Emperor Xiaowu of Song, born Liu Jun, courtesy name Xiulong, and infant name Daomin, was the third son of Emperor Wen. He was born on the Gengwu day of the eighth month in the seventh year of Yuanjia (430 AD). At the age of twelve, he was appointed as the Prince of Wuling, with a fief of 2,000 households. At the age of sixteen, he was appointed as the Commander of military affairs in Xiangzhou, General Who Captures the Enemy, and the Governor of Xiangzhou, responsible for the defense of Shitoucheng. At the age of seventeen, he was promoted to Commissioner, Commander of military affairs in Nanyu, Yuzhou, Sizhou, Yongzhou, and Bingzhou, the Governor of Nanyu Province, while retaining his title as General and remaining stationed at Shitoucheng. At the age of twenty-one, he was given military command in Qinzhou, and his title was promoted to General Who Calms the Army. The next year, he was reassigned as Commander of military affairs in Yongzhou, Liangzhou, North and South Qinzhou, as well as the six counties of Xiangyang, Jingling, Nanyang, Shunyang, Xinye, and Suizhou in Jingzhou, as Colonel Who Suppresses the Barbarians, Governor of Yongzhou, with the positions of Commissioner and General remaining unchanged. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, no imperial prince had ever guarded the strategically important position of Xiangyang. At that time, Emperor Taizu Liu Yilong wanted to develop the Guanzhong and Yellow River regions, so he entrusted this crucial role to Emperor Xiaowu. Not long after, he was also given a ceremonial band.
At the age of twenty-five, he was appointed as the Governor of Southern Yanzhou, Xuzhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Jizhou, Youzhou, and the various military affairs of Liang Commandery in Yuzhou, as well as the General Who Guards the North and the Inspector of Xuzhou, while stationed in Pengcheng. Shortly afterwards, he also took on the role of Inspector of Yanzhou. Due to Prince Shixing Liu Jun's appointment as the Inspector of Southern Yanzhou, Liu Jun relinquished his oversight of Southern Yanzhou. At the age of twenty-seven, following the defeat at the Battle of Ruyang, he was demoted to General of the Guard. And due to the invasion of the Suolu, he was once again demoted to General of the North Central Army. By the age of twenty-eight, he was promoted to both Governor and Inspector of Southern Yanzhou, stationed in Shanyang. Shortly afterwards, he was reassigned as Governor of Jiangzhou and Inspector of Jiangxia Commandery in Jingzhou, as well as the four commanderies of Xiyang, Jinxi, and Xincai in Yuzhou, as the General of the South Central Army, while still holding the governorship. At that time, the river tribes were causing unrest, so Emperor Taizu Liu Yilong sent the Crown Prince and other officials to quell the unrest, and appointed Liu Jun to lead all the troops.
In January of the year 465 AD, he (referring to the Emperor) embarked on an inspection tour to the Wuzhou region of Xiyang. At this time, the instigator of the rebellion was creating chaos, and he was appointed as the General Who Conquers the South, and was also granted the additional title of Cavalier Attendant. He led his troops to suppress the rebels, with Prince Yixuan of Nanqiao and Inspector Zang Zhi of Yongzhou also mobilizing in response.
On the 10th day of the fourth month in the year of Xin-You, he arrived in Lizhou. On the 12th day of the month of Gui-Hai, General Liu Yuanjing, the Champion, led his vanguard troops to Xinting and began to build fortifications. On the 1st day of the month of Jia-Zi, the rebel leader Shao personally led his troops to attack Liu Yuanjing, which resulted in a major defeat and retreat. On the 3rd day of the month of Bing-Yin, he arrived in Jiangning. On the 4th day of the month of Ding-Mao, Grand General Wang Yigong from Jiangxia came to surrender and submitted a memorial honoring him as emperor. On the 5th day of the month of Wu-Chen, he arrived in Xinting. On the 6th day of the month of Ji-Si, he officially ascended to the throne as emperor, ordered a general amnesty throughout the country, bestowed one rank of nobility on civil and military officials, and two ranks on military personnel. All those who were corrupt or behaved improperly were dismissed. Elderly people, widowers, widows, orphans, and those unable to care for themselves due to six different illnesses were each given five measures of grain. All previous tax debts and old debts were forgiven. Those serving hard labor were also granted generous pardons. He also amended the posthumous title of the founding emperor.
He appointed Grand General Wang Yigong from Jiangxia as Grand Commandant, and also managed six ministries, as well as serving as Governor of Nanxuzhou; appointed Governor of Jingzhou Nanqiao Wang Yixuan as Director of the Imperial Secretariat, Prime Minister, concurrently in charge of six ministries, and as Governor of Yangzhou; appointed General of the Guards Sui Wangdan as Guard General, with the title of Household Governor, and as Governor of Jingzhou; appointed Governor of Yongzhou Zang Zhi as General of Chariots and Cavalry, with the title of Household Governor, and as Governor of Jiangzhou; appointed General Shen Qingzhi, the Barbarian Conqueror, as Leading General; appointed General Xiao Sihua, the Military Pacifier, Governor of Yanzhou and Jizhou, as Left Deputy of the Imperial Secretariat. On the 28th day of the month of Ren-Shen, he appointed General Wang Sengda, the Barbarian Conqueror, as Right Deputy of the Imperial Secretariat. He also renamed Xinting to Zhongxingting.
On the 10th day of the fifth month, General Shen Tanke of the Supporting Kingdom took control of the capital. On the 11th day, General Zhu Xiuzhi of the Supporting Kingdom captured the Eastern Residence. On the 12th day, the capital was fully secured. Rebels Shao and Wang Jun of Shixing were executed. On the 18th day, the Emperor issued a decree: "The country has experienced difficulties and hardships, and the nation's fortunes have been tumultuous. Although the foundation is stable, there may be occasional missteps. With my limited ability, I have inherited the imperial legacy, obeying the mandate of heaven, and I remain vigilant. Governing the country and comforting the people is the fundamental task. I deeply feel the decline of the country feels like a thorn in my heart. Special envoys are sent to inspect the situation in various places." On this day, martial law was officially lifted. On the 19th day, the Emperor went to the Eastern Residence. On the 20th day, his biological mother, Lu Shuyuan, was honored as Empress Dowager. On the 21st day, Wang Shi was appointed as Empress. On the 23rd day, General Liu Yuanjing was appointed as Governor of Yongzhou. On the 26th day, the Grand Commandant Prince Yigong of Jiangxia was appointed Grand Tutor and concurrently Grand Marshal. On the 28th day, a general amnesty was proclaimed within a 200-mile radius of the capital, and the taxes for this year were waived. On the 30th day, General Nanping Wang Shuo was appointed as Minister of Works, Prince Jianping Hong was appointed as Left Deputy Director, Prince Donghai Yi was appointed as General of the Army, and the newly appointed Left Deputy Director, Xiao Sihua, received additional appointments.
On the Renyin day in June, Tan Hu was appointed as the Inspector of Jizhou. On the Jiachen day, Shen Tian was appointed as the Governor of Qingzhou. On the Bingwu day, the Emperor returned to the palace and stationed troops at the palace gates and the upper hall for the first time. Zhu Xiuzhi was appointed as the General of Pacifying the West and Governor of Yongzhou, while Wang Yansheng was appointed as the Governor of Guangzhou. On the Wushen day, Liu Yuanjing was appointed as the General Who Guards the Army and Governor of Yongzhou. On the Jiyu day, Lu Shuang was appointed as the Governor of Yuzhou. On the Gengxu day, Liu Xiuzhi was appointed as the Governor of Yizhou; Pang Xiuzhi was appointed as the Governor of Liang and Nanqin; Xu Yibao was appointed as the Governor of Yanzhou; Wang Xuanmo was appointed as the Governor of Xuzhou; and Wang Dan was promoted to Grand General of the Cavalry. Wang Sengda was appointed as the Right Deputy of the Ministry of Personnel, while Chu Zhan was appointed as the Right Deputy of the Ministry of Personnel. On the Bingchen day, the Crown Prince of Nanqiao, Shi Hui, was appointed as the Governor of Xiangzhou. On the Dingsi day, the Emperor issued a decree emphasizing the importance of good governance, urging officials to be diligent and to provide counsel. On the Gengshen day, the Emperor ordered different departments to reward achievements accordingly. On the Xinyou day, Shiyin of the Western Qin and Hexi was promoted to Grand General of the Western Garrison and appointed as the Governor of the Western Qin and Hexi, with the title of Duke. On the Gengwu day, Nanxuzhou was reorganized into Nanyanzhou. On the Xinwei day, Prince Yixuan of Nanqiao was granted the title of Prince of Nanjun, while Wang Dan was granted the title of Prince of Jingling, and Prince Yiyan of Yixuan was granted the title of Prince of Yiyang.
In the intercalary month on the day of Ren Shen, General Shen Qingzhi was appointed as the General of the Guard and the Governor of South Yanzhou. On the day of Gui You, General Liu Yuanjing was appointed as the Leading General. On the day of Bing Zi, fifteen individuals, including Cavalier Attendant Le Xun, were dispatched to assess local conditions. On the day of Jia Shen, the three-year tax was exempted from Xunyang and Xiyang counties. On the day of Jia Wu, the Prime Minister, Prince of Nan Commandery Yi Xuan, was appointed as the Governor of Jing and Xiang provinces, General of Chariots and Cavalry, and Prince of Jingzhou Dan was appointed as the Governor of Yangzhou, and the Colonel of the Southern Barbarians Wang Sengda was appointed as the Guard General. This month, the office of the Commandant was established.
In the seventh month of autumn, on the day of Xin Chou, a solar eclipse occurred. On the day of Jia Yin, the Emperor issued a decree saying: "The nation remains unstable, and I am continually concerned for its well-being. To make all good things come true is not something that one person can do, especially since my virtue is shallow and the country is weak. I worry day and night, hoping for the arrival of dawn. Wang, ministers, if you have good suggestions and measures that can educate the people, you should actively speak up and not conceal anything." On the day of Xin You, the Emperor issued a decree saying: "The people are laboring hard, the taxes are heavy, the country is not yet stable; we should advocate frugality. All projects that are not related to military and national affairs should be stopped. The workshops and pharmaceuticals should be streamlined, and the production of flashy, impractical crafts should be banned. The royal diet should reduce extravagance and waste. Fishing and hunting should be done in a timely manner. Official and civilian transactions should be fair and reasonable. Public properties such as rivers, lakes, fields, and ponds should be carefully inspected to determine whether they should be opened. Officials and nobles are prohibited from seeking profit from each other." On the day of Wu Xu, General Zong Que was appointed as the Governor of Guangzhou. On the day of Ji Si, Wang Shuo, the Minister of Works and Prince of Nanping, passed away. On the day of Xin Wei in the eighth month, a general amnesty was granted to the elderly who had served during Emperor Wu's reign.
In the first month of the first year of the Xiaojian era, the Emperor personally visited the Southern Suburbs to conduct sacrifices, then changed the reign title and granted a general amnesty. A few days later, Xiao Sihua was appointed as the General of Pacifying the North and the Governor of Xuzhou. Subsequently, Liu Yiqi was promoted, and He Shangzhi was appointed as the Chief Minister of the Left and the Guard General.
The emperor issued an edict saying, "Agricultural production is the foundation of governing the country and maintaining peace. When selecting talents, their conduct must be considered in order to govern the country well. The recent internal turmoil has just been quelled, government affairs are not completely in order yet, and there are still some issues in the people's clothing, food, housing, and daily life. The system for selecting talents is also not yet perfect. In ancient times, Duke Wen of Wei and Emperor Gaozong were diligent in political affairs and valued talents, ultimately achieving great success. I am constantly troubled by these issues, finding it hard to sleep or eat. All local officials must faithfully implement existing regulations and strive to develop the local economy. Those who work hard, farm diligently, and are good at saving should be greatly praised. The selection of talents must strictly adhere to standards and not allow any charlatans. Filial sons and virtuous subjects from all regions, if lacking true talent and learning, should not be elevated; if someone falsely claims credit and deceives the court, they should be sent back to their hometown and punished. The Ministry of Personnel is the foremost among all officials, the pivot of national affairs, and officials at all levels have their own responsibilities. However, recently many matters have been handled by subordinates, which is not conducive to nurturing talent and advancing the nation. Therefore, responsibilities must be clarified, strict assessments conducted, and rewards and punishments clearly distinguished." That year, the four-zhu coins were reissued, and the emperor's son Ziyè was appointed Crown Prince. At the same time, rewards were given to those throughout the country who observed filial piety towards their fathers, with filial sons, dutiful grandsons, righteous husbands, and virtuous wives all receiving different levels of rewards. This month, Zhengguang Hall was also built. In the second month, the Inspector of Yuzhou, Lu Shuang, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Zang Zhi, Inspector of Jiangzhou, Prime Minister and Inspector of Jingzhou, Prince Yixuan of Nanjun, and Inspector of Yanzhou, Xu Yibao, all revolted! Prince Yi of Donghai was dismissed. Liu Yuanjing was promoted to General. The court issued an amnesty for Yuzhou. Wang Xuanmo was appointed Inspector of Yuzhou and led his troops to seize Liangshan. Xiahou Zuhuan was appointed Inspector of Yanzhou.
In March, martial law was declared nationwide. Xiao Sihua was reassigned as General of Annan and Governor of Jiangzhou, while Liu Yuanjing continued to serve as General of the Pacification Army and was appointed Governor of Yongzhou. Pang Xiuzhi was appointed as Governor of Xuzhou. Xu Yibao was defeated by Xiahou Zuhuan and fled. Ming Yin was appointed as Governor of Jizhou.
In April, Liu Yiqi was appointed as Governor of Xiangzhou; Zhu Xiuzhi was appointed as General of Anxi and Governor of Jingzhou. Shen Qingzhi defeated Lu Shuang at Lixiang Xiaoxian, and Lu Shuang was beheaded. Shen Qingzhi was promoted to Grand General of Zhenbei. The Emperor bestowed the title of King of Dongping on his sixteenth brother, Xiuxian, but unfortunately, Xiuxian passed away before he could be officially appointed.
In May, Yi Xuan and others attacked Liangshan but were defeated by Wang Xuanmo. Martial law was lifted. Liu Yansun was appointed as the Right Minister.
In June, Zang Zhi fled to Wuchang and was killed; Zang Zhi's head was sent to the capital. Liu Yuanjing was promoted to Grand General of the Army, and Shen Qingzhi was appointed as Chancellor of the Palace Attendants. Prince Hun of Wuchang was appointed as Governor of Yongzhou. Yangzhou was split into two regions: Yangzhou and Dongyangzhou; Jingzhou, Xiangzhou, Jiangzhou, and Yuzhou were split into Yingzhou; the position of Southern Barbarians Command was abolished; the structure of the Ministry of Personnel was streamlined. Yi Xuan was executed in Jiangling.
On the first day of July, there was a solar eclipse. A general amnesty was granted, and all civil and military officials were promoted by one rank, with previous tax debts and debts forgiven. Jianchang Commandery was established in Yongzhou, and Prince Yiyang Chang was appointed as Governor of Dongyangzhou.
In August, Liu Yuanjing resumed his position as Commander-in-Chief, without any changes to the other appointments. Yuan Huzhi was appointed as Governor of Xuzhou; Liang Tan was appointed as Governor of Liangzhou and Nanqinzhou.
In September, Yin Huaishun was appointed as Governor of Ningzhou; He Shangzhi stepped down as General of the Guards; He Shangzhi was promoted to Special Advisor; Xiao Sihua was appointed as General of the West and Governor of Yingzhou.
In October, the emperor decreed: "Confucius inherited heavenly virtue, and both the Zhou and Han dynasties prospered as a consequence. He established a model for future generations. Due to the loss of ancient texts, there have been problems with ancestral worship. The previous emperor had ordered repairs, but they were never completed for various reasons. The country has faced numerous crises, and it is thanks to loyal and brave warriors who fought valiantly, thanks to the teachings of the sage. I keep this firmly in mind and will not become complacent. We must now rebuild the temples and conduct sacrifices according to the standards set by the vassals, select appropriate sites, and ensure adequate sacrificial offerings." Prince Yi of the East Sea was appointed as General of the Army and Inspector of Jiangzhou; Anlu County was founded in Yingzhou.
In November, the Water Commission was reconstructed, and Water Envoys were designated. That year, taxes were imposed on the immigrant population of Southern Xuzhou.
In the first month of a certain year, on the Renyin day, the emperor appointed Prince Yudong to the position of Zhonghujun. In the second month, on the Jichou day, the Po Emperor sent envoys to pay tribute. On the Bingyin day, Shen Qingzhi was promoted to Left Guanglu Dafu, Kaifu Yitong Sansi, who had previously served as the General of Zhenbei and the Governor of Nanyanzhou. On the Xinsi day, Liu Yansun was promoted from Right Pushe of the Ministry of Personnel to the Governor of Nanyanzhou. On the Binghai day in the third month, Liu Zunkao was promoted from Prefect of Wuxing to the Governor of Xiangzhou. On the Renzi day, Yang Wenzhi was promoted to General Who Conquers the West and Governor of North Qinzhou, having previously been Acting General Who Conquers the West. In the fourth month, on the Renshen day, envoys from Henan also presented tributes. On the Renwu day, Tan Hezhi was promoted from Prefect of Yuzhang to the Governor of Yuzhou. On the Wuxu day in the fifth month, Liu Zunkao was promoted again, from Governor of Xiangzhou to the Right Pushe of the Ministry of Personnel; Yuan Hong was promoted from Front General to the Governor of Jiaozhou. On the Gengzi day, Shen Tan became the Governor of both Xuzhou and Yanzhou. On the Guimao day, Gu Jizhi became the Governor of Xiangzhou. On the Dingwei day, Wang Yan was promoted to Right Guanglu Dafu. On the Jiazi day in the sixth month, the country declared a general amnesty after the mourning period ended. On the Gengchen day, Wang Xuanmo was promoted from Marquis of Qujiang County to the Governor of Yuzhou. On the Guisi day in the seventh month, the emperor appointed his thirteenth son Xiuyou as the King of Shanyang, his fourteenth son Xiumao as the King of Hailing, and his fifteenth son Xiuye as the King of Poyang. On the Wuxu day, Xiao Sihua passed away, who served as the General of Zhenxi. On the Jiyu day, Liu Xiuzhi was transferred from Governor of Yizhou to the Governor of Yingzhou; envoys from the Panpan Kingdom also presented tributes. On the Jiayin day, Dao Yuandu was promoted from Prefect of Yixing to the Governor of Yizhou.
On the day of Gengshen in August, King Hun of Wuchang was implicated in a scandal, was removed from his position as king, demoted to a commoner, and ultimately committed suicide. On the day of Xinyou, Liu Yansun was promoted from the Provincial Governor of Nanyanzhou to General of the Garrison and Provincial Governor of Yongzhou. The state of Jindali also sent tribute. The Three Wu regions suffered from famine, and on the day of Guiyou, the Emperor ordered aid for the disaster-affected populace. On the day of Bingzi, the Emperor said, "The royal gardens and restricted areas take up too much land, affecting the production and livelihood of the common people. Some land should be appropriately opened up and leased to the poor." On the day of Renwu, the newly appointed Provincial Governor of Yuzhou, Wang Xuanmo, was additionally appointed as the Governor of Qingzhou and Jizhou, while Shen Tian was transferred from the Provincial Governor of Qingzhou to the Provincial Governor of Yuzhou. On the day of Jiashen, Tan Hezhi was appointed as the Provincial Governor of Nanyanzhou. On the day of Dinghai in September, the Emperor inspected the troops at Xuanwu Field. On the day of Gengxu, the Emperor issued a decree saying, "The country has suffered repeated disasters and is facing great difficulties. Although I lack merit and capability, I am fortunate to bear this responsibility. In order to reform and strengthen the country, I have pondered deeply and worried day and night. For those who were exiled for committing crimes in the past, they are allowed to return to their hometowns. For those who have made mistakes but still have room for improvement, their children may be appointed to official positions based on their merits." On the day of Renwu in October, Prince Yigong of Jiangxia concurrently served as the Provincial Governor of Yangzhou; Prince Dan of Jingling was transferred from Grand General of the Cavalry and Provincial Governor of Yangzhou to the position of Minister of Works and Provincial Governor of Nanxuzhou; Prince Hong of Jianping was transferred from Imperial Secretary, Left Supervisor of the Masters of Writing, and General of the Central Army to the position of Prefect of the Masters of Writing, without any change in military role. On the day of Wuzi in November, Prince Yu of Xiangdong was promoted, Liu Yansun was promoted from General of the Garrison to Protector General; Wang Xuanmo was transferred from the Governors of Qingzhou and Jizhou to the Provincial Governor of Yongzhou; Yuan Huzhi was promoted to the Governors of Qingzhou and Jizhou. On the day of Xinhai, an envoy from the Kingdom of Goryeo paid tribute. On the day of Guihai in December, Xiao Jingxian was reinstated as the Provincial Governor of Jiaozhou.
On the 7th day of the 1st month in 452 AD, the emperor conferred the title of King of Shunyang to his eighteenth younger brother, Xiu Fan, and the title of King of Baling to his nineteenth younger brother, Xiu Ruo. On the 28th day of the 1st month, the second son was appointed King of Xiyang. On the 31st day of the 1st month, the emperor personally went to the southern outskirts to perform sacrifices. On the 1st day of the 2nd month, Lady He was named the Crown Princess. On the 3rd day of the 2nd month, a general amnesty was issued. On the 19th day of the 2nd month, Wang Yan, the Right Guanglu Daifu, passed away. On the 21st day of the 2nd month, Zong Que was appointed the General for Pacifying the West and the Inspector of Yuzhou. On the 24th day of the 2nd month, the newly appointed Deputy Chief Imperial Secretary, Wang Yi, was designated as the Inspector of Guangzhou. On the 23rd day of the 2nd month, the emperor started meeting with his courtiers in the West Hall on the 1st and 15th days of each month to review memorials. On the 28th day of the 2nd month, officials, both within and outside the government, who owned land near official roads were permitted to send their servants to farm it.
On the 10th day of the 3rd month, Zishang, the Prince of Xiyang, was appointed Inspector of Nanyanzhou. On the 27th day of the intercalary month, Liu Zunkao, the Right Deputy Director of the Imperial Secretariat, was promoted. On the 30th day of the intercalary month, Xiu Ye, the Prince of Poyang, passed away. On the 33rd day of the intercalary month, the audit of military factory accounts prior to the 30th year of Yuanjia was halted. On the 8th day of the 5th month, it was decreed that in the seven provinces of Jingzhou, Xuzhou, Yanzhou, Yuzhou, Yongzhou, Qingzhou, and Jizhou, households with only one horse could be exempt from one poll tax. On the 9th day of the 5th month, Liu Yu, the Right Guard General, was appointed Inspector of Yizhou. In June, the emperor handled legal cases at Hualin Garden. In July, the Grand Tutor, Prince Yigong of Jiangxia, stepped down as Inspector of Yangzhou. On the 18th day of July, Zishang, the Prince of Xiyang, was appointed Inspector of Yangzhou, and Prince Xiuren of Jian'an, the Secretary Supervisor, was appointed Inspector of Nanyanzhou. On the 7th day of August, Fei Yan was appointed Inspector of Jiaozhou. On the 6th day of August, Wang Kun, the Deputy Director of the Ministry of Personnel, was appointed Inspector of Guangzhou. On the 9th day of September, Liu Zunkao, the Intendant of Danyang, was appointed Left Deputy Director of the Imperial Secretariat.
On the tenth day of October, Zhang Yue was appointed Prefect of Yizhou. On the thirteenth day of October, the Grand Tutor, Wang Yigong, was promoted to Grand Preceptor and concurrently appointed Minister of Education. On the fourteenth day of October, General Liu Yuanjing was promoted to General of the Cavalry, Wang Hong, the Prefect of the Masters of Writing, was appointed Director of the Imperial Secretariat and General of the Guards, and Wang Yi, the General Who Calms the Army and Governor of Jiangzhou, was promoted to General Who Calms the South. On the tenth day of November, the Governor of Huainan, Yuan Jing, was found guilty of a crime and executed. On the thirteenth day of December, Kong Lingfu was appointed Prefect of Yingzhou.
In the first month of the first year of the Ming Dynasty, the reign title was changed and a general amnesty was declared nationwide. Food and cloth were distributed to elderly and sickly individuals, with varying quantities. On the seventeenth day of the first month, General Liu Yansun was promoted to the position of Guard General. The Prince of Xiangdong was reassigned to the position of Central Guard General. It rained in the capital city on the nineteenth day of the first month, and officials were dispatched to inspect the situation and distribute firewood and food. On the ninth day of the second month, the management of public farmland affairs was resumed. The Suolu (a northern ethnic minority) invaded Yanzhou. On the eighth day of the third month, it was decreed that ministers wearing a belt sword were not allowed to enter the palace gates. The Liao (an ancient southern ethnic group) of Liangzhou requested to surrender, and the Huaihan commandery was established. In the fourth month, an epidemic broke out in the capital city. On the nineteenth day of the fourth month, officials were sent to inspect and distribute medicine. The authorities were responsible for handling and burying those who died without anyone to care for them. On the twenty-third day of the fourth month, the Songjian and Linhe commanderies in Xiangzhou were abolished. In the fifth month, there were floods in Wuxing and Yixing, resulting in widespread hunger among the populace. On the fifth day of the fifth month, officials were sent to open granaries to aid disaster victims. On the thirteenth day of the fifth month, court sessions were held at Hualin Garden. On the fifteenth day of the fifth month, General Shen Tanqing was appointed Governor of Xuzhou, and General Liang Jin was appointed Governor of Hezhou and the Prince of Dangchang. On the sixth day of the sixth month, Liu Xin, son of the former Prince of Nanfeng Liu Zhi, inherited the title of Prince of Nanfeng. On the eighth day of the sixth month, General Wang Xiuyou was appointed Governor of Dongyangzhou. On the fourteenth day of the sixth month, Xiuyou was reassigned as the Governor of Xiangzhou, and Yan Jun was appointed as the Governor of Dongyangzhou. On the eighth day of the seventh month, land surveys and household registrations were carried out in various immigrant counties of Yongzhou. On the seventh day of the eighth month, the Yangping commandery was established in Yanzhou. On the eleventh day of the eighth month, court proceedings took place at Hualin Garden. On the thirteenth day of the eighth month, the Minister of Works and Governor of South Xuzhou, Prince Jingling, was reassigned as Governor of South Yanzhou, and General Liu Yansun was appointed as the Garrison General and Governor of South Xuzhou.
On the nineteenth day of October, the emperor issued a decree, saying: "'The way of the royal regalia and the cord of sincerity,' my diligence in governance has surpassed that of the ancient sages. Moreover, the state of the world is deteriorating, education is shallow, and the situation is turbulent. Although I have been working hard to govern the world, I have not yet reached the level of providing abundant clothing and food; my knowledge is not comparable to the previous kings, and the governance of the country is not as good as that of the previous dynasties. I deeply feel that my virtue is insufficient. Very few grievances from the people can reach the throne, and many suggestions that are beneficial to the people and the country are neglected. From now on, all officials, including ordinary citizens, who have a desire for loyalty, have ambitions, feel aggrieved due to oppression, or are slandered due to their integrity but cannot reflect to the court, can bring their grievances directly to me; regardless of the size of the matter, I will personally listen." On October 29th, King Yuqing of Baekje was appointed as the Grand General of the East. On the seventeenth day of December, King Xiufan of Shunyang was renamed as King of Guiyang. On the nineteenth day of December, cases were heard in the Hualin Garden.
On the first day of a certain year AD, the emperor went to the southern suburbs to offer sacrifices. The next day, the emperor issued a decree, saying: "Last year, there were floods in many places in the east, and the time for spring planting is approaching, and we need to take extra precautions to timely distribute food and seeds." Subsequently, the land taxes for the counties were reinstated, as well as the stipends for the imperial family members. The emperor issued another decree, commemorating the achievements of the late emperor, saying that the late emperor endured great hardships in founding the empire, and now that much time has passed, I have continually honored the late emperor's contributions, so I want to promote officials and exempt soldiers from corvée.
In early February, the emperor issued a decree again, saying: "The national policies have not been fully implemented yet, the social atmosphere is still very bad, the wealthy are consolidating land, the poor are living in hardship, some are even unable to afford clothing. This deeply saddens me. Therefore, I command local officials to take good care of the people and to quickly formulate relief measures." Then, Chu Zhanzhi was appointed as the Left Minister of Shangshu, Prince Hong of Jianping was promoted, Liu Yuanjing was also promoted, and Prince Chang of Yiyang became the General of the Central Army. In March, Prince Hong of Jianping passed away. To save food, the palace ceased the slaughter of cattle. The emperor handled cases in the Hualin Garden. Liu Jizhi became the Inspector of Sizhou.
In April, the emperor appointed his son as Prince Anlu, and Prince Xiumao of Hailing became the Inspector of Yongzhou. An earthquake occurred on this day. In May, the county of Xiyang was restored. In June, a position of Minister of Personnel was added, and a position of Minister of War was reduced. He Shangzhi was promoted, and Yang Xuanbao was also promoted. The emperor issued a decree saying: "In the past, due to wars, many people fled, some were afraid of being caught, some evaded labor. Although the laws have been eased, there are still many fugitives, all because the officials did not do a good job of propaganda and guidance. Therefore, there will be a general amnesty, allowing everyone to start anew."
In July, a plot of rebellion was uncovered in Pengcheng, resulting in the death of the conspirator. Yan Shibai became the Inspectors of Qingzhou and Jizhou. In August, the Prince of Henan sent gifts. Wang Sengda, the Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, was convicted of a crime and died in custody. Du Shuwen, Fei Yan, and Yuan Lang were appointed as Inspectors of Ningzhou, Guangzhou, and Jiaozhou respectively. Shen Sengrong became the Inspector of Yanzhou. In September, the emperor handled cases in the Hualin Garden. Liu Daolong became the Inspector of Xuzhou. Xiangyang experienced a major flood, and the emperor dispatched aid. On this day, the positions of General of the Martial Guards and Regular Attendant of the Martial Cavalry were created.
In October, Wang Chang, the King of Yiyang, was appointed as the governor of Jiangzhou. The Goryeo Kingdom sent gifts. In November, Prince Shang of Xiyang was promoted. In December, a decree was issued permitting royal family members to establish memorial halls for funerals, while others were prohibited from doing so. In the intercalary month, the emperor issued a decree saying, "People from the mountains are unfamiliar with using fish and turtles for sacrifices. In recent years, due to wars, taxes have been heavy. Originally meant for emergencies, officials have made it a norm, leading to many abuses. Therefore, reforms are needed to reduce taxes and stop the suffering of the common people." The emperor handled cases in Hualin Garden, and Lin Yi sent gifts. In winter, northern minority tribes invaded Qingzhou, but Yan Shibei defeated them.
In a certain year, in the early days of the first month, Yuzhou's Liangjun was placed under the jurisdiction of Xuzhou. After a few days, Liu Yuanjing was appointed as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing, and Liu Zunkao was appointed as the General of the Army. After a few more days, the Po Huang Kingdom sent envoys to offer tributes. On a day in February, the six counties under the jurisdiction of Yangzhou were designated as the royal capital, and Dongyangzhou was renamed Yangzhou. There was a plan to establish a Colonel-Director, but it was abandoned as the main instigator (referring to the rebels) had already been executed. Prince Shang of Xiyang was transferred to be the governor of Yangzhou. After a few more days, the court reinstated the position of Minister of Justice. Jingzhou was experiencing a famine, and on a day in March, the court ordered a reduction in land rent and cloth taxes, with specific amounts depending on the circumstances. After a few more days, Yuan Lang was appointed as the governor of Yanzhou. A few days later, Prince Yu of Xiangdong was reassigned, while Prince Yi of Donghai was appointed as the General of the Guard and the General of Protection. After a few more days, Prince Yigong of Jiangxia was promoted to the role of Director of the Palace Library.
One day in April, the emperor was dealing with matters in Hualin Garden. A few days later, Fu Zhongzi was appointed as the Governor of Ningzhou. One day, Prince Jingling committed a crime, was stripped of his title, but he refused to comply, seized Guangling City, staged a rebellion, and even killed the Governor of Yanzhou, Yuan Lang. Therefore, Shen Qingzhi was appointed as the Grand General of Cavalry and Chariots to suppress Prince Jingling's rebellion. The emperor personally led the army and set up camp at Xuanwu Hall. Liu Jizhi, the Governor of Sizhou, rebelled and was defeated and killed by Liu Daolong, the Governor of Xuzhou.
One day in July, Guangling City was captured, and Prince Jingling was beheaded. All adult men in the city were killed, while the women were given to the army as rewards; martial law was lifted on the same day. One day, the court granted amnesty to the entire country, releasing the elderly, sick, and frail among officials, slaves, and servants. Filial sons, obedient grandsons, virtuous husbands, and chaste women all received rewards from the court, with different amounts. Impoverished families in the Wangji region, as well as those displaced by war, were exempted from taxes for a year. One day, Liu Xiuzhi was appointed as the Right Minister of Personnel. One day, two Yuzhou were set up, one to the north and one to the south of the Huai River. Shen Qingzhi was appointed as the Minister of Works while continuing to serve as the Governor of Nanyanzhou. One day, Prince Donghai Yi was appointed as the Governor of Nanyuzhou, while still serving as the General of the Guards. Prince Yiyang Chang was appointed as the Commander of the Army, and Prince Guixiang Xiu Fan was appointed as the Governor of Jiangzhou. One day, Wang Xuanmo was appointed Governor of Yingzhou.
On a certain day in August, the emperor issued a decree, saying: "Recently, many soldiers sacrificed their lives on the battlefield during the northern expedition. Some died in battle, some from illness. They all fulfilled their duties faithfully, but their compensation is very meager. The compensation should be increased, and it must be generous." On a certain day, Yu Shenzhi was appointed as the governor of Yuzhou. On a certain day, the emperor issued a decree, saying: "In ancient times, society was more virtuous, and the laws were relatively lenient. In the early years of the Han Dynasty, the country was stable, and there were few people imprisoned. This was because the rulers themselves were morally upright, and the people were honest and kind. Nowadays, the moral standards have declined, making education difficult. As a result, few understand the law, while many violate it. During my inspection, I noticed some prisoners in shackles who were nonetheless granted clemency. However, they are denied any benefits during national celebrations, which fills me with shame. They should be treated generously." On a certain day in September, the emperor issued a decree, saying: "Addressing the five major and three minor crimes from ancient times has always been a challenge; the complexities of legal provisions have worsened over time. Therefore, cases should be handled according to the actual situation, like the rapid case solving in the State of Lu; interference in the market should be reduced, and cases should be processed quickly like in the Han Dynasty. The court's handling of cases has raised doubts near and far, and the judgment results are also difficult to determine. Once imprisoned, they are often detained for several years. The people are troubled by this, and officials profit from it. From now on, once a prisoner’s confession is ready, it should be reported without delay, and I will personally review it to avoid long-term detention. If the case is too complicated and the evidence is extensive, a personal investigation must be conducted to understand the truth. In the future, we will continue to handle cases as we have in the past." On a certain day, Shanglin Park was built north of Xuanwu Lake.
On a certain day in October, the emperor issued a decree, saying: "In ancient times, sacrifices were held at the Azure Altar to pray for a good harvest, and sacrificial garments were made from silk cocoons at the Xuanjiao. Next year, let the concubines of the six palaces perform the silk ceremony." On a certain day, Liu Yansun was appointed as the General of Chariots and Cavalry. On a certain day, envoys from the kingdoms of Goguryeo and Sushen arrived with tributes. On a certain day, Juqu Anzhou was appointed as the General of Pacifying the Barbarians and the Governor of Liangzhou.
On a certain day in November, envoys from Goguryeo and Sushen came to offer tributes; the Western Regions presented dancing horses. On a certain day in December, the emperor handled cases in the Hualin Garden. On a certain day, the position of Minister of Ceremonies was created.
In January of the year 454 AD, the emperor took to the fields himself to offer sacrifices. A few days later, King Dangchang presented gifts. The next day, the emperor personally plowed the fields and announced a nationwide amnesty. All prisoners in the Prison of the Imperial Edict, as well as any overdue rents and debts incurred before the first year of Daming, were forgiven. Hardworking commoners were assigned positions based on their contributions; those who were filial to their parents, loving to their siblings, loyal, and obedient to their elders could be promoted by one rank; elderly widows, the poor, and the sick were each given ten hu of grain; officials in charge of farming also received generous rewards; loans were given to those lacking seeds based on their circumstances; officials who actively encouraged the people to labor diligently were commended and promoted. On this day, Liu Shuren was appointed as the Governor of Liangzhou and Nanqinzhou, while Zhu Xiuzhi was promoted to the General of the Garrison. Three princes were appointed as kings: the third son became King Jin'an, the sixth son became King Xunyang, the seventh son became King Liyang, and the eighth son became King Xiangyang.
In February, Prince Xiu Ren of Jian'an was appointed governor of Xiangzhou; Fei Jingxu was appointed governor of Ningzhou. In March, Prince Xiu Ruo of Baling was appointed governor of Xuzhou; Prince Zisui of Anlu was appointed governor of Yingzhou; Liu Daolong was appointed governor of Qingzhou and Jizhou. In the north, the Suolu forces invaded Northern Yinping Kongdi and were defeated by Prefect Yang Guizi. On that day, the Empress went to the western suburbs to tend to the silkworms. In April, Nan Langye County was incorporated into the capital region. The Emperor decreed, "In the past, I wore coarse cloth to govern the world, to demonstrate my commitment to thrift; I used coarse pottery to hold rice, to show my diligence. I have always remembered thrift in my heart, and despite my repeated orders for officials to be frugal and practical, annual expenses remain high. To promote thrift, I have decided to reduce half of the seasonal offerings, which aligns with the principle of frugality and eases the burden on the people; overly luxurious clothing adds to the people's burden and should be minimized; decorative items that are costly in both labor and materials should also be minimized."
In April, the emperor issued another decree saying, "The capital's climate is still unstable, with an epidemic spreading. I am deeply concerned about the people's suffering. We should send aid to comfort them and provide medical assistance; for those who unfortunately pass away, appropriate compensation should be provided." In May, the emperor handled lawsuits in the Hualin Garden; Liangjun in Xuzhou was transferred to Yuzhou; the Minister of Works, Chu Zhanzhi, has died; Liu Sikao was appointed as the governor of Yizhou; the counties of Nanxia and Nanpengcheng were merged. In July, He Shangzhi passed away. In August, Prince Dangchang presented gifts again; Prince Jin'an was appointed as the governor of Nanyanzhou; Yongzhou experienced a major flood, and the court sent troops for disaster relief. In September, Yuan Huzhi was appointed as the governor of Yuzhou; the emperor handled lawsuits in the Hualin Garden; Prince Xiangyang was renamed Prince Xin'an. In October, the court sent Shen Qingzhi to attack the barbarians along the river; the court decreed that county salaries should be reduced, with the excess going to the national quota. In November, the Xizuo Shu was renamed the Left and Right Imperial Palace Officials; the position of Grand Minister of Agriculture was restored. In December, the emperor handled lawsuits in the Hualin Garden; the emperor visited the Ministry of Justice and ordered the release of all prisoners; the Sulu Kingdom sent envoys to seek reconciliation; the emperor went to Jiankang County and released prisoners from the prison; the Wa Kingdom sent envoys to present gifts.
In a certain year, during the Common Era, on the first day of the lunar new year, Liang Tangzi was appointed Governor of Hezhou. On a certain day in the second month, the emperor conducted a military review. The emperor decreed, "The ancients said that to govern the country and keep the peace, military affairs must come first. Even in times of peace when the army is not used, forgetting about military matters will bring danger to the country. I usually handle state affairs in an orderly manner, with clear rewards and punishments for the military. However, recently the laws have not been enforced effectively; the people are unaware of the laws, evade labor duties, disobey orders, and violate criminal laws. All those who have fled are pardoned as of this morning; those who have been imprisoned are to be released to their hometowns; those who owe taxes will have all debts from three years ago waived. From now on, widows, orphans, the poor, the sick, and the elderly will be carefully reviewed to reduce their burden; families of soldiers will have half of their taxes reduced. The recently revised household registration system contains numerous errors and must be thoroughly rechecked, effective immediately. If the system has been violated in the past, it will also be pardoned." On another day that month, Yang Xuanbao was promoted to Right Guanglu Dafu Tejin. On another day that month, Prince Shang of Xiyang was reappointed as the Prince of Yuzhang. On another day that month, Liu Yuanjing was promoted to Left Guanglu Dafu, Shangshu Ling, and Kaifu Yitong San Si. On another day that month, the emperor decreed, "Last year, Nanxuzhou and Yanzhou suffered severe floods, and the people are living in hardship. Those who owe taxes can wait until after the autumn harvest to pay." On another day that month, the Inspector of Yongzhou, Prince Huai Ling, Xiumao, killed Sima Yushen, raised troops in rebellion, and was subsequently defeated and killed by Xue Jikao, the Prefect of Yicheng. On another day that month, the ninth prince, Ziren, was appointed Governor of Yongzhou.
On a certain day in May, it was decreed that members of the royal family would receive a monthly subsidy of 100,000 coins, and officials in the court who did not receive a salary. On a certain day in the same month, the Emperor went to the Martial Arts Hall to listen to lawsuits. On a certain day in June, Prince Chang of Yiyang was appointed as the Commander of the Central Army. On the same day in June, the Guangling Commandery was divided to create the Pei Commandery, and East Ping Commandery was abolished and merged into Guangling Commandery. On a certain day in July, the Emperor decreed, "There is too much rain, streets are flooded; send officials to inspect the situation and provide relief to impoverished families by distributing food and firewood." On the same day in July, an envoy from Goryeo came to pay tribute. On the same day in July, all criminals in Yongzhou were pardoned. On a certain day in August, the ninth prince was appointed as Prince Yongjia, and the eleventh prince was appointed as Prince Shi'an. Fei Bohong was appointed as the Inspector of Ningzhou. On the same day in August, the Emperor decreed, "Since I ascended the throne, I have worked diligently to govern, valued rituals and music, promoted benevolent governance, stabilized society, and fostered a virtuous atmosphere. However, due to various reasons, the academic atmosphere has declined, and lawsuits are constant. Now that the world is peaceful, it is an opportune time to educate the populace. Next year, schools will be renovated and outstanding talents will be commended." On the same day in August, it was decreed that the borrowed white boards from local officials would adhere to the time limits established by the court, salaries would be reduced by one-third, and no additional allowances would be given. Prince Yi of Donghai was appointed as the Governor of the Palace Attendants. On the first day of September, a solar eclipse occurred. On a certain day in the same month, the Emperor visited Langye Commandery, pardoning all prisoners. On a certain day in the same month, the administrative center of Nanyuzhou was relocated from Huainan to Huxian. On the same day in the same month, Prince Fang of Xunyang was appointed as the Inspector of Nanyuzhou. In the intercalary month, the Empress of the Crown Prince, Lady He, passed away. On the same day in the intercalary month, new roads were constructed from Changhe Gate to Zhuque Gate, and from Chengming Gate to Xuanwu Lake. On the same day in the intercalary month, Prince Xu of Liyang was re-designated as Prince Linhai.
On a certain day in October, Liu Yansun was appointed as the Left Deputy of the Imperial Secretariat and the General of the Imperial Guards. Liu Xiu was appointed as the General of Pacifying the North and the Inspector of Yongzhou. Prince Xu of Linhai was appointed as the Inspector of Guangzhou. On the same day of the same month, Prince Luan of Xin'an was appointed as the Inspector of Southern Xuzhou. In November, the Emperor issued a decree stating: "The population in the capital region is large, and affairs are busy. Government affairs should be simplified to lighten the burden on the people. Send the Imperial Secretariat to conduct detailed inspections and collaborate with local officials to address various cases. If there are difficult problems, they should be reported promptly." On the same day of the same month, an additional Assistant Minister of Finance was appointed. On a certain day in December, Liu Zunkao was appointed as the Right Deputy of the Imperial Secretariat. On the same day of the same month, it was mandated that all citizens across the country pay four bolts of cloth annually. On the same day of the same month, Wang Xuanmo was appointed as the General Who Pacifies the North and the Inspector of Xuzhou.
In the year 456 AD, on the sixth day of the first lunar month, the Inspector of Xiangzhou, Prince Xiuren, was promoted to General Who Pacifies the South. On the eleventh of the same month, the Emperor personally went to the southern suburbs to offer sacrifices. On that day, he also held ancestral sacrifices in the Mingtang and declared a general amnesty throughout the realm. Filial sons, obedient grandsons, righteous husbands, and respectful younger brothers were all granted noble titles; kind aunts, virtuous wives, widows, the elderly, and those afflicted with six types of illnesses were each granted five bolts of cloth and ten bushels of grain. The court commended and awarded those who made outstanding contributions across the country. Some of these individuals were of noble character, upright and honest, content with poverty, and did not mingle with worldly desires; some were knowledgeable in ancient and modern matters and adept in military strategies; some were law-abiding, honest, and held in high regard by the people. The court documented the contributions of these individuals in detail. On the fifteenth of the same month, the court established the positions of Colonel of the Five Offices and Left and Right Colonels.
On the second day of the second month, the court restored the salaries of all officials. On the seventh day of the third month, the thirteenth royal son, Ziyuan, was established as the King of Shaoling. On the ninth day of the third month, the Crown Prince of Japan, Xing, was appointed as the General of Andong. On the twelfth day of the third month, Nangliang County, Yuzhou, was renamed Huainan County, and the original Huainan County was merged into Xuancheng County. On the fourteenth day of the third month, the Assistant General, Chief of Staff for Pacification of Barbarians, and Governor of Guangling, Shen Huaiwen, was imprisoned for committing a crime and ultimately died in custody. On the seventh day of the fourth month, the court waived the overdue taxes owed by Nanyanzhou from three years prior to the Daming era. The court also built a new Dahang Gate. On the ninth day of the fifth month, the Ice Chamber was established, and the ceremony of storing ice was restored. On the fourteenth day of the fifth month, the Grand Preceptor, Prince Yigong of Jiangxia, resigned from the position of Minister of Works. On the eighth day of the sixth month, the Minister of the Left, General of the Guard, Liu Yansun, passed away.
On the seventh day of the seventh month, the Inspector of Jingzhou, Zhu Xiuzhi, was appointed as the General Who Leads the Army, and the Inspector of Guangzhou, Prince Zixu of Linhai, was appointed as the Inspector of Jingzhou. On the eleventh day of the seventh month, an earthquake occurred. On the fifteenth day of the seventh month, the Assistant General, Wang Yizhi, was appointed as the Inspector of Guangzhou. On the eighteenth day of the seventh month, the Prefect of Xiyang, Tan Yizhi, was appointed as the Inspector of Jiaozhou. On the twenty-second day of the seventh month, the nineteenth royal son, Ziyun, was appointed as the King of Jinling. On the tenth day of the eighth month, the overdue taxes owed by Yongzhou before the fourth year of Daming were waived. On the twelfth day of the eighth month, the Qingtai Prefect was established. On the fifth day of the ninth month, the etiquette for monks to pay their respects to the emperor was formalized. On the seventh day of the ninth month, the former Grand Minister of the Purple Light, Zong Que, was appointed as the Central Protector of the Army. On the fourteenth day of the ninth month, the Right Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, Liu Zunkao, was appointed as the Left Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, and the Intendant of Danyang, Wang Senglang, was appointed as the Right Minister of the Imperial Secretariat.
On the fourteenth day of the tenth month, Shihong, son of Prince Shanyang, inherited the title of Prince Ai of Poyang from Prince Xiuye. On the sixteenth day of the tenth month, the emperor decreed that joint burials in Shanglin Park should not be prohibited if requested by the people. On the sixth day of the eleventh month, Prince of Chenliu, Cao Qianshu, passed away. On the eighth day of the eleventh month, the Grand Secretary, Liu Yuanjing, was appointed as the Minister of Works while still holding the position of Grand Secretary.
In the first month of the year 460 AD, the emperor decreed: The spring inspection ceremony dates back to the Zhou Dynasty; records of political affairs are also documented in the historical records of the State of Lu. This serves to showcase good governance and legal principles, setting an example for the people. This year, the weather is favorable and the country is peaceful. During the agricultural off-season, it would be fitting to revive this ancient custom. A date is set for a grand review of the troops at Xuanwu Lake, and to inspect the regions south of the Yangtze River, conduct military drills, and go hunting.
A few days later, Wang Senglang was appointed as the Grand Minister of Rites, Yan Shibai as the Right Chancellor of the Secretariat. Liu Yuanjing was appointed as the Grand General of the Cavalry and granted the title of "Three Excellencies." Prince Xun of Jin'an was appointed as the Inspector of Jiangzhou. Wu County was transferred to Nanxuzhou. In the second month, the emperor inspected the provinces of Nanyuzhou and Nanyuanzhou.
The emperor also proclaimed: "The Jianghan and Chu regions must hold sacrificial ceremonies on time, with elaborate ceremonies at Jiuyi Mountain and offerings to the Sea God at Penglai. These are ancient traditions that all previous emperors have followed. Huoshan is the Southern Yue, serving as the country's barrier, imbued with spiritual energy and abundant omens of good fortune, contributing to the prosperity of the Song Dynasty. When I visited the wilderness and performed sacrifices at Qishan, witnessing the changing winds and clouds, I was deeply moved. Send people to Huoshan for sacrifices!"
The emperor then went hunting at Wujiang in Liyang, climbed Liuhe Mountain in Wujiang County, and established the Lijiang Commandery. The emperor decreed again: "I have been granted the mandate of heaven for eleven years, supported by the blessings of my ancestors. My rule extends across the four seas, commanding respect across all realms. I have inspected the Three Xiang regions, sacrificed at Hengshan, inspected the Yellow River, and visited Mount Tai. Now, as I travel across various regions, gathering the people's sentiments, training the army, alongside grand ceremonies and feasts for both nobles and commoners. With peace and auspicious signs throughout the land, I wish to extend my blessings to all, thus, I hereby proclaim a general amnesty, exempting this year's taxes and debts in the areas I have visited, bestowing titles upon the people and offering cattle and wine to women. Officials and people participating in the inspection will be rewarded."
The emperor issued another decree, saying, "When I was young, I managed political affairs, governed Yongzhou, promoted education, and have gone through many years of experience. In the process of national development, there have been obstacles. I once trained troops in the Jianghuai region and have always been concerned about the people here. Now that I am here again to train the army, seeing the local citizens, I am deeply moved. Although the time is short, there have been far too many deaths, and reflecting on the past is truly heartbreaking. Emperor Taizong bestowed favor on all directions in Jinyang, Emperor Gaozu was benevolent to the world, I should inherit their aspirations and continue to show kindness to the people. Therefore, I exempt the county of Liyang from three years of taxes, send officials to comfort the citizens, understand their hardships, provide generous aid to the elderly, widows, and the sick, and offer sheep and wine to the elderly. Reward all who have contributed; give rewards to the old ministers and officials who have served the country before, even if they have passed, their descendants should still benefit."
The emperor returned to the palace. In April, Zhu Xiuzhi was appointed as Grand Minister, and Wang Yu of Xiangdong was appointed as the leader of the army. The emperor decreed, "Unless it is on the battlefield, no one is allowed to kill without authorization. If the crime is particularly severe, it must be reported to the court first and be strictly reviewed by the relevant departments. Offenders will be punished for murder." In May, Prince Shang of Yuzhang was appointed as the General of Chariots and Cavalry, and Prince Zhen of Shi'an was appointed as the Governor of Guangzhou. The emperor decreed, "From now on, if governors and local officials want to mobilize the people or the army, they must have my decree. Only in urgent border situations or internal rebellions will there be exceptions." In June, Liu Yuanhu was appointed as the Governor of Liangzhou and Nanqinzhou. The states of Rui Rui and Goryeo paid tribute. Liu Deyuan was appointed as the Governor of Yuzhou. In July, King Gao Lian of Goryeo was appointed as the Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry and was granted the title of 'Yitong Sanji.' The emperor decreed, "It was previously ordered that the rivers, seas, fields, and ponds should be shared with the people, but after a few years, this rule has become lax, allowing famous mountains and rivers to be frequently occupied by individuals. The relevant departments must investigate strictly and restore the old system."
In August, the emperor issued a decree saying: "In the past, the grievances of women could spark wildfires; widows' sorrows could trigger earthquakes. This is because sincere feelings, no matter how small, will have an impact; feelings of sorrow, no matter how strong, can lead to collapse. I have toured various places, hoping for national peace and prosperity, but because of my actions, it has resulted in poor harvests, and this is my fault. Therefore, cut back on the palace's provisions and personally inquire about the prisons. The areas around the capital and the provinces will be jointly investigated by the Minister and local officials; other regions will be the responsibility of the governor. Carefully review laws and regulations to benefit the people. Crimes committed before the seventh year of the Daming era will not be pursued; for the impoverished, grain relief will be provided." The emperor also appointed two princes as kings. The emperor traveled to Jiankang in Moling County to adjudicate cases. In September, the emperor issued a decree saying: "Recently, the weather has been scorching, and the crops have suffered significant damage, but it is not too late to plant wheat now, and there is more rain. Order the eastern counties to quickly cultivate, and offer loans for wheat seeds to the impoverished."
The emperor issued a decree, saying: "The emperors of the Zhou Dynasty traveled far and wide, and the emperors of the Han Dynasty also visited various regions, all for the purpose of sacrificing to the gods and governing the people. Since I ascended the throne, I have toured various places many times, investigated the feelings of the people, understood customs and traditions, and studied the ancient laws and systems." Prince Luan of Xin'an, the governor of Southern Xuzhou, was also appointed as the Minister of Personnel. The emperor presided over cases at the Ministry of Justice and appointed another prince as a king. In October, the crown prince received his crown, and rewards were given to royal officials and ministers. The emperor toured Southern Yuzhou and decreed: "In the places I visit, rewards should be given to centenarians and the elderly; I will personally oversee the trials of those accused of crimes; people should be allowed to present their grievances in person; and rewards should be given to those who are loyal, filial, and hardworking in agriculture. Although there has been more rain recently, there was drought in the summer, so granaries should be opened for relief." The emperor presided over cases in Jiangning County, and Prince Shang of Yuzhang was appointed as the Grand Chancellor, Prince Yi of Donghai was appointed as the Minister of Works, and Prince Chang of Yiyang was appointed as the Grand Chancellor. The emperor decreed: "Clear rewards and punishments are the principles of governance. When I tour various places and understand the feelings of the people, rewards should be given to those who have merit, and punishments should be given to those who have faults." The emperor went hunting in Gushu. In November, criminals sentenced to death or lesser punishments in Southern Yuzhou were pardoned, and land rents were reduced. The emperor made sacrifices at the tombs of Huan Wen and Mao Qu. The emperor presided over cases in Liyang, Yongshi, and Danyang counties. The emperor conducted naval drills at Liangshan, where a white crane flew in. Some suggested a change in the era, but the emperor did not agree. Some prisoners were released. There was a severe drought in the eastern counties, and the emperor ordered the opening of granaries for relief. In December, the emperor reached Liyang, proclaimed a general amnesty, released prisoners, exempted military service, gave cows and wine to women in Liyang County, silk to elderly widows, and exempted ten years of taxes. Prince Yigong of Jiangxia was appointed as the Grand Secretary. Twin towers were built at Bowang Liangshan. The emperor returned to the palace after his visit to Liyang.
In the first month of the year 453 AD, the emperor issued a decree saying: "The harvest in the east was poor last year, and commerce should be developed extensively. Those who sell grain both locally and from afar can be exempted from various taxes on the road. Weapons they carry for self-defense shall also not be prohibited." On the sixteenth day of the same month, General Anbei and Governor of Yongzhou, Liu Xiuzhi, died. On the twenty-first day, General Pingnan and Governor of Xiangzhou, Prince Jian'an Xiu Ren, were appointed as General of Annan and Governor of Jiangzhou; Prince Zixun of Jin'an was appointed as General of Zhenjun and Governor of Yongzhou; Governor of South Xuzhou, Prince Xin'an Ziluan, was appointed as General of Fumilitary, still concurrently serving as Minister and Governor; Prince Boken, the heir apparent of Jiangxia King, was appointed as Governor of Xiangzhou.
On the eighth day of the second month, Tejin Zhu Xiuzhi died. On the ninth day, the emperor issued another decree saying: "Last year, some areas in the east suffered from drought, and the harvest was poor. Many officials sent by the court have fallen into poverty. Some even ended up wandering the streets and dying of hunger. I am deeply saddened! Grain should be released from the granaries to provide relief to Jiankang and Moling counties. If the relief work is not done properly and leads to starvation, those responsible will be held accountable!" On the fourteenth day, General of Zhenjun and Governor of Xiangdong, Prince Yu, was appointed as General of Zhenbei and Governor of Xuzhou; General of Pingbei and Governor of Xuzhou, Wang Xuanmo, was appointed as Commander-in-Chief. On the eighth day of the intercalary fifth month, former Assistant Censor Xiao Huikai was appointed as Governor of Qingzhou and Jizhou. On the ninth day, Grand Preceptor Yigong of Jiangxia was appointed as Grand Commandant. On the twenty-third day of the same month, Tejin and Right Guanglu Daifu Yang Xuanbao died. On the twenty-fifth day, the emperor died in the Yuzhu Palace at the age of thirty-five. On the fifth day of the seventh month, he was buried at Jingning Mausoleum in Yanshan, Moling County, Danyang.
The historian commented: "To work for the people of the world, this was the philosophy of Yao and Shun; to benefit oneself and benefit all things, this was the ambition of Emperor Zhong (referring to Emperor Wen of Song); to drain the lives of the people to sustain oneself, this was the practice of Jie and Zhou. Look at the current state of the Ming Dynasty (referring to the Song Dynasty), is it really going to drain the lives of the people? Even with talents and virtues akin to those of the Duke of Zhou, it will ultimately lead to great chaos in the world, what good comes of that?"
