kingdom, and it did not start after the Jin Dynasty crossed the river.
The Guiding Vehicle always paved the way during the emperor's tours. In the early Han Dynasty, it was accompanied by the Yu cavalry as well, which was responsible for clearing the way. Zuo Taichong once said, "The Yu cavalry clears the way, and the Guiding Vehicle indicates the direction." Later, the cavalry was eventually abolished, leaving only the Guiding Vehicle.
Ah, the Jili Vehicle is drawn by oxen, and there's a wooden figure on the vehicle holding a small hammer. It knocks once for every mile the vehicle travels.
Now let's talk about the Drum and Wind Vehicle, which is quite luxurious! The vehicle features several levels, with golden dragons at each corner, holding decorative tassels and feathers in their mouths. Whether on land or at sea, the drum and wind band uses this type of multi-storied transportation; land uses the tower vehicle, and water uses the tower boat. If housed in a palace, it is designed to resemble a tower made of bamboo. The upper levels also feature carved birds, such as herons, crows, and even swan shapes.
Unfortunately, in the later years of Chen Chengliang, Wang Lin set fire to the Chariot Mansion, and many of the cars were burned. It wasn't until the first year of the Tianjia era that the emperor ordered the Minister of the Imperial Household and the Marquis of Bao'an to rebuild five main chariots (ancient imperial chariots) and five auxiliary chariots in Zhongju. These chariots glimmered with golden light, with dragon patterns carved on the carriages, pixiu carved on the yokes, dragon heads on the poles, auspicious tubes hanging from the sides, phoenixes and sparrows standing on the crossbars, exquisite patterns painted on the carriages, green covers, yellow linings inside the carriages, made from acacia wood for the poles, and decorated with gold on the tops of the carriages. Colorful flags were hung on the left side of the chariots, each with different colors; spears were affixed to the right side, clothed in embroidered fabric. Beast head flags were hung on the tops of the spears, measuring a full fourteen feet in length! The Jade Chariot (the most opulent chariot) and its auxiliary chariots were pulled by six horses, while the other chariots were pulled by four horses. The horses' manes were braided with gold thread, with pheasant tails inserted, and the saddles were intricately carved from jade and inlaid with tin. Colorful patterns were painted on the chariots, coated in red paint, measuring three feet long and eight inches wide, tied to the axles, referred to as "flying wheels" in ancient times. They were later changed to flags with colorful frog patterns, also tied to the axles, considered relics of the ancient flying wheels. Behind the five main chariots were two boxes, with covers made of tortoiseshell inlaid with gold and silver, which the common folk referred to as "Golden Kui Chariots." The boxes were lined with red brocade, adorned with gold flowers, and the back edges of the boxes were crafted from red and purple brocade, secured with blue ribbons; bamboo mats were laid out in summer, and embroidered quilts were laid out in winter. Since then, the design of these chariots has continued to reflect the style of the Liang Dynasty.
During the beginning of the Tianxing era in Northern Wei, the emperor ordered Dong Mi of the Yi Cao to compile the rituals for court meetings and sacrifices, marking the start of the ceremonial system for chariots and horses. However, at that time, there was a limited understanding of ancient styles, resulting in many deviations from established protocols. When Emperor Xiaowen came to power, Li Shao, the Director of Ceremonies, requested a detailed formulation once more, and they carefully studied various classic texts, discussing and modifying the previous system. However, only the system for the Five Chariots (the emperor's five vehicles) was established with specifications determined by their respective colors, while the standards for other ceremonial chariots and horses remained incomplete. It wasn't until the ninth year of the Xiping era that Emperor Ming issued another order to Cui Guang, the Shizhong, Prince Yanming of Anfeng, and Doctor Cui Zan to reference previous opinions and produce ceremonial attire for chariots and horses on a large scale. The final regulations stipulated that the Five Chariots would be positioned side by side, each pulled by five horses. The Crown Prince would ride in a golden chariot featuring a scarlet canopy and a red body, pulled by four horses. The Three Dukes and various princes would ride in scarlet chariots with blue canopies, similar in style to the chariots, referred to as Gao Che, pulled by three horses. Other nobles, as well as officials ranked above the Minister of Personnel but below the Minister of State, were assigned a light carriage pulled by a single horse. Some also rode in a four-wheeled chariot drawn by an ox. From that time on, the ceremonial system for chariots and horses was mostly established, and the Northern Qi adopted this system as well. While there were later supplementary decrees, there were no major additions or reductions. Nobles and gentry, commoners, including those who were princes, officials ranked Yi Tong San Si and above, as well as the emperor's close female relatives, were permitted to use pheasant tail fans and purple umbrellas. Royal relatives and officials of the third rank and above were allowed to use blue umbrellas with a red interior. Regarding the blue umbrellas, which had a green interior, even ordinary scholars were allowed to use them without restriction.
Officials of the first rank, rank-and-file officials, officials of the Three Departments, and various princesses can ride in oil-colored carriages with a red lattice design, with decorations on the carriage and oxen made of gilded decorations or pure silver. Officials of the second and third ranks can ride in carriages with decorations made of gilded decorations. Officials of fourth rank and below, and seventh rank and above can ride in carriages with decorations made of copper.
The Shangshu Ling can be accompanied by 15 attendants, while the Left and Right Pushe, as well as the Yushi Zhongcheng, can each be accompanied by 12 attendants. During the Zhou Dynasty, six government offices were established, including one responsible for managing the state's carriages, horses, and ceremonial processions, discerning their ranks and colors.
The emperor's carriages come in a total of twelve grades, which are quite exquisite! The first grade is called Canglu, used for sacrificing to the Supreme God of Heaven. The second grade is Qinglu, used for sacrificing to the God of the East. The third grade is Zhulu, used for sacrificing to the Gods of the South and the morning sun. The fourth grade is Huanglu, used for sacrificing to the Earth Deity and the Central God. The fifth grade is Bailu, used for sacrificing to the Gods of the West and the evening moon. The sixth grade is Xuanlu, used for sacrificing to the Gods of the North, the God of Emotions, and for sacrificing to the sacred land of Shenzhou. These six carriages are painted in solid colors without any additional decorations, featuring smooth surfaces and curtains crafted from checkered fabric, each carriage having twelve curtains. (This indicates that the carriage surface is smooth, while the roof is adorned with intricately carved leather.)
Next are the six more advanced types of carriages. The seventh type is the Jade Carriage, used for sacrificing to the ancestors (先皇), where the emperor will wear the grand ceremonial attire, and the empress will also attend. The eighth type is the Azure Carriage, used for sacrificing to the gods of the land, ancestors, and conducting solemn divination rituals, hosting the esteemed elders, entertaining the vassals, and meritorious farmers. The ninth type is the Golden Carriage, used for sacrificing to the stars, the four corners, observing the first day of the lunar month, holding grand archery ceremonies, entertaining the ministers, inspecting the sacrificial animals, and hosting the elderly officials. The tenth type is the Elephant Carriage, used for presiding over various sacrificial activities, holding court meetings, entertaining the vassals and ministers, holding feasts and archery ceremonies, hosting the common elders, inspecting the vassals' residences, touring various regions, inspecting the imperial academy, and visiting Taoist temples. The eleventh is the Leather-Trimmed Carriage, used for inspecting the army and for military expeditions. The twelfth type is the Wooden Carriage, used for hunting and patrolling the capital region. These last six carriages are painted in six distinct colors, then decorated with materials such as jade, turquoise, gold, ivory, leather, etc. The surface of the carriage is made of tin, with golden hooks attached to the yoke, and the carriage curtains are made of colorful silk, with each carriage having twelve curtains. In summary, the emperor's carriages, with their various types, strict hierarchy, exquisite materials, reflect the grandeur of imperial power and the rigidity of the hierarchical system.
The queen has twelve different types of carriages! The first is called "Zhong Zhai," used when the queen accompanies the emperor to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth, to pay respects to the late emperor, and to visit the empress dowager. (The carriage is adorned with the most magnificent feathers of the Zhai bird.) The second is called "Yan Zhai," which is used for offering sacrifices to the land god. (The feathers are inferior to those of Zhong Zhai.) The third is called "Zhai Lu," used during mulberry picking. (Decorated with Zhai bird feathers.) The fourth is called "Cui Lu," used when the queen accompanies the emperor to meet guests. (Decorated with kingfisher feathers.) The fifth is called "Diao Lu," used when the queen returns to her family. (The carriage pole features intricate carvings.) The sixth is called "Zhuan Lu," used when the queen inspects various regions. (The carriage pole is adorned with seal characters.) These six types of carriages have tin compartments and are fitted with red silk reins. (The reins are made of red silk, connecting the horse's ears and the bridle.) There are also golden hooks on the carriage pole. The seventh type is "Cang Lu," used for visits to ministers' residences. The eighth through twelfth are Qing Lu, Zhu Lu, Huang Lu, Bai Lu, and Xuan Lu; these five types of carriages are used for entering and exiting the palace daily. These six types of carriages are made of wood, with painted silk reins. (The reins are made of painted silk.)
The feudal lords have nine types of carriages: Fang Lu (in various colors), Bi Lu, and Jin Lu; these three types have tin compartments, nine colored ribbons, and golden hooks. Xiang Lu, Xi Lu, Bei Lu, Ge Lu, Zhuan Lu, and Mu Lu; these types have wooden compartments and nine colored ribbons. These ribbons come in red, white, and blue. The feudal lords have one less type of carriage in descending order starting from Fang Lu, and they do not have Bi Lu. The counts have two less types of carriages in descending order starting from Fang Lu, and they do not have Jin Lu. The viscounts have three less types of carriages in descending order starting from Fang Lu, and they do not have Xiang Lu. The barons have four less types of carriages in descending order starting from Fang Lu, and they do not have Xi Lu. The number of colored ribbons corresponds to their rank.
The carriages of the noblewomen come in nine types: "Yan Zhai" (厌翟), "Zhai Lu" (翟辂), and "Cui Lu" (翠辂), all featuring tin bodies, with red harnesses and golden hooks. "Diao Lu" (雕辂) and "Zhuan Lu" (篆辂) are two types with wooden bodies and decorated harnesses. The shafts are adorned with black and white leather engravings. "Zhu Lu" (朱辂), "Huang Lu" (黄辂), "Bai Lu" (白辂), and "Xuan Lu" (玄辂) are carved wooden carriages, with the shafts engraved with pitch-black leather and featuring dark blue harnesses. The harnesses are made of dark blue silk, similar to the red ones. The noblewomen's carriages have one type fewer than those of the nobles; the countesses' carriages have two types less than the counts; the viscountesses' carriages have three types less than the viscounts; the baronesses' carriages have four types less than the barons. The number of ribbons is determined by their husbands' titles.
During sacrificial ceremonies, the lords and high officials use carriages in medium colors. Ordinary scholars utilize standard sacrificial carriages. The ancient carriage system was quite elaborate! The highest-ranking three senior officials have nine types of carriages: Si Lu, Xi Lu, Bei Lu, Zhuan Lu, Mu Lu, Xia Zhuan, Xia Man, Mo Che, and Zhan Che. From Zhuan Lu upwards, the decorations on these carriages are gilded, along with tin, harnesses (the straps on the carriages), and golden hooks. From Mu Lu downwards, the decorations are crafted from bronze, with each harness having nine pairs. The three senior officials have carriages that decrease in type from Si Lu downwards, having only eight types and no Xi Lu. The six ministers have carriages that decrease in type from Si Lu downwards, having only seven types and no Bei Lu. This pattern continues, with senior ministers having six types, middle ministers five types, and lower ministers four types, with the number of carriage types decreasing accordingly. As for ordinary scholars, they only have three types of carriages: Si Che, Mo Che, and Zhan Che. The decorations on each type of carriage are determined by the prescribed rank. For officials below the three senior officials, the colors of the carriage decorations are restricted to red and green.
The carriages of the three consorts and the three noble ladies consist of nine types of carriages: the zhuanlu, zhulu, huanglu, bailu, and xuanlu, all of which have their shafts adorned with gold and silver, and the straps on the shafts are quite ornate; the xiazhuan, xiaman, mo che, and zhan che, whose shafts are exquisitely carved, have simpler straps on the shafts. The three consorts' carriages decrease in number from zhulu, totaling only eight types. The carriages of the six concubines and six noble ladies number only seven types, decreasing from huanglu. The carriages of the upper ladies and the central ministers decrease from xuanlu, with only five types. The carriages of the lower ladies and lower ministers decrease from xiazhuan, with only four types. The carriages of the imperial concubines and the scholars decrease from xiaman, with only three types. The number of tassels on these carriages is similarly determined by rank. The bottoms of all these carriages are covered with bamboo mats and coated with lacquer. The monarch's carriage is painted red, while the noblemen and scholars use black lacquer.
The monarch's carriage is drawn by four horses, has three shafts, and six reins; the noblemen's carriage is drawn by three horses, has two shafts, and five reins; the scholar's carriage is drawn by two horses, has one shaft, and four reins.
The carriages are constructed with double-layer wheels and axles, and also include decorations on the shafts. The emperor's and empress's carriages measure six feet six inches in width and have wheels that are seven feet high. The wheels, axles, and shafts feature painted cloud patterns, while the carriage body and shafts are carved with dragon patterns, and various fierce beasts are depicted inside the carriage. The images of the fierce beasts are depicted on the shafts, resting against the axles. The carriages of the lords and their wives measure six feet two inches in width and have wheels that are six feet six inches high. The wheels are painted with cloud patterns, the carriage body and shafts are carved with dragon patterns, and cloud patterns are painted inside the carriage. Decorations are similarly found beside the axles. The scholar's carriage does not include any decorations. The carriages of the empress, noble ladies, and those of lower ranks no longer depict fierce beasts or deer.
There were many types of banners in ancient times! The most prestigious "fan flag" featured the sun, moon, and five stars, which is what we call the three celestial bodies. The emperor's flag depicted a rising dragon, while the feudal lords had intertwined dragons. Other banners included the yì featuring the Vermilion Bird, the jīng with a yellow unicorn, a flag depicting the white beast, and the zhao with a black tortoise, all of which also had cloud motifs added. If these banners were used in the army, they would also have the unit number and name written on them, along with cloud motifs. The same practice applies to the insignia. (By the way, a banner made from a single piece of silk is called zhan, while one made from various silk pieces is called wu. Military flags would also have the official’s name and the unit number written on them, and the same goes for the insignia, but only the style of these characters would be depicted.) The jīngjié also featured a white beast and had separated feathers inserted.
The department that manages these banners is called Sīcháng, and they are in charge of keeping various flags. They have six flags made from whole pieces of silk specifically for worshiping heaven and earth. These are: the Cang flag, the Qing flag, the Zhu flag, the Huang flag, the Bai flag, and the Xuan flag. Additionally, there are six flags with designs used for the emperor's various carriages. These six flags are: the flag depicting the three celestial bodies, the flag with the Qing dragon, the yì featuring the Vermilion Bird, the jīng with the yellow unicorn, the flag depicting the white beast, and the zhao with the black tortoise. These flags are mounted on the left side, with the yanji (a type of spear) on the right. Furthermore, there are four types of flags in the army: the hui, used by generals; the zhi, used by divisional commanders; the yu, used by brigade commanders; and the pei, used by the cuichang. The flags used on the carriages of officials of varying ranks also differ. For example, high-ranking officials use the qi for the square carriage and the bi carriage, the yi for the golden carriage, the wu for the elephant carriage, and the zhao for the wooden carriage. Below the feudal lords, this pattern continues, with lower-ranked carriages using flags of lesser quality.
The number of edges on the flagpole is also significant: the emperor's flagpole has six edges, the feudal lords have five, the nobles have four, and the scholars have three. The ribbons on the flags are called "liú," with the emperor's ribbons reaching down to the ground, the feudal lords' reaching down to the axle, the nobles' reaching the cart's hub, and the scholars' reaching the yoke of the cart. The addition of animal fur at the top of the flagpole is referred to as "suí," while those with split feathers are called "jīng," and those with complete feathers are called "lái." The flags of the emperor and feudal lords also include "hú jiān." The "qì jǐ," a rectangular weapon measuring six feet on each side and covered with "fú" patterns, is exclusively used by the emperor and feudal lords. (The "qì jǐ," the silken ribbons on the flagpole, and the flags themselves all have strict hierarchical distinctions.)
In ancient times, the cart featured a round canopy, symbolizing heaven; the cart body was rectangular, symbolizing earth. The wheels were equipped with thirty spokes, symbolizing the sun and moon. The horizontal beam on the roof consisted of twenty-eight segments, symbolizing the constellations. When the emperor traveled, the procession included a dedicated band and honor guard, and the flags on the carts differed according to rank. The design of the cart is rich with symbolism and fully reflects the royal dignity, which is why emperors throughout history have valued it highly.
There were five funeral carriages for the emperor and empress: the first was a wooden carriage, used on the day of the burial; the second was a plain carriage, used after the mourning period; the third was a plain carriage, used after the mourning period; the fourth was a ceremonial carriage, used for rituals; and the fifth was a lacquered carriage, used a year after the mourning period. Once the funeral was completed, these carriages were stored in the palace warehouse and were not used regularly. During the Great Elephant era, the emperor sent Zheng Yi to inspect the armory, where he found some valuable artifacts from the Wei dynasty. He chose particularly exquisite pieces, refurbished them, and distributed them among the harem concubines. Among these was a carriage known as "Qianxiang Nian," featuring a round canopy adorned with feathers and painted with the sun, moon, five stars, twenty-eight lunar mansions, the Milky Way, clouds, mountains, rare treasures, and mythical creatures, pulled by twenty-four horses, intended for the Empress of Heaven, who would ride in this carriage for rituals.
Another large carriage, named "Da Lou Nian," featured twelve shafts, inlaid with jade decorations, four wheels with hubs, six balance beams, a square carriage body, and a round canopy adorned with golden roosters, feathers, precious bells, and tassels, with phoenix and sparrow figures perched on the balance beams, and six dragons holding the yoke, while the carriage body was painted with ascending dragons and the sun and moon, pulled by twenty oxen. There was also a carriage called "Xiang Nian," with its sides decorated with golden phoenixes and white deer immortals, adorned with feathers, tassels, and golden bells and jade pendants, initially pulled by two elephants but later switched to six camels. Additionally, there were many other decorative carriages, totaling over ten, all crafted during the reign of Wei Tianxing. After Emperor Xuan ascended the throne, he began to use these carriages again. Emperor Xuan also decreed that all carriages in the country must be constructed with solid wood for their wheels.
In the first year of the Kaihuang era, Li Delin, the Minister of Internal Affairs, submitted a report stating that the imperial vehicles of the Zhou and Wei dynasties did not conform to regulations and should be completely destroyed. Emperor Gaozu agreed. Only five chariots made by Li Shao during the Taihe era of the Wei dynasty, as well as those from the Tianbao era of the Qi dynasty, were retained. Additionally, several vehicles designed by Mu Shao, the Minister of Rites during the Xiping years of Wei for the empress, were preserved: a chariot with a golden root for sacrifices, a mica chariot for personal rituals at the royal tomb, both drawn by four horses; a purple silk chariot for visits to her family; an an car for leisure; and a dark silk chariot for condolences, both drawn by three horses. Later, an order was issued to remake five chariots.
This article discusses the various vehicles used by ancient emperors during their travels. First is the jade chariot, featuring a blue body decorated with jade edges. The carriage is spacious and luxurious, adorned with a blue dragon on the left and a white tiger on the right, and golden phoenix wings; the body is adorned with depictions of various flying birds and beasts. Yellow flags are inserted on the front of the chariot, with a golden phoenix at the front and eight luan birds adorning the balance beam, along with two bells on the yoke. A dust guard is also positioned in front of the yoke. The canopy is blue on the outside and yellow on the inside, embroidered with patterns, and decorated with feathers. The wheels are red and inlaid with animal teeth. On the left side, a flag with twelve streamers is displayed, each with a rising dragon painted on it, hanging down to the ground. On the right is a halberd, four feet long and three feet wide, featuring a patterned surface; the halberd head features a golden dragon head grasping a ribbon and a bell. The horses pulling the chariot are blue, and the metal components of the chariot are gilded, adorned with feathers from a pheasant and five falcon feathers, along with hollow tin decorations, and the reins consist of twelve strands. The horse's head is adorned with tin decorations crafted from hollow gold, and both the saddle and reins feature colorful embellishments, with each wrap counted as one "jiu." This chariot is used for sacrifices and for welcoming the empress.
Next is the Golden Carriage, with a red body decorated with gold edges. On the left side is a pennant, and on the right side is a halberd, with birds and falcons painted on the pennant. Similar to the Jade Carriage, the horses pulling the carriage are red. This carriage is used for audiences, meetings, hunting, and banquets.
Then there is the Elephant Carriage, with a yellow body decorated with ivory edges. On the left side is a flag, and on the right side is a halberd, with a yellow mythical beast painted on the flag. The horses pulling the carriage are yellow. This carriage is used for regular travel.
There is also the Leather Carriage, with a white body made of leather. On the left side is a banner, and on the right side is a halberd, with white beasts painted on the banner. The horses pulling the carriage are white horses, designated for patrols, guarding, and warfare.
The Wooden Carriage has a jet black body. On the left side is a banner, and on the right side is a halberd, with turtles and snakes painted on the banner. The horses pulling the carriage are black, used for hunting.
All five carriages have matching covers, banners, and reins with the body color. The interiors of the covers are all yellow, featuring identical tin hollow decorations across all five carriages.
The Peace Carriage features a spacious and heavy cabin, with curved walls, purple-red and vermilion inside, a transparent canopy woven with red silk thread in a network pattern, red reins, red covers, and various decorations. The horses pulling the carriage are red, used for the emperor's official outings.
Lastly, there is the Four-View Carriage, similar to the Calf Carriage, decorated with gold, with green and vermilion inside, and a transparent canopy. This carriage is used for tomb worship and mourning ceremonies.
The carriage of the queen and the empress dowager is blue, glistening with gold, and elegantly decorated. The wheels feature crimson patterns, and the shafts are also crimson, beautifully adorned. The carriage body is finished in cyan, with red silk lining inside. The canopy is left open, and the curtains are made of purple embroidered fabric. The carriage's netting is made of woven red silk thread, and the ties are also purple embroidered ribbons. There are eight bells on the carriage and twelve decorative ribbons, with golden ends featuring the tail feathers of the Zhai bird. Most of the decorations on the carriage are red, resembling the tack of a horse, only smaller, hanging on both sides of the horse's bridle. This carriage is pulled by a blue dragon horse, and the queen rides it during the enthronement ceremony, sacrifices, and ancestral temple rites.
The queen's other carriage is red, glistening with gold, and elegantly decorated. The wheels feature crimson patterns. The carriage body is finished in purple, with red silk lining inside. The canopy is left open, and the curtains are made of red brocade. The carriage's netting is made of woven red silk thread, and the ties are also red brocade ribbons. Other decorations are similar to those on the queen's blue carriage. This carriage is pulled by a yellow steed, and the queen rides it when visiting the silkworms.
There is also a carriage called the Zhai carriage, that is yellow, glistening with gold, and elegantly decorated. The wheels feature crimson patterns. The sides of the carriage are decorated with Zhai bird feathers, the carriage body is finished in yellow, with yellow silk lining inside. The canopy is left open, and the curtains are made of white and red brocade. The carriage's netting is made of woven red silk thread, and the ties are also white and red brocade ribbons. Other decorations are similar to those on the queen's blue carriage. This carriage is pulled by a yellow steed, and the queen rides it when visiting her family. All the ribbons match the carriage's color.
The royal carriage has a red body that gleams with golden accents. Its canopy is purple, while the interior is red. It is used by the queen during royal occasions or for mourning. The crown prince's carriage is also red with a shimmering golden body and is sumptuously adorned. The carriage compartment is spacious, decorated with various painted birds and beasts; the roof is yellow, with the shaft intricately carved with deer motifs, and the front end of the shaft is sculpted in the shape of a dragon. At the front of the carriage, a golden phoenix is prominently displayed. The carriage is equipped with a dust shield; the cover is red, while the interior is yellow, and the wheels are painted with vermilion patterns. On the left side, a flag with nine tassels hangs, and a halberd is positioned on the right side. The top of the flagpole is adorned with a golden dragon head, decorated with ribbons and bells. It is drawn by four magnificent red steeds. The carriage features eight bells, with an additional two on the shaft. The majority of the decorations on the carriage are gilded, with five pheasant tail feathers elegantly arranged alongside hollow tin ornaments and nine decorative sashes. The crown prince rides in this carriage for sacrificial ceremonies, the Winter Solstice grand assembly, and when he marries the crown princess.
The palanquin shimmers with gold and is lavishly adorned. Its canopy is purple, and the interior is red. It is drawn by a single horse, used by the emperor for morning court sessions, palace banquets, and when entering or leaving the palace.
The four-direction carriage glimmers with gold and is richly adorned. Its canopy is purple, and the interior is red, featuring a net intricately woven from red silk threads. It is drawn by a single horse and is employed by the emperor during funerals.
A first-rank high official travels in an elephant carriage that is yellow, adorned with ivory accents. The flags on the carriage showcase depictions of birds and falcons. The emperor uses this type of carriage for his conferral, ancestral sacrifices, ascension to the throne, marriage to the empress, and funerals.
Marquises and earls, as well as second and third rank officials, ride in leather-covered carriages, which are white in color and adorned with leather. The flags on the carriages depict bears and wild animals. This type of carriage is used during ceremonies for conferring titles, worshipping ancestral temples, marrying queens, as well as funerals. Sons and fourth rank officials ride in wooden carriages, which are black and painted. The flags on these carriages depict turtles and snakes. This type of carriage is also used during ceremonies for conferring titles, worshipping ancestral temples, marrying queens, as well as funerals.
For carriages below the elephant carriage, the number of flags and the carriage's decorations are determined by the officials' ranks. Although these are based on ritual regulations, there had been no unified production standard prior to this. In the twelfth month of the third year of the Kaihuang era, the emperor ordered the cessation of the manufacture of new carriages, mandating the use of old ones instead. It was not until the ninth year, after subduing the Chen dynasty, that new carriages and horses were acquired. The previously established regulations were handed over to the relevant departments for implementation; those not included in the regulations were destroyed. While this approach was economical, it led to numerous deficiencies in the ritual system. In the fourteenth year, the emperor issued another order, stating that the carriages he was currently using were in line with recent practices, which were inconsistent with the classic rituals, and that new regulations needed to be formulated. He then instructed the relevant departments to meticulously investigate ancient precedents and to recreate the five carriages and reserve vehicles.
The five newly made types of carriages are: the Jade Carriage, which has a green body, used for sacrifices; the Gold Carriage, which has a red body, used for court meetings and for returning after sacrifices; the Elephant Carriage, which has a yellow body, used by the emperor during his inspections; the Leather Carriage, which has a white body, used for military purposes; and the Wooden Carriage, which has a black body, used for agricultural rituals. The wheels of these carriages are all decorated with red patterns, the shafts are shaped like dragons, and each is adorned with twelve flags depicting ascending dragons. On the left side, there is a ceremonial weapon known as Xiji. The flags match the color of the carriages, featuring twelve rows of decorative tassels. Carriages for princes, founding heroes, high-ranking officials, and governors have red bodies and canopied tops, with patterned wheels. On the left side, there is a flag with a dragon, one side ascending and the other descending. There is also Xiji on the left side. Carriages for lower-ranking officials have red bodies and covers, with a flag on the left side made of silk, all red. The number of flags and tassels on each carriage is determined by the official's rank.
In the first year of the Daye era, the carriages were restructured once more, and in addition to the five types, backup carriages were also set up. The emperor ordered Yang Su, the Duke of Chu and Shangshu Ling; Qi Zhang, the Shangshu of the Ministry of Personnel; Anping Duke Yu Wenkai; Yu Shiji, the Attendant of the Ministry of the Interior; Xu Shanxin, the Libationer of the Ministry of Rites; He Chao, the Tai Fu Shao Qing; and the courtier Yan Pi to engage in detailed discussions and make decisions. So they carefully considered the old customs of previous dynasties and made their decisions.
As for the Jade Carriage, it was used by ancient emperors during sacrificial rites, adorned with jade ornaments. The "Bai Hu Tong" states that the Jade Carriage is a large carriage. The "Zhou Li" records that the Jinche family was tasked with overseeing this carriage, the tinware on the carriage is intricately hollowed, the carriage features twenty-two tassels, and the flag representing the Grand Minister is inserted on the carriage, with twelve tassels cascading from the flag. The name of the carriage changes across different dynasties, known as the Luan Carriage during the era of Yu Shun, the Hook Carriage in the Xia Dynasty, the Great Carriage in the Shang Dynasty, and the Riding Carriage in the Zhou Dynasty.
"The Book of Rites" describes in detail the construction of this chariot: the chariot's canopy symbolizes the heavens, resembling a compass; the twenty-eight shafts symbolize the constellations; the chariot's body symbolizes the earth; and the thirty spokes represent the days of a month. Looking forward, you can hear the sound of the chime; looking to the side, you can see the changing scenes of the four seasons. Legend has it that Cheng Tang used this chariot to perform sacrifices in the countryside and also received auspicious omens from the Shan Chariot (a kind of auspicious chariot), also known as the Sanggen Chariot.
Cai Yong discussed the Han Dynasty's system in his work "Du Duan," noting that the emperor's chariot is drawn by six horses, featuring a canopy of feathers, golden claws, a yellow canopy, a left flagpole bearing a military banner, hollowed-out tinware on the chariot shafts, and numerous tassels adorning the chariot shafts, with the underside of the canopy lined with yellow silk. The left banner is crafted from the tail of an ox, very large, about the size of a dou, inserted on the left side of the chariot. The hollowed-out tinware is five inches high and wide, shaped like an umbrella, and topped with the tail of a pheasant. Fangji refers to the decorative piece worn on the horse's head; the fan tassels are the ropes that hang from the front of the chariot shafts, and the heavy hubs serve as decorative elements on the wheels.
Ying Shao's "Han Officials' Etiquette" says that there is also a dragon flag on the large chariot, with a dragon painted on the flag. Dong Ba's "Records" describe this as the auspicious mountain chariot, known as the Jingen Chariot during the Qin Dynasty, but it actually refers to the large chariot from the Shang Dynasty. Sima Biao's "Records" also note that the Han Dynasty had five large chariots, some of which were referred to as De Chariots, and the horses that drew the chariots were all of a square coloration. Only Zhi Yu, the Tai Chang Qing of the Jin Dynasty, expressed doubts about whether the large chariot was crafted from jade; his assertion is somewhat questionable, but scholars throughout the ages have often conflated them. From a practical standpoint, there is little distinction in meaning.
The flag on the left bears the name "Taichang." The "Shiming" states: "The sun and moon are constant, painting the sun and moon at the flag's end, signifying eternal illumination." It further states that this tradition dates back to the Xia Dynasty. Xi Zhong served as the vehicle supervisor in the Xia Dynasty; he started adding flags to the carts, with different numbers of tassels to signify rank. Dong Ba's records detail the system of the Han Dynasty. The Son of Heaven's vehicle features a flag with twelve tassels that drape to the ground, adorned with images of the sun, moon, and ascending dragon, symbolizing heavenly brightness.
The current jade chariot references ancient ceremonial systems, retaining the essence while discarding the unnecessary, and making adjustments. The body of the chariot is blue, decorated with jade. The chariot compartment is large, with a dragon carved on the left and a beast on the right, adorned with golden phoenix wings and ornamented with zhi patterns (虡), while the left side of the yoke has a left flag. In front of the yoke is a golden phoenix, and the chariot's balance beam is decorated with eight luan birds, with two bells hanging from the yoke. The yoke is adorned with dust-proof decorations; the canopy is blue, the lining is yellow, embroidered with a design of swimming dragons. On the canopy is a golden Bo Shan, inlaid with mirrors, with eight jade pendants hanging down below. Forty feathers are inserted into the canopy. The wheels are red, featuring overlapping gears and an axle. The left flag has twelve tassels, all depicting ascending dragons and the sun and moon, hanging long to the ground. The right side carries a halberd, a type of weapon, four feet long and three feet wide, adorned with patterns of fu (黻). The top of the flagpole has a golden dragon head, holding a bell and shuang (a type of ornament), with ribbons hanging down. The pulling horses are blue, and the yoke has a golden square fitting, featuring the tail of a zhai bird, crafted from hollowed-out tin, and the yoke is adorned with twelve tassels made from silk in five different colors. The Son of Heaven rides this chariot during sacrifices and during the welcoming of the empress. It is driven by twenty-eight attendants, and the other chariots are similarly equipped.
According to Cai Yong's "Du Duan," this type of vehicle, in addition to the five chariots (the five vehicles used by ancient emperors during their travels), would also prepare an additional five colorful ceremonial and standing vehicles, each pulled by four horses; this is referred to as the "Five Seasonal Auxiliary Chariots." The common people also called it the "Five Emperor Chariot," which is essentially the auxiliary vehicle. Therefore, when Zhang Liang attempted to assassinate Qin Shi Huang, he actually mistakenly attacked the auxiliary vehicle. During the Han Dynasty, there was also a system in place for these auxiliary vehicles. Sima Biao stated, "The chariot of the emperor is pulled by six horses, followed by one pulled by four horses, which is the auxiliary vehicle." The "Book of Wei" also mentions, "The emperor permitted Taizu (Cao Cao) to ride in the Golden-Rooted Chariot, pulled by six horses, and also equipped with five seasonal auxiliary vehicles."
At that time, the Jiangzuo region (referring to Eastern Jin) did not have auxiliary vehicles, which only began to be prepared during the Liang Dynasty. By the time of the Sui Dynasty's Kaihuang era, auxiliary vehicles were abolished, and after pacifying the Chen Dynasty, although they obtained the auxiliary vehicles from the Chen Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Sui still destroyed them, considering them useless. It wasn't until now (referring to the Tang Dynasty) that auxiliary vehicles were reinstated. This jade vehicle (decorated with jade) has the same colors and flag symbols as the main vehicle, but is two ranks inferior. It is pulled by four horses, and there are twenty-four drivers. The other four auxiliary vehicles are similarly configured.
The golden chariot, as it is often referred to, can be found in the "Book of Documents," where it is described as an ornately decorated chariot. The "Rites of Zhou" states: "The golden chariot has a hollowed-out body inlaid with tin sheets, ornate decorations, nine straps hanging down, and a large flag mounted on it. The Son of Heaven uses this chariot to receive guests, especially feudal lords of the same surname, and when they are granted titles, they ride in this chariot." Such rituals reach their zenith, bridging the lower and upper echelons, which is why the Son of Heaven rides this chariot to host guests and feudal lords of the same surname, and then sends them off to receive their titles. Thus, during the Han Dynasty, the crown prince and various kings rode in golden chariots or luxurious carriages, with wheels painted a vivid red, adorned with beast heads on the shafts, carved deer on the yoke, black wooden compartments with exquisite patterns, blue tops, golden canopies on the frames, red patterns painted on the shafts, and the body adorned with gold. If one was not a prince, even if he became a king, he would not enjoy such treatment; their chariots were pulled by two horses, and those with three horses were even rarer. The flags had nine flowing ribbons, featuring images of a descending dragon. The imperial grandsons rode in green chariots, also pulled by several horses. During the Wei and Jin periods, it was mandated that the crown prince and various kings used chariots drawn by four horses. According to Zhi Yu, the golden chariot of the Son of Heaven holds the second highest rank; he also mentioned that the golden chariot is used for court audiences, while the ceremonial chariot is used for receiving guests. This indicates that the use of chariots in the Jin Dynasty differed from that in the Zhou Dynasty.
The "Song of Daily Records" states that in the fourth year of Tai Shi, the Minister of Personnel, Prince Xiu Ren of Jian'an, suggested: "Although the emperor's son, a scholar, should still receive education at the Bi Yong. First, he should acquire knowledge, and only then should he be honored; nobility should not be assumed. After being conferred a title, his rituals and etiquette are the same as those of high officials, so the emperor grants him a golden chariot, but the decorations on the flags should be adjusted according to rank. The elephant chariot and the leather-covered wooden cart are granted to princes of different lineages. The officials in court should also follow this example." Therefore, both the crown prince and the emperor's sons, namely the princes, can ride in the golden chariot. Since the Jin Dynasty crossed the Yangtze River, the vehicles and attire for those of lower rank have become simpler, with only the crown prince's ceremonial rank being particularly special. There is also a type of cart made from mountain stone, which is rarely mentioned in ancient texts, and no related records have been found. The granting of a golden chariot follows an ancient system, ranking two tiers lower than the emperor's imperial chariot, which is drawn by four horses. Only the emperor's five chariots can be drawn by six horses. The flags, banners, and pennants each have twelve trailing ribbons, with the banner standing upright on the left. According to "Er Ya," the term for "leather bird" is "yu," and Guo Pu explains: "This is the complete bird skin placed on a pole." The old saying is to carve it into a leather bird. Sun Shuao said: "Leather means urgent. It implies painting a bird flying quickly on the trailing ribbons." The bird of prey mentioned in the "Rites of Zhou" refers to the yu, carrying the same meaning. The current golden chariot features a red body adorned with gold trim. The left side has a flag depicting a flying falcon, and the right side has a halberd, with phoenix wings on the chariot, all similar to the jade chariot. It is drawn by red steeds. This chariot is used for court meetings, conferences, banquets, and events involving archery and drinking.
It is said that in ancient times, the crown prince traveled in a gold-decorated chariot. However, during the Song and Qi dynasties, the crown prince began to travel in an elephant-drawn chariot. Yuwen Kai and Yan Pi submitted a memorial saying, "According to the records of the sixth year of the Song Dynasty (462 AD), the court prepared five chariots. The relevant authorities reported at the time: 'The Qin Dynasty changed the style of chariots from the Zhou Dynasty, starting to decorate the chariot shafts with gold. The Han and Wei dynasties followed this practice, and the design of the chariot has remained the same. However, the gold and jade chariots are decorated similarly, and from a distance, there is almost no difference. If a gold chariot is given to the crown prince, it would be too extravagant according to etiquette and would not reflect the difference in rank between the emperor and the crown prince. Now the crown prince should ride in an elephant-drawn chariot, accompanied by nine green flags. This way, it does not make the crown prince appear too noble or too low in status, which aligns with both the historical context and ancient etiquette.' It's clear from the Song Dynasty's perspective that they didn't prepare a secondary chariot. The five new chariots, both gold and jade, were made from the same materials, with only differences in rank below the elephant-drawn chariot. Therefore, the crown prince cannot ride in a gold chariot to maintain the distinction in rank, which is why he rides in an elephant-drawn chariot. Now, according to the titles from the Zhou Li and the Han Dynasty system, the emperor has five chariots, all with the same shape and decoration. The chariot features twelve tassels and cords, with a yellow canopy, a flag on the left side of the chariot, gold shafts, and wheels, all completely the same, only the colors of the five chariots are different. If such a chariot were given to the crown prince, neither gold nor ivory would be appropriate, much less gold or elephant-drawn chariots! Since a secondary chariot has been set up, pulled by four horses, the gold chariot naturally holds its own rank. In the Spring and Autumn Annals, the rank differences are two tiers. Now, the emperor rides in a chariot drawn by six horses, with twelve tassels; the crown prince rides in a chariot drawn by four horses, with nine tassels, which is similar to the secondary chariot system, differing only in the banners. The chariots of the emperor's grandsons and princes are also gold chariots, but with reduced decorations, according to ancient records. We believe this is appropriate." The emperor said, "It can be done."
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Thus, the prince's gold chariot is red, similar in style to the deputy chariot, but slightly smaller, drawn by four horses with twenty attendants. The imperial grandson's gold chariot is green, ranking one level below that of the prince. The chariot lacks a canopy or heavy axle; instead, a box is attached to the yoke, decorated with gold decorations at the ends, and it has seven flags, each bearing seven streamers. It is drawn by four horses with eighteen attendants. The golden chariot of the princes is red, identical to that of the imperial grandson in all other aspects. The golden chariot is reserved for the return to the homeland and for the marriage of a concubine; on ordinary occasions, they use the elephant chariot.
Speaking of the elephant chariot, as stated in the "Book of Documents," it is the most prestigious vehicle. The "Rites of Zhou" states: "The elephant chariot has a red canopy with elaborate tassels, complete with five types of ornaments; the canopy is adorned with large red ornaments, and it is used by the emperor during court meetings, as well as when feudal lords of different surnames are conferred." Flags are displayed on the left side of the chariot. The "Erya" commentary notes, "The head of the flag is called 'jing'," as Xu Shen referred to it, "the chariot carrying the flag." The "Guangya" adds: "The emperor's flag has nine blades, the feudal lords have seven blades, and the nobles have five blades." The "Book of Zhou: Wanghui" also writes: "Zhang Yu has the flag." The "Book of Rites" mentions: "The dragon banner has nine streamers; it is the banner of the emperor." The present-day elephant chariot features a yellow body, and all other decorations are symbolic as well. On the left side, a flag depicting a green qilin is displayed, while a spear is displayed on the right side. This chariot is used for sacrificial rites to the Earth.
Next, we have the leather chariot, which, according to the "Shiming," is the chariot of the Emperor. The "Zhou Li" states: "The leather chariot is adorned with dragon-shaped decorations, complete with five different tassel decorations, and the canopy is decorated with large white ornaments; it is used during military campaigns and when conferring titles to the four guards." In ancient times, this chariot was made with a leather body and painted in color, lacking any additional decorations. There are also terms such as "military chariot of the Rong, broad chariot, chariot for filling gaps, and light chariot," all of which refer to military vehicles, known as the "Five Rongs." However, the leather chariot is also called the Rong chariot, which is used by the Emperor in the army. The broad chariot is used for flanking formations, while the chariot for filling gaps is used to fill in gaps in the ranks. All these chariots are decorated with leather, thus, it is said that "the troops supply leather chariots, each according to their type." According to Zhi Yu, the leather chariot is classified as a fourth-rank vehicle. Banners are inserted on the left side. The "Shiming" states, "The bear is the flag," while the "Zhou Guan" says, "The dragon banner has nine streamers, symbolizing great fire." Today’s leather chariot features a white body wrapped in leather. A flag bearing the image of Zuo Yu is displayed on the left, and a halberd is inserted on the right, drawn by a white camel. This chariot is utilized for inspections and troop deployments. Officials ranked third and below also ride in leather chariots, but these chariots have red bodies. The chariot is driven by a team of sixteen people.
Speaking of this wooden cart, according to the records of the "Book of Documents," it is the second of the five chariots. In the "Zhou Guan," it is mentioned that the carriage of the wooden cart is decorated with black silk fabric, and white bird feathers are attached to the flag, used for hunting and bestowing titles on vassals. Zhi Yu of the Jin Dynasty said that the wooden cart was ranked fifth as a hunting cart. However, during the Taishi era of the Song Dynasty, the emperor used the wooden cart for plowing fields. Xu Yuan explained in the "Brief Explanation of Doubts" that the emperor has five chariots, and after the Jin Dynasty's migration southward, only the golden chariot was used for sacrifices, while the wooden cart became a cart for expeditions. It was not until the Daming period of the Song Dynasty that the full system of five chariots was reinstated. The colors and styles of the canopies, pennants, and decorations of these five chariots are the same, with yellow interiors and similar decorations. Shen Yue said that the "Rites and Music" did not depict the specific appearance of these five chariots. The flag and feathered canopy of the wooden cart now resemble those of the jade cart, with a pennant on the left. In the "Zhou Guan," it is mentioned that the pennant features a tortoise and a snake. The "Shuowen Jiezi" explains that tortoises can predict good or bad luck. The author of the "Explaining Simple Characters," Xu Shen, said that the pennant has four fluttering ribbons, symbolizing the constellations. The current wooden cart is black and lacquered. On the left is a pennant depicting Xuanwu, and on the right is a halberd, with black steeds driving the cart, mainly used for hunting. The wooden cart used by fourth-rank officials (fangbo) has a red body, and there are fourteen drivers for the cart.
A carriage, according to the records of the "Book of Rites," is a vehicle used by high-ranking officials when conducting official business. Its style is similar to that of a "zhi-yu." Cai Yong's "Du Duan" mentions five different colors of carriages, with wheels painted with patterns and thick axles. Nowadays, the wheels of the carriage are also painted with patterns, the carriage is large and has curved walls, a purple canopy, a red interior, a transparent canopy woven from red silk thread into a net, red decorative elements, and is pulled by four horses. The emperor uses it when inspecting or visiting his subjects. The crown prince's carriage has mottled wheels, a red body, similar in style to the emperor's, and is also pulled by four horses.
A four-wheeled carriage, known as the "Si Wang Che," according to the records of the "Zhong Chao Da Jia Lu Bu" of the Jin Dynasty, is pulled by oxen. The "Dong Gong Jiu Yi" mentions that both the crown prince and crown princess have carriages with painted wheels. Nowadays, the style of a four-wheeled carriage is similar to that of a "duche," decorated with gold, featuring a green canopy, a red interior, a transparent purple canopy woven from purple silk thread into a net, pulled by a single ox, used by the emperor during tomb sacrifices or when expressing condolences. The crown prince's four-wheeled carriage features a green canopy and a transparent blue canopy woven from red silk thread.
According to Shen Yue, this plowing cart is the one personally used by the emperor for farming. It is also known as the "Zhi cart" or the plowing cart. The cart's yoke holds a plow and a rake. This is what Pan Yue refers to in his poem, "The dark yoke belongs to the black plow." During the Kaihuang period, such a cart did not exist; when the emperor went out to plow, he used a wooden cart, following an old custom from the Taishi period of the Song Dynasty. The current plowing cart has a green body, three layers of covers, and is decorated with feathers and carvings, making it quite elaborate, similar to a jade cart. If the emperor plows a thousand acres, three sacrificial ceremonies are held, and he rides in this cart.
Regarding the sheep cart, records from Liu Yi, an Inspector during the Jin Dynasty, state that it was privately used by the guard Yuang Xiu. Such a cart did not exist during the Kaihuang period; it has only been introduced recently. This cart resembles a sedan chair, adorned with gold, silver, and jewels, featuring a purple satin cover and red silk curtains. Twenty young drivers, all sporting two circular hair buns and dressed in green, are selected from children around fourteen or fifteen years old, known as the "young historians of the sheep cart." The horses that pull the cart are called "Guoxia horses" and are roughly the size of sheep.
Speaking of royal carriages, in the past, when feudal lords traveled, their carts and horses created quite a spectacle. After the Qin Dynasty unified the six states, these carts and horses were consolidated into a total of eighty-one carriages. The Han Dynasty upheld this tradition; when Emperor Wu visited Ganquan to worship the Taiyi deity, he used these eighty-one carriages. Emperor Ming also showcased a similar display when visiting the Shangyuan Tomb. Among these eighty-one carriages, the highest-ranking are called "Fajia," totaling thirty-six carriages, while the next rank, "Xiaojia," consists of twelve carriages. Later, during the Kaihuang period of the Sui Dynasty, the grand carriages were reduced to twelve, and the number of Fajia was halved.
During the period of the Sui Dynasty's Daye era, the imperial carriage was increased to eighty-one vehicles, each resembling a cart pulled by an ox, with purple canopies and red reins, decorated with gold, and each pulled by a single ox. In the entire ceremonial procession, it traveled alone along the central avenue. However, by the second month of the third year, the emperor felt there were too many vehicles and inquired with the official in charge, Yan Pi. Yan Pi said, "I reviewed the historical records with Mr. Yuwen Kai, and this system of eighty-one vehicles has been passed down from the Qin Dynasty and has been in use ever since. Zhang Heng's poem mentions 'the number of vehicles is ninety-nine,' referring to this system. As for the legal carriage, it was stipulated by the Han Dynasty to be one-third less than eighty-one vehicles. The 'Chronicle of Emperor Wen of Han' records 'the Son of Heaven's legal carriage welcomes the substitute envoy,' and as Chun noted, 'the number of vehicles is thirty-six,' which is what this means. Furthermore, during the reign of Emperor Xiaojian of Song, officials discussed this matter, stating that after the Jin Dynasty moved its capital to Jiangzuo, only five vehicles were used. The Minister of Personnel, Prince Hong of Jianping, said: 'Eighty-one vehicles have no basis; the five vehicles of Jiangzuo are too simple and do not conform to the rites. However, the number of imperial banners is twelve, and now we should set twelve vehicles according to this standard.' After pacifying the Chen Dynasty during the Kaihuang era, this became law. We now follow the ancient system, with the grand carriage according to the standards of the Qin Dynasty, the legal carriage according to the standards of the Han Dynasty, and the lesser carriage according to the standards of the Song Dynasty, thus establishing ranks." The emperor said, "The grand carriage will use thirty-six vehicles, the legal carriage will use twelve vehicles, and the lesser carriage will be abolished."
Now let's talk about the palanquin that the emperor sits in. The "Shiming" states that a "palanquin" is something carried by people. After Emperor Cheng of Han visited the imperial harem, he used this. Xu Yuan's "Shiwun" states: "The Son of Heaven sits in the palanquin, accompanied by the attendant." The current palanquin resembles a sedan chair, but unlike one, it has no wheels; the canopy is purple, the reins are red, decorated with gold and jade, and it is carried by people.
There is also a secondary palanquin, which is heavier, resembling an ox cart, with a purple canopy and red reins, called a "peng palanquin." This originated during the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang.
Let’s talk about the yue carriage. The "Shuowen" describes it as: "Yue, a carriage made of bamboo." The "Zhouguan" mentions: "The Zhou dynasty emperor rides in a yue carriage." During the Han dynasty, the yue carriage was made of carved wood, square in shape, with each side measuring six feet. Today's yue carriage is similar to a palanquin, only smaller, and the emperor uses it when hosting private banquets in the palace gardens.
Finally, there is the small yue carriage, which features a square canopy and resembles a tent. The emperor uses this when coming down from the pavilion to enter the main hall.
The yaoche, as noted in the "Liutao," is also referred to as a carriage with a broad view, allowing for distant observation. When Emperor Wu of Han received Shengu, the two students of Shengu followed in a yaoche. This yaoche is also used for quickly conveying information. The "Jinshi Lubu" records that the yue carriage of the censor travels in the center of the road. The "Jin Gongqing Lizhi" states that the yue carriage of the Minister of Works has a black carriage with a door at the back. Nowadays, the yue carriage has a blue canopy and is pulled by two horses. Nobles enrolling in school, officials of fifth rank and higher who present themselves before the emperor, or those who are getting married can also use this type of carriage. The Sili Xiaowei, governors, county magistrates, and officials of sixth or seventh rank dispatched on missions only ride a single horse.
The ox cart, according to the records in "The Book of Wei Wu Di," Cao Cao once gifted Yang Biao, a historical figure, two seven-scented carts, which were pulled by oxen. This is the ox cart. According to the "Chronicles of Changsha," Liu Shou often rode in a canopy-covered cart. Nowadays, the ox cart also has a canopy, and it can be used by nobles and officials of the fifth rank or higher. For officials of the third rank and above, the canopy is blue, and the interior is red; for officials of the fifth rank and above, the canopy is dark blue, and the interior is green, with the cart body adorned with white bronze. It is only during funerals or condolences that the canopy is not used, and an iron cart is employed. Officials below the sixth rank are not provided with an ox cart; if they wish to ride, they can do so themselves, but cannot use a canopy. Previously, officials of the fifth rank and above used carts with half canopies, but later found them unsightly and switched to full canopies. The full canopy carts for officials of the third rank and above have a blue carriage; the sedan chair for first-rank officials has an oilcloth canopy, and the cart's netting is red, with only the emperor's carriage allowed to be ridden by imperial command.
For the official processions, officials of the third rank and above have nine chariots in their procession, officials of the fourth rank have seven, and officials of the fifth rank have five.
The empress rides in the heavy zhai chariot. As recorded in the "Book of Rites," the empress also has five types of chariots: first is the heavy zhai chariot, second is the yan zhai chariot, third is the an chariot, fourth is the zhai chariot, and fifth is the xuan chariot. In the Han Dynasty system, the empress traveled in a heavy zhai chariot. The current heavy zhai chariot has a blue body and is decorated with gold. The wheels are decorated with intricate patterns, the axles are golden, the wheel teeth are red, and the wheels are quite heavy. The carriage is decorated with feathers from the mythical zhai bird, the canopy is made of blue oilcloth, and the interior is red, featuring a full canopy, purple embroidered curtains, and red silk ribbons, along with purple embroidered ribbons. Eight bells are mounted on the cart balance, intricately carved from tin, with twelve cart straps, a golden cart cover adorned with the tail feathers of the zhai bird, and a red cart shaft, adorned with the horse collar and two golden bits. The draught animal is a blue dragon-horse. When the empress is formally conferred and takes part in sacrificial rites at the suburban or ancestral temples, she is required to ride this chariot.
Speaking of the royal chariots, they are very exquisite! First is the Yan Zhai chariot, with a red body and shiny gold decorations, adorned with red gear patterns on the wheels. The carriage is decorated with beautiful feathers from the Zhai bird, the canopy is purple, the interior is red, the curtains are made of red silk, the netting is woven from red silk, even the harness straps are made of red silk, and the other decorations are similar to those of the Yan Zhai chariot. The horses pulling the chariot are red steeds. This chariot is used by the Queen Mother during the mulberry picking season.
Next is the Zhai chariot, with a yellow body and gold decorations, featuring red gear patterns on the wheels. The carriage is decorated with Zhai bird feathers, the canopy is yellow, the interior is also yellow, the curtains are made of white and red silk, the netting is woven from red silk, the harness straps are made of white and red silk, and the other decorations are similar to those of the Yan Zhai chariot. The horses pulling the chariot are yellow steeds. This chariot is used by the Queen Mother when visiting her family.
As for the An chariot, which shines with gold, it has a purple canopy, a red interior, and is pulled by four horses, only used when the Queen Mother visits or offers condolences. There is also the Nian chariot, also gleaming with gold, similar to a palanquin, with a transparent canopy, mottled wheels, and also pulled by four horses, used by the Queen Mother for outings near the palace gardens.
The Empress's carriages, originally thirty-six in number, were later suggested to be halved by Yuwen Kai and Yan Pi. However, the Ministry of Rites' assistant minister Xu Shanxin disagreed, saying, "According to the records of the 'Rites of Zhou,' the Empress has six sets of clothing and five carriages with the same patterns as the Emperor's carriages. The number of the Empress's carriages should be the same as the Emperor's. During the period of Emperor Xiaojian of the Song dynasty, it was stipulated that the Emperor had twelve carriages. In September of the first year of the Ming dynasty, someone requested to determine the number of the Empress's auxiliary carriages. After discussion by the officials of the Ministry of Rites, scholar Wang Xie Zhi argued that Zheng Xuan stated that the Empress, like the Emperor, has six palaces: one primary chamber and five secondary chambers, therefore, the number of the Empress's carriages should also be twelve." The Emperor eventually adopted this opinion. Therefore, the number of the Empress's carriages was determined.
The three consorts of the concubines ride in red Zhai carriages pulled by two horses; the consorts of the nine lower-ranking concubines ride in green calf carriages with red nets; the Crown Prince's consort rides in a red Zhai carriage pulled by three horses, adorned with golden decorations on the carriage shaft, and there is also a purple calf carriage as an auxiliary carriage with a red net; the consorts of the good maidens and lower-ranking concubines ride in green calf carriages with red interiors; the consorts of the three noble wives, princesses, and royal wives ride in purple calf carriages with red nets; noblewomen of fifth rank and above ride in carriages with green canopies, similar to those used by their husbands.
