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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Sui （隋書）

Published: 11 January 2025

Created: 11 January 2025

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Legend has it that Gaozu's maternal family, the Lv family, was relatively unknown. After Gaozu pacified the Qi state, he wanted to find their family but couldn't find anyone. It wasn't until the time of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty that Jinan County reported that there was a man named Lv Yongji, who said his aunt was named Ku Tao and was Yang Zhong's wife. After investigation, Lv Yongji was indeed Gaozu's brother-in-law, so Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty posthumously honored his maternal grandfather Shuang Zhou with titles such as Prime Minister, General of Eight Provinces, Governor of Qingzhou Province, and Duke of Qijun, with the posthumous title of Jing. His maternal grandmother Yao was also posthumously honored as the Lady of Duke Qijing. The Emperor ordered their reburial, the construction of a temple for them in Qizhou, and arranged for ten families to tend to the tomb. Lv Yongji was granted the title and allowed to stay in the capital. During the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, Lv Yongji was appointed as the Prefect of Shangdang County, but he lacked the acumen and failed to perform well in his duties, so he eventually lost his position. His ultimate fate remains unknown.

Lu Yongji's uncle is named Lu Daogui, whose temperament is incredibly unruly and crude in speech. When he was first summoned from the countryside to Chang'an, Emperor Wen of Sui was so heartbroken that he shed tears when he saw him. However, Lu Daogui didn’t show a hint of sadness, only kept shouting his ancestor's name, saying, "The country is not yet stable; we cannot slack off, just like Sister Bitter Peach." Despite repeatedly offending taboos and irritating the emperor, the emperor favored him. Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Gao Feng to look after him well, forbidding him to mingle with court officials. He was appointed as a governor in Jinan and forbidden from returning to the capital. After returning to Jinan, Lu Daogui put on airs, boasting about being the emperor's uncle and parading around with a retinue in the streets, drawing the ire of both the people and officials. Eventually, the Jinan Commandery was disbanded, and Lu Daogui died at home, leaving his descendants to fade into obscurity.

Dugu Luo, styled as Luo Ren, was a native of Yunzhong. His father, Dugu Xin, first served as an official in Wei, later becoming the Inspector of Jingzhou. When Emperor Wu entered the pass, Dugu Xin left his parents and wife and fled to Chang'an, where he rose through the ranks, which resulted in Dugu Luo becoming a captive of the Gao family.

Later, Dugu Xin became the Grand Marshal of the Zhou dynasty. After Dugu Xin was killed by Yuwen Hu, Dugu Luo was released and lived in Zhongshan, impoverished and struggling to make ends meet. Dugu Yongye, a general from Northern Qi and a relative of Dugu Luo, felt sorry for him, bought him land and a house, and gave him some money.

After Dugu Xin passed through the gates, he married two more wives. Guo gave birth to the following six sons for him: Shan, Mu, Zang, Shun, Tuo, and Zheng. Cui gave birth to the Empress Dowager of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty. After the fall of Northern Qi, Yang Jian became the governor of Dingzhou. Empress Wen sent people to search for Dugu Luo everywhere and finally found him. When the two met, they were so sad that they couldn't speak, and those around them began to cry. Empress Wen then bestowed upon Dugu Luo many carriages, horses, and treasures.

Not long after, Emperor Wu of Zhou recognized that Dugu Luo was the son of a meritorious official who had suffered for a long time in a foreign land; therefore, he summoned him and appointed him as the governor of Chu'an County. Later, due to illness, Dugu Luo resigned and returned to the capital. His younger brothers, who had always looked down on him during his impoverished youth, did not treat him as a brother at all. However, Dugu Luo was generous and held no grudges against his brothers. Eventually, his brothers came to respect him.

When Yang Jian became Prime Minister, he appointed Dugu Luo as an advisor and often had him serve by his side. After Yang Jian became emperor, he issued a posthumous edict honoring Dugu Xin, Dugu Luo's father. The edict stated: "To commend merits and accumulate achievements is a tradition upheld by past dynasties. To remember ancestors and handle posthumous matters carefully is the grand ceremony of past emperors. The pillar of the state, Dugu Xin, had noble bearing, outstanding talent, extraordinary wisdom, noble character, integrity, and honesty, and was renowned throughout the world. He had grand strategies and far-reaching plans, assisted the monarch, and had great merits in helping the people. He deserved to showcase his talents in the court, but he faced difficult times, and his merits went unrecognized. I have always been mindful of this issue. Now that peace reigns in the realm and the harem is secure, I recall the tale of the Tu Shan family and do not forget the system of honoring the wise. I hereby posthumously appoint Dugu Xin as Grand Preceptor, Grand Pillar of the State, Governor of ten provinces, including Jiding, and Duke of Zhao, with a fief of ten thousand households."

Dugu Luo's younger brothers argued that their mother, who died during the Northern Qi Dynasty without receiving a title, meant Dugu Luo should not inherit the title. Yang Jian inquired of the Empress, who replied, "Dugu Luo is indeed the legitimate eldest son; he should not be wronged." Thus, Dugu Luo inherited the title of Duke of Zhao. His brothers Shan was titled Marquis of Henei, Mu was titled Marquis of Jinquan County, Zang was titled Marquis of Wuping County, Tuo was titled Marquis of Wuxi County, and Zheng was titled Commander of the Thousand Bull Guard. Yang Jian promoted Dugu Luo to the position of Left General of the Left and Right and later elevated him to the rank of Left Guard General, bestowing numerous rewards upon him. Later, he was sent to Liangzhou as the commander-in-chief and was appointed to the rank of State Counsellor. During the Ren Shou period, he was summoned back to the court and appointed as the Left Guard General of Martial Affairs. After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, he was reappointed as Duke of Shu. Not long after, Dugu Luo passed away and was posthumously honored as "Gong."

His son Zuan served as the Prefect of Heyang County. His brother Wudu also became Prefect of Heyang County toward the end of the Daye period. Their eldest son was named Kaiyuan. When Yuwen Huaji staged a rebellion and assassinated the emperor, Pei Qiantong led the rebels into Chengxiang Hall, and the soldiers guarding the hall also rebelled with the insurgents. Kaiyuan was a Commander of the Thousand Bull Guard at the time, and he and Dugu Sheng fought desperately in the hall. They were eventually captured by the rebels, but the rebels thought highly of him and let him go. Later, he was appointed as a State Counsellor. After his death, his son Lan inherited his title and became the Left Guard General, but died toward the end of the Daye period.

For several generations, this family has held official positions, starting from Zuzuan all the way to his grandson Pei Lan; their careers have been smooth, and their ranks have been high. Especially Kaiyuan, Zuzuan's son, who was able to bravely resist during the chaos of Yuwen Huaji's regicide; although captured, he ultimately saved his life, demonstrating his remarkable character and strength. Unfortunately, both Kaiyuan and his son Pei Lan did not meet a peaceful end and both met their demise toward the end of the Daye period.

Dugu Tuo, whose courtesy name was Li Xie, held an official position during the Zhou Dynasty. Due to his father's actions, he was banished to Shu County for over a decade. He only returned to Chang'an after the death of Yuwen Hu. After Emperor Wen of Sui, Yang Jian, ascended the throne, he appointed Dugu Tuo as the Prefect and as General of the Right and General of the Left. After some time, he was later assigned to Yingzhou as Inspector. Later, he was promoted to Grand General and further rose to the position of Inspector of Yanzhou. He was interested in the occult. His wife and mother had previously worshipped a Cat Demon, which then manifested in their home. The Emperor heard about this, but was not entirely convinced.

Later, both the Empress and Yang Su's wife, Lady Zheng, fell ill. The doctors all said it was the influence of the Cat Demon. Knowing that Dugu Tuo was the Empress's half-brother and his wife was Yang Su's half-sister, the Emperor suspected him and discreetly sent his brother, Mu Shi, to imply this. The Emperor sought Dugu Tuo out privately. Dugu Tuo denied any involvement. The Emperor, displeased, then reassigned him to another province as an Inspector. Dugu Tuo felt resentful and voiced his grievances. The Emperor then ordered Left Deputy Gao Feng, Counselor Su Wei, Minister of Justice Huang Fuxu, Deputy Minister of Justice Yang Yuan, and others to conduct a joint investigation into the matter.

A servant girl named Xu Ani of Dugu Tuo said that she originally followed Dugu Tuo's mother and served the cat spirit. Every night, she had to offer rats to the cat spirit. She said that after the cat spirit killed someone, the property of the deceased would quietly shift to the family that served the cat spirit. Dugu Tuo once wanted to fetch some wine from home, but his wife said they had no money to buy it. Dugu Tuo then said to Xu Ani, "Go and make the cat spirit go to Yang Su's house and get some money!" Xu Ani chanted a spell, and the cat spirit ran to Yang Su's house. Eleven years later, when the emperor returned from Bingzhou, Dugu Tuo said to Xu Ani in the garden, "Go and make the cat spirit go to the empress, so she can bless us with some rewards!" Xu Ani chanted another spell, and the cat spirit entered the palace. Yang Yuan sent Xu Ani to call the cat spirit outside the gate of the provincial government.

That night, Xu Ani placed a basin of fragrant porridge and called out while tapping a spoon, "Cat woman, come out, don't stay in the palace!" After a while, Xu Ani's face turned pale as if she were being tugged, saying that the cat spirit had arrived. The emperor brought this matter before his ministers, and Prime Minister Niu Hong said, "Monsters and demons are all created by people. Killing this person can solve the problem." The emperor ordered Dugu Tuo and his wife to be taken back to their home in a prisoner's cart and prepared to execute them. Dugu Tuo's brother Si Xun, the attendant Dugu Zheng, ran to the palace to plead, so the emperor spared Dugu Tuo's death sentence, removed him from his official post, and compelled his wife, Lady Yang, to take vows as a nun.

Before, someone reported that his mother was killed by a cat spirit. The emperor dismissed it as nonsense and angrily drove the accuser away. However, this time, the emperor ordered the execution of those who worshipped the cat spirit. Dugu Tuo died not long after. Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty remembered his uncle and permitted a proper burial for him. He also issued a decree: "Due to the misfortune that befell his family and the early death of Dugu Tuo, the burial will be conducted on an auspicious day. Thinking of the feelings in Weiyang, the memories are deeply sorrowful; he deserves a proper funeral to show respect, with the posthumous title of Zhengyi Dafu." The emperor still felt it was not enough and issued another decree: "The uncle's status is noble, and the family connection is significant, yet he passed away at a young age. In honor of his ancestors, his rank should be elevated, with the posthumous title of Yinqing Guanglu Dafu." Dugu Tuo had two sons: Dugu Yanfu and Dugu Yanshou. Dugu Di, who held the position of Governor of Youzhou, passed away at the onset of the Daye era during the Sui Dynasty and was posthumously awarded the title of Jinzi Guanglu Dafu and made Marquis of Pingxiang. In simple modern Chinese, this could be expressed as: Dugu Di, who held the position of Governor of Youzhou, passed away at the onset of the Daye era during the Sui Dynasty and was later posthumously awarded the title of Jinzi Guanglu Dafu and made Marquis of Pingxiang.

Xiao Kui, courtesy name Renyuan, was the grandson of Crown Prince Xiao Tong of Liang Zhaoming. His father, Xiao Cha, was initially appointed as King of Yueyang and stationed in Xiangyang. During the chaos of the Hou Jing Rebellion, his brother, Prince of Hedong Xiao Yu, and his uncle, Prince of Xiangdong Xiao Yi, had a bad relationship, resulting in Xiao Yu being killed by Xiao Yi. After Xiao Yi ascended the throne, Xiao Cha sought refuge in Western Wei and requested that they send troops to attack Xiao Yi. Emperor Taizu of Western Wei appointed Xiao Cha as King of Liang and sent General Yu Jin to lead fifty thousand cavalry to attack Xiao Yi and defeat him. Xiao Cha then established his capital in Jiangling, occupying Jingzhou and the western region of Pingzhou, with a territory stretching three hundred miles, proclaimed himself emperor, and adopted the same customs and attire as other emperors. He also appointed a governor of Jiangling and stationed troops there. After Xiao Cha's death, Xiao Kui succeeded to the throne, with the reign title Tianbao. Xiao Kui was handsome, eloquent, knowledgeable, and had a keen interest in studying Buddhist scriptures. After Emperor Wu of Zhou extinguished Northern Qi, Xiao Kui went to congratulate him. Emperor Wu of Zhou was delighted and personally played the pipa, asking Xiao Kui to dance. Xiao Kui said, "Your Majesty is personally performing; how could I possibly dance like a wild beast?" After Emperor Yang Jian proclaimed himself emperor, he bestowed even greater favor upon Xiao Kui, sending five hundred taels of gold, one thousand taels of silver, ten thousand pieces of cloth, and five hundred horses. When Xiao Kui attended court, Emperor Wu of Zhou respected him greatly, ordering that Xiao Kui's status be above that of the royal officials. Xiao Kui's exquisite attire and graceful demeanor attracted the attention of the emperor and the envy of the officials. He was rewarded with countless treasures. A month later, Xiao Kui returned to his fief, and Emperor Wu of Zhou personally bid him farewell at the Chan River.

Later, Emperor Wu of Zhou also grandly married his daughter to Xiao Kui's daughter, making her the Jin Princess, and intended to marry Princess Lanling to Xiao Kui's son, Xiao Yang. This shows that Emperor Wu of Zhou was growing closer to Xiao Kui. Empress Xian said to Emperor Wu of Zhou, "The Prince of Liang is one of our own, a trusted ally; why do we still need to be suspicious and guard against him?" Emperor Wu of Zhou agreed and thus cancelled the position of Jiangling General, allowing Xiao Kui to completely control his own country. A year later, when Xiao Kui appeared in court again, Emperor Wu of Zhou rewarded him with ten thousand pieces of silk and many treasures. When Xiao Kui left for his country, Emperor Wu of Zhou personally held his hand and said, "The Prince of Liang has been in Jingchu for so long, unable to return to the capital, feeling homesick; I understand very well. I intend to lead the army across the Yangtze River to send you back." After Xiao Kui thanked him, he left.

In May of the same year, Xiao Kui fell seriously ill. Before his death, he submitted a memorial to Emperor Wu of Zhou, saying, "I am foolish and incompetent, receiving your favor, rewards that exceed those given to other vassal kings; your grace is as great as Mount Tai. Even my children have received your kindness; my daughter became a Jin Princess, and my son is to marry a princess. I have always longed to don armor, charge into battle, defeat the enemy, and repay the court’s kindness. But my health is poor; I suddenly fell seriously ill and am about to leave this world. I can only silently express my gratitude for your kindness. I will forever leave the era of sage rule, my heart is filled with reluctance. My son is still young, and I humbly request your mercy. I wish you good health and the continued prosperity of the country; even in death, I will have no regrets." He also presented his gold sword that he wore. Emperor Wu of Zhou was very saddened upon seeing this. Xiao Kui reigned for twenty-three years and passed away at the age of forty-four. The officials of the Liang Dynasty posthumously bestowed upon him the title of Emperor Xiaoming and conferred upon him the temple name Shizong. His son, Xiao Cong, succeeded him. Xiao Kui authored "The Book of Filial Piety," "Commentary on the Book of Changes," and "The Profound and Subtle Teachings of the Great and Small Vehicles," consisting of fourteen volumes, which have been passed down through the ages.

Xiao Cong is a person who is gentle and refined, kind-hearted and magnanimous, open-minded and free-spirited, and is also well-educated and talented. He is also an exceptional equestrian. Once, he had people lie on the ground as targets, and he rode his horse galloping past, hitting all ten arrows right on target. The target holders were completely unfazed. He was initially given the title of King of Dongyang and later appointed as the Crown Prince of Liang. When he ascended to the throne as emperor, the emperor wrote him a letter that said: "You carry the heavy responsibility of governing the nation. Even if it is hard work, you must depend on your own efforts. Manage both internal and external relations effectively, appoint talented individuals, and continue to build upon the legacy of our ancestors. This is what I expect of you. Your borders are near the State of Chen; especially during the rainy season, it's crucial to bolster your defenses. Although Chen has recently paid tribute, the border areas are still not fully stable. You need to have confidence that 'they won't dare to invade easily,' and never underestimate the enemy or let your guard down. We have been on friendly terms with the State of Liang for generations, and with our family ties, our relationship is even deeper. The Jiangling region has many tribute materials; for the good of the country and its people, you should practice frugality, regularly distribute porridge to help those in need, and uphold your status through proper etiquette." The emperor also wrote a letter to the ministers of Liang, encouraging them to support Xiao Cong effectively.

At that time, Xiao Cong's era name was Guangyun. Some people said, "The character 'yun' implies that the army is in retreat. Is our emperor trying to escape everywhere?" That year, Xiao Cong sent General Qi Xin with the navy to attack the city of Gong'an in Chen Guo, but the attack failed, and they returned in disgrace. Later, the emperor summoned Xiao Cong's uncle Cen to the court, appointed him as Grand General, and bestowed upon him the title of Huaiyi Duke, then kept him in the court and did not allow him to return. The emperor also appointed a commander in Jiangling to supervise Xiao Cong. Xiao Cong's appointed general, Xu Shiwu, secretly contacted the Chen Guo general, Chen Ji, and conspired to rebel. As a result, the conspiracy was uncovered, leading Xiao Cong to execute Xu Shiwu. Two years later, the emperor summoned Xiao Cong to the capital, and Xiao Cong arrived in the capital with over two hundred officials. The people of Jiangling wept, saying, "Our emperor may not come back!" Upon Xiao Cong's arrival in the capital, the emperor dispatched General Cui Hongduo to station troops in Jiangling. When the army arrived in Yuezhou, Xiao Cong's uncle Yan and his brother Huan were afraid of a sudden attack by Cui Hongduo, so they conspired with Chen Guo forces to seize the city, leading to the fall of the Liang Dynasty. The emperor dispatched the Left Chancellor Gao Feng to suppress the rebellion, granted clemency to all death row inmates in Jiangling, and exempted the people from taxes for ten years. Each of the two emperors of the Liang Dynasty had ten families assigned to guard their tombs. The emperor appointed Xiao Cong as Pillar of the Nation and bestowed upon him the title of Duke of Jiguo.

After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended to the throne, he was very close to Xiao Cong, who was a relative of the empress. He was appointed as the Minister of State and later granted the title of Duke of Liang. Members of Xiao Cong's family, including cousins and above, were promoted and given important positions based on their abilities, so many of the Xiao brothers became court officials. Xiao Cong was indifferent to his official position and often drank after court sessions. The Minister of State, Yang Yue, was at the same level as Xiao Cong, and the emperor ordered Yang Yue to issue a warning to Xiao Cong. Yang Yue spoke to him in a familiar manner. Xiao Cong replied, "If I took everything seriously, how would that be any different from you?" Yang Yue laughed and left. Yang Yue's brother, Yang Su, was the Minister of Works then. When he saw that Xiao Cong had married his sister off to Qian Ershi, he said to Xiao Cong, "You are a relative of the emperor, from a noble family. How could you marry your sister off to Qian Ershi?" Xiao Cong replied, "I had already married my sister to Hou Mochen before. What’s so strange about that?" Yang Su said, "Qian Ershi is Qiang, while Hou Mochen is Xiongnu. How can they be compared?" Yang Su believed that Xiongnu were better than Qiang. Xiao Cong replied, "What’s the difference between the Qiang and the Xiongnu? I’ve never heard of that before." Yang Su felt embarrassed and didn't say anything more. Although Xiao Cong held a position in the court, he never bowed down to the powerful noble families in the north. He had a good relationship with He Ruobi, and after He Ruobi was killed, there was a children's rhyme that went, "Xiao Xiao is going to rise up too." Emperor Yang was wary of him because of this, so he removed him from office and sent him home. Not long after, he died and was posthumously appointed as Left Minister of Guanglu. His son, Xiao Xuan, served as the magistrate of Xiangcheng. Later, the emperor appointed Xiao Cong's nephew, Xiao Ju, as the Duke of Liang. Xiao Ju's nickname was Zang, and Emperor Yang favored him greatly, appointing him as a commander of a thousand soldiers to enter and leave the palace with Yuwen Shuo, overseeing internal and external affairs. Whenever the emperor held banquets, Xiao Ju was often present and committed many wrongdoings in the palace. During the Jiangdu Rebellion, he was killed by Yuwen Huaji.

Shen Qinwen, intelligent and quick-witted from a young age, was very good at writing. He earned a solid reputation as the governor of Jingzhou during the Liang Dynasty. Later, when Cui Hongdu led troops to attack Yuezhou, Shen Qinwen was afraid, so he fled to the Chen Dynasty alongside his uncle, Shen Yan. The Emperor of the Chen Dynasty appointed him as a Palace Attendant, General of Eastern Peace, and Governor of Wuzhou. He was very good at handling political affairs, deeply admired by the local populace, and praised as a gentleman by the people of the Sanwu region.

After the fall of the Chen Dynasty, the people of Wuzhou supported Shen Qinwen as their leader. Seeing that the emperors of the Liang Dynasty, Emperor Wu, Emperor Jianwen, as well as Xiao Cha and Xiao Kui, all became emperors as the third sons, and realizing that he himself was also the third son of Xiao Kui, he grew increasingly proud and arrogant. At that time, there was a man named Xie Yi, who was well-versed in the ebbs and flows of history. During the transition period between the Liang Dynasty and the Chen Dynasty, his prophecies were very accurate, and the people of Jiangnan respected him greatly. After Chen Shubao was captured, Xie Yi also turned to Shen Qinwen for support, so Shen Qinwen was even more supported by everyone.

The Duke of Baoguo of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yuwen Shu, led troops to attack him. Shen Qinwen sent Wang Ai to guard Wuzhou while he personally led troops to resist Yuwen Shu. Yuwen Shu sent troops to sneak attack Wuzhou from another route. Wang Ai, in a panic, donned the robes of a Taoist priest and abandoned the city and fled. When Shen Qinwen's army heard this news, they lost their morale and were ultimately defeated by Yuwen Shu in battle. Shen Qinwen fled to Taihu with a few trusted followers, taking refuge in the homes of ordinary citizens. He was eventually captured, taken to Yuwen Shu, and executed in Chang'an. He was just twenty-one when it happened.

His younger brother, Shen Jing, served as a court official and as an imperial guard. Another younger brother, Shen Yang, held the titles of Weiwei Qing, Secretary of the Secretariat, and Marquis of Taoqiu. There was also another younger brother, Shen Yu, who served as an Assistant Minister in the Ministry of Interior and Prefect of Hechi.

The historical records state: those wise emperors, who are prudent in their planning, countries ruled by relatives and kin rarely enjoy long-lasting peace; those ruled by empress dowagers almost always meet with failure. From the Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, there were frequent changes of dynasties and periods of turmoil, all because those in power did not follow the rules, resulting in their swift downfall. If Empress Dowager Dugu had wielded as much power as Empress Lv or Huo Guang, she would certainly have failed during the Renshou era; if the Xiao clan had wielded as much power as the Liang or Dou clans, they would not have survived beyond the Daye era! Some families today have retained their ancestral foundations, while others have even thrived more than their ancestors. Is this not due to their adherence to morality and their avoidance of power struggles and greed?

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Sui （隋書）

Published: 11 January 2025

Created: 11 January 2025

Hits: 48

I've taken a close look at the history of powerful families in the past, many of whom obtained high positions and wealth through the power of the empress. However, very few ended well; almost all faced a disastrous fate. Why is that? It's because they held high positions without virtue, didn't know when to quit, and forgot that what goes up must come down, not considering the danger of their own status, so fate dealt with them. Even those who have truly contributed to the country will face disaster if they can't be humble and cautious, especially those without ability or virtue who just brag and bully others with their wealth. Families like the Lvs, Huos, Shangguans, Yans, Liangs, Dous, and Dangs are prime examples, perishing one after another.

Consider how Empress Wen backed Emperor Wen before he even became emperor; when Emperor Yang of Sui wanted to rebel, Empress Dowager Xiao also secretly helped him with strategies. So both were generous to their relatives, and their favoritism never wavered. However, their relatives, both inside and outside the palace, stayed out of politics, and their brothers who served as officials did not receive any special treatment. Those powerful families living in lavish palaces, stuffed with gold and silver, who were renowned and influential, even with their high positions, all ended up safe and sound. Look at the past emperors; they managed to do this, so even in turbulent times, they preserved themselves. Can those who rely on favoritism and gain power through shady means really expect the same outcome? This is what they mean by "treat others with respect to avoid repeating mistakes." I've written all this down and put it together in a book called "Biographies of Powerful Families."

Gaozu's maternal family, the Lu family, was very poor in the past. After Gaozu subdued the Qi state, he was unable to locate them. It wasn't until the Kaihuang era of the Sui Dynasty that Jinan County reported that there was a man named Lu Yongji who claimed to be Yang Zhong's nephew. After confirming this, Lu Yongji was recognized as Yang Zhong's nephew. His grandfather Shuangzhou was posthumously honored as the Grand Preceptor, Grand Commandant, Commander of the Eight Provinces, and Inspector of Qingzhou, and was granted the title Duke of Qijun, posthumously given the name Jing. His grandmother Yao was posthumously titled the Lady of Duke Qijing. The court ordered their remains to be reburied and a temple built for them in Qizhou, with ten households assigned to guard the tombs. Lu Yongji inherited the title and stayed in the capital. During the Daye period of Emperor Yang of Sui, he was appointed as the Prefect of Shangdang County, but he proved to be incompetent and failed to perform adequately. He later resigned, and what happened to him afterward remains unknown.

Yongji's son Daogui inherited his father's title, but he was notably mischievous and crude. When he was first summoned from the countryside to Chang'an and when he met the emperor, the emperor was moved to tears. However, Daogui showed no sadness and kept shouting Gaozu's name (Liu Bang), saying, "The world has not yet completely settled down, so we can't be lazy! It's like a bitter peach."

Later, he repeatedly committed offenses and often defied the emperor, but the emperor found his carefree demeanor endearing. The emperor instructed Gao Feng to look after him and prohibited him from interacting with the ministers in the court. Later, the emperor appointed him as the Chief of the Right Division of the Ceremonial, sent him to be the Prefect of Jinan, and explicitly instructed him not to return to the palace.

Dao Gui returned to Jinan for his new post, thinking he was a big deal and putting on airs wherever he went. He would often brag to others about being a royal uncle and would frequently parade around the villages with a ceremonial guard, indulging in food and drink with old friends, making life hard for the locals. Eventually, he was dismissed from his position and returned to his hometown, after which his descendants never achieved much fame.

Dugu Luo, styled as Luo Ren, was a man from Yunzhong. His father Dugu Xin initially held a government position in Northern Wei and rose to the rank of Governor of Jingzhou. Later, when the Northern Wei emperor moved west to Guanzhong, Dugu Xin left behind his parents and wife to seek refuge in Chang'an. As he rose through the ranks, Dugu Luo was imprisoned by Gao Huan.

Dugu Xin later became the Grand Marshal of Northern Zhou. After Dugu Xin was killed by Yuwen Hu, Dugu Luo was released and lived in Zhongshan, broke and without any income. Dugu Yongye, a general from Northern Qi and a relative of Dugu Luo, felt sorry for him and bought him land and houses, as well as providing him with some money.

After Dugu Xin moved to Guanzhong, he took two more wives. Guo Shi had six sons with him: Shan, Mu, Zang, Shun, Tuo, and Zheng, while Cui Shi gave birth to the future Empress of Sui, who would marry Emperor Wen. After the fall of Northern Qi, Yang Jian became the Governor of Dingzhou and sent people to search for Dugu Luo. When they finally found him, the reunion between Dugu Luo and the Empress was emotional, even moving their guards to tears. Yang Jian then gave Dugu Luo lots of horses, carriages, and money.

Not long after, Emperor Wu of Zhou felt that Dugu Luo, as the son of a meritorious official who had suffered in a foreign land for so long, should be called up to be the Governor of Chu'an County. However, due to illness, Dugu Luo quit his job and went back to the capital. His younger brothers, who had always looked down on him because he was poor before, did not treat him as an elder brother. Despite this, Dugu Luo was generous and did not hold grudges, earning everyone's respect in the end.

When Yang Jian became the prime minister, he appointed Dugu Luo as a Grand Officer and often had him serve by his side. After Yang Jian became emperor, he issued an edict posthumously elevating the official rank of Dugu Xin, the father of Dugu Luo. The edict read: "Recognizing abundant virtues and adhering to established norms, revering distant ancestors, and continuing the grand ceremonies of former kings. The pillar of the state, Xin, possessed lofty aspirations, nurtured the people, resided in wisdom, and offered clear sacrifices that illuminated the world. With grand strategies and profound wisdom, he followed the path of harmony and righteousness, delved deep into rescue and aid. At a time when the winds of virtue are beginning to blow, and the brilliance of the steps is shining, though the circumstances are difficult and the achievements high, his words of concern set an example, and the matters are felt deeply. Now, as the auspicious signs are emerging, the imperial court is being solemnly established, upholding the noble ideals of the past while honoring traditions of praise and remembrance. He may be posthumously honored as Grand Preceptor, Grand Pillar of the State, Inspector of ten provinces including Jiding, and Duke of Zhao, with a manor of ten thousand households." Several younger brothers of Dugu Luo argued that their mother died in Northern Qi without receiving the title of Lady during her lifetime, so Dugu Luo should not be entitled to inherit the title. Yang Jian consulted the empress regarding this matter, and she said, "Dugu Luo is indeed the legitimate eldest son, and we should not wrong him." Therefore, Dugu Luo was granted the title of Duke of Zhao. His younger brothers Shan was appointed as Duke of Henan, Mu as Duke of Jinquan County, Zang as Duke of Wuping County, Tuo as Duke of Wuxi County, and Zheng as Commander of the Thousand Strong. Yang Jian also promoted Dugu Luo to the position of Left General of the Left and Right, and later to Left Guard General, and received numerous rewards and honors. Later, Dugu Luo was sent to Liangzhou as the governor, and his official rank was elevated to Grand Pillar of the State. During the Renshou era, he was recalled to court and appointed Grand General of the Left Guard. After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, he was reassigned the title of Duke of Shu. Shortly thereafter, Dugu Luo passed away and was posthumously honored with the title "Gong."

Zi Zuan became an official and served as the magistrate of Heyang County. Zi Zuan's younger brother, Wu Du, also attained the position of magistrate of Heyang County near the end of the Daye period. Their eldest son, Kaiyuan, was a Qian Niu official. When Yuwen Huaji rebelled during the rebellion and killed the emperor, Pei Qiantong led the rebel army into Chengxiang Palace, and the palace guards joined the rebellion. Kaiyuan and Dugu Sheng fought valiantly in the palace, but were ultimately captured by the rebels. However, the rebels let Kaiyuan go because of his commendable performance. He later rose to the rank of Zhuguo. After his death, his son Lan inherited his rank and became the Left Guard General, but died near the end of the Daye period.

This family has produced many officials, starting from Zi Zuan in the previous generation, who became the magistrate of Heyang County. His younger brother Wu Du also reached the same position, and the two brothers did quite well. Even more impressive is their son Kaiyuan, who successfully resisted the rebels with Dugu Sheng during the chaotic times of Yuwen Huaji's rebellion. Although he was captured, he was released due to his commendable performance, and he eventually rose to the rank of Zhuguo. Unfortunately, his son Lan, who also pursued a career in the officialdom and reached the rank of Left Guard General, died young, ending the tragic fate of a generation of heroes.

Dugu Tuo, whose courtesy name was Li Xie, held office during the Zhou Dynasty and was exiled to Shu County for over ten years because of his father's misdeeds. He returned to Chang'an after Yuwen Huaji was killed. After Yang Jian ascended the throne as Emperor of the Sui Dynasty, he appointed Dugu Tuo as the Prefect and as the Right and Left General. After some time, he was sent to Yingzhou as the Inspector, and later promoted to Grand General before being transferred to Yanzhou as the Inspector. He liked to dabble in some unorthodox practices. His wife and mother used to hold spiritual beliefs in "cat ghosts," and later the cat ghost appeared in his home. The emperor heard about this, but was skeptical about it.

Later, the Empress and Zheng Shi, the wife of Yang Su, both fell ill and called for a doctor. The doctors all said it was the work of a cat ghost. The Emperor knew that Dugu Tuo was the Empress's half-brother, and his wife was the half-sister of Yang Su. He suspected Dugu Tuo of tricks and secretly sent his brother, Mu Shi, to hint at him. The Emperor avoided others and questioned Dugu Tuo alone, but Dugu Tuo denied any involvement. The Emperor, displeased, demoted him to another region as a governor. Dugu Tuo felt resentful and complained. The Emperor then had Left Deputy Gao Feng, Minister Su Wei, Judge Huang Fuxu, and Deputy Judge Yang Yuan jointly investigate the case.

One of Dugu Tuo's maids, Xu Ani, said she originally belonged to Dugu Tuo's mother's family and usually served the cat ghost, offering sacrifices to it with mice every night. She claimed that when the cat ghost harmed someone, the victim's belongings would secretly transfer to the family that worshiped the cat ghost. Dugu Tuo once wanted to drink some wine from home, but his wife said they had no money to buy it. Dugu Tuo then told Xu Ani, "Let the cat ghost go to Yang Su's house and bring back some money!" Xu Ani chanted a spell, and a few days later, the cat ghost went to Yang Su's house.

Eleven years later, when the Emperor returned from Bingzhou, Dugu Tuo told Xu Ani in the garden, "Let the cat ghost go to the Empress's place and bring back some valuables!" Xu Ani chanted the spell again, and the cat ghost entered the palace. Yang Yuan ordered Xu Ani to call the cat ghost. That night, Xu Ani set out a bowl of fragrant porridge and called out with a spoon, "Cat ghost, come out, don't stay in the palace!" After a while, Xu Ani's face turned blue, as if being pulled, and she said the cat ghost had arrived. The Emperor handed the matter over to his ministers, and Prime Minister Niu Hong said, "Monsters like this are made by people; killing this person will solve the problem."

The emperor ordered the Dugu couple to be escorted back home in a prisoner cart in preparation for their execution. Dugu's brother, Suxun, pleaded for mercy before the emperor in court, so the emperor spared Dugu from death, stripped him of his official title, and sent his wife, Yang, to the convent. Previously, someone accused his mother of being a victim of a demon cat, which the emperor deemed absurd and angrily expelled the accuser. However, the emperor now ordered the execution of those reported to have worshipped demon cats. Dugu died shortly after.

After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, he remembered his uncle and allowed him to be buried according to proper rites. He issued a decree saying, "The unfortunate fate of the Dugu family, the untimely death of Dugu, should be relocated at the appropriate time. Thinking of the affection in the old home of Wei Yang, recalling the past, grieving deeply, the funeral should be solemnly handled to ensure proper mourning. Posthumously promoted to the rank of Grand Master of Justice." The emperor was still not satisfied and issued another decree, saying, "The uncle's status is noble, and family relations are so important, yet he died at a young age, passing away one after another. In remembrance of the ancestors, his rank should be elevated. Posthumously promoted to the rank of Grand Master of the Silver and Blue."

Dugu had two sons named Dugu Yanfu and Dugu Yanshou.

Dugu's younger brother, who served as the Governor of Youzhou during the early years of the Daye era, died and was posthumously promoted to the rank of Grand Master of the Golden Purple Light and granted the title of Marquis Pingxiang.

That concludes the account; there is no further content or division possible.

Xiao Kui, styled Renyuan, was the grandson of Crown Prince Xiao Tong of the Liang Dynasty. His father, Xiao Cha, was initially granted the title of King of Yueyang, where he was stationed in Xiangyang. Later, during the rebellion of Hou Jing, Xiao Cha's brother, King of Hedong Xiao Yu, and his uncle, King of Xiangdong Xiao Yi, had a falling out, which ultimately led to Xiao Yu's death at the hands of Xiao Yi. After Xiao Yi succeeded to the throne, Xiao Cha fled to Western Wei to seek their support, requesting Western Wei to send troops to attack Xiao Yi. Emperor Yuwentai, the founder of Western Wei, then appointed Xiao Cha as King of Liang and dispatched General Yu Jin to lead fifty thousand cavalry to attack Xiao Yi, leading to Xiao Yi's downfall. Xiao Cha then established his capital in Jiangling, taking control of Jingzhou and the western region of Pingzhou, with a territory of nearly three hundred li. He then declared himself emperor, emulating the grandeur of other emperors. He also appointed a Governor-General of Jiangling and stationed troops. After Xiao Cha's death, Xiao Kui succeeded to the throne, with the reign title of Tianbao.

Xiao Kui was handsome, eloquent, knowledgeable, and had a passion for studying Buddhist scriptures. After Emperor Wu of Zhou conquered Northern Qi, Xiao Kui went to congratulate him. Emperor Wu of Zhou was particularly delighted and even took to playing the pipa himself, asking Xiao Kui to dance. Xiao Kui said, "Your Majesty is playing personally, how could I possibly dance wildly like some beast?" Later, when Yang Jian usurped the throne of Zhou and declared himself emperor, he showed even greater favor towards Xiao Kui, presenting him with five hundred taels of gold, one thousand taels of silver, ten thousand pieces of cloth, and five hundred horses. When Xiao Kui attended court, Yang Jian showed him great respect, ordering that Xiao Kui's seat be placed above that of the royal officials. Xiao Kui dressed meticulously and behaved elegantly, earning admiration from Yang Jian and envy from the court officials. The gifts bestowed upon him by Yang Jian were countless and overwhelming. Xiao Kui stayed in Chang'an for over a month before returning to his fief, as Yang Jian personally saw him off at the banks of the Chan River.

Later, Yang Jian also politely married Xiao Kui's daughter as the Jin Wangfei in the palace and also intended to marry Xiao Kui's son Xiao Yang to Princess Lanling. It can be seen that Yang Jian became closer and closer to Xiao Kui. The Empress Dowager said to Yang Jian, "Prince Liang is one of us; he is our trusted aide. Why do we still need to guard against him?" Yang Jian agreed, so he abolished the position of Governor of Jiangling and let Xiao Kui completely control his own country. Over a year later, Xiao Kui visited Yang Jian again, and Yang Jian rewarded him with ten thousand bolts of silk and numerous precious treasures. When Xiao Kui returned to his country, Yang Jian personally held his hand and said, "Prince Liang, you have stayed in Jingchu for so long and have not been able to return to the old capital. You must miss your hometown very much, right? I plan to lead the army to the Yangtze River area to send you back." Xiao Kui expressed his heartfelt gratitude as he departed. In May of that year, Xiao Kui fell ill. Before his death, he submitted a memorial to Yang Jian, saying, "I am foolish and incompetent, yet I have been blessed by your grace. Your rewards exceed those of other vassal kings; your kindness outweighs even Mount Tai, and even my children have been included in your royal family. I have always hoped to wear armor, charge into battle, eliminate enemies, and repay your favor. But I am in poor health, suddenly seriously ill, and dying soon; I can only take my leave here. I can no longer serve you, and I am deeply saddened. My son is still young, so I humbly request your mercy. I hope you are healthy and that the country remains stable; even if I die, I will have no regrets." He also presented his gold sword that he usually wore. Yang Jian was very sad when he saw the memorial. Xiao Kui reigned for twenty-three years before passing away at the age of forty-four. The officials of the Liang Dynasty posthumously honored him with the title Emperor Xiaoming, and his temple name was Shizong. His son Xiao Cong succeeded to the throne. Xiao Kui authored the "Xiao Jing," "Zhou Yi Yi Ji," and "Da Xiao Cheng You Wei," comprising fourteen volumes, which have been passed down through the ages.

Xiao Cong is known for being gentle and refined, kind-hearted and generous, knowledgeable and talented. He is not only eloquent but also an exceptional equestrian. Legend has it that someone once challenged him to shoot an arrow at a note on the ground, and while riding a horse, he hit all ten arrows on target. Yet the person holding the note was not afraid at all, demonstrating his remarkable precision in archery and martial prowess. He was initially appointed as the King of Dongyang, later proclaimed as the Crown Prince of Liang, and eventually succeeded to the throne.

The emperor also wrote him a letter, stating: "You bear the heavy responsibility of governing the country. Although you will encounter many worries and hardships, you must depend on your own diligence. You must effectively manage both internal and external relations, employ talented individuals, and inherit and carry forward the ancestral legacy, which is our expectation of you. Your border is close to the state of Chen, especially during the rainy season, so you must strengthen your defenses. Although Chen has recently paid tribute, the border areas have not completely stabilized; you must have the confidence that 'they dare not easily invade' and never underestimate the enemy without being prepared. My friendship with the state of Liang has been passed down through generations, and due to our kinship, our bond is even deeper. The court has placed high hopes on the Jiangling region; you must consider the country and the people, be diligent and frugal, and treat others with respect in order to safeguard yourself in the long run." The emperor also wrote a sincere letter of encouragement to the ministers of Liang.

At that time, Xiao Cong's reign title was Guangyun, and some people said: "'Yun' means the army is fleeing, is our sovereign planning to flee?" Sure enough, that year, Xiao Cong sent General Qi Xin to lead the navy to attack the city of Chen, but it was unsuccessful, and they returned in defeat. Later, Xiao Cong's uncle Cen was summoned to the court, appointed as Grand General, Marquis Huaiyi, and then detained by the court, with a supervisor in Jiangling assigned to keep an eye on him. The General appointed by Xiao Cong, Xu Shiwu, secretly conspired with Chen Ji, the general of Chen, to rebel. Once the conspiracy was uncovered, Xiao Cong executed Xu Shiwu.

Two years later, the emperor summoned Xiao Cong to the capital, and Xiao Cong brought more than two hundred officials to pay his respects. The people of Jiangling wept, saying, "Our sovereign may not come back!" After the emperor had Xiao Cong come to the capital to pay his respects, he dispatched General Cui Hongdu of Wuxiang to station troops in Jiangling. When the army arrived in Yuezhou, Xiao Cong's uncle Yan and younger brother Rong, fearing a sneak attack by Cui Hongdu, actually colluded with people from Chen to attack the city, even capturing rebellious civilians, which led to the downfall of the Liang Kingdom. The emperor dispatched Gao Feng, the Left Supervisor, to suppress the rebellion, granted clemency to those on death row in Jiangling, exempted the people from taxes for ten years, and allowed each of the two sovereigns of Liang to have ten households to guard their tombs. Xiao Cong was appointed a pillar of the state and granted the title of Duke of Juguo.

After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, he was very close to Xiao Cong because of his connection to the empress, appointing him as the Minister of the Interior and changing his title to Duke of Liang. Xiao Cong's entire family, from older brothers to younger ones, were all held in high regard, and the Xiao brothers held important positions in the court. Xiao Cong was indifferent to fame and fortune, never letting official titles weigh on him, and would drink after court sessions. Yang Yue, the Minister of the Interior, and Xiao Cong's colleague, was tasked by the emperor to advise Xiao Cong, and Yang Yue also offered him private counsel. Xiao Cong replied, "If I obey everything, then what's the difference between me and you?" Yang Yue laughed and left. Yang Yue's brother, Yang Su, was the Minister of Works back then. When he saw Xiao Cong marrying his sister to Qian'er, he said, "You are a relative of the emperor, with a noble lineage, how could you possibly marry your sister to Qian'er?" Xiao Cong said, "I previously married my sister to Houmochen, what's so strange about that?" Yang Su said, "Qian'er is from the Qiang tribe, and Houmochen is a barbarian, how can they be compared?" Yang Su believed that barbarians were better than the Qiang people. Xiao Cong said, "I've never heard that the Qiang people are considered inferior to barbarians." Yang Su felt ashamed and fell silent.

Xiao Cong, although stationed at the border, never bowed to the northern nobles even in their presence. He had a good relationship with He Ruobi, and after He Ruobi was killed, there was a popular children's rhyme saying, "Xiao Xiao will rise up too." The emperor therefore feared him, placed him under house arrest, and he soon passed away. He was posthumously appointed as Left Minister of Guanglu. His son Xiao Xuan served as the Regional Commander in Xiangcheng. Later, Xiao Cong's grandson Xiao Ju was granted the title of Duke of Liang. Xiao Ju was affectionately known as Zang, and Emperor Yang of Sui liked him very much, appointing him as a Chief Steward to enter and leave the palace with Yuwen Huaji to oversee palace affairs. Every time the emperor played, Xiao Ju followed along and engaged in many scandalous activities in the palace. During the Jiangdu Rebellion, he met his demise at the hands of Yuwen Huaji.

Shen Qinwen was very intelligent and good at writing from a young age. He earned a solid reputation as the Governor of Jingzhou in the Liang Dynasty. Later, when Cui Hongdu led troops to Yuezhou, Shen Qinwen was afraid and fled to the Chen Dynasty with his uncle Shen Yan. The Chen Dynasty emperor appointed him as Chief Minister, General of Peace in the East, and Governor of Wuzhou. He was adept at managing political affairs and was deeply loved by the local people, with the fathers and elders in the Sanwu region praising him as a good official for our community.

After the fall of the Chen Dynasty, the people of Wuzhou rallied behind Shen Qinwen as their leader. Shen Qinwen, seeing that the Emperors Wu of Liang and Jianwen of Liang, as well as the brothers Xiao Cha and Xiao Kui, all ascended to the throne as the third generation of succession, while he himself was the third son of Xiao Kui, grew increasingly arrogant and self-confident. At that time, there was a man named Xie Yi who was highly skilled at reading the political landscape. During the transition period between the Liang and Chen Dynasties, every word he said was accurate, and the people of Jiangnan respected him greatly. After the Chen Dynasty emperor was captured, Xie Yi also escaped to Shen Qinwen's place, which helped him gain even more support from the people.

Later, Duke of Baoguo, Yu Wen Shu, led troops to attack him. Shen Qinwen sent Wang Ai to defend Wuzhou, while he personally led troops to resist Yu Wen Shu. Yu Wen Shu sent troops to sneak attack Wuzhou from another route. Wang Ai, fearing for his life, dressed as a Taoist priest and abandoned the city and fled. Shen Qinwen's soldiers, upon hearing this, lost heart and were defeated by Yu Wen Shu after one battle. Shen Qinwen fled to Taihu with a handful of loyal followers, hiding in the houses of commoners. He was eventually captured and sent to Yu Wen Shu, where he was beheaded in Chang'an. He was only twenty-one years old at the time.

His younger brother, Shen Jing, served as an official and an imperial bodyguard. His brother, Shen Yang, held the position of Commandant of the Guards, Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and Marquis of Taoqiu. His brother, Shen Yu, served as Deputy Minister of the Interior and Prefect of Hechi.

Historical records state: Wise emperors always think ahead, and countries ruled by relatives and in-laws rarely remain stable for long. The maternal families of empresses rarely enjoy lasting prosperity. From the Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, there were frequent dynastic changes and turmoil, all because those in power did not abide by the rules, which led to their swift downfall. If the Dugu family's influence were as strong as that of Empress Lü and Huo Guang, they would have failed before the Ren Shou period. If the Xiao family's power were as strong as the Liang and Dou families of the Liang Dynasty, they would not have been able to retain their power after the Daye period! Some families are able to maintain their ancestral legacy, while others become even more prosperous. Is this not because they act rationally and avoid power struggles and greed?

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Sui （隋書）

Published: 11 January 2025

Created: 11 January 2025

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Wan Baochang, his origins are unknown. His father is named Datong, who surrendered to the Qi Dynasty with the general Wang Lin of the Liang Dynasty. Later, he tried to secretly return to Jiangnan, but his plan was exposed and he was killed. As a result, Wan Baochang was relegated to the status of a musician. He was particularly adept in music theory and skilled with various musical instruments. He made a set of jade chimes to present to the Emperor of the Qi Dynasty.

One time, while dining with others, the conversation shifted to musical tones. Since there were no musical instruments available, Wan Baochang picked up bowls, chopsticks, and other miscellaneous items, struck them with his chopsticks, imitated various pitches, and covered all the notes of the pentatonic scale, producing sounds as harmonious as genuine silk and bamboo instruments. People at that time greatly admired his talent. Despite his talents, he remained unrecognized from the Zhou to the Sui Dynasties.

During the Kaihuang era of the Sui Dynasty, Duke Zheng Yi of Pei and his colleagues were tasked with establishing new musical scales, starting with the Huangzhong mode. Although Wan Baochang was a musician, Zheng Yi and his team often consulted him, but many of his suggestions went unheeded. Later, when Zheng Yi's music scales were completed and played for the Emperor, the Emperor summoned Wan Baochang and inquired whether it sounded pleasing. Wan Baochang said, "This music represents the lament of a fallen nation; Your Majesty should refrain from listening to it!" The Emperor was very displeased. Wan Baochang then explained in detail that this music was sorrowful and dissolute, not orthodox court music, and requested that the instruments be calibrated using standard measurements. The Emperor agreed.

Wan Baochang was ordered to make various musical instruments, with pitches two scales lower than those established by Zheng Yi. He also wrote a 64-volume "Music Score," detailing the method by which octaves create the court music, as well as the techniques for changing string instruments and moving the qin strings. He created 84 modes, 144 scales, and a total of 1,800 different sound effects through various combinations. Contemporaries believed that the theory of cyclical court music documented in the "Zhou Li" was beyond their understanding. When they witnessed Wan Baochang devising this method, they considered it laughable.

When it came to performing, he could create various music effortlessly, leaving everyone astonished. He improved and added instruments, with so many that they were beyond counting. His music style was elegant and unpretentious, but not popular at that time. He was ostracized by the musicians at Taichang Temple. The prince's horsekeeper, Su Kui, boasted of his mastery of music theory and envied Wan Baochang, who was looked down upon by everyone because of Su Wei's influence. Wan Baochang repeatedly voiced his grievances to court officials. Su Wei questioned where he had learned his music theory. A monk advised Wan Baochang to claim he had learned it from a foreign monk, saying it was a musical tradition passed down from the Buddha. Wan Baochang took the monk's advice, which only angered Su Wei. One time, after hearing music at Taichang Temple, Wan Baochang was moved to tears, foreseeing the impending chaos and downfall of the world—a prediction that ultimately came true during the late Sui Dynasty. Wan Baochang, poor and childless, was deserted by his wife when he fell ill, leaving him to perish from hunger and cold. Before he died, he burned his writings, questioning their worth. A few of his books were salvaged from the fire and later circulated, drawing lamentations from people who mourned his tragic fate.

During the Kaihuang era, Zheng Yi, He Tuo, Lu Ben, Su Kui, and Xiao Ji collaborated on studying classical texts and composing music scores. Their works were widely used at that time. However, when it came to natural musical talent, they couldn't compare to Bao Chang. An Maju, Cao Miaoda, Wang Changtong, Guo Lingle, and others were all proficient composers of that era, and they also studied Zheng Sheng, but Bao Chang's compositions were considered part of the refined music genre. Though they didn’t openly commend Bao Chang, they all held him in high regard, thinking of him as a god-like figure.

At that time, a musician named Wang Lingyan was also well-versed in music theory. During the Daye reign of Emperor Yang of Sui, he traveled to Jiangdu for leisure, and Wang Lingyan's son followed him. One day, Wang Lingyan's son played the Hu pipa outside the palace gate, performing a piece titled "An Gongzi Qu" with a variation in melody. Upon hearing the piece, he was taken aback and leapt up, shouting, "This is bad, this is bad!" He quickly summoned his son and asked, "When did this piece start gaining popularity?" His son replied, "It's only recently." Wang Lingyan began to weep and said to his son, "You must not accompany them anymore; the emperor is surely not coming back." When his son inquired why, Wang Lingyan explained, "The tonal structure of this piece is irreversible, and the palace represents the monarch, so this is my judgment." Eventually, Emperor Yang of Sui was indeed assassinated in Jiangdu.

In historical records, it is said that even sages have teachings on the divination of yin and yang, though it should neither be fully believed nor entirely dismissed. If a person can uphold the right path, they can benefit society; if their actions do not conform to morality, they will reap what they sow. Therefore, ancient scholars advised against acting recklessly. Currently, the physiognomy analyses by Wei and Lai, and the fortune-telling by Yu and Zhang, while they may not match the great masters of antiquity, can still be regarded as notable figures of their time. Bo Chou's turtle divination can provide a general insight into the intentions of deities and spirits; Geng Xun's celestial device can precisely measure the positions of celestial bodies; Bao Chang's musical theory can accurately capture the harmony of musical modes. Although they may not match the great masters of antiquity, they can still be considered skilled individuals of their time. The Xu family's acupuncture techniques, as noted in historical texts, are commendable; Xiao Ji's interpretations of yin and yang are somewhat fanciful.

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Written by: Realhistories

Category: Book of Sui （隋書）

Published: 11 January 2025

Created: 11 January 2025

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Xu Zhicang was from Gaoyang. He was filial since childhood. Because his mother fell ill, he began studying medicine. Later, he became extremely skilled in medicine and was known as a famous physician. He advised his sons, "If a son cannot understand food, medicine, and medical principles, how can he be considered filial?" So his medical skills were passed down through generations. He later served as a minister in the Liang Dynasty, eventually becoming a Minister of the Imperial Court. His father, Xu Jing, was a military advisor for the Prince of Wuling. Xu Zhicang became well-known for his medical skills at a young age and served as a Minister of the Imperial Court in the Chen Dynasty. After the fall of the Chen Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu of the Sui Dynasty appointed him as a Minister of the Imperial Court and sent him to Yangzhou.

At the time, Prince Xiao of Qin, Yang Jun, fell ill, and the emperor sent for him in haste. Yang Jun dreamt one night that his deceased wife, Cui Shi, was crying and saying, "I was meant to come for you, but I heard that Xu Zhicang is coming. If he comes, he will surely cause you great pain. What should we do?" The next night, Yang Jun dreamt again of Cui Shi saying, "I have come up with a plan. I plan to hide in the underworld to escape him." When Xu Zhicang arrived, he examined Yang Jun's pulse and said, "The illness has already reached your heart and will soon take a turn for the worse." Sure enough, Yang Jun passed away a few days later. The emperor was astonished by his miraculous healing abilities and rewarded him with one hundred rolls of silk. After Emperor Yang of Sui ascended the throne, Xu Zhicang had already retired at home. Whenever the emperor fell sick, eunuchs were sent to consult him, sometimes even bringing him into the palace and assisting him to the imperial bed. Xu Zhicang's prescriptions were always effective, curing every ailment. He passed away peacefully at home at the age of eighty.

Xu Cheng, Xu Zhizang's clansman, was also famous for his medical skills. His father, Xu Shi, served as the Minister of Ceremonies and the Chief of the Central Army in the Liang Dynasty. After following Liu Zhongli to Chang'an, he was renowned alongside Yao Sengyuan and was appointed as the Grand Master of the Three Excellencies. Xu Cheng was very knowledgeable, inheriting his father's expertise, and excelled in the field of medicine. He successively held positions as the Imperial Pharmacist and the Grand Counselor, and was made Count of Hechuan. Both father and son were renowned for their superb medical skills during the Zhou and Sui Dynasties. This story is briefly recorded in historical records, so some additional explanations are provided here.

Wan Baochang, whose origins are unknown, was the son of Da Tong, who had surrendered to the Qi Dynasty along with General Wang Lin of the Liang Dynasty. Later, he conspired to return to Jiangnan, but his plan was exposed and he was executed. Wan Baochang was then conscripted into service as a musician, and he became proficient in musical theory and skilled in various musical instruments. He created jade chimes for the Emperor of the Qi Dynasty. On another occasion, during a meal with others, they discussed musical tones. In the absence of musical instruments, Wan Baochang picked up utensils and miscellaneous items in front of him, used chopsticks to strike them, distinguishing their high and low tones, and successfully replicated the five notes of the pentatonic scale. It sounded harmonious and pleasing, like silk and bamboo instruments, and was greatly admired by those who were there. However, despite his talents, Wan Baochang never gained significant recognition during the Zhou and Sui Dynasties.

In the early years of the Kaihuang period, Duke Zheng Yi of Pei and his colleagues established new musical regulations, initially adopting the Huangzhong tuning. Despite being a musician, Wan Baochang's advice was often sought by Zheng Yi and his colleagues, yet many of his suggestions went unheeded. Eventually, Zheng Yi completed the music regulations and presented them to the emperor. The emperor summoned Wan Baochang and asked him for his opinion. Wan Baochang said, "This is the music of a fallen kingdom; how could I let Your Majesty hear it?" The emperor was not pleased. Wan Baochang strongly argued that the music sounded sorrowful and debauched, lacking the orthodox refinement, and requested to use a standard measure to establish the pitch in order to adjust the musical instruments. The emperor agreed. Wan Baochang was then ordered to make various musical instruments, with a pitch two tones lower than Zheng Yi's. He also authored a 64-volume "Music Scores," detailing how the eight sounds could create the palace mode, along with the variations in string and pillar adjustments. He created 84 modes, 144 pitches, and a total of 1,800 sound combinations. At the time, it was believed that the "Rites of Zhou" contained a theory of revolving palaces, but since the Han and Wei dynasties, those knowledgeable in music theory had struggled to understand it. When they saw that Wan Baochang had independently developed this, they all ridiculed him.

By this time, when people asked him to play, he could immediately play music without missing a beat, and everyone who saw it was very surprised. So he improved and modified instruments countless times; his musical style was elegant and unpretentious, but it wasn't appreciated by his contemporaries, and those skilled in music at the Tai Temple ostracized him. There was also the Prince's horsekeeper Su Kui, who prided himself on his musical expertise and was especially jealous of Wan Baochang. Su Kui's father, Su Wei, was in power at the time, and everyone discussing music gravitated towards him, diminishing Wan Baochang's reputation. Wan Baochang visited the court ministers many times to complain about the injustice, and Su Wei questioned Wan Baochang, asking where he had learned it from. A monk advised Wan Baochang, "The Emperor likes auspicious signs; as long as someone says it is a good omen, the Emperor will be happy. You should say you learned it from the barbarian monks, and that it is the musical theory passed down by the Buddha. The Emperor will definitely be pleased. Your work can be put into practice." Wan Baochang followed his advice and answered Su Wei as the monk had said. Su Wei angrily said, "The music passed down by the barbarian monks is the music of the foreigners, not what should be played in China!" This issue ultimately went unresolved.

Wan Baochang once listened to music played in the Tai Temple and couldn't help but cry. When asked why, Wan Baochang said, "This music is licentious, wanton, and sad. The world is on the brink of mutual destruction." At that time, the world was in a period of peace and prosperity, and those who heard his words found it hard to believe. By the end of the Daye era, his words were finally fulfilled.

Baochang was very poor and had no children. When his wife found him bedridden, she secretly took all his money and belongings and fled. Baochang was hungry and cold, with no one to care for him, and he ultimately succumbed to starvation. Before he died, he burned the books he had written, saying, "What good are these things?" Some books were rescued from the fire and circulated, and people mourned his passing.

During the Kaihuang era, Zheng Yi, He Tuo, Lu Ben, Su Kui, and Xiao Ji all studied classics and compiled music books together. Their works were widely used at that time. However, in terms of natural talent for music, they were no match for Bao Chang. An Maju, Cao Miaoda, Wang Changtong, and Guo Lingle were skilled composers and top musicians at the time. They also studied Zheng music, but Bao Chang's compositions were considered to be elegant music. Although these people did not openly praise Bao Chang, they all admired him in their hearts and thought of him as a god.

There was a musician named Wang Lingyan at the time, who was also well-versed in music theory. During the Daye period of Emperor Yang of Sui, when he was planning to visit Jiangdu, Wang Lingyan's son followed him. While playing the Hu pipa outside the door, he performed a rendition of "An Gongzi Qu." When Wang Lingyan heard this piece inside the house, he was startled and jumped to his feet, saying, "This is trouble, this is trouble!" He quickly asked his son, "When did this piece become popular?" His son replied, "It just recently became popular." Wang Lingyan started crying and told his son, "You must not go with him; the emperor will definitely not come back." When his son inquired why, Wang Lingyan said, "The palace tone in this piece signifies a one-way journey, and the palace represents the monarch, that's why I'm saying this." Later, Emperor Yang of Sui was indeed assassinated in Jiangdu.

In historical records, it is said that even the sages have teachings regarding yin and yang divination, though it should neither be fully accepted nor entirely dismissed. If one can uphold the right path, they can bring benefits to society; if their actions do not conform to morality, they will receive retribution. Therefore, ancient gentlemen were very cautious and did not dare to act recklessly. Now, the bone and face readings of Wei and Lai, the divination practices of Yu and Zhang, even when compared to figures like Luo Xia, Gaotang, Xu Fu, and Zhu Jian, they fall short. Bo Chou's turtle divination can predict divine matters; Geng Xun's astrolabe can precisely measure the movements of celestial bodies; Bao Chang's musical theory can accurately grasp the harmony of the pentatonic scale. While they may not match the great masters of antiquity, they are also outstanding in their time. Xu family's acupuncture, as noted in historical texts, is commendable; Xiao Ji's discourse on yin and yang tends to be somewhat overstated.