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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Sui （隋書）

Published: 10 January 2025

Created: 10 January 2025

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Cui Zhongfang, courtesy name "Buqi," is from Anping, Hebei. His grandfather Cui Xiaofen served as the Governor of Jingzhou during the Northern Wei Dynasty, and his father Cui Xuanyou served as the Minister of Works in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Zhongfang loved reading from a young age and excelled in both literature and martial arts. At the age of fifteen, Emperor Taizu of the Northern Zhou noticed him and allowed him to study with his own sons. At that time, Gaozu was also there, so Zhongfang developed a close relationship with Gaozu from a young age.

Later, Cui Zhongfang passed the imperial examination and became an officer under Jin Gong Yuwen Hu. He was later promoted to the position of a scribe, then to the position of Minister of Works, and along with Husi Zheng, Liu Min, and others, he revised the rites and regulations. Due to his military achievements, he was appointed General Who Pacifies the East and Grand Master of Ceremonies, and was granted the title of Baron of Shicheng County with a fief of three hundred households. At that time, Emperor Wu secretly plotted to eliminate the Northern Qi Dynasty, and Zhongfang presented twenty strategies, which astonished Emperor Wu. Later, he collaborated with Junior Interior Minister Zhao Fen to revise various regulations and systems.

Following that, he accompanied Emperor Wu in attacking Jinzhou. The deputy general of Northern Qi, Cui Jingsong, requested cooperation from both inside and outside, and Zhongfang, along with Duan Wenzhen and others, climbed the city wall to provide support, successfully capturing Jinzhou. This event is documented in the Biography of Duan Wenzhen. Afterwards, he was tasked with persuading the surrender of four cities, including Yicheng, all of which were successful. He was appointed General of the Guards of the Three Dukes, and his title was elevated to Marquis of Fanyang County. Later, as Chief Military Officer, he followed Duke Tan Wang Gui in capturing the Chen general Wu Mingche in Luliang, many of which were his strategies.

After Emperor Xuan succeeded to the throne, Cui Zhongfang was appointed as Junior Interior Minister and was sent on a mission to Huainan before returning to the court. Just as the emperor died, Gaozu became the Prime Minister, and after meeting Zhongfang, the two men shook hands tightly, both very happy, and Zhongfang fully devoted himself to Gaozu. That night, Zhongfang presented eighteen suggestions to Gaozu, and all were accepted. He recognized the trend and discreetly persuaded Gaozu to accept the Mandate of Heaven, which Gaozu followed his advice.

After the founding emperor ascended the throne, he summoned Cui Zhongfang and Gao Feng to discuss matters regarding the regnal title and the color of attire. Zhongfang said, "The Jin Dynasty represents metal virtue, the Northern Wei Dynasty represents water virtue, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty represents wood virtue. The royal family inherits the wood virtue through fire virtue, in accordance with the mandate of heaven. Moreover, when Your Majesty was born, there was a red auspicious light, so the chariots, clothing, flags, and sacrificial animals should all be red." He also advised the emperor to abolish the six ministries and suggested continuing the old system of the Han and Wei dynasties. The emperor followed his advice. Cui Zhongfang was promoted to the position of Upper Household, and soon transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture as a junior minister, with his title elevated to Duke of Angu County.

The emperor ordered him to conscript thirty thousand laborers to construct the Great Wall in the Shuofang and Lingwu regions, extending from the Yellow River in the east to Sui Prefecture in the west, and to Bochu Ridge in the south, spanning seven hundred miles. The following year, the emperor ordered him to conscript fifteen thousand laborers to build dozens of cities in the strategic border areas east of Shuofang, to defend against incursions from northern nomadic tribes.

Uncle Ding retired, believing that was the end of his career. Unexpectedly, he was appointed as the governor of Guozhou not long after. After taking office, he submitted a memorial to the court, proposing a strategy for attacking the Chen Kingdom. In the memorial, he wrote:

...... (The original text content should be continued here, but since it is not provided, it cannot be translated) ......

I carefully studied historical records and found that in the first year of the Jin Dynasty's Taikang era, which is the Gengzi year, Emperor Wu of Jin destroyed the Wu Kingdom. Now, in the sixth year of the Kaihuang era, which is the Bingwu year, a total of three hundred and seventy years have passed. The "Spring and Autumn Baogant" says, "Every three hundred years, a king should issue a general amnesty and establish new laws." This year marks exactly three hundred years, making it an opportune moment. The Chen dynasty rebels started from the Bingzi year, and now in the Bingwu year, the clash of Zi and Wu, a conflict of yin and yang, is an inauspicious omen!

In ancient times, the historian Zhao Ye said: "The State of Chen is the descendant of Zhuanxu, associated with water, therefore it will meet its demise in the years when the Chunhuo star is ascendant." He also said: "After King Wu of Zhou defeated the Shang Dynasty, he granted the fief of Chen to Hu Gongman." In the ninth year of Duke Zhao of Lu, the State of Chen faced a calamity, and a prophecy by a figure named Bi Zao foretold: "In another five years when the Chunhuo star is ascendant, the State of Chen will perish, and the State of Chu will destroy it." The State of Chu is the descendant of Zhurong, in charge of fire, so it ultimately destroyed the State of Chen. The State of Chen inherited the incense of Shun, who is also a descendant of Zhuanxu. Although the direction of the Tai Sui is left and the direction of the year star is right, whenever the Chunhuo star is ascendant, the State of Chen will suffer disaster. In the year of Wuwu, the fortunes of the Gui and Yu clans came to a close. Although the explanations differ, the results are the same.

Our Sui Dynasty inherited the rule of the Five Dynasties, bestowed by heaven with the fire virtue and named as the Sui Dynasty, sharing the fire virtue with the State of Chu. The State of Chu is in charge of fire, Wu is Chunhuo, Wei is Chunshou, Shen is Shichen, and You is Daliang. These constellations correspond precisely to the boundaries of several countries including Zhou, Qin, Jin, and Zhao. If we send troops at this time, we can receive help from the heavens. Looking at ancient events with modern eyes, the downfall of the State of Chen is indisputable. I believe that the constellations Wu, Wei, Shen, and You represent years of significant consequence. As the saying goes, "timing is more important than geography, and geography is more important than harmony," not to mention we now have a wise monarch, virtuous ministers, a strong army, a prosperous country, and the people all united towards the court, with both humans and gods responding to us. The State of Chen is ruled by incompetence above and boiling grievances below, lacking any solid defense, and its army cannot stand against the Coalition of Nine States. Even Xia Jie and King Zhou of Shang could not stand, let alone these barbaric tribes that would dare to defy the heavens!

I suspect the court has already devised a thorough plan. I'm merely sharing my thoughts, hoping to be of help to the court. Now we just need to send elite troops to Qizhou, Hezhou, Chuzhou, Fangzhou, Wuzhou, Haizhou, and other areas south of Wuchang, and quietly draft a plan for crossing the river. Yizhou, Xinzhou, Xiangzhou, Jingzhou, Jizhou, and Yingshou should quickly construct ships, organize formations, and get ready for naval combat. The Shu Han's two rivers are the upper reaches of the Yangtze, a crucial waterway we must fight for. Although the enemy has stationed ships in Liutou, Jingmen, Yanzhou, Gong'an, Baling, Yinji, Xiashou, Qikou, and Pencheng, they're bound to converge at Hankou and the Xia Gorge for a significant naval clash. If the enemy is sure there are troops upstream and sends reinforcements, our commanders downstream need to pick a good spot to cross the river. If the enemy is only defending based on the terrain, our upstream navy can directly attack. Even though the Chen Kingdom depends on the natural defenses of the Nine Rivers and Five Lakes, they can't hold out without virtue; and while they have the armies of Jiangnan's Three Wus and the Baiyue, they can't stand on their own without grace.

After the emperor read the memorial, he was very pleased and promoted him to the position of governor of Jizhou, and then summoned him back to the court. Zhong Fang took the opportunity to present his strategic plan to the emperor, who appreciated it and rewarded him with a robe and trousers personally bestowed by the emperor, five hundred bolts of silk in various colors, and promoted him to an official position, allowing him to return only after becoming an official of the Kaifu. Later, during the large-scale campaign against the Chen dynasty, Zhong Fang was appointed as the commander of the expeditionary force, leading the troops to join forces with the Prince of Qin. After the Chen dynasty was pacified, he was dismissed from his post due to certain incidents. Not long after, he was reinstated to his position. Several years later, he was promoted to the position of governor of Huizhou. At that time, some Qiang tribes had not yet submitted to the court, and the emperor ordered Zhong Fang to conquer them. He fought over thirty battles against the Qiang tribes, pacifying various tribes such as Zizu, Sinin, Wangfang, Shetiti, Ganda, Xiaotiewei Mountain, Baimanwang, and Ruoshui. The emperor rewarded him with one hundred thirty slaves, thirty jin of gold, and a substantial amount of other goods.

Starting from the Ren Shou period, he was appointed to the position of governor of Daizhou, and after serving for several years, he was summoned back to the court. After the emperor's death, the remnants of Prince Liang's faction seized control of Lvzhou and refused to surrender. Emperor Yang of Sui ordered Zhou Luohe to attack, but Zhou Luohe was struck down by an arrow, so Emperor Yang of Sui let Zhong Fang take over the command of the army, and he captured Lvzhou in about a month. Zhong Fang was promoted to Grand General and appointed Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and shortly after transferred to Minister of the Ministry of Rites. Three years later, he was dismissed from his post again due to certain matters. He later became the National University Chancellor and then transferred to the Minister of Ceremonies. Recognizing his advanced age, the court appointed him as the governor of Shangzhou. Not long after, he resigned from his post following the death of his mother. A year later, he was appointed as the governor of Xindu, and he requested retirement in a memorial, which was granted by the emperor. Shortly after, he passed away at home at the age of seventy-six years. His son, Minshou, later became the magistrate of Dingtao.

Yu Zhongwen, courtesy name Ziwu, is the nephew of the just Duke Jianping. His father, Yu Shi, once served as the Grand Left Chancellor of the Zhou Dynasty and the Duke of Yan. Zhongwen was intelligent and clever from a young age, starting to read books at a very young age and showing an insatiable love for reading. His father was amazed and said, "This child will surely bring honor to our ancestors in the future!" At the age of nine, he met Zhou Taizu at Yunyang Palace, who asked him, "I heard you love reading; what is the use of reading?" Zhongwen replied, "The meaning of reading is to serve my father and be loyal to the monarch; that's the essence of it." Taizu was very impressed. Later, he studied "Zhou Yi" and "Three Rituals" with the scholar Li Xiang and quickly grasped their deeper meanings.

As he grew older, Zhongwen was independent, ambitious, and had an elegant and outstanding demeanor, earning him the nickname "Famous Young Gentleman" among the people. He initially worked under the Prince of Zhao and soon rose to the position of the Administrator of Angu. At that time, the Ren family and Du family each lost a cow, and when they found one, both claimed it as their own. The local authorities struggled to resolve the dispute for a while. Yizhou's Chief Historian, Han Bojun, said, "Yu Angu is young but wise; we can let him make the judgment." Zhongwen said, "This is easily resolved." He had both families bring their herds of cows and then released them to see which cow the lost one would join. The cow ran into the Ren family's herd. Zhongwen secretly arranged for someone to injure the Ren family's cow, causing them great distress, while the Du family remained indifferent. Zhongwen then questioned the Du family, who confessed and left.

At that time, Provincial Governor Qu Tuteng was a follower of Yuwen Hu. He had previously committed a crime and was imprisoned, but no one dared to hold him accountable. Upon assuming office, Zhong Wen thoroughly investigated the matter and finally closed the case. People in the Shu region often said, "Your unmatched clarity in judgment and fearless spirit in the face of tyranny." Not long after, Zhong Wen was summoned by the court and appointed as an official, granted the title of Marquis of Yanshou, with a fief of 3,500 households. He followed the army on multiple expeditions, achieved great success in battles, and was eventually appointed as a General. During the reign of Emperor Xuan, he served as the Prefect of Dong Commandery.

When Emperor Gaozu served as Prime Minister, Wei Jiong rebelled and sent General Tan Rang to recover the Henan region. He also sent someone to persuade Yang Zhongwen to surrender, but Yang Zhongwen refused. Wei Jiong was very angry that Yang Zhongwen did not join his rebellion, so he sent General Yuwen Wei to attack him. Yang Zhongwen fought back and defeated Yuwen Wei's forces, killing more than five hundred enemies. For this military achievement, Yang Zhongwen was granted the title of Kaifu.

Wei Jiong then sent his general Yuwen Zhou to cross the river at Shiji, while Yuwen Wei and Zou Shao set out from Baima, both armies simultaneously attacking Yang Zhongwen. The enemy's forces grew increasingly strong, terrifying the common people, as local warlords Helian Sengjia and Jing Zizhe rallied their troops to support Wei Jiong. Yang Zhongwen realized he could not hold the city and abandoned his wife and children, fleeing the city with more than sixty cavalrymen, breaking through the western gate to escape. As the enemy pursued him, he fought while fleeing, and seventeen or eighteen of his cavalrymen died in battle. Yang Zhongwen ultimately managed to escape and reached the capital. Wei Jiong subsequently executed Yang Zhongwen's three sons and one daughter.

After Gaozu met Yang Zhongwen, he took him into the bedroom and wept for his loss. He rewarded him with five hundred bolts of brocade, two hundred taels of gold, promoted him to the title of Grand General, appointed him as the Commander-in-Chief of the Henan Road, provided him with a ceremonial escort, and sent someone to hurry to Luoyang to mobilize troops and attack Tan Rang. At that time, Wei Xiaokuan was stationed at Yongqiao to intercept Wei Jiong, and Yang Zhongwen went to see Wei Xiaokuan to discuss the battle plan.

At that time, the Commander Yuwen Xin had some doubts, so he said to Yang Zhongwen, "You just came from the capital; what do you think of the court leaders? Wei Jiong is indeed not to be feared, but I'm concerned that once things settle down, they might retaliate secretly." Yang Zhongwen was afraid that Yuwen Xin might waver, so he said to him, "The Prime Minister is generous, open-minded, and far-sighted. As long as you assist him sincerely, he will not suspect you. During my three days in the capital, I witnessed the Prime Minister perform three good deeds. It reflects that he is not an ordinary person." Yuwen Xin asked, "What are the three good deeds?" Yang Zhongwen said, "There is a man named Chen Wandi who just surrendered from the rebel army. The Prime Minister sent his brother Nandi to recruit soldiers in the countryside to join in the fight against the rebels. This reflects the Prime Minister's generosity. The senior officer Song Qian was ordered to investigate a case, and Song Qian wanted to use this opportunity to investigate other charges. The Prime Minister reprimanded him, saying, 'Those who have already been caught can naturally be investigated; why look for other charges and impact the bigger picture?' This reflects the Prime Minister's impartiality. When the Prime Minister talked about my wife and children, he couldn't help but cry. This shows the Prime Minister's kindness." Yuwen Xin felt reassured from that point onward.

Zhong Wen led his troops east of Bianzhou to Niwu, where he encountered the Jiong generals Liu Ziang and Liu Yude, and defeated them. The army camped at Liao Di, seven miles from Liangjun. Tan Rang led tens of thousands of troops, and despite Zhong Wen's weaker forces, he took the initiative to challenge Tan Rang. Tan Rang sent out all his forces to resist, while Zhong Wen pretended to retreat north, leading the enemy to become complacent. At this moment, Zhong Wen dispatched elite troops to flank from both sides, which resulted in a decisive victory over Tan Rang's army, capturing over five thousand people and beheading over seven hundred.

They then attacked Liangjun, where the defending general Liu Zikuan fled, abandoning the city. Zhong Wen pursued them, capturing and killing thousands, while Liu Zikuan escaped alone. Initially, while at Liao Di, many generals said, "Our army has come a long way, and both troops and horses are exhausted, so we shouldn't engage in battle." Zhong Wen ordered the troops to eat quickly, then lined up for battle. The result was a victory over the enemy, and the generals asked him, "Everyone said the army was too exhausted to fight, yet we still won. How did that happen?" Zhong Wen smiled and said, "My soldiers are all from Shandong, skilled in rapid attacks and not suited for long engagements. We took advantage of the momentum to launch a fierce attack, which is why we were able to win." The generals all found this strategy clever and hadn't thought of it themselves.

Then, they attacked Caozhou and captured the appointed governor, Li Zhongkang, along with General Fang Jin. Tan Rang stationed the remaining army in Chengwu, and another general, Gao Shiru, stationed ten thousand troops in Yongchang. Zhongwen pretended to write a letter to the local counties, saying: "The Grand General is about to arrive, so hurry up and stockpile food." Tan Rang thought Zhongwen would not arrive for a while, so he slaughtered cattle to reward the soldiers. Zhongwen realized that Tan Rang had let his guard down, so he selected elite cavalry to launch a surprise attack, arriving at Chengwu within a day and capturing the city. General Xipi Luo of Jiong stationed with a hundred thousand troops in Peixian, preparing for an attack on Xuzhou. His family was in Jinxiang. Zhongwen sent someone to impersonate Xipi Luo's messenger, telling the city lord of Jinxiang, Xu Shanjing: "Tan Rang will arrive in Jinxiang tomorrow at noon to announce the Duke of Shu's orders and reward the soldiers." The people of Jinxiang believed him and were overjoyed. Zhongwen selected elite soldiers disguised as Jiong's troops and took a shortcut to advance. Xu Shanjing saw that Zhongwen's army was approaching quickly, thinking it was Tan Rang coming, so he went out to meet them. Zhongwen captured him and took Jinxiang. Many generals urged him to massacre the city, but Zhongwen replied, "This city is where General Xipi Luo initiated his rebellion; we should treat their families kindly, so their army may surrender on their own. If we massacre the city immediately, their hope will be cut off." Everyone agreed with his reasoning.

Xipi Luo leveraged his numerical superiority to attack the official army. Zhongwen positioned his troops near the city, a few miles from the enemy army, and set up an ambush in the hemp field. As soon as the two armies clashed, the ambushing troops charged out, shouting in unison, kicking up dust that filled the air. Xipi Luo's army was defeated, and Zhongwen pursued his victory; the enemy jumped into the Zhusui River, drowning themselves and clogging the waters. Zhongwen captured Tan Rang and escorted him to the capital in a prisoner cart, pacifying the entire Henan region. Xipi Luo hid in a local's home in Xingyang, was captured, beheaded, and his head sent to the capital. Zhongwen carved a stone tablet by the Sishui River to honor his achievements.

After I entered the capital, Emperor Gaozu called me to his palace, hosted a feast for me, and was exceedingly pleased. He rewarded me with thousands of silks in various colors and ten singing girls, and appointed me as the Pillar of the State and the Grand Chancellor of Henan Province. At that time, Emperor Gaozu wished to abdicate the throne, but I declined. Not long after, my uncle, the Grand Commandant Yi, was imprisoned for committing a crime, and I was also imprisoned following accusations from officials. While in prison, I composed a memorial:

I have learned that in spring, everything grows, and in summer, everything flourishes; this is the natural order of the universe. Children must be filial, and subjects loyal; this is the unchanging principle of human relations. Previously, Wei Jiong rebelled, and people from all over responded to him. At that time, I was stationed at a crucial border fortress, a position of vital importance. I often slept on my spear and shield, vowing to fight to the last breath against the rebels. Wei Jiong had put a bounty on my head, promising me the title of Grand General and vast estates. I disregarded my wife, children, and my own life, braving the hail of bullets, I broke through the encirclement. My three sons and one daughter fell in battle, one after the other. I remained loyal and brave, rushing to the capital to serve the court.

Your Majesty, you have given me high office and generous rewards, and entrusted the army to me. At that time, there were rampant bandits in Henan, and I led eight thousand weary soldiers to quell these rebellions. I defeated Liu Kuan in Liangjun, suppressed Caozhou, recaptured Dongjun, Ancheng, Wuding, Yongchang, lifted the siege of Bozhou, and eliminated the rebel army in Xuzhou. I defeated a vastly larger force, facing a hundred thousand rebels and winning in one battle, leading to the immediate disintegration of the rebel forces in Henan. When the rebels were fighting for control and the people were displaced, my second uncle Yi Xian was in Youzhou, commanding the Yan and Zhao regions, pacifying the rebellious princes in the south, resisting the invasion of the Turks in the north, and bringing peace to the region. My fifth uncle Zhi was stationed at Heishui, neighboring Wang Qian, stopping the invasion of the barbarians and stabilizing the Shu Road. My brother Yi was acting as a governor in Huainan, defeating strong enemies, pursuing them relentlessly, and sending the enemies' heads to the capital. Wang Qian occupied both sides of the Yangtze River, with rebellions across the Three Shus. My third uncle Yi was appointed by the court to lead the campaign against the rebels. My father-in-law, uncles, and brothers all held important positions in the court, some undertaking dangerous tasks, some serving in the court guard. Our whole family is loyal and hopes to serve the court. I humbly ask Your Majesty to understand my grievances, bestow favor, and remember the merits I have made for the court in the past, even if they seem trivial; I hope Your Majesty will recognize them. In this way, even if I am like cold ashes, I can reignite; even if I am like dry bones, I can be reborn. I take the liberty of bringing these matters to Your Majesty's attention. After reading my memorial, the Emperor ordered the release of my uncle Yi and me. Not long after, the court ordered Zhongwen to station troops at Bailang Pass to guard against the Xiongnu.

In the second year, he was appointed as the Commander of the Expedition, leading twelve generals to fight against the Xiongnu. He marched to remote areas, engaged the Xiongnu army, beheaded over a thousand enemies, and captured countless livestock. Then, they departed from the Jin River, took the White Path, and sent generals Xin Mingjin, Yuan Pang, Helan Zhi, Lu Chu, Duan Xie, and others to lead twenty thousand troops from Shengledao to the Jieshan. Upon reaching the North of Hujunchuan, they encountered the Xiongnu army, and the Xiongnu Khan, seeing Zhongwen's forces in disciplined formation, fled without engaging in battle. Zhongwen led five thousand elite cavalry to pursue, but returned without catching up.

The Emperor felt that the bureaucratic affairs of the court were overly complicated, and there were too many corrupt officials, so he tasked Zhongwen with investigating and rectifying the court's internal affairs. Zhongwen uncovered many misdeeds, and the Emperor greatly admired his wisdom and decisiveness, rewarding him generously. The Emperor had been worried that the army's transportation and supply could not keep up, so Zhongwen suggested dredging the Wei River and digging a canal. The Emperor agreed and put Zhongwen in charge of the matter.

When it was time to suppress the Chen Dynasty, he was appointed as the Commander of the Expedition again, leading the navy from Zhangshan, advancing through Hankou. Officials from the Chen Dynasty such as Xun Fashang, the Yingshou of Yingzhou, Lu Shanchengzhu Dan Fachen, and Deng Shami all requested to surrender, and Prince Qin Li Jun let Zhongwen lead the troops to accept them. Later, Gao Zhihui and others rebelled in Jiangnan, and he was appointed as the Commander of the Expedition to suppress them. At that time, the three armies faced a food shortage, and rice prices soared. Zhongwen privately sold military provisions at a discounted price, and as a result, he was dismissed.

In the following year, he was reinstated in his official position and stationed his troops in Mayi to defend against the Xiongnu. Not long after, he was dismissed once more.

Prince Jin recognized Li Zhongwen's potential as a general and always valued him highly. Later, he requested the emperor to appoint Li Zhongwen to oversee Prince Jin's military affairs. When the Turks invaded the border, Prince Jin became the marshal and allowed Li Zhongwen to command the front army, which led to a resounding victory. During the Renshou period, Li Zhongwen was appointed as the commander of the Crown Prince's Right Guard. After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, Li Zhongwen was promoted to the Grand General of the Right Wing and participated in the selection of civil and military officials. He followed the emperor to campaign against Goguryeo and was promoted to the Grand Master of Splendor, gaining the emperor's particular favor.

During the Liaodong Campaign, Li Zhongwen led the army along the Lelang route. The army camped at Wugucheng, where Li Zhongwen placed thousands of emaciated horses and donkeys behind the army. He then led the main army eastward, and when the Goguryeo forces launched a surprise attack on their supply line, Li Zhongwen led a counterattack and defeated the Goguryeo army. When they reached the Yalu River, Goguryeo General Yizhi Wende pretended to surrender and came to Li Zhongwen's camp. Li Zhongwen had received prior secret orders that if he encountered the Goguryeo king or Yizhi Wende, he was to capture them. When Yizhi Wende arrived, Li Zhongwen was on the verge of capturing him, but the Deputy Right Minister of the Ministry of Rites, Liu Shilong, vehemently opposed the action, so Li Zhongwen ultimately decided to let Yizhi Wende go.

Later, Li Zhongwen regretted it and sent someone to mislead Yizhi Wende, saying, "There are still people discussing this matter; you can come over again." Yizhi Wende ignored him and crossed the river. Li Zhongwen selected cavalry to cross the river and chase after him, defeating the enemy in every battle. Yizhi Wende wrote a poem to Li Zhongwen: "Investigating astronomy, clever calculation of geography. Having achieved great victories, I am content to let things be." Li Zhongwen replied to him in a letter, but Yizhi Wende burned his camp and fled. At this time, Yu Wenshu ran out of provisions and wanted to retreat, but Li Zhongwen suggested they pursue Yizhi Wende with elite troops to earn distinction. Yu Wenshu strongly opposed, and Li Zhongwen angrily said, "General, you lead a hundred thousand troops, but can't defeat a small enemy. How can you face the emperor! Besides, I have no merit in this expedition." Yu Wenshu shouted, "How can you be so sure there's no merit in this?" Li Zhongwen said, "When Zhou Yafu was a general, the emperor saw that his army remained unchanged. This shows that the army is united and can achieve success. Now everyone has their own thoughts; how can we win battles!"

Initially, the emperor believed that Li Zhongwen was strategic, so he had other armies follow his orders. Therefore, Yu Wenshu and others had to follow his advice and continue forward. When they reached the Sa River, Yu Wenshu retreated due to low morale of the soldiers, and the army ultimately faced defeat. The emperor blamed his subordinates, and the generals shifted all the blame onto Li Zhongwen. The emperor was furious, released the other generals, but only arrested Li Zhongwen. Li Zhongwen fell seriously ill from worry and anger and was finally released only after his condition deteriorated. He eventually died at home at the age of sixty-eight. He authored thirty volumes of "Han Shu Kan Fan" and another thirty of "Lue Lan." He had nine sons, among whom Qin Ming was the most famous.

Yang Yi, courtesy name Yuanwu, was tall and stood at a full eight feet. He was handsome, with clear eyebrows and bright eyes. Yuwen Hu, the Grand Chancellor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, immediately took a liking to him and married his daughter to him. Shortly afterward, thanks to his father's accomplishments, Yang Yi was granted the title of Marquis of Xinye County, with a fief consisting of three thousand households. He was later promoted to Grand Commander, then further promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry and appointed Inspector of Yizhou. During the reign of Emperor Da Xiang, he served as the naval commander and fought alongside Wei Xiaokuan in the Huainan region. Yang Yi led his forces, including Yuan Shaogui and Mao Meng, into the Huai River from Yingkou. The defending chief of the Chen Dynasty, Pan Shen, abandoned his camp and fled, and together, Yang Yi and Wei Xiaokuan captured Shouyang. They then surrounded Xieshi, where the defending general Xu Yue surrendered in fear. Consequently, Yang Yi was appointed Inspector of Dongguangzhou.

During the rebellion of Wei Jiong, the chief administrator Zhao Wenbiao was at odds with Yang Yi at that time, and Yang Yi wanted to get rid of him. So Yang Yi lay in the bedroom, pretending to be seriously ill, and told the people around him, "I get very scared when I see two or three people approaching; I want to attack them, but I can't control myself." Whenever guests came to visit, Yang Yi would send them away. Yang Yi's illness worsened, and when Zhao Wenbiao went to visit, Yang Yi had his servants block Zhao Wenbiao at the gate, allowing only him to enter. Yang Yi suddenly sprang up, drew his sword, and killed Zhao Wenbiao, then shouted, "Zhao Wenbiao conspired with Wei Jiong to rebel, so I killed him!" None of his soldiers dared to act. At that time, Emperor Gaozu was still concerned that Yang Yi might cause more trouble since the rebellion of Wei Jiong was not yet fully suppressed, so he offered him reassurance and encouragement and appointed him as the chief administrator of Wuzhou. Chen Dynasty generals Qian Mao led thousands of soldiers to attack Jiangyang, and Yang Yi fought back and drove them away. The Chen Dynasty then sent generals Chen Ji, Zhou Luohou, Yan He'er, and others to attack Yang Yi, but Yang Yi resisted and repelled them, and the court rewarded him with hundreds of bolts of silk. After Emperor Gaozu abdicated, Zhao Wenbiao's brother went to the court to complain, saying his brother was innocent. The Emperor ordered an investigation, and the Grand Tutor Dou Chi and others believed that Yang Yi should be executed. However, considering the merits of the Yang family for generations, the Emperor granted him a special pardon, demoting him only to a lower rank. Later, Yang Yi inherited the title of Duke of Yan, with a fief that included 16,000 households. Soon after falling ill, he resigned from his position. In the seventh year of the Kaihuang era, he was appointed Inspector of Zezhou. A few years later, he was relieved of his duties and passed away in his home. His son, Yang Shiqian, succeeded him as Duke.

It is said that this man, Xi, whose courtesy name was Bofu. His father, that is Xi's father, served as an official in the Zhou Dynasty, reaching the rank of Grand Guardian of Youzhou and Duke of Ren, which was quite an achievement! His grandfather, who was Xi's great-grandfather, once served as the Prime Minister. Later, Wei Jiong rebelled and sent agents to lure Xi's father into joining the rebellion. As a result, Xi's father immediately captured the messengers and sent them to Chang'an, which delighted his grandfather. When his grandfather became the emperor, Xi's father attended court, and the emperor personally welcomed him, and the two chatted happily for a long time. Within a few days, his father was appointed Grand Commandant. Unfortunately, the good times were short-lived, and more than a year later, Xi's father passed away and was posthumously granted the title Duke Mu.

Xi has been very capable and responsible since he was young. He served as a minor official in the Zhou Dynasty, starting out as a small Right Ministerial Officer. Before long, he was promoted to Minister of Ceremony, then commanded the Right Imperial Guards, and later became a junior aide. During the reign of Emperor Wu, he followed Prince Xian of Qi to defeat the Qi army in Luoyang, achieved great merit, was granted the title of Count of Fengning County, with a fief consisting of five hundred households. He then helped the emperor pacify Qi, rising to the position of Kaifu, and was subsequently granted the title of Duke of Liyang County, with a fief increased to twelve hundred households, and appointed to the position of Minister of Justice. After Emperor Xuan ascended the throne, he was promoted to Right Xuncao and later commanded the Right Loyalty and Righteousness. When his grandfather served as prime minister, he was appointed Kaifu as well. When his grandfather became emperor, Xi was promoted to Grand General and appointed as the Governor of Bianzhou, earning outstanding achievements and a stellar reputation. The emperor was pleased to hear this and issued an edict in his praise, rewarding him with a hundred bolts of silk. He was later further promoted to Grand General, with his title elevated to Duke. He was subsequently appointed as the Governor of Shaozhou, where he served for several years and was greatly beloved by the locals. Later, he was appointed as the Commander of Jiangling, but the people of Shaozhou, led by Zhang Yuan and others, submitted a joint petition to the court, requesting the emperor to let Xi stay. After reading the petition, the emperor was touched and ultimately ordered his return to Shaozhou, much to the joy of the locals who came out to celebrate. He later served as the Governors of Luozhou and Xiongzhou, achieving significant political success and winning the people's trust. Due to illness, he was recalled to the capital by the court. During the Renshou era, he passed away at home and was posthumously granted the title of Duke of Jing. He is survived by a son named Zhiben.

Duan Wenzhen was a native of Beihai Qi. His grandfather, Duan Shou, was the Governor of Cangzhou during the Wei Dynasty; his father, Duan Wei, was the Governors of Taizhou, Hezhou, Ganzhou, and Weizhou during the Zhou Dynasty. Duan Wenzhen had always been exceptionally strong and fearless since childhood, possessing a strong character and a keen sense of right and wrong. He initially served as a trusted aide to Yuwen Hu, who recognized his abilities and promoted him to the position of commander of the Central and Foreign Army.

Later, Emperor Wu attacked the King of Haichang of Northern Qi, Weixiang Gui, who was in Jinzhou at the time, with his subordinates, Hou Ziqin and Cui Jingsong, providing support from within the city. Duan Wenzhen, holding a long spear, was the first to scale the city wall and, together with Cui Zhongfang and others, led the assault on the city. Duan Wenzhen followed Cui Jingsong to Weixiang Gui, drew his sword to threaten him, which intimidated Weixiang Gui into submission, resulting in the capture of the city. The Emperor was extremely pleased and rewarded him with a thousand bolts of cloth. He then captured the cities of Wenhou, Huagu, and Gaobi, all of which were all due to his bravery.

When attacking the city of Banzhou, he led his troops to break through the east gate, stormed into the city, and made the Prince of Ande of Northern Qi, Yanzong, surrender out of fear. Due to his previous military achievements, the court initially planned to promote him to a higher official position, but after being framed by someone, he faced punishment and was later appointed as the Shang Yitong, being bestowed with the title of Duke of Xiangguo County, with a fief consisting of one thousand households. After capturing Yedu, he received a reward of two thousand bolts of brocade. He later followed Prince Teng to fight the Jihu, defeating them. He also served as the Biejia of Xiangzhou and the Chief Steward of Yangzhou. Later, he entered the court and served as a Tian Guandu Shangshi, accompanying Wei Xiaokuan in pacifying the Huainan region.

During the rebellion of Wei Jiong, Wenzhen's mother, wife, and children were in Yedu. Wei Jiong sent envoys to persuade Wenzhen to join him, but Wenzhen disregarded this and sought refuge directly with Gaozu. Gaozu admired him and appointed him as an official in the Prime Minister's office, also entrusting him with the responsibility of palace security.

Later, Sima Xiaonan fled to seek refuge with the Chen dynasty. Gaozu then sent Wen Zhen to stabilize the situation in the Huainan region. Upon his return, Gaozu promoted him to be an Assistant Guard Officer and also served as the Deputy Minister of the Interior. Not long after, he followed Daxi Zhen to fight against the rebellious barbarians, won the battle, and was granted a position with the title of Kaifu. Over a year later, he was promoted to be the Minister of Rites.

Prince Wei Shuang went north to fight against the Turks, with Wen Zhen as his Chief Historian. However, due to falsification of military achievements, Wen Zhen was dismissed from his position. Later, he was appointed as the governor of Shizhou and Hezhou, where he performed well and was loved by the people. He was later promoted to be the governor of Lanzhou and was granted the title of Duke of Longgang.

When the Turks invaded the border again, Wen Zhen, as the commander, led the troops to defeat them, chasing them all the way to Juyan Pass before returning. Nine years later, the court launched a major military campaign against the Chen dynasty, and Wen Zhen was appointed as the Marshal under the Prince of Qin, as well as the commander. After the fall of the Chen dynasty, he was appointed as the governor of Yangzhou, and later transferred to Bingzhou as the governor. Following the death of his mother, he resigned from his official position.

Not long after, the court requested his return to service, but he refused. Several years later, he was appointed as the governor of Yunzhou, and later became the Grand Marshal. In the nineteenth year, the Turks invaded the border again, and Wen Zhen, as the commander, fought against them, encountering Da Tou Khan on the Plains of Wo and defeating them.

Wen Zhen had a good relationship with Wang Shiji in the past. When Wen Zhen went on a northern expedition, Wang Shiji even sent him camels and horses. However, upon Wen Zhen's return, Wang Shiji was executed for his crimes, and Wen Zhen's previous merits were not taken into account due to his association with Wang Shiji. The following year, Wen Zhen led troops to defend Lingzhou against the Turks but returned without encountering the enemy.

Later, the tribes of Yue Xi rebelled, and Wen Zhen went to suppress the rebellion and won. The court rewarded him with two hundred servants. During the Ren Shou period, the Liao tribe in Jiazhou also rebelled, and Wen Zhen led troops to attack them. The army was ambushed in a valley, surrounded from front to back, unable to assist one another, and was defeated. However, Wen Zhen regrouped his scattered troops and launched a surprise counterattack, ultimately winning the battle.

Wen Zhen was known for his integrity and never resorted to flattery. Initially, when his army was stationed in Yizhou, he went to see King Yang Xiu with a disrespectful attitude, which displeased him. After this defeat, Yang Xiu submitted a memorial accusing Wen Zhen. The Minister of Public Works, Su Wei, also had conflicts with Wen Zhen and seized the opportunity to accuse him falsely, resulting in Wen Zhen being dismissed from his position.

Later, Yang Xiu was deposed, and Wen Zhen petitioned Emperor Gaozu, who comforted him and appointed him as Grand General. Shortly after, he was appointed as the Governor of Lingzhou.

When Emperor Yang of Sui became emperor, he appointed Yang Wen Zhen as Minister of War, treating him exceptionally well. Later, when they went to attack the Tuyuhun, Yang Wen Zhen was responsible for overseeing the troops stationed on the snowy mountains, with the camp stretching over three hundred li, connecting to the east with the army of Yang Yi Chen and to the west with the army of Zhang Shou, collectively besieging the leader of Tuyuhun in Fu Yuan Valley. Due to this military achievement, Yang Wen Zhen was promoted and became the Right Guanglu Daifu (an official title).

Later, the emperor went to Jiangdu for leisure and put Yang Wenzhen in charge of the political affairs of Jiangdu. Yang Wenzhen remembered that the founding emperor had previously welcomed the Turkic Khan Qimin to settle within our borders, even marrying a princess to him and giving him a mountain of rewards. During the Daye era, the rewards to Qimin Khan became even more generous. Yang Wenzhen feared that Qimin Khan had ulterior motives and would inevitably become a threat to the nation. So he wrote to the emperor, saying: "I've learned that the ancient strategy for ruling a country is to befriend distant states while keeping a watchful eye on those close by, to prevent foreign tribes from disturbing the Central Plains. King Xuan of Zhou repelled the Di tribes, and Qin Shi Huang built the Great Wall as part of long-term strategies that we must not forget. Now the country is accepting Qimin Khan, providing him with food, weapons, land, and convenience. In my opinion, this is very unwise. Why? Because the nature of these outsiders lacks any sense of kinship; they only know greed. When they're weak, they seek your protection, but when they grow strong, they turn on you. I may not be an expert, but I've heard of Liu Yao from the Jin Dynasty and Hou Jing from the Liang Dynasty—these are well-known cautionary tales. In my view, Qimin Khan will surely become a disaster for the country in the future. I suggest we promptly send them back beyond our borders. We should then set up beacon towers along the border, reinforce our defenses, and stay vigilant—this is the only way to ensure lasting peace!"

At that time, there was a military officer called Husi Zheng, who was in charge of military affairs. Yang Wenzhen knew Husi Zheng was incompetent and not to be trusted, so he repeatedly raised this concern with the emperor, but the emperor ignored him.

Once, this general, while fighting in Liaodong, was appointed as the Grand General of the Left Guard and was ordered to march from Nansudao. However, he fell gravely ill during the journey and wrote to the emperor, saying: "I am a mediocre person with modest abilities. I am very fortunate to live in a prosperous era and to be promoted by the emperor beyond my qualifications, holding a much higher position than my colleagues. However, my abilities are simply not sufficient. I have already enjoyed too much grace and cannot stop thinking about the state's kindness, keeping me awake at night. I have always wished to repay the court, even if it means barking like a dog. However, I neglected to take care of my health, and my illness has worsened. I am overwhelmed with guilt and am about to depart this world without peace! I humbly share my thoughts with you. The fools in Liaodong have yet to face severe punishment. The six armies of the expedition are personally commanded by you. However, those barbarians are cunning and must be guarded against. They may profess surrender, but they are secretly plotting betrayal. They have countless schemes in secret, so do not easily trust them. The rain has just fallen, time must not be wasted. I urge you to order the army to depart immediately, advancing by land and water, catching them by surprise so that we can seize Pyongyang. If we can completely eliminate their main forces, the other cities will surely surrender without resistance. If not subdued in

The eldest son is named Quan, and he became a military general. The second son is named Lun, who became well-known for his chivalrous deeds in his youth. Wencao, Wen Zhen's younger brother, became a military general during the Daye period and was known for his strength and strictness. The emperor instructed him to oversee the scholars in the Secretariat and ensure they studied. At that time, most of those scholars were refined, so Wencao often punished them, totaling over a thousand times, which drew significant criticism from many. Historical records say: Zhong Fang had both literary talent and military strategy and was very strategic. His strategy for attacking the Chen kingdom was indeed very profound, and his accomplishments were substantial and not mere rhetoric! Zhong Wen was well-versed in many books and believed himself to be quite talented. When Wei Jiong rebelled, he earned notable merits and was promoted and utilized multiple times thereafter. The defeat in the Liaodong campaign led to significant losses for the army, like a massive tree on the verge of toppling, but the soldiers cannot bear the blame entirely. Wen Zhen was valued for his courage and maintained the ambitions of a true gentleman from a young age, frequently speaking his mind and providing counsel, repeatedly seen as loyal and upright. His rise to high office and generous rewards were well-earned.

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Sui （隋書）

Published: 10 January 2025

Created: 10 January 2025

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Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty had three sons. Empress Xiao gave birth to Crown Prince Yuande Yang Zhao and Prince Qi Yang Jian, while Consort Xiao gave birth to Prince Zhao Yang Gao. Crown Prince Yuande Yang Zhao was the eldest son of Emperor Yang. He was taken into the palace by Emperor Yang Jian right after his birth. At the age of three, he was playing with stone lions at Xuanwu Gate when Emperor Yang Jian and Empress Wenxian visited him. At that time, Emperor Yang Jian had a backache and reached out to hold Empress Wenxian, but Yang Zhao quickly sidestepped, doing this several times. Emperor Yang Jian exclaimed, "He was born with a sense of courtesy; who could possibly teach him!" Therefore, he was quite amazed by Yang Zhao. Emperor Yang Jian once said, "One day, I’ll find you a wife." Hearing this, Yang Zhao started to cry. When Emperor Yang Jian asked what was wrong, Yang Zhao replied, "When the Han Prince got married, he always stayed by the emperor's side, but once he got married, he moved out. I’m afraid I’ll leave you too one day, and that’s why I cried." Emperor Yang Jian praised him for his deep feelings and the special affection he showed him.

At the age of twelve, he was named Prince of Henan. In the early years of the Renshou era, he was renamed Prince of Jin, appointed as the Minister of Internal Affairs, and concurrently served as the Grand General of the Left Guard. Three years later, he was transferred to be the Governor of Yongzhou. After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, he went to the Luoyang Palace, while Yang Zhao stayed behind in the capital. In the first year of the Daye era, Emperor Yang sent envoys to appoint him as the Crown Prince. Yang Zhao was skilled at drawing a strong bow and using powerful crossbows. He was humble and gentle, with a mild attitude in speech and actions, never getting angry. Even if others made serious mistakes, he would simply say, "that's a big mistake." He lived a simple and frugal life. Whenever he visited elderly ministers and officials, he would personally inquire about their well-being and would give them gifts during holidays. He was well-known for his kindness. The following year, he went to Luoyang to see Emperor Yang. A few months later, when he was about to return to the capital, he requested to stay a few more days, but Emperor Yang did not agree. Despite being already overweight and extremely fatigued, he fell ill. The court sorcerer diagnosed it as the work of Prince Fangling. Shortly after, he passed away. Yu Shiji, the Minister of Internal Affairs, was ordered to write a eulogy for him, which stated:

"On the first day of the seventh month in the second year of the Daye era, which corresponds to the twenty-third day of the seventh month in the year of Guichou, His Highness the Crown Prince passed away in the palace. Alas, it is indeed a tragic loss.

Three years later, on the sixth day of the fifth month, the Crown Prince's body will be taken to Zhuangling for burial, in accordance with the proper rites. Look, the funeral procession is slowly making its way, leaving at night and reaching Heguan by dawn. All the ceremonial items are laid out neatly, and the procession is just as dignified and orderly as ever."

The emperor was deeply saddened by the crown prince's death, as if dark clouds had obscured the sunlight, and the palace had lost its former splendor. The emperor longed for the crown prince dearly, always thinking of him, especially during the sacrificial rites. Earlier, he had decided on how to bury the crown prince, and everything was unfolding as planned. The sacrificial offerings for the ancestors were all prepared, and the hearse moved steadily forward. The lofty banners led the procession, the wheels rolling slowly, solemn and dignified.

Based on the crown prince's conduct and achievements, the emperor gave him a posthumous title and ordered the historians to record everything, following ancient customs. He hoped that the crown prince's virtues and esteemed name would endure through the ages and be remembered in history.

The official text reads: (original text retained here, not translated)

The emperor ascended to the throne, the country prospered, inheriting the ancestral foundation, bringing honor to the ancestors. He was intelligent, eloquent, well-read, and possessed great foresight. Naturally wise, exceptionally intelligent, diligent in state affairs, managing countless affairs daily. He ordered the construction of palaces, established vassals, reformed the court system, and enforced rewards and punishments. The palaces were magnificent, akin to the splendor of Liang Garden. The empress was virtuous, the couple shared a loving bond, and the country was prosperous and vast. The emperor was humble and careful in handling state affairs, with a vast territory and magnificent palaces, ensuring peace, prosperity, and a strong military. Diligent in state affairs, close to wise ministers, organized in governance, outstanding in literary talent and creativity. He accumulated virtue, leading to the prosperity of the country, benefiting generations to come. The emperor was served by the palace concubines with utmost respect and reverence, with music and rituals flourishing. The emperor cultivated himself, was humble and courteous, recruited talents widely, and respected teachers and traditions. He had noble character, was modest, disciplined himself strictly, diligent in governance and loved the people. He studied the teachings of the sages diligently, working day and night for the country and the people. He was destined to enjoy a long life and become a wise ruler of his era.

However, fate is unpredictable, and life is impermanent. The emperor's passing was like a mountain collapse, leaving us in immense grief. This great sorrow pervades the world, and the courtiers are also deeply saddened. Alas, how heartbreaking it is! As time flies, everything changes in the blink of an eye, and both inside and outside the palace are shrouded in grief. Late at night, the palace lies empty and silent, only the moonlight casts a cold glow. Alas, how heartbreaking it is! The emperor has forever left us, left this bustling world, and gone to the depths below. The setting sun, the desolate landscape, the sounds of mourning, all are heart-wrenching. The funeral procession moves slowly; everyone is consumed by grief. Alas, how heartbreaking it is! Although the emperor has passed away, his virtues will be remembered forever, and we will always keep him in our hearts.

The emperor is very sad. He had three sons: Wei Fei gave birth to Emperor Gong, Da Liu Liangdi gave birth to Prince Yan Tong, and Xiao Liu Liangdi gave birth to Prince Yue Dong.

Prince Yan Tong, courtesy name Ren'an, was intelligent and agile, handsome, and the most beloved among Emperor Yang of Sui's many grandchildren, often brought along. He enjoyed reading, particularly valuing the Confucian classics, and his demeanor was more adult than childlike. His mother Liangdi passed away early, and on her death anniversary, he always wept inconsolably. This made the emperor love him all the more.

During Yuwen Huaji's rebellion, Prince Yan Tan realized that something was wrong and wanted to enter the palace to report to the emperor, but was afraid of revealing his whereabouts. So he, along with Duke Xiao Ju of Liang and General Yuwen Xi of Qian Niu, sneaked into the palace through a water cave located next to Fanglin Gate. When they reached the Xuanwu Gate, he pretended to say, "I suddenly have a severe stomach ache and fear I may not have much longer to live. I request to see the emperor one last time, to die with my eyes closed." He hoped to see the emperor but was stopped by the palace guards and ultimately failed to see the emperor. Before long, the rebellion erupted, and Prince Yan Tan was killed by the rebels. He was only sixteen at the time.

Prince Yang Tong of Yue, whose courtesy name was Renjin, was handsome and had a kind personality. In the second year of Emperor Yang Guang's reign, he was appointed as Prince of Yue. Whenever the emperor went on inspection tours, Yang Tong stayed in the eastern capital of Luoyang. When Yang Xuangan rebelled, he resisted together with the Minister of Civil Affairs, Fan Zigai. After Yang Xuangan was pacified, Yang Tong was summoned to Gaoyang and appointed as the Prefect of Gaoyang. Shortly after, he returned to the eastern capital to continue his duties. In the thirteenth year of Emperor Yang Guang's reign, during his journey to Jiangdu, Yang Tong was once again responsible for the eastern capital's affairs, alongside Grand Master Duan Da, Minister Yuan Wendo, Acting Minister Wei Jin, and General Huangfu Wuyi.

After Yuwen Huaji killed Emperor Yang of Sui, Yuan Wendu and others held a discussion. Yang Dong, the son of Crown Prince Yuan De (Yang Zhao), was the closest in lineage to the emperor. Therefore, they all rallied behind him to become emperor, proclaimed amnesty across the realm, and changed the era name to *Huangtai*. Emperor Yang of Sui was posthumously honored as Emperor Ming, with the temple name Shizu; Crown Prince Yuan De was honored as Emperor Xiaocheng, with the temple name Shizong; his mother Liu Liangdi was honored as Empress Dowager. At the same time, Duan Da was appointed as the Minister of the Interior, Grand General of the Right Guard, acting Minister of Rites; Wang Shichong also served as the Minister of the Interior, Grand General of the Left Guard, acting Minister of Personnel; Yuan Wendu was appointed as the Minister of the Interior, Grand General of the Left Guard; Lu Chu also served as the Minister of the Interior; Huangfu Wuyi was appointed as the Minister of War, Grand General of the Right Guard; Guo Wenyi was appointed as the Deputy Minister of the Interior; Zhao Changwen was appointed as the Yellow Gate Attendant. They were entrusted with all these important matters, and special gold and iron certificates were created and stored in the palace. At that time, the people of Luoyang called Duan Da and others the "Seven Nobles."

Not long after, Yuwen Huaji declared Prince Qin Yang Hao as emperor and then led his troops to Pengcheng. Many cities along the way surrendered to him. Yang Dong was filled with fear, so he sent envoys Gai Cong and Ma Gongzheng to reach out to the leader of the Wagang Army, Li Mi. Li Mi then sent envoys to request surrender, which delighted Yang Dong, and he was very polite to Li Mi's envoys. Li Mi was promptly appointed as Grand Commandant, Minister of the Interior, and Duke of Wei, and was sent to resist Yuwen Huaji. Yang Dong also wrote a letter to Li Mi:

"Our Great Sui Dynasty has been ruling the world for thirty-eight years. Emperor Gaozu Wenhuan had literary and martial achievements, creating a prosperous age. Emperor Shizu Ming followed the ways of heaven and earth, unifying the Han people and the minority ethnic groups at the borders. From Panmu Mountain in the east to Xiliu in the west, from Danjiao in the north to Youdu in the south, wherever the sun shines and the rain falls, all people, no matter what they look like, are subject to the rule of the Great Sui Dynasty."

Moreover, all the treasures of the world have converged at the court, with a continuous stream of auspicious signs. We have established a system of rites and music, transforming social customs. Our rule extends throughout the world, benefiting the common people, even if they are unaware. The Emperor, who was the founding emperor, previously toured the south before ascending to the throne in the palace. This visit was meant to reassure everyone. Therefore, in the previous years, he toured various places, received tributes, paused the imperial procession, cleared the roads, and all ceremonies remained unchanged.

Who could have imagined that such a tragedy would occur, chaos would engulf the palace, and disaster would swiftly threaten the Emperor himself? On the day of the Emperor's passing, we were all plunged into deep grief, crying out in anguish, unable to endure this devastating loss.

I heard that since ancient times, there have been those greedy and cruel courtiers and disrespectful sons. Which dynasty has not encountered such things? Take Yuwen Huaji for example; people say he is a good-for-nothing. His father, Yuwen Huashu, was favored by the emperor from a young age, given a marriage, appointed to high office, with a high position and great power, a generous salary, and lavish treatment that was unmatched, enjoying imperial favor. But he never showed gratitude to the emperor. Yuwen Huaji, despite his mediocrity, was always favored by the emperor, entering the court and serving by the emperor's side. He was sent to the frontier before, later commanded the imperial guards, and even participated in the succession of the throne, rising to a high official position. But his true nature was cruel and greedy, associating with evil parties, robbing, and committing numerous crimes, with a mountain of charges against him. The emperor forgave him repeatedly, pardoning him many times; even when he committed serious crimes, he always managed to evade punishment. Dismissed three times, reinstated three times, even exiled to remote areas, only to be recalled later. The emperor's favor for him was immense; such rewards and promotions were unheard of. Yet he was treacherous and worse than a beast, actually raising troops in rebellion and capturing the palace. Members of the royal family and siblings were all cruelly killed by him, the scene was too horrific to put into words. The

Now, all the princes and ministers, officials, believe that the country cannot be overthrown, and the principal villain must be swiftly eradicated. Everyone should support me together and inherit the throne. I recognize my limitations and know I may not be up to the task, but now I am ready for battle, leading the army personally, swearing to eliminate harm for the people and quell the rebellion. We will soon mobilize to quell the rebellion. Moreover, Yuwen Huaji actually falsely enthroned the son of the King of Qin as the emperor, imprisoned other members of the royal family, and declared himself a ruler, behaving as if he were the emperor. He occupied the imperial palace, acting with brazen arrogance and shamelessness. Although the court ministers are afraid of his power on the surface, they are full of anger inside. Our righteous army, by the will of heaven, will definitely eliminate these evildoers and achieve victory soon!

Lao Wei, he truly and sincerely considers the country, has a particularly broad strategic vision, and is very skilled in leading troops into battle! Leading the loyal forces to suppress the rebels. The soldiers are all brave and eager to be the first to charge, like bears charging into battle, with drums and horns sounding together, the momentum is huge, just like a fierce fire, swords swinging, invincible in all directions, as quick as hot water melting snow.

Lao Wei is wholeheartedly trying to save the country, leading the charge, and I personally lead the six armies closely behind. This battle is progressing remarkably well; it's akin to flattening dry leaves and moving mountains. Moreover, our army is all loyal, the guards in the capital long for their hometowns, and the people of Jiangnan are also looking forward to returning home soon. During this time, reports and letters are constantly being exchanged, everyone is in contact with each other; the moment the royal army arrives, those rebels will surely surrender, like melting ice and falling leaves.

As for those rebels, now people's spirits are broken; even the heavens can't stand by. They randomly kill innocent people and oppress the people. When people encounter them on the road, they are too scared to look directly at them, only able to cry bitterly, filled with grievances. I am now seeking to avenge the people by eliminating the mastermind and rescuing those who are suffering. I hope that the heavens bless our nation with peace, so that everyone can feel my resolve and unite with me. When we kill the traitors, rewards will be given based on merit; we'll celebrate in style. By then, the world will be at peace, and I will be satisfied. As for all matters of the army, follow General Wei's command.

The secret envoy found Yang Dong, who was overjoyed and quickly knelt facing north, in a show of great respect. Then Yang Dong refused Li Mi's request for help. The "Seven Lords" were very dissatisfied with this and secretly planned to deal with Yang Dong. Not long after, Yuan Wendu, Lu Chu, Guo Wenyi, and Zhao Changwen were killed by Wang Shichong, and Huangfu Wuyi escaped back to Chang'an. Wang Shichong went to see Yang Dong, apologized to him, and appeared genuinely sincere. Yang Dong thought he was quite sincere, so he let him into the court, and the two of them, in front of everyone, let their hair down and swore an oath to never go back on their word. From then on, Yang Dong no longer meddled in Wang Shichong's affairs.

But Yang Dong felt quite uneasy. He consulted his secretary Lu Shiji on how to deal with Wang Shichong, but their plans were unsuccessful. After Wang Shichong defeated Li Mi, he gained even more support. He declared himself King of Zheng, took control of the court, received the Nine Bestowments, and enjoyed various imperial privileges. Yang Dong felt powerless to stop it. Duan Da, Yun Dingxing, and ten others approached Yang Dong and said, "The will of heaven is unpredictable. King Zheng has great achievements; you should abdicate in his favor, following the example of Tang Yao and Yu Shun." Yang Dong was furious upon hearing this, responding, "The realm was established by the founding emperor, and the Eastern Capital belongs to the founding emperor. If the Sui Dynasty's fortunes had not declined, you wouldn't even think to say such things! Even if heaven's will is truly changing, it's not for you to suggest abdication! Some of you were officials of the previous dynasty, serving faithfully, while some were diligent in royal affairs. Now you speak such words; what do you expect me to think of you!" Yang Dong's expression turned serious, intimidating the guards. After the court session, Yang Dong wept before his consort. Wang Shichong dispatched a messenger to Yang Dong, saying, "The realm is still unsettled; it needs a long-term ruler. When the realm is at peace, I will return the throne to you. I will not break our pact." Yang Dong had no option but to cede the throne to Wang Shichong and was subsequently confined to Hanliang Palace. Wang Shichong usurped the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, bestowing the title Duke of Lugu upon Yang Dong, along with a fief of five thousand households.

One month later, Yu Wenrutong, Pei Renji, and others conspired to kill Wang Shichong and reinstall Yang Tong as emperor. The conspiracy was exposed, and they were all killed. Wang Shichong's brother, Wang Shiyun, advised him to kill Yang Tong to prevent future troubles. Wang Shichong sent his nephew, Wang Xingben, with poisoned wine to meet Yang Tong, saying, "Please drink a cup, Your Majesty." Yang Tong knew he could not escape, requested to see his mother but was denied. Yang Tong then laid out a mat, burned incense, worshipped the Buddha, and chanted: "From now on, I hope not to be born in the royal family again." He then drank the poisoned wine. He did not die quickly; he was later strangled with a silk cord. Wang Shichong hypocritically gave him the posthumous title "Emperor Gong."

Prince Qi Yang Jian, styled Shiju, nicknamed Ahai, was strikingly handsome, with exceptionally well-defined eyebrows and eyes, and was cherished by his grandfather, Yang Jian (Emperor Gaozu), from an early age. During the Kaihuang era, he was titled Prince of Yuzhang, with a fiefdom of one thousand households. As he grew up, he read extensively and excelled in horseback riding and archery. Initially serving as the Minister of the Interior, during the Renshou era, he was appointed as the Governor-General of Yangzhou, in charge of military affairs in the region south of the Huai River.

After Yang Guang ascended the throne as Emperor (Emperor Yang), Yang Jian was promoted to Prince of Qi, with his fiefdom increased to five thousand households. In the second year of Daye, when Yang Guang first went to the Eastern Capital Luoyang, the spectacle was grand, and Yang Jian was responsible for leading the troops to maintain order. Shortly after, he was transferred to be the Governor of Yuzhou. Following the death of Crown Prince Yuande, everyone in the court and the people were focused on who would inherit the throne, and many believed Yang Jian was the most suitable candidate. Yang Guang even instructed the Minister of Personnel, Niu Hong, to meticulously select officials, resulting in many sons of high-ranking officials being promoted.

In the second year, Yang Yan was transferred to Yongzhou and soon after to Henan, and was also appointed to the official title of "Kaifu Yitong Sansi." Yang Yan now commanded over 20,000 subordinates of Prince Yuande. His status and treatment continued to rise; even Princess Le Ping and other royal relatives began to curry favor with him, and officials rushed to visit him as the streets were bustling with people.

As for the Prince of Qi, this kid was especially arrogant and overbearing, mixing with bad people and engaging in all sorts of misdeeds. He had Qiao Lingze, Liu Qian'an, Pei Gai, Huang Fuchen, Kudi Zhongqi, and Chen Zhiwei find him some beautiful women, good horses, and hunting dogs. With their backing, he grew increasingly reckless. Whenever they spotted a beautiful girl, they would falsely claim to be acting on behalf of the Prince of Qi, bring the girl to the prince's mansion, secretly indulge in sordid acts, and then let the girl go. Kudi Zhongqi and Chen Zhiwei even went to Longxi to harass the ethnic minorities, forcibly seizing their prized horses and then presenting a few of the stolen horses to the Prince of Qi. They told the Prince of Qi that these were rewards from the emperor, but then secretly kept them for themselves, and the Prince of Qi had no idea.

As for Princess Le Ping, she once told the emperor about a beautiful girl from the Liu family, and the emperor didn't say anything at the time. Later, the princess later gifted this Liu family girl to the Prince of Qi. Naturally, the Prince of Qi was thrilled and took her as a concubine. Later, the emperor asked the princess where that Liu family girl was, and the princess said, "She's with the Prince of Qi." The emperor was displeased to learn of this. In the Prince of Qi's mansion in the eastern capital, the main gate suddenly collapsed under mysterious circumstances, and the beams in the office area broke. Those in the know felt this was an ominous sign.

Later, the emperor went to Yulin to hunt, with the Prince of Qi leading fifty thousand infantry and cavalry in tow, always staying several dozen miles behind the emperor. The emperor was hunting in the Fenyang Palace grounds and ordered the Prince of Qi to bring a thousand cavalry to help surround the prey. The Prince of Qi caught a lot of elk to present to the emperor, but the emperor didn't catch a thing, which made him furious. The ministers around him all said that it was the Prince of Qi's men deliberately keeping the wild animals away from the emperor. The emperor was completely furious this time, starting to investigate the Prince of Qi's responsibility and punishing him.

It was stipulated at the time that county magistrates could not leave the city casually, but the county magistrate of Yi Que, Huang Fu Jian, sneaked out to have some fun outside Luoyang city, violating the regulations. There was a guy from Jingzhao named Da Xi Tong, whose concubine Wang Shi sang particularly well, and those high-ranking officials liked to invite her to sing at gatherings, so Da Xi Tong also often visited the Wang family. The censor Wei Deyu found out about Huang Fu Jian's situation and secretly told the emperor. The emperor was livid and dispatched thousands of soldiers to search Huang Fu Jian's house, investigating everything about him.

Huang Fu Jian's wife was the daughter of the Minister of Civil Affairs, Wei Chong, who had died early. Later, Huang Fu Jian actually had an affair with his deceased wife's sister and even had a daughter, something no one knew about. He privately invited Qiao Lingze to his mansion for drinks and a good time, and Qiao Lingze happily took off Huang Fu Jian's hat to celebrate. He even called in a fortune teller to check out the backyard, and the fortune teller pointed to Huang Fu Jian's younger sister-in-law and said, "The child she’ll have one day will be an empress and live in great wealth!" At that time, the country had no crown prince, so Huang Fu Jian thought it was his time to become emperor. He was feeling anxious since Crown Prince Yuande had three sons, so he secretly dabbled in witchcraft, trying to curse them.

These matters were later revealed, the emperor was furious, and Qiao Lingze and others were beheaded. Huangfu Wei's sister-in-law was also executed, and officials in Huangfu Wei's household were all exiled to the border. At that time, Prince Zhao Gao was still young; the emperor told his ministers, "Huangfu Wei is my only son. If not for this, I would have had him dragged out and executed as a warning to others!" Since then, Huangfu Wei's favor gradually declined; though he remained the mayor of Jingzhao, he no longer involved himself in political matters. The emperor also sent a military officer to watch him all day, reporting to the emperor immediately if Huangfu Wei seemed suspicious. The emperor was always worried that Huangfu Wei would rebel, so the guards assigned to him were all old and infirm, merely for show. Huangfu Wei lived in a state of perpetual fear and anxiety every day. Once, when the emperor was celebrating at Jiangdu Palace, Huangfu Wei wore court dress to attend court, and mysteriously, blood appeared on his pants. Another time, he was in the fasting room and saw dozens of rats run in front of him; then all died, each missing its head. Huangfu Wei felt particularly scared. Not long after, Xue Wanche staged a rebellion, and his forces stormed the palace. Upon hearing this, the emperor asked Empress Xiao, "Is it Huangfu Wei's doing?" This illustrates the depth of the emperor's suspicion of Huangfu Wei. Xue Wanche sent men to capture Huangfu Wei, who was still asleep a

Zhengdao, this boy, is a posthumous child. Later, he went to the Turks with Queen Xiao. The Turkic Khan appointed him as the King of Sui, and he was put in charge of all the captured Chinese people in the north, where he lived in Dingxiang City. After the fall of the Turks, Zhengdao returned to the Tang Dynasty and was appointed as an official in the Office of the Imperial Clan.

Prince Zhao Gao, whose nickname was Jizi, was made the Prince of Zhao at just seven years old during the ninth year of the Daye era of the Sui Dynasty. He later became a Grand Minister of Public Works and served as the Prefect of Henan. He followed Yang Guang to Huainan and was temporarily appointed as the Prefect of Jiangdu by Yang Guang. Gao was smart and handsome, and he could recite all the poems and verses composed by Yang Guang. He was very filial, and once, because of the windy weather, when Yang Guang lost his appetite, Gao also didn't eat anything all day. Another time, when Queen Xiao wanted to undergo moxibustion therapy, Gao requested to test the temperature of the moxa stick first, but Queen Xiao did not agree. Gao cried and pleaded, "I have already tried all the medicines the Queen takes. Now, please let me test the temperature of the moxa stick first!" He cried so sadly that Queen Xiao, moved by his filial piety, canceled the moxibustion therapy and showed him more love. Later, when Yang Guang was murdered, Gao was by his side, crying bitterly. Pei Qiantong killed Gao in front of Yang Guang, and his blood sprayed onto Yang Guang's clothes. At that time, Gao was only twelve years old.

Historical records say: Prince Yuande was cautious and steady, with the demeanor of an emperor, but unfortunately died young, which is truly a tragedy! Although Prince Qi was smart and clever, his ambitions were not grand enough, and he was somewhat proud and arrogant, so Yang Guang kept his distance and was cautious around him. There was a lack of affection between father and son, but they maintained the formalities of monarch and subject. By failing to accumulate virtue and perform good deeds, the country faced calamities. As a result, Prince Zhao, Prince Yan, and Prince Yue all met tragic ends, which is truly tragic!

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Sui （隋書）

Published: 10 January 2025

Created: 10 January 2025

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Li Wenbo, from Boling, is known for his integrity and is particularly dedicated to studying Confucian classics and the principles of governance. When he reads, he often reflects deeply on stories of dynasties' rise and fall, loyal ministers, and righteous scholars. During the Kaihuang era of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, he was appointed as a Yuqi Captain and was highly regarded by Xue Daoheng, the Minister of Personnel. Xue Daoheng often had him read historical texts in the audience chamber to assess his abilities. Whenever Li Wenbo encountered a good way to govern the country, he would quickly jot it down; if he found mistakes in selecting officials, he would point them out directly. Xue Daoheng was always pleased to take his advice.

Later, Li Wenbo was transferred to the Secretariat and was tasked with proofreading classic texts. He was honest, led a simple life, yet remained content. Although he often lacked food and clothing, he still maintained noble integrity, never made friends lightly, and always bound himself by etiquette and laws. His colleagues respected him and also held a certain fear of him. Knowing his poverty, Xue Daoheng often invited him to his home to help him with living expenses. Li Wenbo had an in-depth understanding of historical governance, as if he had it all figured out, but he never resorted to flattery or scheming for advancement in the bureaucracy. He slowly rose to the position of Xiaoshulang, then was transferred to be a county magistrate, but his performance was lackluster, and he remained unpromoted for several years.

Later, Xue Daoheng became the Grand Master of the Registrar in the Eastern Capital and met Li Wenbo in the Ministry of Personnel in the Eastern Capital. He sympathized greatly with Li Wenbo's plight, so he submitted a memorial to the court recommending him for an official position. Xue Daoheng happily said to Prince Qi, Li Gang, "Today I finally met Li Wenbo, and I recommended him!" This shows that Xue Daoheng held Li Wenbo in high regard. When Li Wenbo was in Luoyang, he once visited Fang Xuanling, who accompanied him to the crossroads. Fang Xuanling asked him, "You've pursued righteousness your whole life, and now as an official, you should have the chance to realize your ambitions, right? What have you done lately to address the issues at hand?" Li Wenbo immediately exclaimed excitedly, "To govern the river well, we must first clean up its source; to correct the outcomes, we must first rectify their fundamentals. Right now, the root causes are in disarray. Even if we fired ten corrupt county magistrates every day, what good would it do?" This was reflective of his outspoken and uncompromising character. At that time, the government was growing more and more corrupt, with rampant embezzlement and bribery. Only Li Wenbo consistently upheld his noble integrity, which earned him even greater respect from the people. Later, he faced war and was displaced, ultimately vanishing without a trace.

At first, Wenbo was an official historian in the palace, and Yushi Ji's son was also there, dressed to the nines and completely lacking in subtlety. Wenbo casually asked him how old he was, and he replied, "Eighteen." Wenbo then said to him, "When Jia Yi was eighteen, what national affairs were being discussed? Now you are only concerned with dressing yourself up, what's your end game?" Also, when the concubine of Qin Shihuang gave birth to a son, Gaozu was overjoyed and rewarded the courtiers differently. Wenbo's family had always been poor, and when someone said he was happy, he replied, "The system of rewards and punishments is used to measure merits and demerits. Now that the concubine has given birth to a son, what's that got to do with us officials? Why should we receive rewards for nothing?" He was someone who really valued the alignment of words and actions, meticulously weighed merits and demerits, and always ensured that rewards and punishments were fair and just, without any concealment. Wenbo originally studied Confucian classics, then read historical books, and was well-versed in the doctrines and debates of various philosophical schools. He was straightforward by nature, liked to discuss, and was also very good at writing. He wrote a ten-volume book called "The Collection of Governing Principles," which gained widespread popularity. Historical records describe him as follows: people like Ming Ke Rang and Wei Dan, some were exceptionally knowledgeable and widely experienced, wrote magnificent and fluent articles. They were celebrated as talents from the Yan and Zhao regions as well as the southeast. Wherever they went, they were highly valued and obtained official positions. While not everyone followed the path laid out for them, they did have their own reasons. Wei Dan's "Book of Wei" was considered concise, clear, and worthy of being passed down to future generations. The others also had their own writings, with varying degrees of success, but they all worked hard to leave behind their words. That’s pretty impressive!

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Sui （隋書）

Published: 10 January 2025

Created: 10 January 2025

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Xu Shanxin, whose courtesy name was Wuben, is a native of Gaoyang Beixincheng. His grandfather, Xu Mao, served as the Chief Clerk to the Crown Prince of the Liang Dynasty, as well as the Prefect of Shiping County, Prefect of Tianmen County, and Cavalry Attendant. His father, Xu Heng, served as the Yellow Gate Attendant Minister in the Liang Dynasty, and later held the positions of Director of the Imperial Guard, Grand Master of the Palace, Minister of War, and concurrently held the position of Chief Editor during the Chen Dynasty. Xu Shanxin became an orphan at the age of nine and was raised by his mother, Lady Fan. He was bright from a young age, possessing strong comprehension and memory skills. He was praised by those around him for his extensive knowledge and remarkable memory. He had access to over ten thousand volumes of books at home, and he read them all. At the age of fifteen, he was already capable of writing impressive essays. When he showed his essays to his father's friend, Xu Ling, Xu Ling was astonished and remarked, "This child is exceptionally talented, truly a prodigy!"

Later, he was appointed as a legal assistant to the Prince of Xin'an. The Prince's Secretary Jiang Zong recommended him to take the exam, and he passed with high scores, being appointed as an official in charge of financial affairs. He later rose to the rank of deputy minister and was then appointed as a historian official. In the second year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, he was appointed as a cavalry attendant and subsequently sent as an envoy to the Sui Dynasty. He arrived during the Sui Dynasty's campaign against the Chen Dynasty, completed his mission, but was unable to return. He repeatedly submitted petitions requesting to resign, but the Emperor did not allow it and kept him under house arrest. After the fall of the Chen Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Sui sent someone to inform him of the news. Xu Shanxin dressed in mourning attire, wept bitterly at the west steps, kneeling facing east, weeping for three days. The Emperor issued a decree to console him. The next day, the Emperor issued a decree for him to enter the palace, still appointing him as a cavalry attendant, and rewarded him with a set of clothes. After Xu Shanxin finished crying, he changed into fresh clothes and stepped outside to stand facing north, crying and bowing to thank the imperial edict again. The following day, he attended court, sobbing uncontrollably, barely able to stand from grief. Emperor Wen of Sui looked at those around him and said, "I have only gained this loyal subject after pacifying the Chen Dynasty. Since he can remember his old master, he is a loyal servant to me!" So the Emperor ordered him to continue in his original position, serving in the Ministry of Civil Administration, and rewarded him with a thousand pieces of cloth and twenty horses. Later, Emperor Wen of Sui went to Mount Tai, and upon his return, appointed him as the Minister of the Department of Justice.

In the sixteenth year of Kaihuang, a divine sparrow flew and landed at Hanzhang Gate. Emperor Wen of Sui summoned all his officials for a celebratory banquet and shared this auspicious omen with everyone. Xu Shanxin requested paper and pen at the banquet and composed a poem titled "Ode to the Divine Sparrow," with the following lines:

"I have heard that observing the heavens reveals their will,

the Qian element aligns with heavenly virtue,

scrutinizing the earth reveals its laws,

and the vast expanse of land reflects its majesty."

The rain nourishes the clouds; the four seasons are the reason for life and death. The rivers flow and the mountains stand tall; all things are thus created.

You are the ruler of the hexagram of Thunder over Fire, the emperor who carries the auspicious signs of the goose and phoenix, born with jade hammers and jade measures, your imperial position passed down by golden tablets and cords.

You nurture the spirits of the people, warm the animals and plants, like a mysterious pearl shimmering in the red waters, silent like a bright mirror in the empty hall.

Everyone enjoys the blessings of your prosperity; auspicious gifts are gathered, your fame spreads throughout the southern land, even surpassing the renown of the "Yun" and "Shao" music.

You, our emperor, rule over the land, elucidating great principles, confronting the Tai Chi, residing in the Phoenix palace, holding the Dragon map.

You act without words, directing and guiding with gestures; without imposing authority, your throat opens and closes, bringing clarity to the world.

You reclaim the land of the Xia dynasty, conquer the seas of the Shang dynasty; people look up to you, sensing your nobility, and gather at your grand assembly in Xianchang.

Your blessings spread across the world, bringing peace to both distant and nearby lands; your achievements are celebrated, your virtues widely bestowed.

Without the formality of rituals, Your Majesty fills the palace; without the noise of music, your achievements fill the annals.

You care for the elderly at the academy, personally inquiring about centenarians; you care for the common people, keeping them close to your heart.

From the scorching sun to the freezing cold, from the desolate outskirts to the prosperous center, people from all walks of life, both from the frontier and the Han heartland, come to serve you.

Not only have you quelled the rebellion of the northern barbarians, but you have also stabilized the southern border; even the border towns are now at peace.

Therefore, heaven does not withhold its blessings, the earth bestows its treasures, mountains and rivers display wonders, and the spiritual world reveals its presence.

You enjoy a good life, savoring sweet nectar; your life, like the phases of the moon, is filled with brightness and change.

With compassion in your heart, you uphold righteousness, thus bringing auspicious signs and societal prosperity.

At the grand ceremony in Dengfeng, you stand at the Yunting Pavilion, holding the white ceremonial staff; you govern successfully and offer sacrifices to the heavens.

Although the regular etiquette is in place, and the military is prepared, the emperor humbly declines to claim any credit.

Such humility and deference—has there ever been anything like it? The seventy-two rulers cannot compare to you!

Therefore, divine birds manifest, mysterious signs are especially prominent; the white bird symbolizes the extraordinary iron creature, the red bird carries the precious red book.

Ban Gu's "Divine Birds" praises the military achievements and literary accomplishments; Cao Zhi's "Exquisite Birds" poem also extols the wise and illustrious.

But none compare to the soaring literary palm in the martial tent, brushing against the green reeds as it soars over the red carpet.

The jade table is placed in the court; you admire the treasures between the curtains. The golden gate opens every day, leaving behind the treasure of the Yunzai.

Throughout the ages, unprecedented, this is a blessing from the heavens, manifested today.

In the year of the Upper Chapter, the laws are harmonious; it is a good time for sacrificial ceremonies.

The sovereign has yet to seek his robes, rising in the Hall of Contemplation in the morning.

An auspicious bird descends.

Moving gracefully before the throne, approaching respectfully, and walking along the palace steps.

The auspicious sign symbolizes the blessings of a wise ruler; the bird symbolizes the treasure of the sage. According to the "Kao Yi You," "Xuan Yuan had a yellow bird with a red head that stood beside the sun." The divination said: "It is the response of the earthly spirit." Also, in the "Li Ji Ming Zheng," it is recorded: "If the sacrifice is appropriate, then the yellow bird will gather." In the past, the Han gathered at the Tai Zhi Palace, the Wei built the Wen Chang Palace, and once visited the Yongqiu Shrine, entered the Pingdong Mansion three times, and observed and reflected on the side. In humble affairs, with insignificant people, what is there to be proud of? As an insignificant person, I feel ashamed compared to the virtuous talents of the past! This era is more prosperous than the previous ones, and although my abilities are limited, I still want to do something and dare to offer this poem:

(Insert the original text of the ode here, translation is not possible due to missing original text)

Li Qian lived in the remote western region, and Lu Ji grew up in the east since childhood. I, as an insignificant person, am ashamed compared to those virtuous talents of the past! This era is much stronger than before, and although my abilities are average, I still want to do something and offer this poem, hoping you can take a look.

(Insert the original text of the ode here, translation is not possible due to missing original text)

The text begins by discussing the origins of the world, the natural way, the intangible merits, and the nameless Tao. The major events in the world have all developed gradually, and the historical records of auspicious signs are clear and vivid. Our emperor, with both scholarly and martial prowess, has reached a high level. He governs the world, his reputation is far-reaching, culture and education flourish, and the people live in peace and contentment.

Look at this world, from the borders to the Fen River, everything has been governed with meticulous order and has been revitalized. His diligent governance exemplifies the virtues of an emperor, with various auspicious signs appearing one after another, as if divine beings have descended, bringing blessings from the heavens! Divine birds have appeared, and rare and exotic animals are showing themselves, truly fulfilling the auspicious signs mentioned in ancient books. These signs of auspiciousness are all coming to the imperial palace, signifying peace and blessings spreading across the realm.

Kong Tu offered red auspicious gifts, while Xun Wen presented white ones; these extraordinary occurrences were meticulously documented, becoming a testament to history. These signs of auspiciousness all indicate the will of heaven, the manifestation of heaven's favor. We, as courtiers, are fortunate to witness all of this, truly honored! We have written songs to praise these prosperous scenes, but words are inadequate to express, and dances are insufficient to convey the joy; we can only humbly bow in thanks, wishing Your Majesty longevity without bounds!

Once the hymn was composed, it was presented to Emperor Gaozu, who expressed great delight and remarked, "I saw that divine bird with my own eyes; I even witnessed it alongside the Empress! I called you all here today to talk about this. Shàn Xīn, you were seated there, and instantly grasped; you could write the hymn right away, with no need for embellishment, the pen flowed continuously. I had only heard of such things before; today I finally saw it with my own eyes!" He then bestowed upon Shàn Xīn two hundred rolls of cloth. Seventeen years later, Shàn Xīn was appointed as the Secretary of the Secretariat. At that time, the palace housed numerous disorganized texts; Shàn Xīn organized Ruan Xiaoxu's "Seven Records" and compiled "Seven Forests," including a general summary at the beginning of each work and detailed descriptions of the authors' intentions and classifications in the table of contents. He also recommended over a dozen scholars like Li Wenbo and Lu Congdian to rectify inaccuracies in historical texts and classics.

In the first year of Renshou, Shanxin served as the acting Huangmen Shilang. In the second year, he also served as the acting Taichang Shaoqing and discussed the systems of ritual and music with Niu Hong and others. The positions of the Secretariat and Huangmen Shilang remained unchanged. In the fourth year, Shanxin stayed in the capital. When Emperor Gaozu died in Renshou Palace, Emperor Yang kept the mourning a secret, first replaced the officials stationed in the capital, and appointed Shanxin as the governor of Yanzhou. At that time, Prince Han Liang staged a rebellion, so Shanxin did not assume the position.

In the first year of Daye, the Vice Minister of Rites nominated the Confucian scholar Xu Wenyuan as a Doctor of the National Academy and promoted individuals such as Bao Kai, Lu Deming, Chu Hui, and Lu Shida to higher ranks, appointing them as academic officials. That year, the Vice Chancellor Yang Da was appointed as the Grand Envoy of Jizhou and was granted five hundred items. The General of the Left Guard, Yu Wenshu, would borrow a few soldiers from his troops every morning for personal errands, but would usually let them go after half a day. The Imperial Censor, Liang Pi, lodged a formal accusation against him. The Emperor initially trusted Yu Wenshu and referred the case to the law, with over a thousand people confessing to being used for private tasks. After more than twenty days, the judges awaited the Emperor's decision, eventually claiming that the tasks did not take a full day, and even if there were many, they should not be considered crimes. When the soldiers heard this, they said they were not used for private tasks initially. The Emperor wanted to release them, and after discussing the truth, the officials agreed that the accusations were unfounded. They believed that Yu Wenshu's use of soldiers for private tasks, even if not for a full day, was different from regular tasks, as these were not part of their regular duties. Furthermore, when many soldiers were sent on missions and returned to their base, they did not coordinate their stories. After almost a month, the truth emerged, and the wrongdoing became evident. How could they be pardoned? Su Wei, Yang Wang, and more than twenty others agreed with the officials' opinion. The rest argued for pardon. The report suggested pardoning Emperor Yang. Several months later, Yu Wenshu falsely accused the officials of conspiracy, claiming that when Chen Shubao passed away, they had attended the funeral together and had written a eulogy addressing the Emperor, presumptuously bestowing an honorable title upon Chen Shubao that day. When questioned, they cited historical examples and were released, but the Emperor disliked them greatly. The Grand Historian reported that the year of the Emperor's ascension matched that of Yao, and the officials argued that due to the recent national mourning, congratulations were inappropriate. Yu Wenshu accused them, and they were demoted and transferred. In the fourth year, they wrote "Records of Square Objects" and presented it. In the seventh year, they went to Zhuojun, and the Emperor was on a military campaign to the east. The officials submitted a petition contrary to his wishes and were dismissed. That year, they were reappointed as Assistant Gentlemen. In the ninth year, they served as the Chief Historian of the Left Guard, crossed the Liao River, and were appointed as the Commander of the Jianjie Guard. The Emperor once mentioned the symbol of the mandate bestowed upon Gaozu and inquired about matters of the supernatural, ordering the officials to compile ten volumes of "Records of the Supernatural Phenomena" with Cui Zujun.

Initially, Shanxin's father wrote "History of the Liang Dynasty," but passed away before completing it. Shanxin followed his father's intentions, continued the family tradition, and at the end of the "Preface to the Biography," he expressed the intention of the work as follows:

Carefully examine the beginning of the great era, the initial distinction of chaos, the foundation of the Qian principles, the alignment of celestial signs, nurturing life abundantly, and the dissemination of energy in all things. Embrace the three talents to nurture virtue, emulate the two rulers to bring down divine spirits. With the presence of the people, establish rulers and officials, differentiating between the noble and the common, aspiring to the highest honor. Uphold the heavenly mandate while embracing earthly joys, while adhering to grand principles, inspiring the talented, summoning the winds and clouds, and driving forward the heroes. Through battles and negotiations, achieving great feats symbolized by the tripod, jade, and tortoise shell, achieving unity. Through revolutionary reforms, the principles of simplicity gradually emerged, and historical events and written records began to take shape. From the era of Yan and Huang, their names were preserved but their footprints were lost, while from the time of the Yellow Emperor, their writings were obscure but their applications were evident. Ascending the hills and valleys, compiling teachings and decrees, following the movements of the stars, transmitting the rituals of the Xia and Yin dynasties. Distinguishing between right and wrong, discussing the achievements of each era, recognizing the distinctions between North and South, East and West, and traveling in a carriage as a noble family. Although the country may hide its faults, the ruler's deeds must be documented, so that rebellious subjects and corrupt officials will be deeply feared, and the clear mirror of foundational principles will be evident. Through the succession of the three suburban sacrifices, the five victories that have been passed down, all proclaiming to be the masters of the hundred grains and taking responsibility for the four seas, accumulating immense glory and virtue, how can there be a world without them!

During the reign of Emperor Liang, the country prospered in the Jiangnan region. The mandate was received by a single ruler, handed down through four sovereigns, and flourished for forty-eight years. The dynasty lasted for fifty-six years. Emperor Wu came from humble beginnings, rose to power, corrected the failings of countless rulers, saved the people from danger, eradicated the remnants of the Jin dynasty, and established a new path to greatness. In the court, there were many virtuous gentlemen, and in the countryside, there were no lacking talents. Rituals and music were essential, and laws were upheld. The emperor showed great kindness by sparing lives and great tolerance by avoiding punishment. His rule was grand and magnificent, worthy of praise. When the barbarians invaded the land, and the Jie and Hu tribes encroached upon the capital, chaos erupted on an unprecedented scale. The imperial palaces were in order, but the fields had become a hunting ground, akin to that of foxes and rabbits. The precious jade and silk were reduced to mere scraps, like dog and sheep hides. While good fortune was amassed, disaster loomed overhead, and righteousness was present while the nation faced ruin. Is this the will of heaven or the folly of man? These matters have been discussed in the "Preface."

The previous emperor, in ancient times, had already begun to record his achievements. He compiled the "Book of Qi" in fifty volumes and the "Book of Liang" with detailed accounts of events. The incomplete works were noted in the "Catalog," consisting of one hundred and eight volumes. The Liang dynasty suffered from calamity, with graves and records destroyed. The tombs and walls were all but ruined, with nothing left to steal, and the treasures were plundered, leaving the farmers with nothing to seek. The Confucian scholars of the Qin dynasty had buried the teachings of the ancient kings, and the ministers of the Han dynasty had lost the oral tradition. The books that were compiled were scattered and lost. Chen Chu established himself as the court historian, filling in the gaps and reciting from memory. He followed the original catalog, made revisions, and completed one hundred volumes, with fifty-eight chapters across six volumes already archived in the imperial library.

Kindness is like the morning dew, light and unburdened. At the end of the Taizhan period, frequent reports were submitted. At the beginning of Zhide, the task of recording history was entrusted to me. I am willing to engage with the oil and silk industries, record the happenings at my door, offer support to the weak, and strive to achieve the aspirations of my predecessors. However, there are few strong individuals like Single Zong, and the empty room resembles the situations of Yuan and Yan. Having retired in isolation, they do not seek to improve themselves. Borrowing the book of the Bansi succession, I am only familiar with its content through hearsay, using Wang Yin's pen but not having seen the person. In addition, feeling unworthy of my position as a Lang official, I have also written "Chen Shi," resulting in delays in completing this book. In the second year of Zhenming, I entered the court as a Lang official, but my hometown was devastated, and I was forced to move to a foreign land. The traveler missed their chance, and fate may not return. I gazed at the pavilion, overwhelmed with sorrow, and relocated to another residence, setting up my cooking pot. The old family history books were later burned. Currently, only sixty-eight volumes remain, with several missing sections. Since coming to the capital, I have been making necessary repairs and have managed to complete around seventy volumes.

- "Chronicles of the Four Emperors": 8 volumes

- "Empresses": 1 volume

- "Records of the Three Princes": 1 volume

- Total: 10 volumes.

- "Biographies of Royal Princes and Dukes": 10 volumes.

- "Biographies of Exemplary Officials": 20 volumes.

- "Biography of External Relatives": 1 volume

- "Biography of Filial Virtue": 1 volume

- "Biography of Loyal Ministers": 1 volume

- "Biography of Literary Figures": 2 volumes

- "Biography of Confucian Scholars": 2 volumes

- "Biography of Recluses": 1 volume

- "Biography of Mathematicians": 1 volume

- "Biography of Border Officials": 1 volume

- Total: 10 volumes.

- "Biography of Those Who Stopped": 1 volume

- "Biography of Women": 1 volume

- "Biography of Favorites": 1 volume

- "Biography of Barbarians": 2 volumes

- "Biography of Traitors": 2 volumes

- "Biography of Rebels": 2 volumes

- "Record of Biographical Discussions": 1 volume

- Total: 10 volumes.

All the figures mentioned in the historical records were cited by their ancestors, and the following entries serve as heartfelt additions. Additionally, there is a separate section titled "Discussion," placed at the end of the biographical records.

For ten years, he returned to Huaiyuan Town and was appointed as a Gentleman of the Court. When the Turks besieged Yanmen, he took command as the Left Guard Commander and led the troops in guarding the palace in Jiangnan. He was then summoned to Jiangdu County, where he was praised for his previous achievements and appointed as a Court Councillor. He later returned to his original position as a Gentleman of the Imperial Secretariat. In the fourteenth year, on the day of the rebellion’s suppression, all Sui officials came to the court to offer congratulations, except for Shan Xin. Xu Hongren hurried to inform him, stating, "The Emperor has passed away, General Yuwen is in charge, and all civil and military officials have gathered at the court. The natural order of heaven and human affairs will unfold; why should you linger here like this?" Shan Xin was infuriated and refused to leave. Xu Hongren mounted his horse and tearfully said, "General Yu has no ill intentions towards you, yet you seek death so suddenly; how painful it is!" He subsequently informed Tang Fengyi of Shan Xin's conduct and sent people to his home to bring him to the court. Yu Wenhua ordered Shan Xin to be released, but he left without performing the customary gestures of respect. Yu Wenhua watched him leave and remarked, "This man is exceedingly proud." He ordered him to be captured, scolding him, "I intended to spare you; how dare you show such disrespect!" His followers dragged him away and ultimately killed him at the age of sixty-one. When the King of Yue assumed the throne, he was posthumously appointed as Left Grandee of Light and given the title of Duke of Gaoyang, with the posthumous title of Wenzhi.

Shan Xin's mother, Lady Fan, was the daughter of the Filial and Talented Middle Attendant of the Liang Prince. She was widowed at a young age and raised her son alone, with extensive education and high moral character. Emperor Gaozu knew of her and ordered fresh food to be sent to her regularly, often sending gifts. She was once summoned to the palace to serve the Empress and was granted the title of Lady of Yongle County. When Shan Xin met his tragic fate, Lady Fan was ninety-two years old. She did not shed a tear at his funeral but instead said while caressing his coffin, "He died for his country during a time of crisis; I still have my son." She then lay down and refused to eat, passing away herself after more than ten days of mourning.

The Boling Li Wenbo, known for his uprightness and forthrightness, was tireless in his pursuit of knowledge, especially in the study of moral principles and reasoning. He would often revisit the successes and failures of past loyal officials and scholars, reflecting on their deeds. During the reign of Emperor Kaihuang, he served as an imperial cavalry officer and caught the attention of the Minister of Personnel, Xue Daoheng. He was regularly called upon to examine official documents and histories, as well as to reflect on his own conduct. Whenever he came across effective governance practices, he would record them, and if he found errors, he would offer critiques. Daoheng always followed his advice eagerly. Later, Wenbo was appointed as a secretary in the Imperial Secretariat, responsible for editing official records. Despite his poverty, he maintained strict moral principles and never sought personal gain, always conducting himself with propriety and respect for others. Daoheng, aware of his circumstances, often invited him to his home and provided him with financial assistance. Wenbo was well-versed in historical and contemporary affairs, analyzing the successes and failures of governance without seeking official positions. He was eventually promoted to a position as a junior official and later appointed as a county magistrate, where he excelled in his duties and remained in the same position for several years. Daoheng, now a high-ranking official, encountered him in the Eastern Capital and was deeply moved by his dedication, recommending him for a position as an assistant. Li Wenbo's talents were recognized by the Prince of Qi, Sima Li Gang, who commended him and expressed joy at encountering him. Despite his hardships, Wenbo remained resolute in his principles and was respected by his peers. He once visited Fang Xuanling in Luoyang, who acknowledged his integrity and asked about his recent efforts to uphold moral standards in troubled times. Wenbo boldly proclaimed, "To purify the stream, one must cleanse the source; to correct the end, one must rectify the beginning. Today, corruption is rampant, and even if ten corrupt county magistrates are removed daily, what good would that accomplish?" His candor and steadfastness earned him much admiration, even during a time of political turmoil and corruption. His fate after being displaced by the chaos is ultimately unknown.

At first, Wen Bo was an internal scribe, and Yu Shiji's son was also inside, dressed elegantly and did not shy away. Wen Bo casually inquired about his age, and he replied, "Eighteen." Wen Bo then said to him, "In the past, Jia Yi at this age, what matters did he discuss? You are merely preoccupied with your appearance; what purpose does that serve?" Also, when the Queen of Qin bore a son, Gaozu was overjoyed and distributed rewards to the officials. Wen Bo's family frequently faced financial difficulties, and people assumed he was content, yet he remarked, "Rewards and punishments should be based on merit and faults. What does the birth of a son to the queen have to do with the officials? Accepting rewards in this case is misguided!" He adhered to the principles of justice, recorded faults and achievements, and ensured that rewards and punishments were fair, and that faults and achievements were not hidden. Wen Bo originally studied Confucian classics, but later read historical books, which greatly enriched his understanding. He was good at debate and writing, and wrote "Collection of Governing Principles" in ten volumes, which gained widespread acclaim.

Historians note: Ming Kerang, Wei Dan, and others were well-versed and articulate, possessing a refined writing style. They were praised as talents from Yan and Zhao, but were, in truth, the finest talents of the southeast. Wherever they went, they were given positions and rewards, as if it were meant to be. Dan's "Book of Wei" was known for its simplicity and strict regulations, which have been passed down through generations. Other scholars also produced their own writings, varying in scope and significance, but all aimed to articulate their thoughts. This is genuinely commendable.