Liu Zhuang, with the courtesy name Si Jing, is a native of Jie County in Hedong. His grandfather, Liu Jiyuan, was the Minister of Works of the Liang Dynasty; his father, Liu Xia, was the Governor of Huozhou. Liu Zhuang had grand ambitions from a young age, read widely across various subjects, and was particularly adept at eloquence. Cai Dabao from Jiyang was renowned in the Jiangzuo region, serving as the advisor to Prince Yue of Yueyang, Xiao Cha. Upon seeing Liu Zhuang, Cai Dabao remarked, "The Water Mirror Master of Xiangyang Zhuge Liang has appeared here again!" Cai Dabao then married his daughter to Liu Zhuang. Shortly thereafter, Xiao Cha appointed Liu Zhuang as a military advisor, and later promoted him to the position of a legal advisor. After Xiao Cha declared himself emperor, he appointed Liu Zhuang as a secretary in the Imperial Secretariat, and subsequently held positions as an Assistant Minister, a Minister of Personnel, and a Minister of Ceremonies.
Later, Yang Jian helped govern, and Xiao Kui sent Liu Zhuang with letters to the capital. At that time, the three factions were attacking each other, and Yang Jian was worried that Xiao Kui had hidden agendas. Upon Liu Zhuang's return, Yang Jian told him, "I used to accompany the Chancellor to Jiangling to manage affairs, and I was greatly favored by the Emperor of the Liang Dynasty. Now that the Emperor of the Liang Dynasty is still young, the nation is facing challenging times, yet he has entrusted me with significant responsibilities. I reflected deeply in the quiet of the night, overcome with shame and fear. The Liang Dynasty has been illustrious for generations, loyal to the court, and will only demonstrate steadfast character like pine and bamboo in the future. When you return to the Liang court, please share my thoughts with the Emperor of the Liang Dynasty." After he finished speaking, Yang Jian held Liu Zhuang's hand and said goodbye.
At that time, the generals of the Liang Dynasty were secretly requesting to raise troops and unite with Wei Jiong and others to resist the Sui Dynasty. This way, they could be loyal to the Zhou Dynasty and seize the opportunity to annex the southern regions. Only Xiao Kui hesitated, believing it was unfeasible. At this time, Liu Zhuang returned from Chang'an and detailed Yang Jian's sincerity, then said to Xiao Kui, "In the past, people like Yuan Shao, Liu Biao, Wang Ling, and Zhuge Dan were all heroes of their time. They occupied strategic locations and had many strong soldiers, but in the end, they did not succeed; instead, they quickly perished. The reason was that Cao Cao and the Sima clan had held the emperor hostage, defended the capital and used righteousness as a pretext to secure victory and establish their dominance. Now, although Wei Jiong is an old general, he has become confused. Xiao Moke and Wang Qian are both mediocre talents and have no ability to support the country. Moreover, Shandong, Yongzhou, and the Shu territory will soon submit to the Sui Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty's favor has not yet fully extended to them. The generals in the court are primarily for their own interests, and they are eager to join Yang Jian. I believe Wei Jiong and the others are bound to fail in the end, and Yang Jian will definitely destroy the Zhou Dynasty. It would be wiser for us to protect our territory and watch the situation unfold." Xiao Kui wholeheartedly agreed, so they all stopped discussing the idea of raising troops. Soon, Xiao Moke fled to the Chen Dynasty, Wei Jiong and Wang Qian were killed successively, and Xiao Kui remarked to Liu Zhuang, "If we had listened to everyone's opinions recently, our country would have been doomed long ago!"
After Liu Bang ascended the throne, Liu Zhuang returned to his position at court. Liu Bang offered him much comfort and encouragement. Later, the Prince of Jin wanted to take a princess from Liang, and Liu Zhuang made four or five trips back and forth on this matter, receiving rewards totaling several thousand pieces of cloth. After Emperor Xiao Cong ascended the throne, Liu Zhuang was promoted to the position of Minister of the Imperial Treasury. Following the destruction of Liang, he was appointed as the Minister of Works and soon became the Yellow Gate Attendant of the Emperor, also receiving land and houses as rewards. Liu Zhuang was well-versed in the old rules and handled political affairs adeptly. The Emperor held him in high regard for his insights and corrections.
Su Wei became the Grand Preceptor and greatly valued Liu Zhuang's insight. He often told the Emperor, "People from Jiangnan, those who are knowledgeable do not understand practical affairs, and those who understand practical affairs do not have knowledge. Only Liu Zhuang excels in both." Gao Feng also had a good relationship with Liu Zhuang. Liu Zhuang and Chen Mao worked in the same department, but Liu Zhuang looked down on Chen Mao. Chen Mao felt increasingly uneasy as he noticed the Emperor and courtiers holding Liu Zhuang in high esteem, and he always felt that Liu Zhuang looked down on him. The Emperor and Chen Mao knew each other before, so the Emperor favored Chen Mao and often spoke ill of Liu Zhuang in his presence.
Over the years, Chen Mao's slander grew increasingly widespread. Once, the Ministry of Personnel reported that, according to the law, the criminal should be exiled, but the Emperor sentenced him to death. Liu Zhuang submitted a memorial stating, "I have heard that Zhang Shizhi once said, 'The law is something that both the Emperor and the people must abide by.' Now that the law stipulates this, and you are increasing the punishment, the people will lose faith in the law. The country is currently enjoying peace and stability; it is a good opportunity to demonstrate the credibility of the court. I respectfully urge Your Majesty to consider Zhang Shizhi's words, for they will benefit all the people!" The Emperor did not listen to him, and as a result, Liu Zhuang fell out of favor with the Emperor.
Not long after, the official in charge of preparing medicinal cuisine for the emperor presented pills that were not to the emperor's liking. Chen Mao secretly told the emperor that Liu Zhuang had not personally supervised, which made the emperor angry. In the eleventh year of the emperor's reign, Xu Di rebelled in Jiangnan, and Liu Zhuang, as the chief military officer and long history, went with the army to suppress the rebellion. After quelling the rebellion, Liu Zhuang was appointed as the governor of Raozhou, where he achieved notable success. Several years later, Liu Zhuang passed away at the age of sixty-two.
Yuan Shi, courtesy name Jianyan, was a native of Luoyang, Henan. His father's name was Yuan Wenzong, who was well-known in Northern Qi and died while serving as the governor of Juzhou in the early years of the Kaihuang reign. Yuan Shi earned great respect from an early age, starting as a military officer in the Office of the Grand Minister, later promoted to the position of Left Outer Guard of the Ministry of War, while also overseeing the Ancestral Temple.
One summer, someone claimed to have seen a dragon and requested a rain prayer ceremony. At that time, Gao Anagong was the prime minister, and when he heard that a dragon had been sighted, he was very surprised and asked where the dragon was. Yuan Shi adjusted his robes and replied, "This is the appearance of the Dragon Star. According to the ritual, a rain prayer ceremony should be held at the suburban altar. This doesn’t indicate the actual appearance of a dragon." Upon hearing this, Gao Anagong's expression changed immediately, and he angrily said, "How do you know it's the Dragon Star?" Consequently, the rain prayer ceremony was canceled. Afterward, Yuan Shi sighed to himself, "The country's affairs depend on sacrifices and military matters. If the rituals are abandoned, can it last long? The fall of Northern Qi is imminent!"
Seven years later, Emperor Wu of Zhou conquered Northern Qi, and Yuan Shi was appointed as a senior official in the Office of Taxation. After Emperor Yang Jian of the Sui Dynasty ascended the throne, he appointed Yuan Shi as the chief military officer of Weizhou, later appointing him to the imperial court as the Deputy Minister of Personnel, while also overseeing the Ministry of Personnel. He played a significant role in establishing many of the court's regulations and laws. Seventeen years later, he served as the Left and Right Deputy Ministers of the Ministry of Personnel, earning a reputation for his efficiency.
At that time, the King of Shu, Yang Xiu, violated the law, so Emperor Wen of Sui sent Yuan Shi to Yizhou as the Governor to supervise him. Not long after, Yang Xiu was summoned back to the capital by the imperial court, but he feared turmoil in the capital and wanted to feign illness to avoid going. Yuan Shi urged him repeatedly, insisting he could not defy the imperial edict. Yang Xiu's expression darkened as he replied, "This is a family matter; what concern is it of yours?" Yuan Shi replied with tears, "I have received great favor from the court, serving as an official in the mansion. As an official, how can I not do my best! But in recent years, the country has faced many challenges, with the King of Qin critically ill and passing away, and the crown prince being deposed after just twenty years. How difficult it must be for the Emperor! The Emperor has already ordered you to return, and the delay has been too long. If you still do not go, the people will not understand your intentions. If dissent arises, both internally and externally will be full of suspicion. If the Emperor becomes angry and sends an envoy, what will you use to explain? I hope you will consider this carefully, Your Highness!" In the end, Yang Xiu went to the capital.
After Yang Xiu's deposition, many officials in Yizhou faced repercussions, but Yuan Shi was spared from harm because of his advice. Later, he was promoted to Yitong Sanqi. After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, he appointed Yuan Shi as the Grand Minister of Justice. One time, Emperor Yang of Sui ordered the palace guards to remain at their posts. A general secretly ordered the guards to leave, and Emperor Yang of Sui handed the matter over to the Grand Minister of Justice for handling. Yuan Shi sentenced him to exile in accordance with the law, but Emperor Yang of Sui wanted to have him killed. Yuan Shi argued, "This man deserves the harshest punishment. If Your Majesty had killed him from the beginning, there would be no need for complicated paperwork. Since it has been handed over to the Grand Minister of Justice, it must be handled according to legal procedures. How should similar offenses by palace guards be handled in the future?" Emperor Yang of Sui relented. Later, Yuan Shi was promoted to Deputy Minister of Justice. During his tenure, Yuan Shi was known for his efficiency and eloquence, yet he lacked a reputation for integrity. Not long after, he passed away, leaving a son, Yuan Kunyu.
Lang Mao, courtesy name Wei Zhi, was from Xinshi, Hengshan, Hebei. His father, Lang Ji, once served as the Yingchuan Prefect of Northern Qi. Lang Mao was intelligent and bright from a young age. By the age of seven, he could recite the "Chu Ci" and the "Book of Songs," memorizing more than a thousand characters in a single day. At the age of fifteen, he became a student of Quan Hui in Hejian. Quan Hui was a Doctor of the Imperial Academy, and Lang Mao studied the "Book of Songs," "Book of Changes," "Three Rituals," astronomy, calendar, and law with him. He also studied the "Zuo Zhuan," "Gongyang Zhuan," "Guliang Zhuan," and various other books with the assistant tutor Zhang Shuili from the National University, devoting himself to his studies. His family worried he would overwork himself, so they often adjusted the candles for him. As he grew older, Lang Mao became a renowned scholar and a skilled writer. When he was nineteen, his father passed away, and during the mourning period, he demonstrated even greater respect than what the rituals required.
Later, he served as an official in Northern Qi, starting as a military officer in the Office of the Grand Minister of Works. Once, the state of Chen sent a diplomatic envoy, Fu Zai, to visit Northern Qi, and Lang Mao was tasked with receiving him. He was later appointed to proofread the classics in the Secretariat. He was then promoted to be the magistrate of Baocheng County, where he achieved remarkable accomplishments. The local people even composed a "Song of Qingde" in his honor. After Emperor Wu of Zhou conquered Northern Qi, Wang Yi recommended Lang Mao to Emperor Wu, who then appointed him as the head of the household department of Chenzhou. At that time, Yang Jian (Emperor Gaozu of Zhou) was the general commander of Bozhou, and upon meeting Lang Mao, he took a great liking to him and appointed him as the secretary of the General Commander's staff.
At that time, Emperor Zhou Wu was compiling the Book of Changes. Yang Jian casually remarked to Lang Mao, "The emperor's actions can stir heaven and earth, and rattle spirits. There are many harsh legal provisions in the Book of Changes. How can we effectively govern the world?" Lang Mao thought to himself with a sigh, "This is not something an ordinary person can say!" Since then, Lang Mao secretly struck up a friendship with Yang Jian, and Yang Jian also respected him. Later, Lang Mao returned to his hometown and became the chief clerk of the province. After Yang Jian became the prime minister, he wrote a letter to summon him. The two recalled the past and had a very happy conversation. Yang Jian appointed him as the recorder of Wei State, and he was highly capable, later promoted to the magistrate of Wei State.
At that time, there were more than two hundred prisoners in Wei State County. Lang Mao personally reviewed the cases over several days and released more than one hundred people. Over the years, no cases from Wei State County were ever escalated to the provincial government. Wei State Governor Yuan Hui said to Lang Mao, "The chief official said that the people of Wei State are too afraid to appeal because of you!" Lang Mao replied, "The common people are like water, while laws and regulations serve as embankments. If the embankment is not strong, the water will surge out. As long as there's no breach, what’s there to worry about?" Yuan Hui was convinced by Lang Mao and had nothing to say.
There was a man named Zhang Yuanyuan who had a bad relationship with his cousin Si Lan. The county magistrate wanted to impose harsh penalties on them, but Lang Mao said, "The Zhang brothers originally didn't get along with each other. Now, because they have committed a crime, it will only deepen their conflict. This isn't how you educate the people!" So, he sent some respected elders from the village to persuade them, and the persuaders came in droves. Zhang Yuanyuan and others eventually repented and went to the county office to confess. Lang Mao talked sense into them, and in the end, the brothers reconciled and became friends, becoming a popular story among the people.
Mao first served as the Chief Historian in Yanzhou, and later was promoted to Minister of Rites, and then became the Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Personnel. At that time, the Right Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, Su Wei, issued a decree that every year he would investigate whether officials above the fifth rank were violating regulations. Some replied, "In the areas we govern, there are simply no families with officials above the fifth rank." This kind of superficial response was quite common. Su Wei also compiled a record of surplus grain, intending to register the situation of surplus grain in various regions to see if they could be redistributed. Mao felt this was too troublesome and not useful, so he requested that these initiatives be discontinued. After a few years, his mother passed away, so he resigned from his position to observe mourning at home. After completing the mourning period, he was reappointed and asked to return to work. He also submitted a memorial arguing that the descendants of those who died for the country should not have their land confiscated; and that older officials should not lose any of their land. Mao was known for his intelligence and quick thinking, handling matters decisively and efficiently, earning widespread praise for his administrative skills.
During the Renshou period, his original official position was Prefect of Daxing. After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, he was promoted to Deputy Commander of Yongzhou, and shortly after, he was promoted to the position of Junior Minister of Rites. Two years later, he was appointed as the Deputy Minister of Personnel, in charge of selecting officials. Wang Mao was renowned for his skill in managing government affairs, which was well-known at the time. At that time, the Minister of Works, Yu Wenkai, and General Yu Zhongwen of the Right Imperial Guard were in a fierce dispute over the He Dong silver mine. Wang Mao submitted a memorial accusing them, stating, "I have heard that there are different customs for the noble and the humble, and different professions for scholars, farmers, artisans, and merchants, so that people know their place and families know their shame. Yu Wenkai holds a high official position and receives a generous salary; he should live a quiet life, yet he shamelessly fights for personal gain. Yu Zhongwen is a general and a close attendant of the emperor, who hears the emperor's teachings every day, but fails to emulate the integrity of Yu Shun and Rui Liangfu, and instead fights fiercely for petty gains. How can they set a good example for lower officials and establish a good reputation for the common people? If not corrected in time, it will undermine political ethics." As a result, Yu Wenkai and Yu Zhongwen were both punished. Wang Mao also compiled a hundred scrolls of "Zhoujun Tujing" and presented them to the court, for which he was rewarded with three hundred rolls of silk, and the book was placed in the imperial library. At that time, the emperor often went on tours, and the country's laws and regulations were in disarray, and many had become ineffective. Wang Mao was an old minister of the former dynasty, well-versed in the ways of the world, but he was good at protecting himself, never speaking his mind, lacking the courage to be forthright. He saw the emperor's irritable temper and dared not speak, merely sighing in silence. Because of his old age, he submitted a request to retire, but the emperor did not agree.
Later, the emperor personally went to Liaodong to wage war, leaving Wang Mao to remain in charge of Jinyang Palace. That year, the governor of Mount Heng, Wang Wentong, had a falling out with Wang Mao, accusing him of factionalism and misleading the emperor. The emperor ordered Minister Su Wei and Grand Inspector Pei Yun to investigate Wang Mao. Since Wang Mao had a poor relationship with these two, they deliberately distorted the facts and framed him. The emperor was enraged upon hearing this, stripped Wang Mao and his brother Wang Chudu of their titles, and banished them to Qiemo County. Wang Mao accepted this punishment with equanimity, showing no signs of worry.
During the journey, he wrote a poem "Ascending the Hill" to comfort himself, which he composed quite skillfully. He also submitted a memorial to defend himself, and the emperor began to grasp the situation. Ten years later, the emperor summoned him back to the capital. A year later, Wang Mao passed away at the age of seventy-five years. He had a son named Wang Zhinian.
Gao Gou, with the courtesy name Xiaoji, hailed from Beihai in Shandong. He had a humorous and witty personality, remarkable intellect, excellent eloquence, loved reading, and was skilled in handling political affairs. At a young age, he became the chief registrar of a province. Later, he served as a military advisor to the King of Henan in the Qi state, and also served as the Sima of Xuzhou, the governor of Lanling Commandery, and the governor of Pingyuan Commandery. After the fall of Northern Qi, Emperor Wu of Zhou appointed him as the Sima of Xuzhou. After Emperor Yang Jian declared himself emperor of the Sui Dynasty, Gao Gou was promoted to the Sima of Jizhou, earning notable political achievements and a stellar reputation.
Later he was summoned by the court and appointed as the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Works, but soon transferred to the Ministry of Personnel. At that time, the Minister of Internal Affairs, Jin Pingdong, and his nephew Jin Changmao were competing for inheritance rights. The Ministry of Rites could not reach a decision, and after three rounds of discussions among court officials, no consensus was reached. Gao Gou quickly rendered a judgment that was deemed very reasonable. The Emperor admired his ability and summoned him to the palace, praising him, "I have heard that the talent of a Minister should shine like the stars in the sky. After seeing your talent and insight, I understand that the words of the ancients are true. The distinction between legitimate and illegitimate is very important in ritual and education. I have read your judgment several times, and it is very well-structured. I did not expect it to be so thorough." The Emperor also rewarded him with one hundred shi (a unit of measurement for rice). From then on, Gao Gou became famous. He was then promoted to Sima of Yongzhou, where he earned a reputation for his decisiveness. Over a year later, he was promoted to Minister of Personnel, and everyone said he was competent. Later, he was transferred back to Yongzhou as Sima. After making a mistake, he was demoted to the position of county magistrate in Zhuofei County. However, he achieved notable success in governing the region, and the Emperor appreciated him, reappointing him as Sima of Yongzhou. He later served as Minister of Personnel, but was later dismissed from his position due to matters of state. After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, he was called back to office. At that time, many officials in the Ministry of Personnel were dismissed for incompetence, but Gao Gou was the most respected. People perceived Gao Gou as someone who enjoyed telling jokes and being somewhat frivolous, but in reality, he was very upright, especially valued by the Minister of Personnel, Niu Hong. Later, due to old age and frailty, he resigned. Niu Hong, who was in charge of selecting officials at the time, would routinely send someone to consult Gao Gou before promoting anyone. Xue Daoheng, a man from Hedong who was renowned for his talent at that time, always said that Gao Gou had a keen eye. He would always share his writings with Gao Gou before publishing them, and if Gao Gou had any criticisms or corrections, Xue Daoheng would humbly accept them. In the seventh year of Daye, Gao Gou passed away at the age of seventy-two. The individuals he recommended, such as Du Ruhui and Fang Xuanling, later became prominent officials in the court, and people remarked that Gao Gou had a remarkable eye for talent.
During the Kaihuang period, Dou Lushi from Changli served as the Chamberlain, and everyone said he was careful and meticulous in his work. Pei Shu from Hedong served as the Right Chancellor, frequently correcting errors. Shi Xie from Hedong, Dongfang Ju from Pingyuan, and Huangfu Yudao from Anding all served in the Ministry of Justice, all known for their fair and just enforcement of the law. Liu Shilong from Hongnong and Fang Shanji from Qinghe worked in the Department of Examinations, while Pei Jingmin from Hedong worked in the Ministry of War, renowned for their efficiency and competence. Wei Kun from Jingzhao served as the Minister of the People, frequently offering candid advice. Han Ze from Nanyang served as the Chief Historian of Yanzhou, implementing numerous policies that greatly benefited the populace and earned their deep affection. These officials, although holding different positions, were all diligent and responsible, praised by the people of that time.
Some of these officials were in central government, some in local government, but they all made remarkable achievements for the country and the people. Their names may gradually be forgotten in the long river of history, but their spirit deserves to be remembered for generations. The qualities of diligence, integrity, and public service they embodied are invaluable assets for any era. "During the Kaihuang period, Dou Lushi from Changli served as the Chamberlain, known for his meticulousness. Pei Shu from Hedong became the Right Chancellor, correcting many things." These two short sentences summarize the typical images of some outstanding officials in the officialdom at that time.
Zhang Qianwei, courtesy name Yuanjing, hailed from Wucheng in Qinghe. His father, Zhang Yanzhi, once served as the Governor of North Xuzhou. Zhang Qianwei was clever and knowledgeable from a young age. His grandfather, Zhang Songzhi, once told someone, "Qianwei is the outstanding talent in our family!" At the age of twelve, he was appointed as the registrar of the state. At the age of eighteen, he became a military officer in the Taipu Mansion, and later rose through the ranks to become the Deputy Minister of the Taichang. After the fall of Northern Qi, he became the Chief Officer of Communication in Northern Zhou. Upon the ascension of Emperor Wen of Sui, Yang Jian, he was appointed to the Ministry of Justice as a signatory.
During the Kaihuang era, Prince Jin Yang Guang was sent to Bingzhou as the governor, where he selected his staff. He appointed Zhang Qianwei as the military affairs officer, who later was promoted to several positions. Prince Jin greatly admired his talent, treating him with the same respect as Zhang Heng from Henan. In Prince Jin's mansion, they were both referred to as the "Two Zhangs." Later, when Prince Jin became the crown prince, Zhang Qianwei was promoted to be an attendant cavalier. After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, he appointed Zhang Qianwei as an imperial attendant and an official of the Yitong Sanji. Because of his prior service in Prince Jin's court, he was also granted the title of Kaifu. Soon after, he was promoted to the title of Yezhe Daifu, accompanying Emperor Yang of Sui to Jiangdu, where he also served as the administrator of Jiangdu, handling administrative affairs on behalf of the city.
Zhang Qianwei once saw a lost package on the road and, fearing that the owner might be worried, asked his attendants to carry the package. After a few days, the owner found him, and Zhang Qianwei returned the package intact. The Governor of Huainan, Yang Chen, once brought more than ten people to pay their respects to Emperor Yang of Sui. Emperor Yang asked Zhang Qianwei, "Who is the one standing at the front?" Zhang Qianwei carefully looked and replied, "It is the Governor of Huainan, Yang Chen." Emperor Yang said, "As a Yezhe Daifu, you should recognize the people who come to pay their respects. What's the matter?" Zhang Qianwei replied, "It's not that I don't recognize Yang Chen, but I was afraid of mistaking someone, so I didn't dare to answer easily. It's like Shi Jian checking a horse's hooves; it's being cautious to the extreme!" Emperor Yang greatly appreciated him. He was known for his integrity and caution, which defined his character.
At that time, Emperor Yang of Sui often toured, and the people were exhausted. Zhang Qianwei submitted a memorial advising against it. Emperor Yang was quite displeased and began to distance himself from Zhang Qianwei. Shortly thereafter, Zhang Qianwei passed away. He had a son named Zhang Shuang, who later became the magistrate of Lanling.
Zhang Qianwei's younger brother, Zhang Qianxiong, was also quite talented. When Yang Jun served as the Qinzhou governor, he appointed him as a legal assistant. Qin Xiaowang personally tried prisoners, and Zhang Qianxiong, due to a momentary oversight of not bringing the case file, presented the case directly in front of more than a hundred people, explaining it clearly. His colleagues all admired him. Later, he served successively as the county magistrate of Shouchun and Yangcheng, achieving notable results.
Rong Pi, styled Zishen, was from Wuzhong County, Beijing. His father, Rong Quan, was the Minister of War of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Rong Pi was known for his integrity and sense of responsibility from a young age, as well as a wide knowledge of books. He served as the Han Prince's secretary in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and was later promoted to a junior official in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, he eventually became the Palace Supervisor.
At that time, there were many bandits in Huayin County, and the court was in need of capable officials to restore order. Yang Su recommended Rong Pi as the Chief Historian of Huazhou, and everyone said he was very capable. Many of Yang Su's fields and houses were in Huayin, and his subordinates frequently acted with impunity. Rong Pi enforced the law rigorously without showing any leniency. At a court meeting, Yang Su said to Rong Pi, "I recommended you; it feels like I'm just asking for trouble!" Rong Pi replied, "I am wholeheartedly enforcing the law, just afraid of letting down your recommendation." Yang Su smiled and said, "I was just joking. Your strict enforcement of the law is precisely what I was hoping for."
At that time, Jin Wang was in Yangzhou, often sending people to secretly gather intelligence about the capital. He sent Zhang Heng to set up horse stables along the route, claiming it was for raising horses, but in reality, it served his personal interests. All the prefectures and counties were too afraid to resist; only Rong Pi firmly put a stop to it. Emperor Wen of Sui was very happy when he heard about it, rewarding him with a hundred bolts of silk and promoting him to Sima of Puzhou. When Han Wang Liang rebelled, the heroes of Hedong rallied to his cause and surrendered their cities. The governor Qiu He was afraid and fled back to Guanzhong. Chief Secretary Gao Yiming said to Rong Pi, "Hedong is an important strategic location and the eastern gateway to the kingdom. If it is lost, the consequences would be unimaginable. Although the people in the city were in a panic, not everyone was in rebellion. If we can capture and execute a dozen or so of the leading rebels, the situation should stabilize." Rong Pi agreed with his opinion.
Gao Yiming rode to chase Qiu He, wanting to discuss countermeasures with him. When he arrived at the west gate of the city, he was killed by the rebels, and Rong Pi was subsequently captured. After Han Wang Liang quelled the rebellion, Rong Pi was appointed as an Imperial Censor, and Emperor Wen of Sui said to him, "I am promoting you today due to your handling of the horse stable incident. Do not change your mind." The emperor also respected him greatly. Rong Pi was known for his integrity and stern demeanor in court, earning the respect and fear of all the officials. Later, following his mother's passing, he resigned and returned home to observe mourning rites. More than a year later, he was reappointed, but soon after he passed away, posthumously honored with the title of Junior Minister of the Grand Court Secretary.
His brother, Pi Ling, was bright, upright, and very knowledgeable. He served in the Zhou dynasty, attaining high ranks such as Zai Shi Xia Da Fu and Yi Tong San Si. After pacifying the State of Qi, he remained in Ye city and wrote a thirty-volume work titled "Qi Ji." Jian Xu had previously known Emperor Gaozu (Yang Jian) and later became Prime Minister, rising in rank and being appointed as Kaifu, and also served as the governor of Xizhou.
When preparing to take office, Gaozu was already plotting to usurp the throne. He quietly said to Jianxu, "Let's work together and enjoy wealth and honor together in the future!" Jianxu, feeling loyal as a minister of the Zhou dynasty, wore his loyalty on his sleeve and said, "I can't agree with what you've said!" Gaozu was displeased upon hearing this, and Jianxu left. During the Kaihuang era, Jianxu went to the capital to see the emperor, who asked him with a smile, "Do you regret it?" Jianxu bowed and said, "My status may not be as high as Xu Guang's, but my intentions are like Yang Biao's." The emperor smiled and said, "While I might not get all these fancy words, I can tell that your words are not very polite!" Later on, Jianxu became the Governor of Shizhou and Hongzhou, and he did a great job in both places and built a solid reputation.
Lu Zhiming, styled Zhongtong, was from Fuchun in Wu County. His father, Lu Ao, had been a cavalier attendant in the Chen dynasty. Lu Zhiming loved learning from a young age, was well-read, upright, and uncompromising. He started out as a military officer for the Crown Prince of Chen, then later served as a Doctor of the Imperial Academy and a prison warden in the south. After the fall of the Chen dynasty, he returned to his hometown.
At this time, Gao Zhihui and others rebelled in the Jiangzuo region. Prince Jin, Yang Guang, stationed in Jiangdu, saw Lu Zhiming's influence in the Sanwu region and summoned him to persuade the rebel forces to surrender. Lu Zhiming got seventeen cities to surrender and captured over three hundred rebels, including the leaders Chen Zhengxu and Xiao Sihang. Because of this, he was made a tri-simultaneous officer, given land and property, and his brother Lu Ke was appointed as the magistrate of Qinyang. Lu Zhiming believed that his brother Lu Ke did not have the ability to govern a hundred li of land, so he asked the court to revoke the appointment, which was approved.
The world is on the brink of unification. Lu Zhiming advised Emperor Wen of Sui, Yang Jian, to move the capital to Luoyang. He also composed a "Song of Great Peace" to express his thoughts. He had not received a promotion for several years, so he personally approached the court to request an envoy position to Goryeo. He stated his reasons: "I have heard that a wise ruler will widely recruit talented individuals. Even common people, as long as they are talented, can serve the country. I hope Your Majesty might temporarily set aside state matters and consider my request. After the legendary Yellow Emperor unified the realm, he still forgave the Su family; after Emperor Shun became emperor, he still waited for the right time to attack the Miao family. Your Majesty is now at the moment of unification, with peace throughout the country and stability on the borders; only Goryeo remains restless. Your Majesty's kindness and compassion, always considering how to educate the people, is because you abhor killing, love all living beings, and want to influence them with virtue. Allow me to travel to Goryeo to proclaim your benevolence, so that their ruler and subjects will bow down in submission." The Emperor highly valued his memorial.
A year later, Lu Zhiming was appointed as the General of Puning Town. His reputation for integrity led to his later summons to the Imperial Censorate. After Emperor Yang Guang of Sui ascended the throne, he appointed him as the Assistant Imperial Secretary for Correspondence. He was upright and respected by all officials, and Emperor Yang Guang also valued him greatly. Later, he was dismissed from his position due to certain incidents, but was reinstated a year later. At that time, Prince Qi, Yang Jian, was known for his arrogance and associations with unsavory characters. Lu Zhiming accused him in a memorial, resulting in punishment for Yang Jian and instilling fear among all officials. During the Liaodong Campaign, he served as the envoy for surrender negotiations in Donglai, and eventually passed away in a foreign land at the age of sixty-seven. He was posthumously honored with the title of Grand Master of the Imperial Censorate.
Fang Yanqian, styled Xiaochong, is from Qinghe. Seven generations ago, his ancestor Fang Chen served as a Grand Commandant in the Yan State. He migrated to the Qi State alongside the Murong clan, and his descendants have lived there since. They have been a prestigious family for generations. His great-grandfather Fang Fashou served as the Governor of Qingzhou and Jizhou in the Wei State and was also titled the Marquis of Zhuangwu. His grandfather and great-uncle both served as Prefects in their respective provinces. His grandfather Fang Yi served as the Prefect of Anzhou in the Song State and inherited the title of Marquis of Zhuangwu. His father Fang Xiong began his career as a provincial registrar and later managed Qinghe County and Guangchuan County.
Fang Yanqian lost his father at a young age and never knew him. He was raised by his mother and uncle. His elder brother Fang Yanxun, known for his integrity and wisdom, recognized Fang Yanqian's talent and personally taught him. At the age of seven, he had memorized tens of thousands of words from books, earning the admiration of his clan. At fifteen, he served his stepmother with more filial piety than her biological sons, which deeply touched her. When she passed away, he fasted for five days. He also served his uncle, the Prefect of Leling, with dedication, always eating the fresh fruits brought during festivals last. During family mourning, he strictly adhered to a vegetarian diet until the rites were completed, setting an example for the clan. He later studied under the scholar Yin Lin, mastering the Five Classics. He was skilled in writing, excelling in cursive and clerical scripts, and had excellent eloquence and demeanor, giving off an air of a sage.
At the age of eighteen, Gao Xiaoheng, the Guangning Prince, became the governor of Qizhou and invited Fang Yanqian to serve as his chief clerk. At that time, the laws were quite lenient, and local officials were rather lax. However, after Fang Yanqian took office, he was honest and law-abiding, and the public order in the entire province improved. Everyone both respected and feared him. Later, when the Zhou army attacked Ye City and the Prince of Qi fled east, Fang Yanqian was appointed as the governor of Qizhou. Seeing the country's downfall, he was heartbroken; he sought to gather loyal and righteous individuals to secretly help Qi restore its country. However, he was ultimately unsuccessful. After the fall of Qi, he returned home. The Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty appointed Zhuguo Xin Zun as the governor of Qizhou, but Xin Zun was captured by the armed guards of a local bandit leader. Fang Yanqian wrote a letter to persuade the guard, who, feeling ashamed, sent Xin Zun back to the provincial capital, and the other bandits surrendered as well. After Emperor Yang Jian declared himself emperor, Fang Yanqian lived a relaxed life in the countryside, swearing never to hold office again. In the seventh year of Kaihuang, the governor, Wei Yili, recommended him, and he had no choice but to agree. The Minister of Personnel, Lu Kai, was quite impressed with him and promoted him to an attendant. Shortly after, he was promoted to imperial censor. He later followed Chen Ping and was assigned to pacify ten provinces, including Quanzhou and Kuozhou. For completing the mission, the Emperor rewarded him with one hundred bolts of cloth, one hundred measures of rice, a set of clothing, and seven servants. He was later promoted to Chief Recorder of the Qinzhou Garrison.
Once during a court session, the Left Chancellor Gao Qiang was assessing the performance of officials. Yan Qian said to Gao Qiang: "It is written in the books that officials' performance should be assessed every three years, and promotions and demotions should be fair and just. Since the times of Tang Yao and Yu Shun, this system has been upheld through the ages. If the assessment is fair and reasonable, with clear rewards and punishments, then those promoted are talented individuals, and those demoted are incompetent. If the assessment is flawed, then this system becomes meaningless. Recently, I have seen the assessment results from various provinces, which are inconsistent, with differing standards and unequal numbers of promotions and demotions. Moreover, some assessment results are tainted by personal biases, leading to unfair outcomes. Those who are honest and upright may not necessarily receive good evaluations, while those who flatter and are good at networking may receive high praise. In this way, truth becomes obscured, and right is turned to wrong. Those high-ranking officials often overlook careful assessment when selecting officials, and those they promote are mostly those who flatter them; those who haven’t served in the central government are deemed unfit. Furthermore, the vast distances between regions make it challenging to grasp the specific circumstances, so assessments often focus solely on numbers, with half deemed competent and half not. Only the quantity of officials is considered, disregarding their quality, making fairness and justice unattainable. Your Excellency, you are astute and treat people fairly, so this assessment will surely be free of favoritism and corruption. If there were indeed these issues in the past, I wonder how you plan to address them? I hope you will consider the situation from various perspectives, conduct a thorough investigation, reward minor acts of virtue, and penalize minor wrongdoings. This will not only enhance the transparency of the government but also improve talent selection." Yan Qian spoke firmly, capturing everyone's attention. Gao Qiang was touched by his words and held him in high regard.
So Gao Jiong asked Yan Qian, the officials in the Hexi and Longyou regions, about their political achievements, and Yan Qian responded fluently. Gao Jiong said to the officials and governors of other states, "Talking to you all is no match for speaking with the Prefect of Qinzhou (Yan Qian)." After a few days, Gao Jiong recommended Yan Qian to the emperor, but the emperor did not accept it. After his term expired, Yan Qian was transferred to Changge County as the county magistrate, where he did many good deeds, and the people called him a kind father. During the Ren Shou period, the emperor ordered envoys to inspect the states and counties, evaluate the achievements of local officials, and Yan Qian was rated as the best in the realm, directly promoted to the position of Sima of Yuezhou. Officials and people cried and said to each other, "With Prefect Fang gone, what will we do now!" Later, the people missed him and erected a monument to honor his virtues. Yuezhou had not had a governor for a long time, and all the affairs of the state were handled by Yan Qian, who achieved many remarkable political accomplishments.
Xue Daoheng, a renowned literary figure of the time, held a high official position and had a good reputation, knowing all the famous talents nationwide. He had a particularly good relationship with Yan Qian, holding him in high regard. Later, Xue Daoheng became the governor of Xiangzhou and frequently communicated with Yan Qian, meeting him often. Later, when Yang Guang became emperor, Xue Daoheng was appointed governor of Fanzhou. Passing by Yan Qian's place, he stayed for a few more days before reluctantly leaving. Huangmen Shilang Zhang Heng also had a very good relationship with Yan Qian.
At that time, Emperor Yang of Sui was extravagantly building the Eastern Capital, which left the people deeply discontented. In addition, Prince Han Yang Liang rebelled, leading to the punishment of many innocent people. Yan Qian saw that Zhang Heng was an official in the court at the time but could not prevent these events, so he wrote him a letter of advice:
It is said that rewards are given to encourage good deeds, and punishments are given to deter bad deeds. Therefore, people of low status who do good deeds must be rewarded; and high officials who commit bad deeds must be punished. I have never heard of anyone being spared punishment due to familial ties, or of anyone giving up rewards because of their low status. Nowadays, all the provincial governors are appointed to manage their respective regions, and all matters of right and wrong will be reported to the court. They are all afraid of the court's rules and regulations, and dare not be negligent. The country is blessed by the heavens, and is like a parent to the people. The fairness of rewards and punishments will be known to heaven, as heaven is watching over us, so we should be cautious and careful. Just like King Wen said: "I must be vigilant day and night, and fear the majesty of heaven." In this regard, although there are differences between provinces and counties, and vast differences in status, the principles of caring for the people, loving the people, and exercising caution in law enforcement are all the same.
As for the rebellion in Bingzhou, it requires careful investigation. If Yang Liang truly raised troops and bought horses out of concern for the safety of the country and the people because he did not receive orders from the court, and not with rebellious intent, then his true intentions must be examined, and his punishment should be decided accordingly. This would align with the emperor's magnanimous intentions and would also dispel doubts in the minds of the people. If it is found that there is no internal or external danger, and he was only seeking to seize power and engage in treacherous activities, then he should be punished like Guan Shu and Cai Shu, and his accomplices should also be punished, executed according to the law, and their families punished, as stipulated by the laws of the country. However, some of them may not have participated willingly, and their strength may not be great, but they were forced to participate out of necessity. In such cases, they should be differentiated from the others, to avoid wrongly accusing innocent people. The eyes of heaven are keen; how could it wrongly accuse the innocent? For crimes that are questionable, a lighter punishment should be imposed, as this is the correct way. In the past, Shu Xiang sentenced those in prison to death, and the people of Jin commended him; Emperor Wen of Han praised him for releasing those guilty of minor offenses. Yang Shenning did not harbor ill will toward his brother, and the court officials did not deliberately disobey the king's orders; they were simply carrying out justice, impartially.
Furthermore, the great position of a sage is a divine gift bestowed by the heavens. It cannot be casually obtained without heavenly will. Therefore, even though Chi You and Xiang Yu were brave, Yi Yin and Huo Guang had great power, Li Lao and Confucius were exceptionally wise, and Lv Shang and Sun Wu were proficient in military strategy, the states of Wu and Chu had advantageous terrains, and Chan and Lu had the Empress Dowager as their support, none of them were able to become emperor in the end because they did not have the Mandate of Heaven. Not to mention Yang Liang, who was just a small official in a remote corner, trying to attack the capital and foolishly dreaming of acquiring what was not rightfully theirs. Since time immemorial, historical records have chronicled the deeds of emperors across the ages, allowing us to understand in detail. Who can gain the support of the people and the blessings of heaven without accumulating virtue and performing good deeds? Therefore, wise monarchs in ancient times worked diligently from morning to night, remaining vigilant and always guarding against disasters. However, in later generations, rulers became indulgent and extravagant, losing their vigilance, acting recklessly, and indulging in wine and women. The list of their wrongdoings is endless, and I will not list them all.
Speaking of the states of Qi and Chen, they were major powers at the time, believing their virtues were as bright as the heavens and the earth, and they were not concerned about any dangers or laws. Their close advisors were all in favor, only speaking good words and concealing bad deeds. Historians distorted facts, only recording the good deeds and covering up the bad ones. Therefore, the common people lamented, yet their voices never reached the rulers. The ministers exaggerated their achievements, constantly boasting in front of the rulers. Though the laws were strict, the punishments and corvee labor only increased, exhausting the people, both young and old.
Reflect on the past; Zheng had Zi Chan, Qi had Yan Ying, Chu had Shu Ao, and Jin had Shi Hui. Even these small countries had such good ministers. Could they really lack capable ministers in the vast and rich Qi and Chen? It is only because the rulers are ignorant and blinded by their own desires, only concerned with their personal interests, forgetting about the safety and well-being of the country and the people. While they may appear to cooperate on the surface, they are actually filled with mutual suspicion. If they encounter upright and talented ministers, if the ministers pose a threat to their interests, they will exclude and suppress them; if they encounter those flattering and sycophantic individuals, even if they do many bad things, as long as it serves their interests, they will elevate and employ them. How can true talent be recognized in this manner? True talent is not just about physical strength or literary talent, but about being upright and responsible, like the pillars of a house, like the bones of the body, strong and unwavering; this is what we call true pillar talent!
Qi and Chen do not utilize these upright individuals; instead, they believe in those flattering and sycophantic people. Heaven observes their debauchery and extravagance, so it took back their ruling power and gave it to our great Sui. If these two countries can fear Heaven, demonstrate compassion for the people, promote upright individuals, reject the superficial, be humble in heart, and prioritize compassion, then even if the Hebei region is strong and prosperous, and the Jianghu region is fraught with danger and isolation, they can each mind their own business. The people will not rebel, and the nation will be as stable as Mount Tai itself; no one can shake it. But they indulge in pleasure, become careless, and ultimately lead to the destruction of the country, only to find themselves regretting it too late! As the ancient poem says: "Before the fall of the Shang Dynasty, they still worshipped the gods and received their blessings. You should take this as a lesson; do not take for granted the protection of Heaven." In matters of state, which issue does not require careful consideration? "Before the fall of the Yin Dynasty, they were still compatible with the gods. Learn from the Yin Dynasty; a prosperous destiny is not easily attained."
Your Majesty, you are renowned for your benevolence and filial piety far and wide, with great deeds, and the people are full of admiration for you. Your governance of the Huaihai region has been remarkable, and all the people in the world are devoted to you. Although your time in office has not been long, benevolent policies have already been implemented, and the people across the country are eagerly anticipating your policies. The rebellion in Bingzhou occurred very suddenly, due to the deception and misleading of Yang Liang, misleading the people, not because they originally resented the court and actively sided with the rebels. However, officials and generals in the court claim that those people all want to rebel, which not only unjustly accuses the innocent but may also affect the Emperor's wise decision-making. You have always enjoyed the Emperor's trust, holding important positions in the court, and have been valued since your days as a prince, being a key figure in the court. You deserve to be remembered in history, leaving a lasting legacy, like Jich, Qi, Yi, and Lv, becoming famous ministers for all eternity. Now that you are in a prosperous era, you should dare to speak up and offer advice, setting an example for future generations and becoming their role model. How can you bend the law for the sake of pleasing the Emperor and punish those who are coerced? I'm sharing my thoughts openly, simply to express my loyalty. I'm still learning, so if I've offended you, please forgive me.
After receiving the letter, Heng let out a deep sigh but didn't dare to report to the court. Mr. Yanqian saw the court's corruption and decay, so he resigned and intended to live out his days at the foot of Meng Mountain to fulfill his ambitions. Later, the court established the position of Sili Governor and recruited famous figures from all over the country. The court believed that Mr. Yanqian was honest and upright, highly virtuous and respected, and was the most suitable candidate, so they summoned him to serve as the Sili Governor. Mr. Yanqian was determined to reform societal norms, recommending only people of high moral character. Those involved in the cases he handled all respected his decisions without complaint. The deputy Sili official, Liu Yu, was arrogant and unreasonable, considering himself upright, and even the governors were wary of him, treating him with utmost respect. Only Mr. Yanqian adhered to his principles, remaining uncompromising, and many respected individuals praised him and offered him deep bows. Liu Yu didn't dare to bear a grudge against Mr. Yanqian. In the ninth year of Daye, Mr. Yanqian traveled with the emperor across the Liao River, overseeing military affairs in Fuyu. As the political landscape of the Sui Dynasty grew more chaotic, court officials began to betray. However, Mr. Yanqian always upheld his integrity, remaining upright and uncompromising, which led to his demotion to magistrate of Jingyang County. Shortly after, Mr. Yanqian passed away while in office at the age of sixty-nine.
When Li Yanqian was at home, whenever his nephews came to visit, he always shared his wisdom with them, encouraging them to work hard and progress, talking on and on without ever tiring. His ancestors left behind some property, and the family was originally well-off. He had served as an official before, spending his salary to support relatives and friends, leaving no extra money at home; even his horses, clothes, and daily necessities were kept simple. From young to old, his words and actions were always upright, never involving personal gain. Although he felt no shame in his lack of money, he remained content. One time, he smiled contentedly and said to his son Li Xuanling, "Others become rich because of their official positions, but I became poor because of mine. All I leave my descendants is an unblemished reputation." His writings were broad, elegant, and leisurely, rooted in the rich tradition of ancient literati. He was also skilled in cursive and clerical script, and those who received his letters cherished them as treasures. The renowned literati of the era, such as Wang Shao in Taiyuan, Gao Gou in Beihai, Li Gang in Jiao County, Liu Yu and Xue Ru in Hedong, were all friends with Li Yanqian. Although high-ranking officials often visited, his home remained peaceful, free from unsavory visitors. He was elegant in demeanor, well-versed in government affairs, and wise individuals believed he had a bright future ahead. Initially, during the Kaihuang era, after quelling the Chen dynasty and unifying the realm, everyone proclaimed that a peaceful and prosperous era was on the horizon. Li Yanqian confided in his relative Zhao Jun Li Shaotong, "The emperor is suspicious and does not accept advice or opposition from others. The crown prince is weak, the princes are powerful, and the court enforces only harsh and cruel policies, without implementing lenient and benevolent measures. Although the country is stable, I fear that chaos will soon arise." Li Shaotong initially did not believe him, but by the time of the Renshou and Daye eras, Li Yanqian's words had all come true. After the Tang Dynasty unified the country, he was posthumously honored as the governor of Xuzhou and the Duke of Linzi County, with the posthumous title of "Ding."
The historian said: a tall building cannot be built from just one piece of wood; the accomplishments of emperors cannot be achieved through the strategy of a single person. Each has its own purpose and suitability, just like wood, ladders, and beams, none can be discarded. People like Li E, some of whom write well and uphold justice, while others have outstanding talents and serve the country, their talents and contributions were evident at the time, and their deeds are recorded in the annals of history. Many talented individuals of the Sui Dynasty contributed to the country's development and the completion of its tasks; they are all pillars of the nation, much like the stars surrounding the North Star.
