Prince Pengcheng Liu Yikang, at the age of only twelve, was appointed by Emperor Wu of Song as the military commander of the four provinces of Yuzhou, Sizhou, Yongzhou, and Bingzhou, Champion General, and the governor of Yuzhou. At that time, Emperor Gaozu of Song was summoned back to the court for assistance, so he left Liu Yikang to guard Shouyang in his place. Later, he was appointed as the governor of Sizhou and was responsible for military affairs in Zhongli of Xuzhou and Yiyang of Jingzhou. In the first year of Yongchu, he was titled Prince Pengcheng, with a fief of 3,000 households, and his official position was promoted to Right General. In the second year, he was reassigned to oversee military affairs in the five provinces of Jiannan, Yu, Sizhou, Yongzhou, and Bingzhou, as the governor of Jiannan Yu, with his military position unchanged. In the third year, he was promoted to be the Commissioner and military commander of Nanxu, Yanzhou, and Jinling in Xuzhou and Yanzhou, with his military position remaining unchanged.
After Emperor Liu Yu of Song ascended the throne, Liu Yikang was granted an additional 2,000 households in fief, his official position was promoted to General of Cavalry, and he was also appointed as a Cavalier Attendant and provided with a band of musicians. Shortly after, he was further appointed as the General of the Guards. In the third year of Yuanjia, he was appointed as the military commander of the eight provinces of Jingzhou, Xiangzhou, Yongzhou, Liangzhou, Yizhou, Ningzhou, and Nanbei Qin, as well as the governor of Jingzhou, with thirty sword-bearing attendants, and his positions as the Commissioner, Cavalier Attendant, and General remained unchanged. Liu Yikang was bright and quick-witted from a young age, managing local affairs efficiently. In the sixth year, Minister Wang Hong reported that Liu Yikang should return to the court to assist the government, so he was summoned to be the Palace Attendant and military commander of the three provinces of Yangzhou, Nanxu, and Yanzhou, the Minister of Works, the Recorder of Imperial Documents, concurrently serving as the General Who Pacifies the North, and the governor of Nanxu, with his position as the Commissioner unchanged.
Both government offices of the court appointed military aides who, alongside Wang Hong, assist the court in managing political affairs. Wang Hong is elderly and in poor health, and he often declines to take on any matters, so most major and minor affairs, both within and outside the court, are decided by Liu Yikang. Liu Zhan, the Prince's Minister, is exceptionally skilled in governance. When Liu Yikang previously served as an official in Yuzhou, Liu Zhan was his chief officer, and they shared a strong bond. Consequently, Liu Yikang places great trust in Liu Zhan and often seeks his advice on various matters inside and outside the court. During Liu Yikang's tenure in various regions, his political achievements were outstanding, earning him deep affection from the people. In the ninth year, following Wang Hong's passing, Liu Yikang also assumed the role of Governor of Yangzhou. That same year, the Empress Dowager passed away, prompting Liu Yikang to resign from his position as Attendant and relinquish his ceremonial sword. In the twelfth year, he also took on the additional role of Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince, once again being appointed as Attendant and wearing the ceremonial sword.
Yikang is known for his particular fondness for being an official, and he is meticulous and diligent in handling affairs, putting in his utmost effort. Once he gained control of the court's authority, he had the final say in everything, even the power of life and death, which he alone decided. The memorials he submitted were nearly always approved by the emperor, and local officials followed Yikang's arrangements. Therefore, both the court and the populace sought to curry favor with him, and his influence was nearly unmatched. Yikang himself worked very hard and never slackened. Every morning, hundreds of carriages would line up outside his residence, and he would personally attend to even the most humble visitors. Moreover, his extraordinary memory allowed him to recall everything he heard, and even brief encounters stayed with him. In crowded gatherings, he frequently recognized people he had met before, showcasing his sharp memory, and he earned immense admiration from everyone.
He valued his official position and never engaged in corruption. As long as someone in the court had talent, he would bring them into his service. Even if these people offended the emperor, he would find a way to promote them to official positions. Therefore, everyone under him worked tirelessly for him, and no one dared to neglect him. The founding emperor had been bedridden for years with a chronic illness. Whenever he thought about matters, he experienced severe pain in his chest, and his body grew weaker. Yikang took meticulous care of the founding emperor, personally serving him medicine and food, refusing to let the emperor eat anything he hadn’t personally tasted first. Sometimes he would go days without changing his clothes and would not sleep for several days in a row. He personally handled all matters inside and outside the court. In the sixteenth year of the emperor's reign, he was promoted to Grand General and appointed Minister of Works, recruiting many assistants to help him. However, Yikang lacked real talent and had little grasp of politics. He believed he had a strong bond with his brothers and thought the emperor did not see him as a subject, allowing him to do as he pleased without any precautions. He secretly kept over six thousand servants, a fact that remained hidden from the court. The finest goods from various regions were first offered to Yikang, with only the leftovers given to the emperor. Once, in winter, the emperor complained that the sugarcane he was eating looked unappealing and tasted bad. Yikang, who was present, replied, "Actually, this year’s sugarcane has some good ones!" He then sent someone to bring sugarcane from his mansion, but the sugarcane he sent back was only three inches long!
Yin Jingren, the Minister of Personnel, who was greatly favored by Emperor Taizu, had a good relationship with the Prince's Consultant Liu Zhan, but their relationship later soured. Liu Zhan always wanted to use the power of the Chancellor to bring down Yin Jingren, but Yin Jingren remained unscathed due to Emperor Taizu's protection. Prince Yikang tried several times to get rid of Yin Jingren without success, which only heightened Liu Zhan's anxiety. Liu Bin from Nanyang, who was Liu Zhan's relative and was somewhat capable, caught Yikang's attention and was promoted from Right Chief of the Ministry of Works to Left Chief. Additionally, Prince Langye Lu, Liu Jingwen from Pei County, and Kong Yinxui from Lu County all received preferential treatment due to their loyalty to Yikang. They saw that Emperor Taizu was seriously ill and all felt that the eldest son ought to be crowned emperor.
When Emperor Taizu was critically ill, he asked Yikang to draft his will. After Yikang returned, he tearfully told Liu Zhan and Yin Jingren about the situation. Liu Zhan said, "The world is in such chaos, how can a child possibly manage that?" Yikang and Yin Jingren remained silent in response, but Kong Yinxui and others went to the department of deliberations in the Ministry of Personnel, searching for precedents from Emperor Kang's reign during the Xiankang era, which Yikang had no knowledge of. When Emperor Taizu's condition slightly improved, he vaguely heard some rumors. Meanwhile, Liu Bin and his group, due to their favor with Yikang and the considerable power they wielded, wanted to disrupt the court in order to seize the throne. They formed an alliance, spreading rumors in the palace and stirring up trouble for those loyal to the court who were not on their side, fabricating accusations to drive them away. They also often gathered information on Yin Jingren's shortcomings and even fabricated some false stories to tell Liu Zhan.
From that point on, the relationship between the Emperor and the Chancellor became strained, leading to numerous internal and external conflicts within the court.
Liu Yikang wanted to promote Wang Bin to be the Danyang Prefect. He mentioned this to the emperor and also noted Wang Bin's poor family background. The emperor immediately understood his meaning. Before Liu Yikang finished speaking, the emperor said, "Let him be the governor of Wu Commandery!" Later, the magistrate of Kuaiji, Yang Xuanbao, wanted to resign. Liu Yikang thought of having Wang Bin take over, so he said to the emperor, "Yang Xuanbao wants to go back. Who do you think would be a suitable replacement for the Kuaiji magistrate?" The emperor hadn't thought about it yet and casually said, "I have appointed Wang Hong." Starting from the autumn of the sixteenth year of Jianyuan, the emperor stopped visiting the Eastern Palace. The emperor sensed a rift had formed between him and Liu Yikang, and that major problems were looming.
In the tenth month of the seventeenth year of Jianyuan, the emperor ordered the arrest of Liu Zhan, who was turned over to the Court of Judicial Review and executed. Then Wang Bin, as well as the Grand General's chief aide, Liu Jingwen, the bandit liaison officer, Kong Shaoxiu, the staff officer of the central army, Xing Huaiming, the registrar, Kong Yinxiu; the Danyang magistrate, Kong Wenxiu; Sima Liang, an aide to the Minister of Works, and others were all killed. The Chief of the Ministry of Personnel, He Mozai, the magistrate of Yuyao, Han Jingzhi, the magistrate of Yongxing, Yan Yaozhi, Liu Zhan's younger brother, the Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, Liu Su, and Wang Bin's younger brother, the attendant, Wang Weng, were all banished to Guangzhou. Wang Lu was removed from office and sent home. Kong Yinxiu initially served as a minor secretary but gradually became involved in confidential affairs. Kong Wenxiu and Kong Shaoxiu are his brothers. Sima Liang is a distant relative of the Kong family, and their promotions were due to their connection with Kong Yinxiu. Xing Huaiming and Sheng Yantai were promoted by Liu Yikang. He Mozai, Han Jingzhi, and Yan Yaozhi were all Liu Zhan's associates.
That evening, someone spied on Liu Yikang's whereabouts, brought him to the Zhongshu Province to reside, and that very night, they arrested Liu Zhan and the others. The Governor of Qingzhou, Du Ji, stationed troops within the palace as a precaution. He then sent someone to announce the imperial edict, informing Liu Zhan and the others of their offenses. Liu Yikang submitted a memorial requesting to resign from his official position, saying: "I have enjoyed the Emperor's favor since my youth, and my rank has surpassed what I merit. Your Majesty has favored your relatives to demonstrate harmony among brothers, forgetting my humble origins, continuously promoting my status, allowing me to manage internal and external affairs, and hold high positions. However, I have failed to set a proper example and to restrain my subordinates, and those close to me have acted improperly. Gradually, I became unaware, which led to false praise and blame, unfair rewards and punishments, all due to my incompetence and heavy responsibilities, which have led to the current situation. Although the criminals have been executed and the court has regained calm, the root of this disaster lies with me. I am filled with fear and unease, as if I have plunged into an abyss. How can I possibly continue to enjoy this favor? I request to resign from my official position and await punishment at home." Finally, the Emperor appointed him as the Commander of the military forces in Jiangzhou, while retaining his titles as Imperial Commissioner, Palace Attendant, and General, and assigned him to guard Yuzhang.
I took a break for over ten days, and Marquis Liu Yirong of Guiyang, Marquis Liu Yizong of Xinyu, and Secretary Xu Zhanzhi all came to visit and comfort me. I met them at the provincial office before heading to the lakeside. The Emperor just cried in front of them without saying a word. The Emperor also sent Monk Huilin to see me, and Liu Yikang asked, "Can I restore my official position?" Huilin replied, "It's a pity you haven't read hundreds of books!" Sima Xiao Bin, who had previously been favored by Liu Yikang, became jealous of his favoritism and slandered him, resulting in his demotion. He has now been appointed as a military advisor and concurrently serves as the Prefect of Yuzhang, with all matters, both big and small, entrusted to him. The Chief Scribe Xie Zong, who had always had a good relationship with Liu Yikang, was also appointed as a military secretary. Those who had previously looked after Liu Yikang also followed him to Yuzhang. Liu Yikang resigned from his state official position, and the Emperor approved it, appointing him as the military commander of Guang and Jiao provinces, as well as the Shixing region of Xiangzhou. He was treated generously, receiving ongoing rewards and gifts, and he was kept informed of all important court matters. Before Liu Yikang's downfall, the water in the well suddenly surged, and wild chickens and river gulls flew in front of his dwelling.
"I heard that wise kings do not reject the straightforward advice of loyal ministers and seek to broaden their knowledge and deepen their understanding as the way to govern a country. Subjects should not fear execution but should always be loyal and speak honestly. Therefore, Zhou Chang strongly advised, and Feng Tang spoke straightforwardly, allowing Emperor Han Hui to consolidate his throne succession and enabling Wei Shang to resume his post as the county governor of Yunzhong. Did those two ministers really enjoy going against the king and disrespecting him? Additionally, Yuan Ang advised Emperor Han Wen, saying, 'If Prince Huainan really dies of illness, Your Majesty will be labeled as a fratricide. What should we do?' Emperor Wen did not listen and later regretted it deeply. I’m just a humble servant and don’t want to brag; I just want to be loyal like a sunflower turning toward the sun, imitating the spirit of 'not seeking fame and fortune' in the Book of Changes. Therefore, I have come from afar, boldly submitting this letter, hoping that you will consider my foolish advice.
Your Majesty, you are the ruler of the world, the head of all things. Your benevolent rule spreads throughout the world, bringing harmony and order to the heavens, earth, and humanity. You have created the path of communication between the heavens, earth, and humanity and opened the gate to the great road, searching for hidden talents in the mountains and forests and recruiting talents and heroes from remote and humble alleys, so that no more fine horses are buried in the valleys and no more treasures are abandoned on the high mountains. You can soar freely in the sky like a great bird and fish for treasures in the boundless sea like a fisherman.
Moreover, Prince Yikang of Pengcheng was the most beloved son of the late emperor and also your brother! However, he was demoted and sent away to the south, breaking the brotherly bond and leaving them to go their separate ways. He left the side of the wise monarch and was exiled in this prosperous era, and the people felt sorry for him."
"Grasp the great elephant, the master of all things." You are the ruler of the world, the leader of all things. "Your benevolent rule brings harmony to the world, with heaven, earth, and humanity in perfect order." Your rule brings peace to the world, with the three realms of heaven, earth, and humanity in perfect order. "You have paved the way between heaven and humanity, opening the gates to the great path." You have opened the path to communicate between the three realms and opened the gates to the great way. "You welcome talents from all walks of life." You gather talents without restriction. "In the deepest valleys, the noble steed is not lost; on the highest peaks, treasures are not forsaken." You prevent the noble steeds from being buried and treasures from being abandoned. "Your broad-mindedness and generosity soar to the heavens and dive deep into the seas." Your broad-mindedness and generosity know no bounds. Think about it, the cherished son of the late emperor, your own younger brother, Prince Yikang of Pengcheng, has now been exiled to the south. The brotherly bond has been severed; he is now far from you, the wise ruler, exiled in this era of prosperity. How can the people not feel heartbroken for him? I vividly recall the chaos during the Jingping and Yuanjia periods; it was fraught with danger and extreme peril! At that time, the high-ranking officials, who outwardly seemed concerned about the country's fate, were actually harboring disloyal intentions; court officials near the capital were plotting rebellion, while the powerful state of Chu was lurking upstream. Some were scheming in secret, plotting against the country; others openly rebelled and bullied the monarch. At that time, the people were in panic; even the gods were angry and disgusted. Thanks to our ancestors' blessings, the nation devised strategies and ultimately cleared obstacles, eliminated traitors, and gradually restored peace to the world, with all directions returning to calm. In such circumstances, did Prince Yikang not have a role in the court's decision-making? Did he not have his own judgment on the situation at that time?
Your Majesty, in the past, you entrusted the important territory of Jingzhou to King Yikang because of your close relationship with him, allowing him to govern with your trust. You appointed him as the General of the Cavalry, assigning him the heavy responsibility of guarding the borders, caring for the people of Nanying, defending against external enemies, and spreading the grace of the royal family to remote regions, bringing stability to the distant areas. Your benevolence reaches far and wide, benefiting not just the people of Nanying! Later, you called him back to the court to serve as a chancellor, showing him special favor by appointing him to important positions and having him govern Xuzhou and Yangzhou. Therefore, everyone in the court is very happy, and both mortals and the divine are pleased. Everyone agrees that your appointment of King Yikang was correct, and he has indeed done his best. How can you now doubt him, distance yourself from him, and even disregard your brotherly bond? If he has truly made a mistake, his actions can be examined; if he has done good deeds, he should be rewarded, guiding him with the right principles.
Furthermore, looking back at the past of Prince Luling is enough to illustrate today's lesson. This is a lesson from Your Majesty's past and a guide for what lies ahead. Just like the story of Zengzi not killing pigs, it reflects the loyalty and integrity of a devoted minister; just like the story of Mencius' mother moving three times, it reflects the teachings of a benevolent ruler. Therefore, as it is said in the Book of Songs, "If you don't believe others, others won't believe you." It also says, "Even if brothers have disputes, they should not sever their brotherly bond." The Book of Documents says, "Strive to cultivate your virtues to foster closeness with your kin." When the nine relatives are harmonious, they can be close to the people. How can brothers so easily forsake one another?
Your Majesty, I hope you can carefully consider the historical calamities caused by deposing the crown prince and be wary of the dangers posed by slander. Prince Luling has already died in injustice, and Prince Pengcheng is trapped in Song's capital due to misunderstandings. This not only concerns the safety of our royal family today, but also how future generations will judge you in history! It's hard to tell flattery from sincerity, and right and wrong can easily be confused. Disaster often plants its seeds in the midst of happiness, a truth that has been recognized since ancient times. Those who cherish their lives will keep quiet; who would dare to risk giving advice? Though I am dull, I dare to speak out. I express my loyalty so earnestly because I am worried that Prince Yikang is old and in poor health. If he suddenly passes away in the south, you will bear the blame for abandoning your brother. Though my status is humble, I feel ashamed on your behalf. History will record everything; will the historians conceal the truth for you? If my fears come to pass, it will be too late for you to regret it. Yang Ziyun once said, "The greatest happiness is harmony, and the deepest calamity is fratricide." I have always kept this saying in mind as a warning to myself. Moreover, with such a major event happening in the royal family now, how can I possibly stay silent? I fear that the hearts of the people will waver, leading to unrest and anxiety among the populace. Achieving peace in the country is truly a daunting challenge!
Your Majesty, you only think about chopping off the bad branches, but do not understand that doing so will harm the tree. This is something that the ancients felt sorrow for long ago, and something we ought to steer clear of today. Your Majesty, if you can listen to advice with an open mind, eliminate suspicion, be willing to consider some common suggestions, carefully examine seemingly absurd strategies, withdraw unreasonable decrees, seek the opinions of knowledgeable scholars, quickly summon Prince Yikang back to the capital, foster harmony among brothers and between ruler and subjects, eliminate criticisms throughout the land, and silence those spreading rumors, then the expectations of the people will be fulfilled, and slander will naturally disappear. Why wait until the Minister of Works or the Governor of Yangzhou speaks before Prince Pengcheng can be at ease! If my advice goes against the law and harms the nation, please execute me right away to atone for my actions. Even if my body is dismembered and my corpse cooked, I am willing to die; what misfortune is there in that!
After the memorial was presented, the advisor was immediately sent to Jiankang Prison and executed.
It is said that Princess Kuaiji Chang was the eldest among the emperor's siblings, and the emperor was very close to and respectful of her. After Prince Yikang (Emperor Wen of Song, Liu Yilong) went south, after a long time, the emperor finally attended a banquet at Princess Kuaiji Chang's and had a great time. At the end of the banquet, Princess Kuaiji Chang suddenly stood up, kowtowed deeply, crying uncontrollably in profound sorrow. The emperor did not understand what was happening and quickly stood up to help her up. Princess Kuaiji Chang said, "Chezi (Prince Yikang) is getting older, Your Majesty, sooner or later you will not tolerate him; I have come specially to ask you to spare his life." With that, she burst into tears. The emperor was also moved to tears, pointing to Jiangshan Mountain, he said, "Such a thing will never happen! If I break today's oath, I will be unworthy of the tomb of the late emperor (referring to Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yu)!" The emperor immediately sealed the remaining wine from the banquet, had it sent to Yikang, and wrote a letter saying, "Sister Kuaiji misses her brother at the banquet; the remaining wine has been sealed and is being sent to you."
"Chezi, Yikang's nickname." This sentence clarifies that Chezi is a nickname for Yikang. The whole story is about the Princess's concern for her brother Yikang's safety, so she pleads with the Emperor for help, who reassures her and promises he will not harm Yikang. The Emperor not only makes a verbal promise but also shows his commitment and affection for the Princess by sending her wine, demonstrating his regard for brotherly love.
In the year 444 AD, Minister Fan Ye of the Crown Prince conspired to rebel, which implicated Prince Yikang. The details are specifically recorded in the "Biography of Fan Ye." Officials in the court reported: "Yikang used to monopolize power, looked down on others, formed factions for personal gain, and bought off a group of nefarious individuals. His crimes are extremely serious and warrant severe punishment. However, the Emperor is kind and lenient, due to familial ties, and has not stripped him of his title or demoted his position. People throughout the realm believe that while the Emperor's grace is considerable, it undermines the rule of law. Yikang is not grateful for the Emperor's grace at all; he fled south, feigning fear outwardly while showing no remorse internally. He lived extravagantly, constantly demanding things from the Emperor. The Emperor, in his compassion, repeatedly forgave him, extending much grace. However, he secretly contacted people and planned rebellion, secretly giving money to those around him, buying assassins. He was always on the lookout for an opportunity to usurp power. At that time, the Emperor showed restraint and only punished his servants. His arrogance remained unchanged, which ultimately led to disaster as he plotted rebellion once more. He conspired with nefarious individuals from a distance, colluding to seize power again. Thanks to the Emperor's sincere intentions, which moved the heavens, the Song Dynasty was able to continue to exist, so this treachery was exposed, and the criminals were caught. Even the wise Duke of Zhou did not shy away from punishing his own brothers; the benevolent Emperor Wen of Han did not shield his brother's crimes. Yikang's crimes surpass those of his two uncles in severity; his rebellion is worse than that of Prince Huainan. He betrayed familial bonds, transgressed ethical norms, and destroyed his future. We believe that Yikang's title should be revoked, and he should be handed over to the court officials for legal proceedings." The Emperor ultimately pardoned him from a death sentence.
Therefore, Yikang and his son Yun, as well as his daughters Shinin, Fengcheng, Yiyang, and Xingping, were all reduced to commoners, their titles and household registrations were revoked, and they were exiled to Ancheng Commandery. The court also appointed General Ning Shuo as the commandant of Ancheng Commandery, leading troops to garrison there. When Yikang was studying in Ancheng Commandery, he saw the records of Prince Li of Huainan and sighed, "Such things have happened in the past; thus, it is only right that I face punishment."
In the year 448 AD, the Governor of Yuzhang, Huan Long, and the Magistrate of Nanchang, Zhuge Zhizhi, were attacked and killed by a faction led by Hu Danshi, Yuan Yun, and others. This group gathered many people, occupied Yuzhang Commandery, and even sought to proclaim Liu Yikang as emperor. At that time, military officials, including Prince Jiangxia Liu Yigong, submitted a memorial stating, "The Book of Songs records 'toubi' (abandonment), and the Book of Documents also records the story of exile and death. Liu Yikang has committed egregious crimes and deserves the death penalty. The Emperor has been merciful, forgiving him multiple times, sparing him from the death penalty, and even relocating him near the capital. This kindness is truly unparalleled in history. However, he is ungrateful, believing slander, repeatedly acting against reason, inciting his family at home, and misleading the people outside, leading to public unrest. Hu Danshi even usurped titles and committed heinous crimes. It has always been necessary to eliminate potential threats, especially now that chaos has erupted. How can we ignore it? We believe he should be exiled to the remote Guangzhou, driven to the border, to avert further chaos." The Emperor agreed to this proposal and appointed Shen Shao, the Duke of Ancheng, as the Inspector of Guangzhou. Before Liu Yikang could set out, Shen Shao passed away from illness. At this critical moment, the Northern Suolu invaded Guabu, throwing the country into turmoil.
The emperor was worried that someone might take advantage of the chaos to rally support for Liu Yikang. When Liu Yikang was stationed in Pengcheng in his early years, he repeatedly requested the court to arrange a job for him. The Crown Prince and the left assistant minister He Shangzhi also interceded on his behalf. In January 452, the emperor sent the imperial secretary Yan Long with poison for Liu Yikang. Liu Yikang refused to take the poison, saying, "Buddhism says that after suicide, one cannot be reborn, so do as you wish with me!" He was subsequently suffocated with a quilt. He was forty-three years old that year, and the court buried him in Ancheng with marquis honors.
He left behind six sons: Liu Yun, Liu Gong, Liu Xun, Liu Zhao, Liu Fang, and Liu Tanbian. Liu Yun was initially appointed as the Marquis of Quanling with a fief of seven hundred households. Both Liu Zhao and Liu Fang died young. Liu Yun and the others remained in Ancheng, but later, those villains succeeded in murdering them too. In the fourth year of the reign of Ming Shizong, Zhu Houzhong, Yikang's daughter Yuxiu and others submitted a memorial, saying, "Father died unjustly, betraying the emperor's grace. He did not receive any proper treatment during his lifetime, nor did he receive the proper rituals after death. Although he was executed at Yushan, this still fails to reflect the majesty of the law. We, his children, risk our lives to petition, requesting that our father's body be moved back to his original burial site, allowing him to return to his roots." The emperor approved their request and provided them with some assistance.
In the first year of the Yongguang era of the former Emperor Liu Ziye, Grand Preceptor Liu Yigong, King of Jiangxia, submitted a memorial to the throne, saying: "I have heard that even distant relatives should value their family ties, especially those of the same clan, who should value these ties even more. Therefore, after the death of King Yandao, his descendants inherited the title, while King Fuling lost his title due to his mistakes and received only some favor after his death. Personally, I think that Liu Yikang, a former commoner, was punished for his cunning and deceit, which serves as a warning for future generations. Now, after three dynasties and more than thirty years have passed, the world has changed, and everything has been renewed. Yikang's wife and children passed away early and did not enjoy the blessings of the prosperous times. His daughters are now destitute and live as commoners. Their plight is not of their own making, and thinking about this makes me very sad. I dare to request Your Majesty, your benevolence shines over the world, nurturing all the people, and your compassion can even touch the spirits of the departed. I hope you can forgive their transgressions, restore their royal status as relatives of the imperial family, may this blessing extend to their graves, honoring their ancestors. I humbly submit this memorial, filled with sorrow."
The Emperor responded: "The Grand Preceptor's memorial is well-written, and your remembrance of the past is touching. In the past, the Kings of Huainan and Chu have shown favor to their descendants, demonstrating that forgiving relatives aligns with both ancient and modern norms. Issue the decree according to the contents of the memorial. As for Marquis Quanling Yunheng, who was also tragically killed, a new heir can be appointed for him."
In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Wen of the Taizong dynasty, Liu Yikang's family status was fully restored, and he was recognized as a commoner once more.
Prince Yixuan of Nanjun was born with a short tongue, which made his speech unclear. In the first year of Yuanjia, at the age of twelve, he was granted the title of Prince of Jingling, with a fief consisting of five thousand households. He was also appointed as the Right General and stationed in Shitou City.
Seven years later, he was promoted to the position of Governor in charge of military affairs in five states—Xuzhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Jizhou, and Youzhou—while simultaneously serving as the Governor of Xuzhou. He retained his title as a general but continued to be stationed in Shitou City. Eight years later, he was reassigned as the Governor of Nanyanzhou and Yanzhou, although he was originally meant to be stationed in Shanyang; he ultimately did not go.
In the ninth year of Yuanjia, he was promoted to the position of Supervisor of the Imperial Secretariat, with the rank of General of the Central Army. He was additionally granted the title of Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary and given a ceremonial guard. At that time, the region of Jingling had many barbarian tribes, and the people were heavily oppressed, leading to widespread discontent. Therefore, he was re-designated as the King of Nanqiao to continue his duties of guarding Shitou City.
In the thirteenth year of Yuanjia, he was sent to oversee military affairs in the three counties of Xiyang, Jinxin, and Xincai under the jurisdiction of Jiangzhou and Yuzhou, holding the title of General Who Guards the South, while also serving as the Governor of Jiangzhou.
Initially, Emperor Gaozu believed Jingzhou to have advantageous geography, a large population, and strong military forces, so he issued a posthumous edict allowing his sons to serve as officials there in succession. After Xie Hui pacified the rebellion, Jingzhou was conferred upon Prince of Pengcheng, Liu Yikang. When Liu Yikang became the Prime Minister, Jingzhou was given to Prince of Jiangxia, Liu Yigong. Later, due to Prince of Linyuan, Liu Yiqing, being a royal relative and his father, King Wulie of Linyuan, having made significant contributions to the country, Jingzhou was given to Liu Yiqing. Theoretically, it should have been Liu Yixuan's turn next. However, the emperor deemed Liu Yixuan incapable and unsuitable for managing such a crucial region as Jingzhou.
Sixteen years later, the emperor appointed Liu Yiji, the Prince of Hengyang, to take over the governance of Jingzhou from Liu Yiqing, and transferred Liu Yixuan to be the governor of Nanxuzhou, while also serving as the military governor of Nanxuzhou and the General of the Northern Expedition. His other official positions remained unchanged, and he was additionally granted the title of Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary. However, Princess Kuaiji had consistently advocated for Liu Yixuan, causing the emperor to hesitate for a long time. It was only in the twenty-first year that Liu Yixuan was finally appointed as the governor of Jingzhou, commanding the military forces of seven regions: Jingzhou, Yongzhou, Yizhou, Liangzhou, Ningzhou, and both Northern and Southern Qin. His official title was General of Chariots and Cavalry, with his other official positions remaining unchanged. The emperor first issued a secret decree to him, stating: "Shi Hu has been stationed at the western border for a long time, repeatedly petitioning to return to the court. It's common for court officials to be reassigned, and he doesn’t need to remain there indefinitely. I now wish to approve his request and let you replace him. While Shi Hu may not have any notable achievements, he is recognized for his integrity, frugality, generosity, and humble treatment of his subordinates, which is truly commendable. He has an excellent reputation in the west, and both the court and the public praise him. He has already brought a certain order to the region, and the people are living in peace. Some say there is no need to reassign him. The primary reason for this exchange is to promote you. You and Shi Hu are of similar age, each with your own strengths, and people have differing opinions about both of you. If we were to forcefully reassign him now, it would greatly affect the situation in the west, and people would hold me accountable. It would also cause Shi Hu to resent me, which would go beyond mere blame. In doing so, both public and private interests would suffer, so we need to discuss this matter thoroughly beforehand. In reality, this matter isn’t difficult to manage, and we should avoid letting people gossip about it." Shi Hu, which was Liu Yiji's childhood nickname.
After Liu Yixuan arrived in Jingzhou, he was diligent in political affairs, worked conscientiously, and handled government affairs in an orderly manner. He was fair-skinned, with clear eyebrows and eyes, seven feet and five inches tall, with a waist measurement of ten. He had many wives and concubines, with over a thousand in his harem, as well as several hundred nuns and elderly female attendants, and over thirty male and female slaves. He liked luxurious decorations and spent lavishly. Later, he was promoted to Minister of Public Works, then to Palace Attendant, and also served as Colonel of the Southern Tribes. In the twenty-seventh year, when minority tribes from the north invaded, Liu Yixuan was worried that the enemy would attack, prompting him to consider fleeing. After the enemy retreated, the Emperor Taizu criticized him, saying, "You should govern the people well and stop thinking about escaping!"
In the next thirty years, he became Minister of Public Works, General of the Central Army, and Governor of Yangzhou, while his role as Palace Attendant remained unchanged. Before he could take up his new appointment, he encountered the usurper who orchestrated the emperor's assassination. The new emperor appointed him as Imperial Secretary, Grand Commandant, and Minister of Public Works, while his roles as Minister of Public Works and Palace Attendant remained unchanged.
Upon hearing this news, he immediately led a rebellion, gathered troops, and issued proclamations across the land. At this time, Emperor Shizu led troops to suppress the rebellion, and he sent Captain Xu Yibao with three thousand troops as vanguard to support Emperor Shizu. After Emperor Shizu took the throne, he appointed Liu Yixuan as Imperial Secretary, put him in charge of Yangzhou and Yuzhou, and granted him additional titles and honors, along with a feathered pavilion, musicians, and forty sword-bearing guards. His position as Palace Attendant remained unchanged. He was then titled as King of Nanjun, with a fief of ten thousand households. His mother was honored posthumously with the title of Exemplary Empress Dowager, and his second son, Yi Yanghou Kai, was also granted the title of King of Nanqiao, with a fief of one thousand households.
He firmly declined a position within the court and the title of king for his son. Therefore, the court appointed him as the military commander of eight provinces: Jingzhou, Xiangzhou, Yongzhou, Yizhou, Liangzhou, Ningzhou, and both North and South Qinzhou, while his roles as Privy Councilor and Prime Minister remained unchanged. At the same time, his second son's title was downgraded to Prince of Yiyang. His generals and officials also received corresponding rewards. The achievements of Chief Historian Zhang Chang were documented in his biography. The military advisor Cai Chao, in charge of documentation and advisory tasks, was promoted to Minister of Personnel and continued to serve as the military advisor to the Prime Minister and the Intendant of Nanchu, being granted the title of Marquis of Runan with a fief of one thousand households. Sima Zhuchao was appointed as a Yellow Gate Attendant and also served as the Prime Minister's Sima and Intendant of Nanping. Others received rewards based on their contributions.
Yi Xuan stayed in the place he guarded for ten years, with a powerful army and abundant wealth. He first advocated righteousness, his reputation resounded throughout the world, and he could have whatever he desired. If he disagreed with any orders from the court, he simply ignored them. Once he offered wine to Emperor Taizu, drinking a cup first before sending the rest over, demonstrating his disregard for protocol.
From the start, Zang Zhi had ulterior motives. He believed that while Yi Xuan was formidable, he had vulnerabilities and could be easily manipulated to achieve his own goals. He ran from Xiangyang to Jiangling to meet Yi Xuan, feigning great respect, all recorded in the "Biography of Zang Zhi." After arriving in Jiangzhou, Zang Zhi often secretly wrote letters to Yi Xuan, urging him, "You have such great talent, have achieved so much, and hold the power to awe the emperor. Throughout history, few have been able to end well. You should take the initiative and strategize. Moreover, the people are eagerly anticipating your leadership. If you lead the army to the capital, both the court and the people will welcome you. Otherwise, if disaster strikes, it will be too late to turn back." Yi Xuan secretly accepted Zang Zhi's advice.
The emperor's harem life was quite extravagant, and the daughters of Yi Xuan were behaving recklessly. Yi Xuan was furious about this, so he secretly prepared ships and weapons and launched his rebellion in the autumn and winter of the first year of Xiaojian. He notified Lu Shuang, the governor of Yuzhou, and Xu Yibao, the governor of Yanzhou, to coordinate their efforts. Lu Shuang, who was addicted to alcohol, misheard the orders and rebelled in the first month, even sending the emperor's seal and declaring his support for Yi Xuan as emperor, and even dispatched the emperor's ceremonial guards; Xu Yibao also marched his troops toward Pengcheng. Yi Xuan and Zang Zhi hurriedly mustered their forces. On the twenty-sixth day of the second month, Yi Xuan was appointed as the supreme commander of all military operations, with positions such as left and right generals and a marshal established, allowing his subordinates to call him by name. He then sent a memorial that stated:
I have heard that the Marquis of Bolu faced suspicion during the Han Dynasty, and the Lord of Changguo was suspected in the Yan Kingdom. I have always felt that it is easy for outsiders to hold great power to make the emperor suspicious and create rifts, whereas harmony and integrity among relatives foster lasting relationships. Although I am mediocre in ability, I have always been eager for loyalty and caution since I was young. Faced with such a calamity, I am willing to abandon my family and be loyal to the country. Although I hoped I could retire safely, in reality, I have no notable achievements, only unwavering dedication and loyalty, whether in the court or among the people. Unfortunately, some people secretly suspect me, and the rumors and slanders against me are increasing day by day, like a flurry of shuttlecocks, with all kinds of rumors flying around. This situation arises from the collusion of corrupt officials in power, leading to such a state of affairs. In this corrupt era, upright and loyal ministers are rare, just as frost arrives, few trees can withstand it. Many people succumb to this chaotic world, willingly serving in a corrupt regime; they are all abandoned by the court and used by evil officials. I, on the other hand, have risen in rank and participated in major political affairs. Those wicked people envy my achievements, deliberately spreading rumors and confusing the emperor, deceiving the royal ears. After traveling south to inspect the counties and working diligently, people say that my achievements were obtained through personal efforts; they stir each other on, trying to undermine the court. Zang Zhi displayed loyalty and righteousness last year, with accomplishments rivaling those of ancient virtuous ministers; Lu Shuang also upholds righteousness, with unwavering loyalty, as firm as a rock, yet these individuals persist in their suspicions and slanders, attempting to frame them. When Jia An was still around, Liu An restrained his ambitions; after Kong Fu died, Hua Du became unruly. Although I lack martial prowess, I have achieved some success in difficult environments; yet, regrettably, I have faced slander and persecution from these individuals, who seek to entice me. The safety of the royal ancestral temple is in jeopardy; how can I remain passive?
I dedicate my body and soul to the royal cause, loyal to the court, as radiant as the sun and moon. As the royal family faces imminent downfall, the responsibility falls on me. How could I forget the lesson of "the mouse stealing oil" and shirk the responsibility of "running into a wall"? I implore the emperor to call upon the army and command the various vassal states, let the loyal warriors rise in rebellion, let the righteous men lend their strength, eliminate these treacherous villains, and purge the court's wrongdoings. In doing so, even if I die in battle, I will not dishonor the protection of my ancestors; even in defeat, I will not be ungrateful for the court's favor. As I write this, my heart is heavy with guilt, and words fail to express it.
The emperor sends greetings to everyone. Due to my own lack of ability, the country is facing tremendous difficulties, and our nation is on the brink of disaster. Therefore, I personally led eight hundred soldiers to address the injustices, and with the help of wise strategies, we will overcome these challenges together. After ascending the throne, I will honor our ancestors with sacrifices, rewarding relatives and meritorious officials to express my intentions, but since I lack the ability to govern effectively, I sincerely seek everyone's assistance. However, good advice is hard to come by; my shortcomings have been exposed first, and the plot to overthrow me has already begun, even before the diligent work of restoring the kingdom is complete. Zang Zhi is reckless and brazen, and his character is despicable; he is both ignorant and power-hungry, wanting to seize control, and his conspiracy is about to succeed. He first pretends to obey, then instigates deception, ultimately leading to this rebellion. If the rebels band together, and evil forces turn on one another, we might end up like crows, clueless about the outcome, with ongoing resentment and endless misfortunes; who can know its end? The officials lack understanding, ignoring the fundamentals, promoting treachery and cozying up to villains, and still think of preserving the state, although there were early signs, discussions were varied. I adhere to the principles of fairness and integrity, putting an end to all doubts and discussions, based on honesty and open to all. I never expected the situation to change so rapidly and become so unpredictable; those negative comments have unfortunately come to pass, and as a result, I am deeply worried and restless day and night.
Now I will personally lead the army, widely recruit soldiers, offer sacrifices to the gods, swear to fight against the rebels, advance directly on Chaisang, eliminate the instigator, and make amends to the world. Then, I will reorganize the army, return to Yingdu, report the situation to everyone, and listen to everyone's advice. The Song Dynasty has yet to be established, and the turmoil of the nation continues to plague us. In the peaceful past few years, I have adhered to the teachings of my ancestors, hoping for the long-term peace and stability of the country and to avoid disasters. Unexpectedly, not long after, such a change occurred. The ancestral heritage is about to be destroyed in an instant. Looking at this endangered country, my heart is filled with immense sorrow.
In a letter from Prince Yigong of Jiangxia to Yixuan:
Recently, I heard on the road that Erlu has rebelled. There is a reason for this. Those who say there is no reason at all, their arguments simply do not hold water. Suddenly seeing your memorial saying that you want to raise troops to attack Jinyang, I am deeply shocked and saddened. I do not understand why you would do this. If the emperor is young, the ministers are powerful, and power is in the hands of the prime minister, or if the emperor is incompetent and weak, and the ministers are pressuring the emperor, then loyal and virtuous princes will rise to the occasion and seize the opportunity to pacify the chaos. However, I have never heard of a case where, under a wise monarch and with officials fulfilling their roles, troops are raised at the beginning, and when the country is already stable, they go to pacify the chaos. I worry for my elder brother regarding this approach to solving problems.
Ah, in the two previous major upheavals, the whole nation resisted together. My younger brother, he was truly loyal and filial, supporting the emperor, with great achievements, and the emperor also rewarded him greatly. The position of prime minister is the highest position for a civil official, rarely achieved in the Jiangdong region. Our family has produced two princes, a rare occurrence in the world. He was particularly loyal to me, always heeding my counsel in his endeavors, doing as he pleased. Promotions and titles were all bestowed by the emperor, yet he suddenly renounced it all. Truly, it is fate!
My brother and I were both raised by the former emperor. We have survived until now, thinking of repaying the former emperor's kindness. However, the debt of gratitude is too great. Even if we give it our all, we fear we won't be able to repay him. Alas, who would have thought he would heed the words of the unscrupulous and easily plunge us into chaos? Rumors are spreading across the nation, placing the blame on our two uncles. Figures like Chao Cuo have long been forgotten in history, but he seems intent on repeating the turmoil of the Seven Kingdoms. He has abandoned the ancestral teachings of the Han Dynasty and imitated the failed example of the Qi Kingdom.
In the past, Zhong Kan sought troops from Lingbao, which brought disaster upon his family; Xiao Bo gave military power to Liu Lao, and he ultimately lost his life. These are lessons from the past, but they are also warnings for us today. Zang Zhi was notorious in his youth. My younger brother is well aware of this. He leveraged his connections to the royal family and his modest accomplishments to rise through the ranks, surpassing the average person in the end. He is using the powerful forces of Xichu to seek personal gain. If his scheme succeeds, it could spell disaster. The Lu Su father and son have been unjustly treated for generations in service to the country. The founding emperor rewarded them for expanding the territory, granting them lands across five provinces. Now, it's like a tiger and a rhino breaking free from their cage, which essentially hands Liu Yuan an opportunity!
Xu Yibao is the brother-in-law of Yuan Hu. Previously, Yuan Hu sought refuge with me, begging me to let him go north instead of to the distant west. Now he is wandering around the Huland area, hoping I would send Liu Yong to understand his intentions. Liu Yong is the uncle of Xu Chong, and he just received his secret letter indicating his intention to rebel. Since the invasion of the Hu people, the nation and its people have suffered greatly. How can we appease them? Just as we were starting to find some peace, my brother has stirred up trouble again. I am worried that the border areas will fall. We must think about the difficulties Emperor Gaozu faced in founding the empire, as well as the hardships our nation has endured over the years. We must halt the war now and unite to safeguard our nation. I must take responsibility, acknowledge my mistakes, and eliminate treachery, inheriting the achievements of my ancestors and documenting all of this in the annals of history. In the past, Prince Xiaowang repented and Emperor Jing forgave him; Marquis of Fuling and Zang Zhi also repented and were pardoned by Emperor Suzong. I urge him to learn from the ancients; the turning points of fortune and misfortune are clear to the wise.
The emperor is wise and decisive, the courtiers offer suggestions, loyal officials bravely kill the enemy, the army is vast, the fleet is numerous, and the momentum is formidable. Though I may not be the most capable, I am honored to serve as commander, reminding everyone to exercise caution in battle, striving to quickly pacify the rebellion in the south. That’s why I continue to delay, hoping my brother will come to his senses soon. If he continues to be ensnared by wicked slander, then it is the will of heaven. As I write this letter, I am filled with emotion and find it hard to articulate my feelings.
Yi Xuan issued a call to various states and counties to elevate officials. He sent an army led by Liu Chen and Yin Zhou to join Zang Zhi. Zhu Xiuzhi, the Governor of Yongzhou, rallied troops in response to Yi Xuan. On the eleventh day of the second month, Yi Xuan led a hundred thousand troops from Jiangjin, with war vessels stretching for hundreds of miles. On that day, a strong wind picked up, which nearly capsized the ships, but they finally reached Xiakou. He appointed his eighth son as General to defend Jiangling. He also sent Lu Xiu and Zhu Yanshao to lead over ten thousand men to the north to attack Zhu Xiuzhi. When Lu Xiu arrived in Jiangling and saw Yi Xuan, he came out and said, "Big brother, you've messed up! To rebel with a fool, we are sure to fail this year!" Yi Xuan arrived in Xunyang and attacked with Zang Zhi, who led the vanguard. Upon reaching Que Tou, they heard that Xu Yibao was defeated and Lu Shuang was beheaded in Xiaoxian. Both turned pale with fear.
The Emperor sent General Shen Qingzhi to deliver Lu Shuang's head to Yi Xuan, along with a letter saying, "I am responsible for the defense of one side, yet a rebellion has occurred. I deployed light troops to confront the enemy and quickly defeated them, and I had Lu Shuang beheaded. Our bond is exceptional; if you wish to meet, I can send you the head to see." Yi Xuan and Zang Zhi were both shocked and frightened.
Earlier, the Emperor had sent the Governor of Yuzhou, Wang Xuanmo, to lead the naval forces stationed at Liangshan Island, with strong defensive fortifications on both shores. Yi Xuan repeatedly wrote to Wang Xuanmo, urging him to capitulate. Wang Xuanmo replied:
Ah, I received your two letters, and I feel a mix of fear and excitement! When I was in the Pengcheng and Sishui area before, I heard the soldiers say that something like this would happen. Back then, I thought it was impossible and didn’t believe it at all. Last September, I even sent the military monk Yuan to write to you to express my intentions, and I privately told you about my plan for you to be the prime minister, hoping to see the wisdom of a minister like Duke Zhou return in our time. I never expected the situation to be so unpredictable, leading us to this point. Thanks to our fortunate encounter in the past, I have received your kindness and support. I've always wanted to repay your kindness, even if it means sacrificing everything. I never expected things to turn out this way, going against my wishes!
You’ve actually brought back those treacherous villains, allowing them to cause chaos, believing their slander and forgetting what’s right for the country, even manipulating the emperor's favor for your own selfish desires, trying to undermine the ancestral legacy and deceive the emperor—this is truly unprecedented! You even wrote to me as if you were inviting me. This shows that you haven’t grasped my sincerity or felt my loyalty. After thinking it over carefully, I realized how rare it is to find a true friend!
You only remember how you once promoted me, but you've forgotten the lessons you taught me. You seem unaware that there are still those willing to stand up for you. Isn't this something to lament? As a subject, you naturally hope for their loyalty, yet you tempt them into rebellion. Does this reflect the principles of a nobleman? If loyalty and forgiveness are disregarded, it’s like trying to write with a broken pen; how can you produce good words? Those who choose concubines value that which is easily obtained, while those who marry value that which is not easily obtained. If you only want me to be a mere puppet, what use am I to you? When the wheel breaks, the carriage cannot move; when the rituals decay, the nation is doomed. I fear that officials from Jingzhou and Yingzhou may already harbor doubts; only the lower-ranking officials in the capital will remain steadfast in upholding justice. Although you may have lost your way now, I still hope that you can regain your composure and do some good for the country. Your loyal and brave soldiers have a good relationship with you; their merits in the Battle of Xinting are unmatched, but you have fallen for the slander of treacherous individuals, resulting in your demotion and disgrace. Isn't this foolish? Luckily, I have made preparations early; the elite troops are closing in on the battlefield, the garrison forces are close behind, the Grand Tutor and the Cavalry have taken over the army, and the Emperor personally leads the army, instilling fear far and wide. Morale is high, people are eager for justice, the army is rapidly assembling like a storm, with overwhelming momentum, galloping for thousands of miles. I will lead the troops to confront you, obey orders, and fulfill my duty. The nation's righteousness has been lost, and moral integrity has vanished. As I pen this letter to you, my heart is heavy with mixed feelings. General Liu Yuanjing is stationed at Gushu, overseeing operations in the rear. His subordinates, Generals Zheng Kun and Wu Nian, are based in Nanpu. Xiao Daocheng has directly led his forces to Liangshan, establishing camp about a mile from Xuanmo, while Xiao Yixuan is encamped in Wuhu.
On May 19th, the southwest wind was howling. Xiao Daocheng seized the opportunity to ride the wind downstream and directly attack Xuanmo's western fortress. As a result, the rear guard led by Huzi You was defeated and abandoned the fortress, fleeing to Xuanmo's camp. Xiao Daocheng then sent General Pang Faqi and several thousand troops to flank Xuanmo by going around Jiangzhou to Nanpu. However, Pang Faqi encountered Zheng Kun and Wu Nian, suffering a crushing defeat, with nearly the entire army wiped out, and many soldiers tragically jumped into the water to escape.
On the 21st, Xiao Yixuan also arrived at Liangshan, while Xiao Daocheng led his troops from the east bank to attack Xuanmo. Xuanmo dispatched generals Yuan Huzhi, Xue Andu, and others to launch a counterattack, resulting in a devastating defeat for Xiao Daocheng's army, with many soldiers leaping into the river. Capitalizing on the fierce wind, Yuan Huzhi and his men set Xiao Daocheng's ships ablaze. The fire spread rapidly, filling the sky with thick smoke and enveloping the entire river. Xiao Yixuan's camp on the west bank was also engulfed in flames, leaving it nearly completely destroyed. Taking full advantage of the raging wind and fire, various generals launched a fierce assault on Xiao Daocheng, resulting in the utter annihilation of his army.
Yi Xuan and Zang Zhi fell out, each taking a boat to escape. The people in the east had all submitted to the court, while those who followed Yi Xuan in the west numbered just over a hundred boats. Yi Xuan's wife was originally married to Zang Zhi's son. Yi Xuan fled to Xunyang, entered the city, and brought his wife out, and they fled west together. Upon reaching Jiangxia, they heard that there were troops on the other side of Baling, cutting off their escape, so they turned back to Jingkou and walked to Jiangling. Most of his followers had scattered, leaving only about a dozen people around him. Yi Xuan's feet hurt and he couldn't walk, so he paid to hire a donkey cart. With no food, they begged along the way. When they reached the outskirts of Jiangling, they sent someone to inform Zhu Chaomin. Zhu Chaomin led his troops out to meet him. At that time, the situation in the city was fairly stable, with over ten thousand armored soldiers. Yi Xuan entered the city and came out to receive guests in the assembly hall. His subordinate Zhai Lingbao advised him to comfort everyone, saying, "Zang Zhi did not listen to your command, so he failed. Now we need to reorganize the army and make a new plan. Han Gaozu lost so many battles in the past, but he eventually succeeded." However, Yi Xuan mistakenly said, "Xiang Yu lost so many battles," which drew laughter from everyone. Lu Xiu, Zhu Chaomin, and others wanted to help him clean up the mess and make another effort, but Yi Xuan had already become disheartened and lost his fighting spirit. He retreated into the inner courtyard and never emerged. All his close aides deserted him. Lu Xiu ran to the north, and Yi Xuan could no longer hold on. He wanted to follow Lu Xiu, so he donned armor, packed food into bags, took a sword, and dressed his son Xi Hao and five cherished concubines in men's clothing to follow him.
The city is in chaos, with the glint of blades and the shadows of swords. Yixuan was so frightened that he fell from his horse and had to continue on foot. Zhu Chaomin sent him out of the city and provided him with a horse. Zhu Chaomin went back to guard the city. Yixuan hoped to catch up with Lu Xiu and that other generals would help him surrender to the north. But he couldn't find Lu Xiu, and before he could leave the city, the soldiers had scattered, leaving him with only his son Xi Hao, five concubines, and two eunuchs. That night, he returned to the city, entered an empty government office in Nanjun, and slept on the ground until dawn. He dispatched a eunuch to inform Zhu Chaomin, who sent a dilapidated carriage to pick him up and take him to prison. Upon arriving at the prison gate, Yixuan sat on the ground and sighed, "That old bastard Zang Zhi has ruined me!" He was initially locked up with his five concubines, who were later released. Yixuan cried to the jailer, "I never realized how bitter it was before, but now that we’re apart, I truly feel the pain!"
King Yigong of Jiangxia and a few others wrote a letter to the governor of Jingzhou, Zhu Xiuzhi, saying: "Yi Xuan, that little traitor! He has betrayed the court and committed heinous crimes. The ancients taught that 'great righteousness comes before family'; this principle is timeless! Even if it were just an ordinary general rebelling, eliminating him would suffice, not to mention Yi Xuan—his crimes have been made known to the world, and his army is advancing towards the capital. The situation is dire, and the emperor is deeply troubled. Thanks to the emperor's wisdom and the blessings of our ancestors, this criminal was captured, ensuring the safety of the imperial family and the ancestral temple. According to the law, he should be sentenced to death; this is all prescribed. However, the emperor is merciful, considering his moment of folly, and has wanted to spare him multiple times, but all petitions have been rejected. Everyone is on edge with worry. Yi Xuan brought this upon himself; it defies the natural order! As loyal subjects, we bear the responsibility of defending the country; we must eliminate him immediately to restore order. However, executing him outright would portray the emperor as lacking mercy, so it would be better to offer him the chance to end his own life, which would showcase the emperor's compassion while maintaining the law's authority. As I write this, I feel a heavy heart, so I’ll refrain from saying more." Before the letter was delivered, Zhu Xiuzhi arrived in Jiangling and had Yi Xuan killed, who was just forty at the time. Later, the emperor consented to move Yi Xuan's burial site.
Yixuan (义宣) had eighteen sons: Qi (悽), Kai (恺), Hui (恢), Jing (憬), Tan (惔), Xin (忄矣), Dun (惇), Tao (慆), Bo Shi (伯实), Ye (业), Xi Da (悉达), Fa Dao (法导), Seng Xi (僧喜), Hui Zheng (慧正), Hui Zhi (慧知), Ming Mi Lu (明弥虏), Miao Jue (妙觉), Bao Ming (宝明). Among them, Kai, Hui, Tan, and Dun were executed at Yixuan's (义宣) tomb in Jiangning, while Xin and Xi Da had died earlier. The remaining sons were killed by Zhu Xiuzhi along with Yixuan (义宣). Yixuan's (义宣) associate Cai Chao, as well as military advisor Yan Lezhi and Xu Shouzhi, were also executed. Cai Chao was from Jiyang Kaocheng; his father Cai Maozhi served as a tutor to Prince Luling Yizhen and held the position of Cavalry Officer under Prince Pengcheng Yikang. He also served as the Governor of Shixing. Cai Chao showed talent from a young age, starting his career as a registrar in Yanzhou. Later, during a recommendation of talents by various officials, he was recommended by Xing'an Marquis Yibin along with Jiang Chunzhi, the former magistrate of Shining, and He Daoyang, the former military advisor of Zhen Nan. There was also a man named Zhu Chaomin, the son of the governor of Qingzhou, Zhu Kui.
Hui (恺), style name Jingdu (景度), was the eldest son, intelligent and eloquent from a young age, and his father Yixuan (义宣) particularly favored him. At the age of eleven, he was granted the title of Prince of Nanqiao and also became a censor. Yixuan (义宣) held office in Jingzhou and often stayed in the capital without returning. The Emperor wished for him to return to the west, so he appointed him as the Governor of Hedong and also bestowed upon him the title of General of Ning Shuo. Shortly after, he was summoned back to the court and became the Yellow Gate Attendant. Later, amidst a political upheaval, he rose to the position of Palace Attendant.
Yi Xuan rebelled, and that usurping scoundrel arrested Hui and his brothers Kai, Tan, Qi, Jing, as well as another brother (the character "忄矣" here cannot be accurately identified, so "another brother" is used instead), and locked them up outside, assigning the scattered cavalry officer Shen Huan to guard them. Shen Huan secretly wanted to surrender to Yi Xuan, so he told Hui and the others, "Everyone's fortunes are tied together, don't worry." When Zang Zhi rushed from Bai Xiaocheng to Guangmomen, the usurper ordered Shen Huan to execute Hui and the others. Shen Huan then unlocked their shackles and handcuffs, and with dozens of his men, he rushed towards Guangmomen with Hui and the others, attempting to escape. The gatekeepers refused to let them through, so Shen Huan said, "Lord Zang has arrived, the bad guys have all fled. These are all officials from the House of Sikong; they can help you gain wealth, not just avoid disasters, so don't stop us!" Zang Zhi arrived just in time, and they were able to leave. Upon arriving at Xinting, Hui was appointed as councilor. Not long after, he was promoted to Shizhong, Sanci Changshi, Xizhong Langjiang, and Governor of Xiangzhou. Yi Xuan concurrently led Xiangzhou and reassigned Hui to the court in the role of Shizhong, allowing him to also lead the Commander of the Imperial Guards.
After the Jin Dynasty crossed the Yangtze River, positions such as Chengmen Xiaowei and Weiwei were no longer established. Emperor Wu wanted to strengthen the defense of the capital, so he reinstated the position of Weiwei, beginning with Hui. Later, he was promoted to Right Guard General while continuing to serve as Shizhong. When Yi Xuan rebelled, Hui and his brothers and sisters fled together. Hui hid in the house of a man named Chen Xi in Jiangning, but they were betrayed. As a result, Hui and his son Shanzang were both arrested and taken to the Ministry of Justice, ultimately, both father and son were executed.
It is said that a man named Kai, whose courtesy name was Jingmu, grew up in the palace since childhood, and the emperor favored him just like his other sons. At the age of ten, he was granted the title of Marquis of Yiyang County. Later, he rose to the position of General of Jianwei, the Governor of Nanpengcheng Commandery and the Governor of Pei Commandery. He was subsequently promoted to Colonel of Infantry, and then appointed as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, a Palace Attendant to the Crown Prince, while concurrently serving as Colonel of Changshui. Later, the instigator of the rebellion, Xiao Yixuan, promoted him to Cavalier in Regular Attendance. Emperor Shizu appointed him as the Director of the Imperial Secretariat. Before he could assume his new role, he was promoted to General Who Supports the State, the Governor of Nanpengcheng Commandery, and the Governor of Xiapi Commandery. That same year, he was further promoted to Supervisor of the Five Armies and granted the title of prince. When news of Xiao Yixuan's rebellion spread, Kai was found in the Temple of the Masters of Writing, dressed in women's clothing, riding in a carriage meant for interrogation, and fleeing to seek refuge with Lord Gai Xu of Linru. Gai Xu concealed him in the cellar beneath his wife's room. Once the truth came to light, Kai was arrested and handed over to the Court of Judicial Review, and Gai Xu was subsequently executed. Kai was later posthumously appointed as the Marquis of Linwu County and died at the age of eighteen, receiving the posthumous title of Dao Marquis. His son Qi was granted the title of Marquis of Xiannan County, while another son, Jing, was granted the title of Marquis of Qiyang County.
Speaking of Xu Yibao, also known as Shi Jun, he was from Gaoping Jinxiang. Initially, he was appointed as the General of the Guard, the Sima, and the Prefect of Hedong due to his achievements in the Battle of Xinting, but he did not take up the positions. Later, he was promoted to Governor of Yanzhou, while still holding his military title and stationed in Hulv. He was also titled as the Marquis of Yiyang County, with a fief of 2,500 households. After Xiao Yixuan's rebellion, Xu Yibao was appointed as the General of Conquering the Enemy and the Governor of Xuzhou, leading his troops from Guabu. Xu Yibao sent his Chief of Staff, Liu Yongzhi, to surprise attack Pengcheng, but the Sima of Ning Shuo, Ming Yin, defeated them. He then sent the Prefect of Gaoping, Wang Xuankai, and Liu Yongzhi to attack Pengcheng again. At that time, the Governor of Xuzhou, Xiao Sihua, had not yet arrived, and the court ordered the Sima of Anbei, Xiahou Zuquan, to lead five hundred men to support Ming Yin. Upon Xiahou Zuquan's arrival, he defeated and killed Wang Xuankai, forcing Liu Yongzhi to retreat to Hulv. Xu Yibao sent a messenger, Tan Xiuzu, to support Wang Xuankai, but upon hearing the news of Wang Xuankai's defeat, they also fled. Xu Yibao abandoned the city and fled to Lushuang. After Lushuang's defeat, he fled to the jurisdiction of Donghai County, where he was captured and killed by the locals, and his head was sent to the capital.
Xiahou Zuquan was from Qiao County. He was titled as the Viscount of Qiyang County with a fief of four hundred households for his achievements. During the Daming period, he served as the General of Jianwu and the Governor of Yanzhou, and passed away in office, receiving the posthumous title of Liezi.
Historical records mention that Pang Gong of Xiangyang said to Liu Biao: "If Duke Zhou, Guan Shu, and Cai Shu lived in a thatched hut, eating wild vegetables and bean soup, would there be such troubles?" This illustrates that among fathers, sons, and brothers, even though they share parental love, their perceptions of wealth and status can be quite different. Reflecting on Pang Gong's words truly stirs a multitude of emotions!
Pang Gong's point is that conflicts between brothers arising from wealth and status are not a major issue. If Zhou Gong, Guan Shu, and Cai Shu had the same living conditions from the beginning, there wouldn't have been the subsequent disputes. This is similar to some people today; siblings who grew up together and had a good relationship, once they have money and status, are likely to turn against each other over unequal distribution of wealth. Therefore, the root cause does not lie in the brotherly bond itself, but in the temptations and disparities created by external material conditions. Pang Gong's words highlight the weaknesses of human nature and how money corrupts the heart.
"If Zhou Gong, Guan, and Cai lived under thatched roofs, eating coarse food, how could there be such difficulties?" This poetic line succinctly encapsulates Pang Gong's viewpoint and is worth reflecting upon. He isn't suggesting that conflicts between brothers should be avoided altogether; rather, if one can lead a simple life and minimize external temptations, many conflicts can be prevented. This remains relevant in today's context.
