In Lueyang, the Yang family has resided and has been a prominent family in the Longyou region since the Qin and Han dynasties. During the Jian'an period of Emperor Xian of Han, a man named Yang Teng from this family became the chieftain of the tribe. Yang Teng's son, Yang Ju, was brave and intelligent, and later moved the tribe to Chouchi.
Chouchi covers an area of about one hundred hectares, which is why it is called "Baiqing." It is surrounded by steep mountains on all sides, with only about twenty miles of flat land. The roads are like sheep trails, winding and twisting, with thirty-six turns. There are many springs on the mountains, and the soil can even be processed into salt! Yang Ju's grandson, Yang Qianwan, was later granted the title of Di King of Baiqing by the Wei Kingdom. Yang Qianwan's grandson, Yang Feilong, expanded the tribe, making it increasingly powerful. Emperor Wu of Jin even appointed him as the General of the Westward Expedition, but he later returned to his hometown in Lueyang.
As Yang Feilong had no sons, he adopted his nephew Linghu's son, Yang Wusou, as his heir. In the sixth year of Emperor Huai of Jin, to escape the turmoil in Qimillennium, Yang Wusou led over four thousand households back to Chouchi, where he took on the titles of General of the State and Rightful King. Many people from Guanzhong fled to Chouchi, and Yang Wusou welcomed them and ensured they were settled properly. If anyone wished to leave, he even offered them travel expenses and protection. Emperor Min of Jin also appointed him as the General of the Valiant Cavalry and the Leftful King. At that time, Prince Nanyang Bao was stationed in Shanggui, and he appointed Yang Nandi, Yang Wusou's son, as the General of the Southward Expedition. In the fifth year of Jianxing, Yang Wusou died, and Yang Nandi inherited his position.
They split their forces into two divisions, with Yang Nandi as the Leftful King stationed in Xiabian, and Yang Jian as the Rightful King stationed in Hechi. In the fourth year of Taixing of Emperor Yuan, Liu Yao launched an attack on Yang Nandi, and he and Yang Jian fled to Jinshou, and surrendered to Li Xiong. After Liu Yao withdrew his troops, they returned to Chouchi.
In the year 334 AD, Nan Di died, and his son Zi Yi succeeded him, claiming the titles of Commissioner, General Long Xiang, Prince of the Left, and Duke of Xia Bian. At the same time, he appointed Jian Tuzi Pan as Commissioner, Champion General, Prince of the Right, and Duke of He Chi. In 335 AD, they sent envoys to the Jin Dynasty to pay tribute. The Jin Dynasty appointed Zi Yi as General of the Southern Expedition and Jian as General of the Eastern Expedition. Three years later, Zi Yi's cousin Chu Sha killed Zi Yi, seized his territory and army, declared himself Duke of Chou Chi, and surrendered to Shi Hu. Later, Chu Sha sent envoys to the Eastern Jin Dynasty to pay tribute. In 348 AD, the Eastern Jin Dynasty appointed Chu Sha as Commissioner, General of the Southern Expedition, Inspector of Yongzhou, Colonel Who Suppresses the Qiang, and Duke of Chou Chi. Chu Sha's son Guo was appointed General Who Guards the East and Prefect of Wudu. In 355 AD, Chu Sha was renamed Duke of Tian Shui by the Jin Dynasty. In 356 AD, during her service at the court, Liang Shi Wang, the daughter-in-law of Song Nu, unexpectedly assassinated Chu Sha. Guo, Chu Sha's son, with his men killed Liang Shi Wang and Song Nu, and reclaimed his throne. General Huan Wen recommended Guo to be General of the Northern Defense, Inspector of Qinzhou, and Colonel Who Suppresses the Qiang, while Guo's son An was appointed General Who Inspires Awe and Prefect of Wudu. In 357 AD, Guo's uncle Yang Jun killed Guo and declared himself king, while An escaped to Fu Sheng, and Yang Jun sent envoys to the court to pledge allegiance.
In the year 361 AD, the court appointed Yang Jun as the General Who Pacifies the West, the Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and the Duke of Chouchi. Four years later, Yang Jun passed away, and his son Shi succeeded him, receiving the titles of Champion General, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Prefect of Wudu, and Duke of Chouchi. In the third year of the Tahe era of the Former Qin dynasty, Shi was promoted by the Jin dynasty to General Who Conquers the West and Governor of Qinzhou, while his brother Tong was appointed as General Who Pacifies the East and Prefect of Wudu. In the year 367 AD, Shi passed away, and Tong deposed Shi's son Zuan and declared himself king. Zuan, who was also called De, colluded with accomplices to murder Tong, then sent envoys to Emperor Jianwen to report the situation. Emperor Jianwen appointed Zuan as Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Governor of Qinzhou, and Duke of Chouchi. In the year 371 AD, Fu Jian sent Yang An, Fu Ya, and others to attack Zuan, captured his territory, and relocated his people to Guanzhong, leaving the land deserted for over a hundred acres. Later, Zuan was killed by Yang An.
After the death of Song Nu, his two sons Fonu and Fogou fled to the Guanzhong region. Fu Jian appointed Fonu as the Right General and Fogou as the Protector of the Yi tribes. Later, Fu Jian married his daughter to Fonu's son, Song Ding, who was appointed Minister and General of the Army.
In the year 373 AD, Fu Jian suffered a defeat in Huainan, resulting in chaos in the Guanzhong region. Song Ding loyally followed Fu Jian. After Fu Jian passed away, Song Ding escaped with his family to Longyou, then settled there in Licheng. Licheng was situated on the border of Xixian, about 120 li from Chouchi. He built a large warehouse there and stored a significant amount of grain. He also recruited numerous Yi tribes and commoners from the Jin dynasty, totaling over a thousand households. He self-styled himself as "General Who Gallops Like a Dragon, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Duke of Chouchi," and pledged his allegiance to Emperor Xiaowu of Jin. Emperor Xiaowu accepted his self-styled titles.
Song Ding once again requested Emperor Xiaowu of Jin to assign him Xixian County in Tianshui Commandery and Shanglu County in Wudu Commandery to establish Chouchi Commandery, and the emperor agreed. In the year 378 AD, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin appointed Song Ding as the General of State Assistance and Inspector of Qinzhou, and Song Ding also gave himself the title of "General Who Conquers the West." Later, he was promoted to Grand Commandant, Commander of the military affairs in Longyou, Grand General Who Assists the State, and appointed as a Palace Attendant with Equal Authority to the Three Offices, while retaining his previous positions of Colonel and Inspector. That year, he conquered Tianshui Commandery and Lueyang Commandery, thus gaining control of the entire Qinzhou territory, and proclaimed himself the "King of Longxi."
In the year 382 AD, Song Ding went to attack the Qiang tribal leader in Longxi, Qifoguanggui, but his army was defeated and Song Ding himself was killed. As Song Ding had no sons, his nephew Shengxian became the regent and continued to defend Chouchi, inheriting Song Ding's position and taking the titles of "Commissioner Who Holds Authority, General Who Conquers the West, Inspector of Qinzhou, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Duke of Chouchi." Song Ding was posthumously titled the Martial King. Shengxian divided the Di and Qiang people of the Four Mountains region into twenty tribes, each with a garrison to guard them, without creating any counties.
During the third year of the Long'an reign of Emperor An of Eastern Jin, Yang Sheng, the leader of Chouchi, sent envoys to the court to offer tribute and pledge allegiance. Emperor An was thrilled and immediately appointed him as the General of State Assistance and Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, also granting him the title of Duke of Chouchi, a major appointment! Later, in the third year of the Yuanxing reign, when Huan Xuan was in power in the Jin dynasty, Yang Sheng was further promoted to General Who Pacifies the North, Inspector of Liangzhou, and Colonel Who Guards the Western Tribes, with his rank continuing to rise.
In the first year of Yixi, there was some trouble. Yao Xing of Later Qin led his troops to attack Yang Sheng, who, feeling frightened, quickly sent his son Yang Nandang as a hostage to secure his own safety. Yao Xing sent the general Wang Min to attack the city. At this time, the Deputy of Liangzhou, Lv Ying, asked Yang Sheng for help. Yang Sheng sent troops to Jinkou. Wang Min realized the situation was unfavorable and withdrew his troops. After this, Yang Sheng's official position was promoted again. The court appointed him as Commander of Longyou, Grand General of the Westward Expedition, and bestowed upon him the title of Three Excellencies. This was a prominent official of the court! Around the same time, the Inspector of Yizhou, Mao Qu, fought against the Inspector of Liangzhou, Huan Xi, who served under Huan Xuan, and lost. He fled, leaving Hanzhong empty. Yang Sheng sent his nephew, who was the General of Pacification in the South, to guard Hanzhong. Three years later, the court appointed Yang Sheng as the Imperial Commissioner and Inspector of North Qin Province, giving him even more power. Later, Yang Sheng sent Fu Ning to serve as the Inspector of Liangzhou, replacing his nephew. In the ninth year, the Inspector of Liangzhou, Suo Miao, was stationed in the southern city, and Fu Ning finally returned. When Liu Yu became emperor, known as Emperor Gaozu of Song, Yang Sheng was promoted once again. He became the General of Chariots and Cavalry and was also appointed as a Palace Attendant. In the third year of Yongchu, Yang Sheng was titled King of Wudu, his son Yang Xuan was titled Crown Prince of Wudu, with the additional title of Former General; Yang Nandang became the Champion General; his nephew became the General of Pacification in the South. Yang Sheng held the title of King of Wudu for thirty years and passed away in the sixth month of the second year of Song Yuanjia, at the age of sixty-two. People referred to him privately as King Huiwen.
Yang Xuan, also known as Huang Mei, gave himself a multitude of official titles, just like his father Yang Sheng. He held positions such as Commander of the Military Forces in Longyou, Grand General of the Western Campaign, Governor of Qin Province, Prince of Wudu, and others, commanding respect. Even though he was a minority, he always used the era name "Yixi" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Yang Xuan was very kind to people and was deeply loved by scholars and commoners. His younger brother Yang Fu, also known as the General of Annan, was talented in both civil and military affairs, with exceptional strategizing skills. However, Yang Xuan couldn't stand him. Three years later, due to Yang Fu's son committing murder, Yang Xuan took the opportunity to have Yang Fu killed. Emperor Song Ming later appointed Yang Xuan as Prefect, General of the Western Campaign, Commander of the Qiang Tribes, Governor of Northern Qin Province, and Prince of Wudu, changing to the era name "Yuanjia." Earlier on, Yang Sheng had advised Yang Xuan, "I am old now and should serve as a subject of the Jin Dynasty. You should serve the Emperor of the Song Dynasty well in the future." Therefore, Yang Xuan always followed his father's wishes. Later, the court posthumously promoted Yang Sheng to Grand General of the Valiant Cavalry, with his other positions unchanged. In the sixth month of the sixth year, Yang Xuan passed away, and people privately referred to him as King Xiao Zhao. Yang Fu struggled with the responsibilities, so to protect the family, he changed his name to Qiang Nu, declared himself king, and assumed titles such as Prefect, Commander of the Yong and Liang Regions, Governor of Qin Province, Commander of the Qiang Tribes, and Prince of Wudu. Emperor Taizu later granted him additional titles, appointing him as General of Champions, Governor of Qin Province, and Prince of Wudu. Nine years later, Yang Fu's official positions were further elevated, being appointed as General of the Western Campaign, with the titles of Prefect, Commander, and Colonel added. Yang Fu also appointed Bao Zong as General of the Southern Garrison, stationed in Dangchang; and appointed his second son Shun as General of the Eastern Garrison, Governor of Qin Province, charged with defending Shanggui. Bao Zong later conspired to attack Yang Fu, but the conspiracy was discovered, and he was arrested.
Earlier, two refugees, Xu Muzhi and Hao Huizhi, fled to Nandang and both changed their surnames to Sima. Muzhi called himself Fei Long and Huizhi called himself Kangzhi, claiming to be relatives of the Jin dynasty royal family. Later, Kangzhi was killed. Ten years later, Nandang heard that the Governor of Yizhou, Liu Daoji, did not know how to win over the people of Shu, so he sent military support to Fei Long, allowing him to wreak havoc in Shu as a bandit. Liu Daoji eventually defeated Fei Long and executed him. At that time, the Governor of Liangzhou, Zhen Fahua, was not following the law, so Emperor Taizu sent the Governor Xiao Sihua to replace him. Before Xiao Sihua arrived in Liangzhou, Nandang launched an attack on Liangzhou with his troops, captured Zhang Fan, the Prefect of Jinchang, and breached Baima. Zhen Fahua sent his officers Lu Anqi and Shen Fahui to resist, but both ended up fleeing. Nandang then sent General Jianzhong Zhao to attack Jiameng and captured Fan Yanlang, the Prefect of Jinshou. In November of that year, Zhen Fahua fled from Liangzhou to Yangchuan, which allowed Nandang to take control of the Hanzhong region. He appointed Fu Su, a member of the Di tribe, as the Governor of Liangzhou, but deemed him too brutal and had him executed, appointing Sima Zhaowen as the new Governor of Liangzhou. In the first month of the tenth year, Xiao Sihua sent Sima Xiaocheng to lead the vanguard in marching to quell the rebellion, quickly restoring order in Liangzhou, as noted in the "Biography of Sihua." In April, Nandang sent a letter of apology, stating:
I heard that all living beings come from the same source, but prosperity and poverty, as well as life and death, are distinctly different, and encounters vary greatly. Even when blessings come from above, there's truly no way to repay them. A person as arrogant as I am, separated from the sages by an immense distance, can still hold a heart of gratitude. How much more should we remember to be grateful in the relationships between rulers and subjects, and between fathers and sons! I have always wanted to be loyal and follow your teachings, but my sincere intentions were misunderstood, and instead brought about great slander. The Inspector of Liangzhou, Zhen Fahui, falsely accused me of sending Sima Feilong to disturb the western Shu. His accusations are simply not true, and the incident happened a thousand miles away. I have no way to prove my innocence, and the rumors are escalating with each passing day. Rather than passively accepting it, I might as well just fade away. The civil and military officials harbor deep resentment towards me, and I feel utterly powerless.
I dispatched the officer Yao Daoxian with a letter of explanation to the Inspector of Liangzhou, Xiao Sihua, and later sent him to surrender to the court. However, when Yao Daoxian reached the western city, he was killed by the garrison, his luggage was looted, and not even the sun could shine through. Frightened, Zhen Fahui quickly fled, and I immediately led the army back, without committing any offenses, leaving only a small number of soldiers to guard and wait for the court's instructions. It took several months for the court's army to finally arrive. The soldiers I had left behind were few in number and weak, fearing for their own safety, so I sent light troops to meet the court's army. Unfortunately, at this time, the refugees from Qin land missed their homeland and wanted to return, and I was completely unable to stop them due to my negligence in border defense, which led to this oversight.
My ancestors have been frontier generals for generations, receiving imperial favor. Our family is the foundation of the dynasty's governance, always following the will of heaven. I did not pursue my achievements and rewards just for today. How could I destroy my previous merits for the sake of reputation? The truth is clear; I believe the emperor is wise and will surely see through the truth. I have acted foolishly and violated the principles of loyalty and righteousness, causing a disturbance in the court. I bear a heavy burden of guilt, and I should be sentenced to death. I am in a remote place with no way to appeal, so I can only send Qi Liang, who is also the Chief Historian, to await the court's decision and present the eleventh talisman you granted me, waiting for the emperor's decree.
It is said that in the past, Emperor Zhu (Zhu Yuanzhang) felt that although Yang Nandang was a border barbarian, his attitude was sincere; he took the initiative to admit his mistake and show repentance. So he issued an imperial edict saying, "Yang Nandang's memorial is well written. Seeing his repentance, I will pardon him and return the land and property confiscated earlier."
Twelve years later, Yang Nandang sent his younger brother Yang Baozong to guard Tongting. As a result, Yang Baozong, being timid, fled at the first news of war and directly joined Tuoba Tao of Northern Wei. Tuoba Tao saw his talent and immediately appointed him to many positions, such as the Commander-in-Chief of Longxi, General of the West, Household Department Supervisor, Inspector of Qiang, King of Southern Qin, and sent him to attack Shanggui. Yang Nandang's son, Yang Shun, could not defend the city and had to retreat, later being appointed as the Governor of Yongzhou to defend Xiaobian.
In the thirteenth year of March, Yang Nandang felt powerful and declared himself the Great King of Qin, changed his reign title to "Jianyi," appointed his wife as queen, his son as crown prince, and established a bunch of official positions, projecting an image of being equal to the court. However, on the surface, he still obeyed and paid his tributes without fail.
Seventeen years later, his territory was struck by a severe drought, followed by a series of disasters. It seemed the heavens could no longer stand by, so they directly demoted Yang Nandang from the King of Daqin to the King of Wudu. Truly, fortunes change!
In October, the entire country was in a panic as southern rebel forces advanced on Shu. Fearing an attack from the army in Hanzhong, the court sent General Fu Chong to defend Dongluo. However, Governor Liu Daozhen of Liangzhou decisively defeated Fu Chong.
In November, Nandang captured Jiashan and took Jinshou Prefect Shen Tan prisoner, then besieged Fucheng. Baixi Prefect Liu Daoyin defended the city, and after ten days of unsuccessful attempts to capture it, Nandang had to retreat.
In the second year of January, Emperor Taizu sent out General Longxiang Pei Fangming, Prince Zuo Jinyu General Liu Kangzu, and Rear Army Staff Liang Tan, leading three thousand elite soldiers and mobilizing troops from Jingzhou and Yongzhou to jointly attack Nandang, under the unified command of Liu Daozhen. In May, Pei Fangming and his troops arrived in Hanzhong, advancing rapidly. Liu Daozhen reached Wuxing and captured the territory of self-proclaimed General Fu Long. Anxi Staff Officer Wei Jun and General Jiang Daosheng attacked Bian from another direction, while Liu Daozhen also sent Sima Xiahou Mu to attack Baishui from the west. Nandang's son, Yongzhou Governor Fu Shun and General Yang Liang, couldn't withstand the assault and fled.
In June, Pei Fangming arrived in Langao and encountered the formidable General Fuyide and General Fuhongzu of Zhenbei, who had more than 10,000 troops ready to fight to the death. However, Pei Fangming defeated them; Fuhongzu was killed on the spot, and over 2,000 soldiers were killed, while Fuyide escaped. On the Tian Shui side, a man named Ren Yuzhi surrendered to the court with his soldiers. The son of Fuyide, the Grand General Fuhuo, was repairing the city when Pei Fangming sent troops to attack him with Ren Yuzhi, resulting in a great victory. Unable to escape, Fuyide fled with his wife and children to Suolu, where he ultimately met his end. Assistant General Lu Shangqi pursued Fuyide to Hanxia, capturing General Yang Baozhi and Marquis Yang Hutou alive.
At first, Fuyide sent his second son, Fuhu, to serve as the General of Zhen Nan and the Governor of Yizhou, tasked with guarding Yinpings. Hearing that his father had fled, Fuhu also fled to Xiabian. Pei Fangming sent his son Pei Su to persuade him to surrender, resulting in Fuhu's capture, followed by his beheading in Jiankang City.
Chouchi was subdued. The court appointed the Assistant Marshal Hu Chong as the Dragon Cavalry General, Governor of Qinzhou, and Commander of the Pingqiang, to guard Chouchi. Unexpectedly, the Suolu leader Tuoba Tao dispatched Grand General Tuxi Bi and General of Pingbei Tuoba Qi with an army of 20,000 to besiege Hu Chong. In February, Hu Chong arrived at Zhuoshui, 80 miles from Chouchi, and encountered Tuoba Qi and his men, resulting in a crushing defeat, where Hu Chong was killed in battle and the remaining soldiers fled back to Hanzhong.
In March, Sima Fuda of the former Eastern regime and the Western Expedition officer Reng Fei among others rose up, supported by the younger brother of Baozong, Yang Wende, as the leader. Tuoba Qi heard that someone had rebelled and fled in fear. Fuda pursued Tuoba Qi and killed him, then occupied Baiya, successfully pacifying the various rebellions. Yang Wende appointed himself an official, claiming to be the Commissioner of the Imperial Edict, Commander-in-Chief of the Qin, He, and Liang provinces, Grand General of the Western Campaign, Governor of the Qin, He, and Liang provinces, Prefect of the Qiang, Duke of Qouchi. He also sent a messenger to report this news to the court.
The Emperor issued a decree: "Recently, the Prefect of Qouchi reported that the enemy was rampant, occupying Qouchi. Our soldiers have suffered heavy casualties, and the people are displaced. I have been deeply concerned about this matter. The Yang family has served loyally for generations, and this time he truly showed his gratitude to the country, leading the militia to quickly eliminate the enemy. Wherever the battle flag pointed, the enemy was defeated, and the border has been restored to peace. His contributions are indeed remarkable! I am very pleased! Quickly send someone to commend him, convey my decree, and instruct the Governor of Liangzhou, Shen Tan, to provide the necessary support."
The emperor issued another imperial decree: "We must commend his merits, as stipulated by the country. Rewards must be swift and not delayed. Yang Wende has great ambitions, excels in both civil and military affairs, seized the opportunity to counterattack, made significant contributions, voluntarily confessed to the court, offered captives to the court, and did not let the enemy occupy any land. This is truly impressive! His merits are remarkable, and I am very pleased! The ancestors of the Yang family have meritorious service to the country, loyal for generations. Yang Wende should carry on his ancestors' legacy and enjoy honor and wealth. I hereby appoint him as Governor-General, Cavalry Attendant, Commander of the Military Affairs of the Northern Qin and Yong Provinces, Grand General of the Westward Expedition, Colonel of the Pacification of the Qiang, and Governor of Northern Qin Province, and confer upon him the title of Wudu King!" Ren Fu's grandfather, Qi, uncle, Zuo, and father, Zong, all served in the Yang family and held the position of Consultation Attendant. Ren Fu is very capable, and Yang Wende appointed him as the Left Sima. Well, this fellow Wende received the imperial order to go to Qalucheng to serve as a soldier. As a result, in the twenty-fifth year of his reign, he was defeated by enemy forces and had no choice but to flee to Hanzhong. At that time, the Emperor was stationed in Xiangyang and brought Wende back to the capital. Because he lost the city, Wende was dismissed from office, and his title and fief were also deprived. Two years later, in the twenty-seventh year, the imperial army launched another northern campaign against the enemy, and Wende was appointed as the Assistant General, leading troops westward from Hanzhong, instilling fear in Qinzhou and Longzhou. As a result, Wende's kinsman, Yang Gao, along with the Di people from Yinping and Pingwu, occupied Tanglu Bridge and blocked Wende's passage. Wende, known for his temper, launched a surprise water attack and routed Yang Gao, who fled to seek refuge with the Qiang.
Wen De pursued relentlessly, chasing all the way to Liyangling. Yang Gao fled to the home of A Ruo, an enemy of the Qiang people. In the end, Wen De caught up with him and executed him on the spot, thus completely pacifying the Yinping and Pingwu regions. Afterwards, the court sent Wen De to campaign against the Di people at Dantidi, but unfortunately, he was defeated and was captured by Liu Xiuzhi, the Governor of Liangzhou. He was sent to Jingzhou, where he was assigned to continue his military service in Qialu City under his ancestral brother. This was not the end of his troubles, as the Governor of Jingzhou, King Yixuan of Nanjun, instigated a rebellion. Wen De refused to join him in rebellion and was subsequently executed. Later, the Emperor posthumously conferred upon him the titles of General Conquering the Barbarians and Governor of Qinzhou.
In the year 455 AD, the court appointed Yang Yuanhe as General Conquering the Barbarians and Yang Tou as General of State Affairs. Yang Yuanhe inherited the rightful position of the Yang family, and many Di people wanted to proclaim him as their leader. However, he was young, weak, and struggled to command his subordinates. His mother, wife, and younger brother were all taken captive by the enemy. On the other hand, Yang Tou remained steadfastly loyal and obedient to the court, no matter the circumstances.
The court has yet to formally determine Yang Yuanhe's status, and the various tribes have not selected a new leader. The provincial governor of Yongzhou, Wang Xuanmo, wrote to the court, saying: "I was tasked with sending envoys to reach out to Yang Yuanhe and Yang Tou, along with gifts and food supplies. I sent the army's deputy staff officer, Lu Zhizong, to deliver letters and gifts, and I also sent another envoy to accompany Lu Zhizong. Yang Tou told Lu Zhizong that for the sake of the country, he had sacrificed everything, with his mother, wife, and brother captured, yet he set aside family ties to diligently defend the border, demonstrating unwavering loyalty and devotion, yet he has not received recognition from the court. If Yang Yuanhe is to inherit the leadership position of the Yang clan, he should be given the title of king; if he is too young and unable to bear the responsibility, then another person should be selected. Recently, there has been chaos both inside and outside the court, with ongoing conflicts between the Han and minority ethnic groups, all arising from this issue. I have thoroughly assessed Yang Tou's performance since the Yuanjia era, and he has indeed shown commendable loyalty, sacrificing personal ties. The Di and Qiang tribes are far from the court and border the captives; if they are pressured too much, they may rebel, and if neglected, they will harbor resentment. From the conversations between Yang Tou and the envoys, he does not seek to become the Duke of Chouchi; he merely hopes the court will appoint him as the Acting Envoy in Western Qinzhou. In my view, to safeguard the Hanchuan area and prevent future issues, Yang Tou is indeed capable; granting him control over the desolate land of four thousand households is entirely warranted. Yang Yuanhe is still too young to be entrusted with significant responsibilities. In a few years, he will surely be ready to inherit the family legacy; at that time, it will not be too late to appoint him. If his abilities fall short, then Yang Tou should assume this position. If Qalu falls, the Hanchuan region will also struggle to stand on its own." However, the emperor did not agree with his suggestion. Later, the court named Yang Yuanhe as the King of Wudu and allowed him to establish his capital in Baishui, but he was unable to manage the situation and ultimately fled to the captives.
During the Tang Dynasty, my younger cousin, Seng Si, became a soldier, then regained his official position and returned to guard the border at Qialu. He was appointed as the General of Ning Shuo and the Prefect of Qiuchi. Later, Emperor Taizong issued a decree in the second year of Taishi, stating: "Seng Si has been guarding the western border for a long time, showing generations of loyalty. He should be commended and held up as a model. He is promoted to General of Champions, Governor of North Qin Prefecture, and Prince of Wudu, while retaining his current position." Three years later, he was further promoted and put in charge of military affairs in the North Qin and Yong provinces, promoted to General of the Expeditionary Forces and Colonel, while retaining his title as Prefect. After Seng Si's death, his brother Weng Du succeeded him in his position.
In the first year of Taiyu, Weng Du was appointed as General of Dragon Cavalry, Prefect of Lueyang, and Prince of Wudu, with the title of General of Dragon Cavalry later changed to General of Ning Shuo. In the fourth year of Emperor Yuanhui, he was further appointed as Commander of Military Affairs in North Qin Province, Inspector of Pacification of the Qiang, and Governor of North Qin Province, while retaining his title as General. Weng Du dispatched his brother, General Wen Hong of Dragon Cavalry, to launch an attack on Qiuchi and defeated the defending army at Langao.
In the first year of Shundi, the Emperor decreed: "Reward and punishment must be clear to demonstrate the national system. The achievements of Weng Du and Wen Hong should be recorded in history. Weng Du has served on the border for generations of his family, showing loyalty, reliability, and exceptional ability; Wen Hong has actively cooperated, personally led the troops, secured significant victories, and made significant contributions. Therefore, Weng Du is appointed as Commissioner, Commander of Military Affairs in North Qin and Yong provinces, and General of the Expeditionary Forces, while retaining his positions as Inspector and Colonel; Wen Hong is appointed as Assistant General, Prefect of Lueyang." That same year, the enemies breached Qialu, and Weng Du died in battle. He was posthumously honored with his original titles and appointed as a Cavalier Attendant. Wen Hong succeeded his brother's position, appointed as Commander of Military Affairs in North Qin Province, Inspector of Pacification of the Qiang, Governor of North Qin Province, inherited the title of Prince of Wudu, while retaining his position as General, and then retreated to Wuxing.
Speaking of this person, named Meng Xun, sounds impressive, but in fact his ancestors were Hu people from Zhangye Linsong Lu River. Among the Xiongnu, there are two official positions, Left Qie Qu and Right Qie Qu, which were held by Meng Xun's ancestors. Among the Qiang people, there was a formidable leader known as "Da", so Meng Xun's family adopted "Qie Qu" as their surname by adding "Da" in front, becoming the surname "Da Qie Qu". They have lived near the Lu River for generations and are renowned local strongmen. Meng Xun's great-grandfather was Hui Zhonggui, his grandfather was Zhe, both famous warriors. His father was named Fa Hong, inherited his title, and was later appointed as Zhongtian Guard by the Fu dynasty. Meng Xun inherited his father's military power, was skilled at commanding troops in battle, and was very shrewd. He kept a clear count of his soldiers and horses, so he earned the respect of all the Hu tribes. Later, Lu Guang declared himself king in Liangzhou and let Meng Xun lead the troops himself, and also appointed his uncle Luo Qiu as the Prefect of Xiping. In the spring of the third year of Long'an during the reign of Emperor An, Lu Guang sent his son, the General of Zhen Dong, Lu Zuan, along with Luo Qiu to confront Qifu Qian Gui of Fuan, but they were defeated by Qian Gui. Lu Guang, in his anger, executed Luo Qiu. In April, Meng Xun wanted to transport Luo Qiu's body back for burial, but seized the opportunity to instigate a rebellion with over 10,000 followers, killed the guards in Linsong, and then camped in Jinshan. In May, Lu Guang sent Lu Zuan to attack Meng Xun, resulting in Meng Xun's forces being defeated. Meng Xun then escaped into the mountains with six or seven followers, and his family was scattered.
At this time, Meng Xun's brother Nancheng was guarding the west side of Jinchang with troops. When he heard that Meng Xun had rebelled, he returned with his troops and killed the Administrator of Jiuquan, Di Teng, and supported the Administrator of Jiankang, Duan Ye, as their leader. Duan Ye bestowed upon himself the titles of Dragon Cavalry General, Governor of Liangzhou, and Duke of Jiankang, and appointed Nancheng as the General Who Aids the State. Nancheng and the Administrator of Jinchang, Wang De, besieged Zhangye together, captured the city, and Duan Ye took control of Zhangye. Meng Xun joined Duan Ye with his troops, who appointed him as the General Who Defends the West and Administrator of Linchi, and also made Wang De the Administrator of Jiuquan. Shortly after, Meng Xun was appointed as the Administrator of Zhangye.
In April of the third year, Duan Ye sent Meng Xun with ten thousand troops to attack the forces of the Grand Minister Chunyu in Xijun. They fought for about ten days without success. Later, Meng Xun devised a plan to flood the city, forcing all the surrendering forces to surrender, and he captured all of them. At that time, Wang De betrayed Duan Ye and declared himself the Inspector of Hezhou. Duan Ye sent Meng Xun to the west to punish him. Wang De set fire to the city and escaped with his defeated troops to the Administrator of Jinchang, Tang Yao. Meng Xun pursued them to Shatou, decisively defeated Wang De, captured his family and followers, and returned victorious. After that, Meng Xun was promoted to Administrator of Xi'an, retaining his military title.
In May of the fourth year, Meng Xun and Nancheng plotted to kill Duan Ye, but Nancheng disagreed. Meng Xun then turned around and falsely accused Nancheng in front of Duan Ye, which led to Duan Ye executing Nancheng. Meng Xun then told his subordinates: "Duan Ye is too cruel. He killed General Who Aids the State Nancheng for no reason. I will take revenge for Nancheng!" Thus, Meng Xun mobilized his forces to attack Zhangye, killed Duan Ye, proclaimed himself the General of Chariots and Cavalry, and changed the era name to Yong'an, marking the beginning of his rule.
In the same month, Dunhuang Prefect Li Hao also rebelled, self-proclaiming as the Grand General, the Colonel of the Western Hu, and the Governor of Shazhou, while still retaining the position of Prefect. He even changed the era name to Gengzi and confronted Meng Xun. In the winter of that year, Li Hao sent Tang Yao and General Yingyang Song Yao to attack Jiuquan, capturing the Prefect of Jiuquan, Da Qie Qu Yisheng, who, interestingly, was Meng Xun's uncle!
Lü Guang died, and his son Lü Zuan succeeded him. However, in the first year of his reign, he was overthrown by his cousin Lü Long. Yao Xing attacked Liangzhou, and Lü Long surrendered to Yao Xing. Meng Xun also sent someone to see Yao Xing, who appointed him as General of the West, Governor of Shazhou, and Marquis of the Western Sea. In February of the second year of his reign, Meng Xun and the Xiping Hu Tu Fa Nu Tan attacked Liangzhou together but were defeated by Lü Long. In October, Tu Fa Nu Tan attacked Lü Long again. In the third month of the third year of his reign, Lü Long, unable to withstand the pressure from both Meng Xun and Tu Fa Nu Tan, sent his brother Lü Chao to ask Yao Xing for help. In July, Yao Xing sent General Qi Nan to meet Lü Long. Lü Long told Qi Nan that they should first attack Meng Xun. Meng Xun, fearing the situation, sent his brother as a hostage and offered many treasures to Qi Nan, which finally put an end to the conflict. Yao Xing ultimately appointed General Wang Shang as the Inspector of Liangzhou before leaving.
In January of the year 405, Li Hao was promoted and suddenly became the Grand General, Grand Commander, Governor of Liangzhou, and Protector of the Qiang, as well as being titled the Duke of Liang, enjoying immense prestige! By May, he had moved his office to Jiuquan. At this time, that sly Yao Xing secretly supported Nu Tan to become the Inspector of Liangzhou and stationed General Wang Shang in Guzang, clearly intending to cause trouble.
In September 406 AD, Meng Xun suddenly attacked Li Hao, reaching Anmi, just sixty miles from Jiuquan City. Li Hao finally realized what was happening and quickly led his troops into battle, only to be defeated by Meng Xun and retreated back to the city. Meng Xun did not pursue him and withdrew. In 409 AD, Meng Xun breached Nantan's defenses, causing Nantan to flee to Ledu to hide. At this point, Jiao Lang from Wuwei rushed to Guzang, self-proclaiming as the Grand General of the Flying Cavalry, and actually joined Li Hao. In 411 AD, Meng Xun attacked Jiao Lang, killed him, occupied Guzang, declared himself Grand Commander, Grand General, and King of Hexi, changed the era name to Xuanshi, and appointed his son Meng Zhengde as the crown prince, indicating his ambition to become king.
In May 418 AD, Li Hao passed away, and his son Li Xin ascended to the throne. In June, Li Xin led his troops to attack Meng Xun, reaching Jiankang. The Mongols resisted his attack, which forced Li Xin to retreat. Meng Xun's forces pursued and defeated Li Xin's army at Xizhijian, resulting in the deaths of over four thousand soldiers. Li Xin then regrouped his remaining forces, strengthened the defense of Jiankang City, and withdrew his troops after stationing troops to defend the city.
In 419 AD, Meng Xun sent envoys to the Jin Dynasty court, expressing his submission. The Jin court appointed Meng Xun as the Governor of Liangzhou. Later, after the founding emperor took the throne, Li Xin was appointed as Commissioner, Commander of Gaochang, Dunhuang, Jinchang, Jiuquan, Xihai, Yumen, and Kanquan, Protector-General of the Qiang, Grand General of the Western Expedition, and Lord of Jiuquan. Those titles certainly sound impressive!
In July of the year 420 AD, Meng Xun launched an attack eastward, while Li Xin took the opportunity to attack Zhangye. Meng Xun retreated westward, and Li Xin followed suit, but was eventually chased by Meng Xun to Linze, where Li Xin and his two brothers were killed. Meng Xun then continued to attack Jiuquan and captured it. Li Xin's brother, Li Xun, the Prefect of Dunhuang, occupied Dunhuang and declared himself Grand General. In October, Meng Xun sent his son Meng Zhengde to attack Li Xun, but he was unsuccessful. In January of the year 422 AD, Meng Xun personally led troops to build a long dike, diverted water to flood the city, and fought for several days but still failed to capture it. By March, the generals under Li Xun, Song Cheng and Hong Ju, surrendered the city, and in despair, Li Xun committed suicide. With this, the Li family was utterly annihilated. Now, King Bilong of Shanshan came to pay tribute, and all the thirty-six kingdoms of the Western Regions came to pay homage, demonstrating the great power of Meng Xun!
Emperor Gaozu appointed Meng Xun as the Imperial Commissioner, Cavalry Commandant, Commander of all military forces in Liangzhou, Grand General, Supervisor of the Palace Attendants, Governor of Liangzhou, and Duke of Zhangye, one title after another, which was quite impressive! In December, the Prefect of Jinchang, Tang Qi, rebelled, and the Emperor sent Zhengde to attack him.
In March of the first year of Jingping, Tang Qi was finally captured after fleeing to Yiwu. In August, the Rui Rui tribe came to raid, and Meng Xun sent Zhengde to confront them, but Zhengde underestimated the enemy, leading to his defeat and death in battle. Meng Xun was very saddened and designated his second son Xingguo as his successor. That same year, Meng Xun was promoted again, gaining several more titles, including Palace Attendant, Commander of all military forces in Liang, Qin, He, and Sha provinces, Grand General of the Valiant Cavalry, Commander of the Central Guard against the Xiongnu, Commandant of the Western Barbarians, Governor of Liangzhou, and was also granted the title of King of Hexi, while retaining his previous titles.
In the first year of the Yuanjia era of Emperor Taizu, Qifo Chipan of Fu Han led troops out of the Diaoqu Valley, attacked Baicaoling in Hexi, occupied Linsong County, and took away Meng Xun's brother Chengdu, nephew Riti, and others. Three years later, Meng Xun's title was changed from General of the Valiant Cavalry to General of Chariots and Cavalry. His son Xingguo sent a request to the court for the "Book of Changes" and several Confucian classics. Emperor Taizu generously granted him a total of 475 volumes! Meng Xun also requested a copy of the "Investigations into the Supernatural" from Wang Hong, the Minister of Works, who gladly obliged.
In the sixth year, Meng Xun personally led a campaign against Fu Han. By this time, Qifo Chipan was already dead, but his son Maoman defeated Meng Xun, captured Xingguo, and killed three thousand of Meng Xun's soldiers! In order to redeem Xingguo, Meng Xun gave Maoman thirty thousand hu of grain, but Maoman still refused to release him. Ultimately, Meng Xun had no choice but to designate Xingguo's brother Puti as his heir, a decision the court was still unaware of. In the seventh year, the court appointed Xingguo as Champion General and Crown Prince of Hexi. In April of the same year, the Western Xianbei leader Helian Ding was defeated by Tuoba Tao and fled to Shanggui. In November, Maoman heard that Helian Ding had failed and fled east with his family and Xingguo, intending to move to Shanggui.
In the first month of the eighth year, they arrived at Nan'an, where Helian Ding's forces intercepted and defeated Maoman, killing him and rescuing Xingguo. In April, to evade Tuoba Tao, Helian Ding attempted to cross Hexi to attack Meng Xun. In May, he led his troops to the Zhicheng Gorge, started crossing the river, but before he could reach halfway, he was intercepted and captured by Mugui of the Murong tribe, with Xingguo also suffering serious injuries in the battle and dying a few days later.
Bodhi served as the champion general for nine years and was the Prince of Hexi. In April of the tenth year of his reign, Meng Xun passed away at the age of sixty-six. People privately honored him posthumously as King Wuxuan. As Bodhi was still young, Meng Xun's third son Mao Qian, then the governor of Jiuquan, was unanimously elected to inherit Meng Xun's title and position.
In the eleventh year, Mao Qian wrote to the court, saying, "I have heard that the highest achievement is to benefit the people, and without being recorded in history, one cannot be remembered for generations. A title should reflect one’s true achievements, and without a posthumous title, one cannot have a proper legacy. My father Meng Xun recovered Liangzhou City in the west, bestowing his grace upon his descendants, pacifying rebellions, and bringing peace to the border regions. He lived in a prosperous era, as a loyal minister of the Great Song Dynasty, his title spanned nine regions, enjoying supreme glory, with outstanding achievements and unwavering loyalty. He passed away peacefully, yet he lacked a formal posthumous title to honor his achievements. Despite his significant contributions, he did not receive the recognition he deserved. As his son, I am deeply saddened and uneasy about this. I have consulted the 'Laws of Posthumous Titles': pacifying rebellions is referred to as 'Wu', and understanding principles as 'Xuan'. My late father pacified rebellions in the Hexi region, with remarkable achievements that perfectly align with these two titles. Therefore, I respectfully request that he be posthumously honored as King Wuxuan. If the court grants this request and records it in history, it would be a comfort to my father’s spirit in the afterlife, and we can fulfill our wishes."
The emperor issued an edict: "General of Chariots and Cavalry, Grand General of the Army, Governor of the Four Provinces of Qin, He, Sha, and Liang, Commander of Military Affairs, General of the Guards of the Xiongnu, Colonel of the Western Barbarians, Governor of Liangzhou, and King of Hexi, Meng Xun, excelling in both civil and military achievements, who came from afar to the court and has always been loyal and displayed outstanding military talents, unfortunately passed away at a young age, causing me great sorrow. I will dispatch special envoys to offer my condolences and posthumously title him as King Wuxuan. His son, Mao Qian, has inherited his father's legacy and has shown exceptional abilities. He should be given an important position at court and continue to develop the foundation of the Hexi region. He is hereby appointed as General of Chariots and Cavalry, Imperial Attendant, Commander of Military Affairs of the Four Provinces of Liang, Qin, He, and Sha, Grand General of the Western Expedition, General of the Guards of the Xiongnu, Colonel of the Western Barbarians, Governor of Liangzhou, and King of Hexi."
Zhao Feipu from Hexi was quite formidable, particularly adept at fortune-telling and selecting auspicious dates. In the fourteenth year of his reign, Mao Qian presented many things to the emperor, including a collection of one hundred fifty-four volumes of books, which included: "Zhou Shengzi" thirteen volumes, "Shiwulun" twelve volumes, "Summary of the Three Kingdoms" twenty volumes, "Common Questions" eleven volumes, "Thirteen Prefectures Records" ten volumes, "Wenjian" six volumes, "Four Biographies" four volumes, "Dunhuang Chronicles" ten volumes, "Liangshu" ten volumes, "Han Emperor De Biography" twenty-five volumes, "Lost Records" seven volumes, "Wei Bo" nine volumes, "Xie Ai Collection" eight volumes, "Ancient and Modern Characters" two volumes, "Mr. Chengqiu" three volumes, "Zhou Bi" one volume, "Emperor Wang Li Sanhe Chronicle" one volume, "Zhao Feipu Biography" and "Jiayin Yuan Calendar" one volume, "Confucius Praise" one volume. In addition to these, Mao Qian also requested the emperor to grant him dozens of other miscellaneous books, which the emperor graciously agreed to.
In the sixteenth year, in the intercalary month of August, Tuoba Tao led troops to attack Liangzhou. Maogian's nephew, Wannian, unexpectedly acted as an informant, which led to Maogian's capture. Maogian's brother, Anmi County Marquis Wuwei, held significant positions, including General of the West, Governor of Shazhou, Commander of all military affairs west of Jiankang, and Prefect of Jiuquan; his sixth brother, Yide, was also a high-ranking official, serving as General of the East, Governor of Qinzhou, Commander of all military affairs west of Danling, and Prefect of Zhangye. After Tuoba Tao captured Maogian, he sent troops to attack Yide, who abandoned the city and fled to his brother Wuwei. Wuwei and Yide then fled west with their families and the people, seeking refuge with their brother, the Prefect of Dunhuang, Tang Er. Tuoba Tao stationed troops in Wuwei, Jiuquan, and Zhangye, before withdrawing his forces.
In January of the seventeenth year, Wuwei left Tang Er to guard Dunhuang, while he and Yide led troops to attack Jiuquan, which they captured within three months. They then attacked Zhangye and Linsong, capturing over 40,000 households and then settling in Jiuquan. In May of the eighteenth year, Tang Er rebelled, so Wuwei left his brother Tianzhou to defend Jiuquan and joined Yide in fighting against Tang Er. Tang Er led tens of thousands into battle but suffered a major defeat, leading to his capture and execution, which returned Dunhuang to their control. In July, Tuoba Tao besieged Jiuquan. By October, the city faced famine, and tens of thousands were starving. Tianzhou resorted to killing his own wife to feed the soldiers. After running out of food, the city fell, and Tianzhou was captured and executed in Pingcheng. At that time, the enemy forces were formidable, and Wuwei feared he could not defend the city, so he planned to lead everyone west. In November, he sent his brother Anzhou with five thousand men to attack Shanshan, but they couldn't capture the city.
In April of the 19th year of the reign, Wu Hui led over ten thousand households to abandon Dunhuang and seek asylum in Anzhou. Before they arrived, King Shan of Shanshan fled with over four thousand households, leading to the occupation of Shanshan. At first, Tang Qi fled from Jinchang to Yiwu, and that year he attacked Gaochang, and Gaochang's lord, Que Shuang, sought help from the court. In August, Wu Hui left his son Fengzhou to guard Shanshan, while he himself went to support Gaochang. Before he could arrive, Rui Rui sent troops to rescue Gaochang, which led to Tang Qi's death. Tang Qi's army subsequently surrendered to Wu Hui. In September, Wu Hui sent General Wei Gu to launch a night attack on Gaochang, causing Que Shuang to flee to Rui Rui, and Wu Hui regained control of Gaochang.
Afterward, Wu Hui dispatched Chamberlain Fan Jun to the capital with memorials and gifts. Emperor Taizu issued a decree stating, "In previous years, those barbarian nomads were far too arrogant, invading the land of Liangzhou. Prince of Xihe, Maoyan, failed to defend it, leading to the fall of the cities and suffering of the people. The Maoyan family has served loyally for generations, and I am deeply saddened by this. His brother Wu Hui inherited his brother's will, defending the border, contacting neighboring countries, pacifying the people internally, always thinking of the court, paying tribute on time. He should be promoted and honored for his contributions. Therefore, he is hereby appointed as the Grand Commandant, Cavalry Commandant, Commander of the military forces of Liang, He, and Sha provinces, Grand General of the Westward Expedition, Leader of the Xiongnu Guards, Commandant of the Western Barbarians, Governor of Liangzhou, and Prince of Hexi!" Wu Hui passed away, and his brother Anzhou succeeded him in his title.
After twenty-one years, the emperor issued a decree saying: "The former Grand General and Prince of Hexi, An Zhou, who is the brother of Wuhui, possesses profound talent and strategic insight, and has been loyal and reliable for generations, inheriting his brother's legacy, and the people are all loyal to him. Although he has suffered defeats and been isolated, he has managed to rally the remnants of his forces and fend off foreign enemies to this day. He should be given greater honors to honor the fallen heroes. Let him assume the titles of Regional Governor, Cavalier in Regular Attendance, and Commander of military affairs in the provinces of Liang, He, and Sha, lead the Western Region's Commandant of Infantry, be the Governor of Liangzhou and the Prince of Hexi."
In the third year of the Daming era, An Zhou presented local specialties to the imperial court.
The historian commented: The Di tribe, relying on generations of accumulated wealth, and the Qiang and Hu tribes, relying on powerful military forces, have been rooted in the Hexi region for a hundred years, with their influence spread throughout the Hexi Corridor. Although they often harass the borders and consider themselves self-sufficient in their remote locations, their national strength is formidable, and they also pay relatively more attention to etiquette and culture. The Yang family's army is highly elite, the terrain is treacherous, and they are located on the border of Han territory. They frequently seize opportunities to raid the borders, often wavering in their tactics on the battlefield. They once advanced west to Baima, east to Huangjin, taking advantage of the victory of the Jin army in Taodi, causing chaos during the siege of Fucheng, attempting to annex the Heishui area, and even trying to occupy the Jingluo area. At that time, Jingzhou and Yingzhou were in danger, and Fancheng and Dengcheng were also frightened many times. The emperor was deeply concerned in the court, thinking of the bravery of the two generals Xin and Li, while Emperor Xuan of Qi led a few hundred soldiers as the vanguard to fight; the army advanced like a tidal wave, quickly sweeping the enemy, directly approaching the south city, pursuing the fleeing enemy, securing a decisive victory, and the battlefield was strewn with enemy corpses, as they fled to steep places, with the rest dying in the mountains, rivers, and lakes. Later, with the reputation of Emperor Xuan, the generals Pei and Liu made the enemy flags fall on the banks of the Zhuoshui River, and the strategic location of Langao was also lost. The Di tribe fled everywhere, the remaining embers flickered like fine threads, and the Liangzhou region was brought back to stability, and this stability has persisted to this day. This clearly illustrates the magnitude of their contributions and achievements!
